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Chapter Three
Chapter Three
CHAPTER THREE
DYNAMIC LOADING
3.1 Introduction
Structural design, whether for static or for dynamic loading, involves the
determination of the loads; the analysis (or computation) of the internal
gross forces (thrust, shear, and moment), stresses, deflections, and
reactions produced by the loads; and the proportioning and dimensioning
of the members and connections so as to resist adequately these effects
produced by the loads. Dynamic effect may be handled by the use of an
equivalent static load, or by an impact factor, or by a modification of the
factor of safety.
Specific situations where it may be necessary to consider more
precisely the response produced by dynamic loading are typified by the
following [16]:
1. When a structure must be designed to resist transient and / or steady
state vibration produced by operating machinery.
2. When a structure must be designed to resist impact loads and
vibrations produced by traffic passing over the structure.
3. When a structure must be designed to resist impulsive loads produced
by blasts, wind gusts or water waves
4. When a structure must be designed to resist vibration developed by
oscillating motions of its supports, produced by earthquake shocks
5. When a protective structure must be designed to resist the impact of
projectile missiles.
In this chapter three types of dynamic loads are described. The blast
load, the impact load and the earthquake excitation. The characteristics
and the models (transition to the structure) of these loads are presented.
18
Shock Front
t t t0
PS PS 0 1 e (3.1)
t 0
Overpressure
Shock front
Pso
Blast wave
U0
Overpressure
Ps 0
ta t0
The loads on an above ground structure resulting from the air blast
produced by a bomb burst may be discussed under the general headings
of diffraction loading and drag loading.
Diffraction loading is the term given to the force applied on a
structure resulting from the direct reflected pressure associated with air
blast in the initial phases of envelopment of structure. The finite time
required for the air blast to surround the structure completely and the
presence of large pressure on only the front face, cause net lateral loads to
exit on the structure in the direction of travel of air blast.
Drag loading is the term given to the force on a structure resulting
from the high velocity of the air particle in the air blast acting as a high
velocity wind.
Thus blast parameters are the duration, and the pressure is
determined from the scaling law.[9,16]
This law states that “similar blast waves are produced at identical
scaled distance when two explosive charges of similar geometry and the
same explosive material, but of different size, are detonated in the same
atmosphere’’. That means the properties of a blast wave can be predicted
based on known blast wave properties of reference explosive weights
such as 1 Kton of TNT or 1 Kg of TNT. According to this law, a scaled
distance is calculated from the following equation:
1/ 3
z bl d bl / Wbl (3.2)
where d bl is the distance from the explosive source, Wbl is the
percentage of the reference to source weight of the total explosive and
z bl is the distance from the reference axes. Then by using tables and
graphs the parameters of the wave are determined [9,16]
11
P ( kips)
Time (sec)
P/2
unit: inches
0 .2 0
S h e ll E le m e n t B ric k e le m e n t c o m b in e d
0 .0 0
D is p la c m e n t ( in .)
-0 .2 0
-0 .4 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 6
T im e ( s e c o n d )
Tension
Von Mises
Cut off
Transition
L(k ) X (k )
Small Cap
33
I1
Figure(3.12) Typical yield surface in cap model
are the components of the elastic strain increment tensor, and d ij are the
p
and substituting equations (3.16 and 3.17) into equations( 3.15 and 3.19)
to obtain
36
1 1 1 f
d ij d kk ij d ij d (3.20)
9 K 6G 2G ij
f f f
d ij d 0 (3.21)
ij ij pij
f f I 1 1 f J 2 f f s ij
ij (3.24)
ij I 1 ij 2 J 2 J 2 ij I 1 J2 2 J2
f f vp f
p ij (3.25)
rs v rs v
p p p
Introducing equations (3.24) and (3.25) into equation (3.23) and then to
equation (3.21) and solving for d gives:
f f s rs
3 Kd ij G ders
I 1 J2 J2
d
2
f
2 (3.27)
f 3 f f
9 K G
I 1 J I 1 vp
2
the equation(3.20). The output quantities are the new values of the
stress components ij and the updated cap parameters such as
n 1
k n 1 , l ( k ) .
n1
These trial stresses are then tested first with respect to the failure
e
e
envelope h I 1 , J 2 , and second with respect to the hardening surface
H I 1e , J 2e , k n . If these trial stresses do not violate either the loading
function, the behavior of the material is truly elastic, the hardening
38
J2 J2 n+1
n+1
n
n
I1 I1
(a) Elastic Path (b) Elastic Perfectly
Plastic Path
J2 J2 n+1
n+1
n
n
I1 I1
(d) Elastic Perfectly
(c) Elastic Work
Plastic with a Corner
Hardening Path.
Path
Input and
Check stress
Path
3 1
2
parameter and
n l n (k ) remain unchanged, and the final stresses at
the (n+1)th time step are (Figure(3.14) path 1)
I 1n 1 I 1e (3.30)
n 1
s ij s e
ij (3.31)
If the failure envelope is violated by the elastic trial stresses, i.e:
I 1e L( k n ) (3.32)
J e
2
min Q ( I ), F ( L( k ), k )
e
1
n n
(3.33)
and
h I 1e , J 1e J 1e Q( I 1e ) 0 (3.34)
then the stresses have to be corrected such that at the end of the (n+1)th
step they satisfy the following relation ( Figure(3.14) path 2 and
Figure(3.15))
h I 1e , J 1e 0 (3.35)
This is accomplished by
I 1n 1 I 1e 3Kd kkp (3.36)
h( I e , J e )
J2 n 1 n11 2 n
t
h
I 1 L(k )
H
J2
n 1
J
n
n 1
n 2 I
1
n 1
I1
L(k n ) I1
d kkp 3
e
J 2 Q I 1 dQ
e
2 dI
9K dQ
G
1
dI 1
I 1n 1 I 1e 3Kd kkp
Q ( I 1n 1 ) e
s ijn 1 s ij
Q( I 1e )
Figure(3.15) Flow diagram showing correction procedure for stress path
violating the failure envelope
40
also be updated; i.e, the cap must intersect the failure envelope (thereby
n 1 n 1
creating a corner) at this new value of I 1 . Therefore, the tentative I 1
n 1
to be tested and if I 1 L(k ) , corner coding is
n
value against L (k n ) is
triggered, Figure(3.16)
l
L(k n 1 ) I 1n 1 l n d kkp I 1e 3Kd kkp
kkp l n
l
I e
3 Kl n
kkp 1
ln
l n 1 l ( k n 1 ) I 1n 1 (3.39)
l
3K
kkp
ln
Having now determined the final spherical (or hydrostatic )stress and
strain states I 1n 1 and k n 1 , the final values of the deviatoric stresses s ijn 1
I 1e L(k n ) a larger value of k tried, and the process is repeated until the
h( I 1e , J 2 )
e
J2 n 1 n 1
1
I 1 L(k )
n
h
H
J2
n 1
J
n
n 1
n 2 I
1
n 1
I1
L(k n ) I1
d kk 3
p
e
J 2 Q I 1 dQ
e
2 dI
9 K dQ G 1
dI
1
I 1 I 1 3Kd kk
n 1 e p
Q( I 1n 1 ) e
s ijn 1 s
Q( I 1e )
l
l e
3 Kl n
kkp n 1
l n 1 l1n 1 l
l
3K
kkp n
l
Figure(3.16) Flow diagram showing the correction procedure for
stress path violating the failure envelope with corner correction
42
and as shown by Sandler and Rubin the desired value of l is the one for
which the equation
J 2t Gd kkp / 3d J 2e (3.45)
is satisfied to the required accuracy.
J2 H ( I1e , J 2e , k n ) 0
x(k n ) I 1e L(k n )or x(k n )
l1
n 1
n 1 n 1
Jn
l1
n
L(k n ) n n
n
J I1
x( k n ) L(k n 1 ) X (k n )
Assume
Compute
If
No
c is very small number
Yes
Final
Figure(3.17) Flow diagram showing the correction procedure for stress path
violating the hardening surface
43
Figure (3.19) Ground motion near the ground surface due to P-waves.
Figure (3.20) Ground motion near the ground surface due to S-waves.
48
f MId g (t )
(3.46)
where M is the mass matrix , I is a vector indicating the direction of the
earthquake excitation ( x, y or z-direction) , and d g (t ) is the input
acceleration.
The geometry of an illustrative example of a simply supported shell
subjected to an earthquake excitation in z-direction is shown in
Figure(3.22). This problem was solved by Weaver and Johnston[23] and
it is also solved in the present study.
One-forth of the structure is discretized with four degenerated shell
elements as shown in Figure(3.22). The external force is simply obtained
by using equation (3.46). In Table (3.3), materials properties of a simply
supported shell are shown.
Figure (3.24 and 3.25) show the displacement at point A in x and z
direction.
4000
A c c e le ra tio n (m m /s e c 2 )
-4 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .4 0 0 .8 0 1 .2 0
T im e (s e c o n d )
Figure(3.22) Geometry and loading for the thin shell
6 0 .0 0 P re se n t
W eaver
4 0 .0 0
D is p la c e m e n t (m m )
2 0 .0 0
0 .0 0
-2 0 .0 0
-4 0 .0 0
-6 0 .0 0
0 .0 0 0 .5 0 1 .0 0 1 .5 0
T im e (s e c o n d )
4 0 .0 0
W eaver P re se n t
D is p la c e m e n t (m m )
0 .0 0
-4 0 .0 0
0 .0 0 0 .5 0 1 .0 0 1 .5 0
T im e (s e c o n d )
Figure(3.25) Elastic dynamic response of thin shell in x-direction at
point A
52
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