Mobile Computing COE 446

Introduction
Tarek Sheltami
KFUPM
CCSE
COE
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/tarek/coe446.htm

Principles of Wireless Networks

K. Pahlavan and P. Krishnamurth

September 17, 2019 1

 Introduction
Background:
 # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now
exceeds # wired phone subscribers!
 computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs,
Internet-enabled phone promise anytime
untethered Internet access
 two important (but different) challenges
 communication over wireless link
 handling mobile user who changes point of
attachment to network
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 Cellular Subscribers

September 17, 2019 3

 Cellular Subscribers..

September 17, 2019 4

Characteristics of selected wireless
link standards
54 Mbps 802.11{a,g}
5-11 Mbps 802.11b .11 p-to-p link
1 Mbps
802.15

3G
384 Kbps UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000
2G
56 Kbps IS-95 CDMA, GSM

Indoor Outdoor Mid range Long range

outdoor outdoor

10 – 30m 50 – 200m 200m – 4Km 5Km – 20Km

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Introduction- Conventional Wireless
Communications

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Components of cellular network
architecture
MSC
 connects cells to wide area net
 manages call setup (more later!)
 handles mobility (more later!)
cell
 covers geographical
region
 base station (BS) Mobile
analogous to 802.11 AP Switching
Center
 mobile users attach Public telephone
to network through BS network, and
 air-interface: Internet
physical and link layer Mobile
protocol between Switching
mobile and BS Center

wired network

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 Cellular networks: the first hop

Two techniques for sharing

mobile-to-BS radio spectrum
 combined FDMA/TDMA:

divide spectrum in frequency time slots

channels, divide each

channel into time slots
 CDMA: code division multiple
frequency
bands
access

September 17, 2019 8

 Cellular standards: brief survey

2G systems: voice channels

 IS-136 TDMA: combined FDMA/TDMA (north
america)
 GSM (global system for mobile
communications): combined FDMA/TDMA
 most widely deployed
 IS-95 CDMA: code division multiple access

September 17, 2019 9

 Cellular standards: brief survey
2.5 G systems: voice and data channels
 for those who can’t wait for 3G service: 2G extensions

 general packet radio service (GPRS)

 evolved from GSM

 data sent on multiple channels (if available)

 enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE)

 also evolved from GSM, using enhanced modulation

 Date rates up to 384K

 CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
 data rates up to 144K

 evolved from IS-95

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 Cellular standards: brief survey

3G systems: voice/data
 Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
(UMTS)
 GSM next step, but using CDMA

 CDMA-2000

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 Cellular standards: brief survey

3G+ systems: voice/data

 High Speed Downlink Packet Access
 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
 Fast cell site selection
 Adaptive Modulation and Coding

September 17, 2019 12

 Why HSDPA?
 Comparison Between 3G & 3.5G.
 Data Rate ( 2Mbps -----> 10 Mbps)

 Modulation ( QPSK -----> QPSK&16QAM)

 Transmission Time Interval (TTI) ( 10ms ----> 2ms )

HSDPA EVOLUTION
 GSM: indirect routing to mobile
home
HLR
network correspondent
2
home
Mobile
home MSC consults HLR, Switching
gets roaming number of Center
mobile in visited network
1 call routed
to home network
3 Public
VLR switched
Mobile
telephone
Switching
network
Center
4
home MSC sets up 2nd leg of call
to MSC in visited network
mobile
user MSC in visited network completes
visited call through base station to mobile
network
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 GSM: handoff with common MSC
 Handoff goal: route call via new
base station (without
VLR Mobile interruption)
Switching  handoff initiated by old BSS
Center

old new
routing routing
old BSS
new BSS

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 GSM: handoff between MSCs
home network  anchor MSC: first MSC
Home
correspondent visited during call
 call remains routed
MSC

anchor MSC
through anchor MSC
PSTN
MSC  new MSCs add on to end
MSC MSC of MSC chain as mobile
moves to new MSC
 IS-41 allows optional path
minimization step to
(a) before handoff shorten multi-MSC chain

September 17, 2019 17

 GSM: handoff between MSCs
 anchor MSC: first MSC
home network
correspondent visited during cal
 call remains routed
Home
MSC
through anchor MSC
anchor MSC
MSC
PSTN
 new MSCs add on to end
of MSC chain as mobile
MSC
MSC
moves to new MSC
 IS-41 allows optional path
minimization step to
shorten multi-MSC chain
(b) after handoff

September 17, 2019 18

 Segmenting the Telecom Market
Narrowband Mobile Broadband

Cellular 3G WiMAX

Local
Cordless WiFi

Fixed
POTS Dialup DSL / Cable

The Evolution from Audio to Video

19
 WiMAX: A new paradigm
3G+ WIMAX

Incumbent Operator Any Operator

Voice and Data VoIP, Data, Video

30 Mbps 100 Mbps

$200 Handsets Consumer Products

Telecom ITU Internet IEEE

Qualcomm Intel & Others

$50 - $70 / month $20 - $40 / month

20
 Networks
 Potential of networking:
 move bits everywhere,
cheaply, and with desired
performance characteristics
 Break the space barrier for
information
 Network provides “connectivity”

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 What is “Connectivity” ?
 Direct or indirect access to every other
node in the network
 Connectivity is the media needed to
communicate if you do not have a
direct pt-pt physical link.
 Tradeoff: Performance characteristics
worse than true physical link!

September 17, 2019 22

 Connectivity.
 Building Blocks
 links: coax cable, optical fiber...

 nodes: general-purpose workstations...

 Direct connectivity:
 point-to-point

 multiple access
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 Connectivity..
 Indirect Connectivity
 switched networks
=> switches

 inter-networks
=> routers

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 Connectivity …

 Internet:
 Best-effort
(no performance
guarantees)
 Packet-by-packet

 A pt-pt physical link:

 Always-connected
 Fixed bandwidth
 Fixed delay
 Zero-jitter
September 17, 2019 25
 Wired and Wireless Multiple
Access
 Most multiple access were originally developed for
wired networks
 Requirements for wired & wireless networks are
different
 The main difference between wired and wireless
channels are availability of BW and reliability of
transmission
 The wired medium is moving toward optical media
with enormous BW and very reliable transmission
 BW of wireless systems always limited because of
the air medium

September 17, 2019 26

 Wired and Wireless Multiple
Access..
 Wireless medium always suffers from multi-path
and fading, which causes serious threat to reliable
data transmission over the communication link
 Wireless have evolved around voice and data
application
Wireless Networks

Voice Oriented Data Oriented

September 17, 2019 27

 Wired and Wireless Multiple
Access..
 Voice oriented networks are designed for
relatively long telephone conversation as
the main application, therefore exchange of
several Mbytes of information in both
directions
 Data oriented networks are designed for
bursts of data (packet switching)
 Wireless networks assigns a time slot, a
portion of frequency, or a code to user
preferably for the entire length of the
conversation.

September 17, 2019 28

 ALOHA-Based Wireless Random Access
Techniques (Pure ALOHA)
 MT transmits an information packets when the
packet arrives from the upper layers of the protocol
stack
 MTs say “hello” to the air interface as the packet
arrives
 Each packet is encoded with an error-detection
code
 The BS checks the parity of the received packet, if
it is OK, it sends a short ACK packet
 If no ACK received the packet is assumed lost in a
collision and it is transmitted again with randomly
selected delay to avoid repeated collisions

September 17, 2019 29

 ALOHA-Based Wireless Random Access
Techniques (Pure ALOHA)..
 Advantages
 Simple
 No synchronization between MTs
 Disadvantage
 Low throughput under heavy load conditions
 Max throughput for pure ALOHA 18%
What is the max throughput of pure ALOHA network
with large number of users and transmission range of 1
Mbps?
Max Throughput = 1 Mbps X 18% = 180 Kbps

September 17, 2019 30

 ALOHA-Based Wireless Random Access
Techniques (Slotted ALOHA)..
 Transmission time is divided into time slots
 BS transmits beacon signal for time and all MTs is
divided into time slots to this beacon signal
 When MT generates a packet, it is buffered and
transmitted at the start of the next time slot
 Assuming equal length packet, either we have a
complete collision or no collision
 Throughput of slotted ALOHA = 36%, which is still
low

September 17, 2019 31

 ALOHA-Based Wireless Random Access
Techniques (R-ALOHA)..
 Time slots are divided into contention
periods and contention free periods
 During contention interval, an MT uses
very short packets to contend for the
upcoming contention free intervals that will
be used for transmission of the long
information packets

September 17, 2019 32

 ALOHA-Based Wireless Random Access
Techniques..

 Disadvantages of ALOHA-based
Random Access:
 The main drawback of ALOHA based contention is
the lack of efficiency caused by collision and
retransmission
 Users don’t take into account what other users
are doing when they attempt to transmit data
packets
 There is no mechanisms to avoid collision

September 17, 2019 33

ALOHA-Based Wireless Random Access
Techniques (Pure ALOHA)..

September 17, 2019 34

 ALOHA-Based Wireless Random Access
Techniques (Slotted ALOHA)..

September 17, 2019 35

 ALOHA-Based Wireless Random Access
Techniques (R-ALOHA)..

September 17, 2019 36