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Buckling MIT PDF
Buckling MIT PDF
Unit M4.7
The Column and Buckling
Readings:
CDL 9.1 - 9.4
CDL 9.5, 9.6
Shaft GJ dφ = T
dx
General k x = F
There are, however, systems in which the effective structural stiffness
depends on the loading
dF
that is: : = k
dx
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 4
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Examples
P P
String (stiffening) • •
frequency changes with load and frequency is a
function of stiffness
Ruler/pointer (destiffening)
x3
u1
x1
P u3 P
• •
easier to push in x1, the more it deflects in u3
--> Physically, the more you push it, it gives even more and can build
on itself!
Let’s make a simple model to consider such phenomenon….
--> Consider a rigid rod with torsional spring with a load along the rod and
perpendicular to the rod
Figure M4.7-1 Rigid rod attached to wall with torsional spring
P2
θ
P1
x2
x1
L
spring stiffness = kT
P1
u 1 = θL θ
~ HA
VA x1
~
MA
~
∑ M(origin) = 0 + ⇒ − P1 L − P2 Lsinθ + kT θ = 0
= - MA
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 7
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
kT − P2 L
get: θ = P1
L
effective torsional stiffness
i.e., k eff θ = P
Note: load affects stiffness: as P2 increases, keff decreases
*Important value: if P2 L = kT ⇒ k ett = 0
⇒ keff = 0
Point of “static instability” or “buckling”
kT
P2 =
L
Note terminology: eigenvalue = value of load for static
instability
eigenvector = displacement shape/mode
of structure (we will revisit these terms)
Also look at P2 acting alone and “perturb” the system (give it a Δ
deflection; in this case Δθ)
stable: system returns to its condition
unstable: system moves away from condition
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 8
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Figure M4.7-3 Rod with torsional spring perturbed from stable point
P2
θ
Δθ
L x2
x1
kT
goes to - ∞ •C goes to + ∞
•D kT/L
•B •D θ
A
• θ
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 10
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
kT / L
Figure M4.7-6 Response of rod with torsional spring to loads along and
perpendicular to rod
P2 P2
P2 = kT/L
asymptotes (P1 = 0) θ
P1
actual behavior
P1 increasing
Angular Deflection, θ
initial deflection
due to P1 : Note 1: If P2 and P1 removed prior to instability,
θ = P1/(kT/L) spring brings bar back to original
configuration (as structural stiffnesses do
for various configurations)
Note 2: Bifurcation is a mathematical concept. The
manifestations in actual systems are altered due to
physical realities/imperfections. Sometimes these
differences can be very important.
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 12
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
We’ll touch on these later, but let’s first develop the basic model and thus
look at the….
Definition/Model of a Column
(Note: we include stiffness of continuous
structure here. Will need to think about
what is relevant structural stiffness here.)
a) Geometry - The basic geometry does not change from a rod/beam
Figure M4.7-7 Basic geometry of column
GENERAL SYMMETRIC
CROSS-SECTION
x3
h x3
x1 h
P P x2
L
b
long and slender: L >> b, h
constant cross-section (assumption is EI = constant)
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 13
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
d 2 u3 M
= (u3 = w)
dx1 2 EI
x3
u3(x1)
HA = P x1
deflected:
~
~
F(x1)
A
•u (x )
~
P x1
3 1 S(x1)
∑F = 0 + ⇒ P + F ( x1 ) = 0 ⇒ F ( x1 ) = − P
1
⇒ P + F ( x1 ) = 0 ⇒ F ( x1 ) = − P
∑F 3 = 0 + ⇒ S( x1 ) = 0
∑M A = 0 + ⇒ M( x1 ) − F( x1 ) u3 ( x1 ) = 0
⇒ M( x1 ) + Pu3 ( x1 ) = 0
Note: + P is compressive
d 2 u3 P
2 + u3 = 0
dx1 EI
d 2 d 2u3 d2
2 EI 2 + 2 (Pu3 ) = 0
dx1 dx1 dx1
This is more general but reduces to our current form if EI
and P do not vary in x1
d 2 u3 P
Returning to: 2 + u3 = 0
dx1 EI
P λx1
We end up with: λ 2e λx1 + e = 0
EI
2 P
⇒ λ = −
EI
P
⇒ λ = ± i (also 0, 0 for 4th order Ordinary
EI Differential Equation [O.D.E.])
where: i = −1
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 19
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
u3 = 0
u3 = 0
@ x1 = L d 22 u3 d 22u3
@ x1 = L M = EI d u23 = 0 ⇒ d u23 = 0
M = EI dx12 = 0 ⇒ dx12 = 0
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 dx1 dx1 Unit M4-7 p. 20
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
d 2 u3 P P P P
Note: 2 = − A sin x1 − B cos x1
dx1 EI EI EI EI
So using the B.C.’s:
u3 ( x1 = 0 ) = 0 ⇒ B + C = 0
d 2 u3 ⇒ B = 0
2 ( 1
x = 0) = 0 ⇒ B = 0 C= 0
dx1
P
u3 ( x1 = L) = 0 ⇒ A sin L + DL = 0
EI
2
⇒ D = 0
d u3 P
2 ( 1
x = L) = 0 ⇒ − A sin L = 0
dx1 EI
So we are left with:
P
A sin L = 0
EI
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 21
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
n2 π 2 EI eigenvalues
P =
L2
associated with each load (eigenvalue) is a shape
(eigenmode)
nπ x
u3 = A sin eigenmodes
L
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 22
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
P1 = π2EI/L2 n=1
1st mode
u3
--> simply-supported
u3 = 0
~~
(pinned)
•
d 2 u3 d 2 u3
M = EI 2
= 0 ⇒ 2
= 0
dx1 dx1
~~
~~
(roller) =
(clamped) du3
= 0
dx1
dM d d 2 u3 d 3u3
S = 0 = = EI ⇒ = 0
dx1 dx1 dx12 dx1 3
--> sliding
du3
= 0
~~ dx1
d 3 u3
S = 0 ⇒ 3
= 0
dx1
Examples…
--> free end with an axial load
M = 0
du3 Po du3
~~
dx1 S S = − P0
dx1
--> springs u3
~~
(vertical)
k
• S
M = 0
f S = k f u3
u3 = 0
(torsional)
~~
du3
kT M = − kT
dx1
Need a general solution procedure to find Pcr
Do the same as in the basic case.
λx
• same assumed solution u3 = e 1
• yields basic general homogeneous solution
P P
u3 = A sin x1 + B cos x1 + C + Dx1
EI EI
• use B.C.’s (two at each end) to get four equations in four
unknowns (A, B, C, D)
• solve this set of equations to find non-trivial value(s) of P
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 27
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
. . . . A
. . . . B
= 0 homogeneous
. . . . C equation
.
. . . D
4 x 4 matrix
• set determinant of matrix to zero (∆ = 0) and find roots
(solve resulting equation)
roots = eigenvalues = buckling loads
also get associated……
eigenmodes = buckling shapes
--> will find that for homogeneous case, the critical buckling load has
the generic form:
c π 2 EI
Pcr = 2
L
where: c = coefficient of edge fixity
depends on B.C.’s
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 28
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Why?
• simply-supported
is too conservative c=1
x1 P
L
P
e
x1
L
(a beam-column)
moment Pe plus axial load P
The two cases are basically handled the same way, but let’s
consider Type 2 to illustrate…
= 0 ⇒ B + C = 0
B = e
d 2 u3 ⇒ C = −e
= EI = − Pe ⇒ − PB = − Pe
dx12 u3 = 0 ⇒ ....
@ x1 = L d 2 u3
M = EI 2
= − Pe ⇒ ....
dx1
D = 0
P
e 1 − cos L
EI
A = actual value for A!
P
sin L
EI
P
1 − cos L
EI P P
u3 = e sin x1 + cos x1 − 1
P EI EI
sin L
EI
Pcr
increasing e/L
u3
• Bifurcation is asymptote
• u3 approaches bifurcation as P --> Pcr
• As e/L (imperfection) increases, behavior is less like perfect
case (bifurcation)
The other “deviation” from the model deals with looking at the general….
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 35
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Failure of Columns
cπ 2 EI
⇒ σ cr = for buckling failure
L2 A
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 36
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
failure by “squashing”
I
radius of gyration: ρ = (ratio of moment of inertia to area)
A
σcy
where:
σcy = compressive
buckling yield stress
(L'/ρ)
less slender more slender
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 38
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Notes: L′
• for “large”, column fails by buckling
ρ
L′
• for “small”, column squashes
ρ
• in transition region, plastic deformation (yielding) is
taking place
σ cy < σ < σ cu
Let’s look at all this via an…
Example: a wood pointer-- assume it is pinned and about 4
feet long
Figure M4.7-15 Geometry of pinned wood pointer
CROSS-SECTION
x3
x3
x2
x1 P 0.25"
48"
0.25"
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 39
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Material properties:
(Basswood)
E = 1.4 x 106 psi
σcu ≈ 4800 psi
--> Variations
⇒ L = π 2 (1.4 × 10 6 lbs / in 2
) ( 3.26 × 10 −4
in300
4
) lbs
⇒ L = 300 lbs
2 ⇒ L 300 = lbs15.01 in 2
⇒ L = 15.01 in 2
⇒ L = 3.87 in
⇒⇒ LL== 3.87
15.01
in in
Paul A. Lagace © 2009
⇒ L = 3.87 in Unit M4-7 p. 42
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Finally….
If L > 3.87 in ⇒ buckling
If L < 3.87 in ⇒ squashing
Note transition “around” 3.87 in due to yielding
(basswood relatively brittle)
P
[lbs]
transition
300
ing
sh
ua
buckling
sq
3.87 L [in]
0.5" x2
0.25"
x2
--> x2 - axis ⇒ h
b
⇒ h = 0.5 in, b = 0.25 in
Paul A. Lagace © 2009 Unit M4-7 p. 44
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
x3
--> x3 - axis ⇒ b
and find:
I3 < I2
⇒ Pcr smaller for buckling about x3 - axis.