INTRODUCTION

The ship’s hull is a streamlined body designed to create favourable pressure gradients so that
it encounters minimum resistance to forward motion. However, we have to impose on the hull
surface certain add-on so as to improve the controllability and maneuverability, sea-keeping,
strength and structural aspects or to fulfil operational requirements. These attachments which
alter the flow around the hull are called ship hull appendages. Appendage resistance is frictional
resistance caused by the underwater appendages, like rudders, shaft brackets, struts, stabilisers
and bilge keels. Appendages can be designed to improve resistance and propulsion
characteristics.

Typical appendages found on ships include rudders, stabilisers, bossings, shaft brackets, bilge
keels and water inlet scoops and all these items give rise to additional resistance. The main
appendages on a single – screw ship are the rudder and bilge keels, with a total appendage drag
of about 2% - 5%. On twin – screw vessels, the main appendages are the twin rudders, twin
shafting and shaft brackets, or bossings, and bilge keels. These may amount to as much as 8%
- 25% depending on ship size.

The net effect of appendages is thought to bring about the following changes.

 Increase in frictional resistance.

 Alteration of flow around the hull.
 Alteration of ship motions.
 Induced vibration or cavitation.

Bilge Keel Ship Rudders