Egyptian Journal of Petroleum (2015) 24, 461–468

H O S T E D BY
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute

Egyptian Journal of Petroleum

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FULL LENGTH ARTICLE

Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble

cellulosic material as lost circulation control
additives in water-based drilling fluid
Ahmed Mohamed Alsabagh a, Mahmoud Ibrahim Abdou a, Hany El-sayed Ahmed a,
Ahmed Abdel-salam Khalil b, Amany Ayman Aboulrous a,*

a
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
b
Faculty of Science, Banha University, Egypt

Received 29 October 2014; revised 5 December 2014; accepted 18 December 2014

Available online 3 November 2015

KEYWORDS Abstract Circulation losses have always been a serious and expensive problem to the drilling
Natural cellulosic materials; industry. Even with the best drilling practices circulation losses do occur. In order to reduce such
Spurt loss; losses to acceptable level fluid Loss Control Material (LCM) is used.
Permeability plugging appa- In this work, three natural water-insoluble cellulosic materials; peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust
ratus; were investigated as lost circulation control materials. One hundred and eight different LCM sam-
Rheological properties ples made of various materials were tested with mud. The experiments were conducted in a perme-
ability plugging apparatus (PPA) at a differential pressure of 100 psi and 300 psi, using 10, 60 and
90 ceramic discs. The performance of each LCM sample was determined based on the amount of
spurt loss and total fluid loss of the mud according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) stan-
dard. The obtained results showed that, the amount of the fluid loss depends on the LCM material,
concentration and size distribution, testing results show that, the peanut gives the best results
among the bagasse and sawdust, especially fine size which exhibited better results in the filtration
characteristics due to the better filling properties of this size. Peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust
show a slight effect on the rheological properties of the mud. The results were discussed on light
of particle size distribution.
Ó 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Petroleum Research
Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

To function properly, a drilling fluid must be circulated

through the well and back to the surface. Occasionally, highly
permeable or cavernous formations and fractured zones, both
* Corresponding author.
natural and induced by the mud pressure, are encountered and
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research circulation is partially or completely lost [1]. Loss of drilling
Institute.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.06.004
1110-0621 Ó 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
462 A.M. Alsabagh et al.

Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of LCM is the most

Table 1 The chemical composition and its abbreviations for
important criterion on which treatments are designed [11].
materials used in this paper.
The optimum size of the LCM combinations is selected based
Material Chemical composition/structure Abbreviation on several models like ‘‘Abrams Median Particle-Size Rule” as
used Abrams [12] suggested that; the particle size of the bridging
Peanut Cellulose (25%), Crude fibre Mud with peanut material should be at least equal to or greater than one-third
hulls (60%), Water (8%), Crude hull with fine size of the medium pore openings of the reservoir rock and the
protein (6%), Ash (2%) and Fat (PF) concentration of the sized particles should be in abundance
(1%) Mud with peanut of at least 5% by volume of the solids in the final mud compo-
hull with coarse size sition, including drill solids.
(PC)
In this work, three natural water-insoluble cellulosic
Mud with peanut
hulls (MP)
materials were investigated as lost circulation control material
Bagasse Cellulose (55%), Hemicellulose Mud with bagasse depending on their physical and chemical structure. The work
(25%), Lignin (24%), Ash (4%) with fine size (BF) should be extended to investigate the rheological properties.
and Waxes (61%) Mud with bagasse The structure of the three materials [13,14] and its abbreviation
with coarse size are shown in Table 1.
(BC)
Mud with Bagasse
(MB) 2. Experimental & techniques
Sawdust Cellulose (58.2%), Lignin Mud with sawdust
(28.4%), OCH3 (5.1%), with fine size (SF) 2.1. Preparation of sawdust, bagasse and peanut hulls
Moisture (4.8%) and Ash Mud with sawdust
(0.21%) with coarse size
(SC) Sawdust, bagasse and peanut hulls were cleaned by water at
Mud with sawdust 45 °C for about 3–4 h. The dried materials were then ground
(MS) and sieved into different sizes. The grain size which was
selected for this work was situated between 3.35 mm and
0.037 mm by using (400, 270, 200, 70 and 6 mesh) US Sieves.
fluid, owing to openings in the formation, can result in the loss A dry Screen Analysis for fine and coarse size of sawdust,
of hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the hole and allow bagasse and peanut hulls is shown in Fig. 1.
influx of formation fluids and possibly loss of well control.
It is essential that circulation be regained for drilling to 2.2. Preparation of water-based drilling fluids
continue [2]. Most common thief zones are highly permeable
formations. Because of higher permeability (because of large
The base component of the water-based muds was prepared by
pore size), loss of drilling fluid into formation initiates [3].
adding 350 ml of fresh water into a cup then 22.5 g of
Depending on loss rate, different kinds of solutions could be
bentonite was measured and poured into the fresh water while
applied, and most common among them is the use of particu-
mixing by using Hamilton-Beach mixer for 20 min [15]. At the
late lost circulation control agents (LCM) [4]. Properly sized
end of the mixing, the different investigated materials were
LCM is added to the drilling fluid which plugs the pores of
added at different concentrations. When high permeable
the permeable formation and arrests the losses [5]. A wide
formations (simulated by ceramic discs with mean pore throat
variety of materials can be added to the drilling fluid to reduce
10, 60 and 90 micron) are drilled with this local mud, a seepage
the loss of drilling fluids in the high permeable zones [6,7]. A
loss occurs. The results are shown in Table 2.
fibrous materials; peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust, to be
acceptable as a lost circulation control additive, must possess
2.3. Permeability plugging test (PPT Test)
the properties of high tensile strength, great flexibility, being
chemically neutral and it is extremely desirable that the mate-
rial shall be economical with regard to cost [8,9]. The particle The lost circulation control materials were evaluated by using
sizes of these materials are much larger than the particle sizes Fann permeability plugging apparatus [15]. This work was
of solids normally suspended in the mud [10]. carried out using the ceramic discs with Mean Pore Throat

Table 2 Filtration parameters for local water-base mud* using different ceramic discs at different pressures.
Conc. gm V7.5 min [ml] V30 min [ml] PPT value [ml] Spurt loss [ml] Static filtration [ml/min1/2]
100 psi 300 psi 100 psi 300 psi 100 psi 300 psi 100 psi 300 psi 100 psi 300 psi
At 10 micron ceramic discs
6.4% 80 130 100 160 200 320 120 200 14.6 21.9
At 60 micron ceramic discs
6.4% 90 150 122 200 244 400 116 200 23.3 36.5
At 90 micron ceramic discs
6.4% 112 170 151 235 302 470 146 210 28.5 47.5
*
Mud formulation: 22.5 gm bentonite + 350 ml distilled water.
 Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble cellulosic material
Table 3 Filtration parameters for peanut hulls (fine & coarse size) using different ceramic discs at different pressures.
1/2
Conc. % V7.5 min [ml] V30 min [ml] PPT value [ml] Spurt loss [ml] Static filtration [ml/min ] V7.5 min [ml] V30 min [ml] PPT value [ml] Spurt loss [ml] Static filtration
rate [ml/min1/2]
300 psi 100 psi
At 10 micron ceramic discs
PC PF PC PF PC PF PC PF PC PF PC PF PC PF PC PF PC PF PC PF
1.5 40 20 47 25 94 50 66 30 5.1 3.7 19 15 25 20 50 40 26 20 4.4 3.7
3.0 32.2 17.2 38.8 21.3 77.6 42.6 51.2 26.2 4.8 2.9 14 12 19 15.5 38 31 18 17 3.6 2.5
6.0 23 15.4 29 18.8 58 37.6 34 24 4.3 2.5 11 10 15 12.8 30 25.6 14 14.4 2.9 2.0
At 60 micron ceramic discs
1.5 45.3 22 52.9 27.8 105.8 55.6 75.4 32.4 5.5 4.2 22 16.2 28 21.2 56 42.2 32 22.4 4.4 3.7
3.0 35 19.8 42 24.7 84 49.4 56 29.8 5.1 3.6 20 13.5 25 17.4 50 34.8 30 19.2 3.6 2.8
6.0 25.2 15.1 31.7 19.2 63.4 38.4 37.4 22 4.7 2.9 18 11.6 22 15 44 30 28 16.4 2.9 2.4
At 90 micron ceramic discs
1.5 52 22.2 59.9 28.2 191.8 56.4 88.2 32.4 5.8 4.4 27 16.6 34 21.9 68 43.8 40 22.6 5.1 3.9
3.0 40.2 19.9 47.7 24.9 95.4 49.8 65.4 29.8 5.4 3.7 24 13.9 30 18 60 36 36 19.6 4.4 2.9
6.0 30.6 15.2 37.6 19.7 75.2 39.4 47.2 21.4 5.1 3.3 21 12.1 26 15.7 52 31.4 32 17 3.6 2.6

Table 4 Filtration parameters for bagasse (fine & coarse size) using different ceramic discs at different pressures.
Conc. % V7.5 min [ml] V30 min [ml] PPT value [ml] Spurt loss [ml] Static filtration [ml/min1/2] V7.5 min [ml] V30 min [ml] PPT value [ml] Spurt loss [ml] Static filtration
rate [ml/min1/2]
300 psi 100 psi
At 10 micron ceramic discs
BC BF BC BF BC BF BC BF BC BF BC BF BC BF BC BF BC BF BC BF
1.5 45.2 21.4 53.1 26.5 106.2 53 74.6 32.6 5.8 3.7 22 16.6 29 20.9 58 41.8 30 24.6 5.1 3.1
3.0 38 18.3 45.5 22.7 91 45.4 61 27.8 5.5 3.2 17 13.2 23.5 17.1 47 34.2 21 18.6 4.7 2.8
6.0 30.3 16.1 37.3 20 74.6 40 46.6 24.4 5.1 2.8 14 11.9 19.6 15 39.2 30 16.8 17.6 4.0 2.3
At 60 micron ceramic discs
1.5 50.2 23.1 58.4 28.9 116.8 57.8 84 34.6 6 4.2 25 17.3 32 22.4 64 44.8 36 24.4 5.1 3.7
3.0 44 18.9 52 23.9 104 47.8 72 27.8 5.8 3.7 23 14.1 29.5 18.9 59 37.8 33 18.6 4.7 3.5
6.0 40.2 16.9 47.7 21.2 95.4 42.4 65.4 25.2 5.4 3.1 21 12.2 27 16.2 54 32.4 30 16.4 4.3 2.9
At 90 micron ceramic discs
1.5 54.3 23.2 62.9 29.1 125.8 58.2 91.4 34.6 6.3 4.3 30 18.1 37.5 23.5 75 47 45 25.4 5.4 3.9
3.0 47.1 19.1 55.2 24.3 110.4 48.6 78 27.8 6.0 3.88 27 16.9 33.5 21.9 67 43.8 41 23.8 4.8 3.6
6.0 43.5 17.4 51.4 22.3 102.8 44.6 71.2 25 5.7 3.5 25 13.7 30.5 17.7 61 35.4 39 19.4 4.0 2.9

463
464 A.M. Alsabagh et al.

Diameter 10, 60 and 90 micron as a filter medium at

rate [ml/min 1/2 ]

differential pressures 100 and 300 psi. The filtration parame-
Static filtration

3.5
2.9
2.2

3.8
3.5
2.9

4.0
3.8
2.9
SF
ters can be made from the data collected at 7.5 and 30 min
intervals according to the following formulas [16]:
PPT ¼ 2  V30 min ð1Þ
SC
5.3
5.0
4.4

5.4
5.1
4.3

5.8
5.4
5.1
SL ¼ 2  ðV7:5 min  ðV30 min  V7:5 min Þ ð2Þ
Spurt loss [ml]

24.6
20.6
19.8

25.8

19.8

26.2
21.4
SF

21

22
SFR ¼ 2  ½V30 min  V7:5 min =2:739 ð3Þ
Where; PPT is the permeability plugging tester value(ml);
33.6
22.6
SC

20

39
36
34

56
49
44
V30 min (ml) is the total filtrate collected in 30 min; SL is the
spurt loss (ml); V7.5 min (ml) is the filtrate collected in
PPT value [ml]

7.5 min.; and the SFR is the static filtration rate (ml/min½)
43.8
36.6
31.8

40.6
36.2

48.6
42.6
SF

47

38
2.4. Rheological properties
62.4
50.2
SC

44

69
64
58

86
79
72
Drilling Fluids viscosity was measured using Chandler vis-
cometer 3500 model [15]. Most successful drilling fluids are
[ml]

21.9
18.3
15.9

23.5
20.3
18.1

24.3
21.3
SF

19

non-Newtonian [17]. Pseudo plastic is a general type of shear-

min

thinning, but the non-Newtonian behaviour is the most desir-

31.2
25.1

34.5

39.5
V30

able for drilling fluids [18]. Bingham plastic and power-law

SC

22

32
29

43

36

models [19] describe the pseudo plastic behaviour. The viscosity

Filtration parameters for sawdust (fine & coarse size) using different ceramic discs at different pressures.

measurements started from low shear rates. The rheological

[ml]

17.1
14.3
12.9

18.2
15.4

18.7
SF

properties were measured over a shear range of 5–1022 s1.

14

16
15
min

100 psi

18.2
V7.5

2.4.1. Bingham plastic model

SC
24

16

27
25
23

35
32
29

gpl: ¼ R600  R300 ð4Þ

]
1/2

sB ¼ 0:48  R300  PV ð5Þ

Static filtration [ml/min

4.3
3.8
3.5

4.3
3.8
3.5

4.4
3.9
3.6
SF

gapp: ¼ R600 =2 ð6Þ

Where, gpl. is the plastic viscosity (cp), R600 is the dial reading
at 600 r/min, R300 is the dial reading at 300 r/min, sB is the
yield point (lb/100 ft2) and gapp. is the apparent viscosity
SC
6.1
5.8
5.5

6.4
6.0
5.8

6.6
6.2
5.9

(cp).2.4.2. Power law model

s ¼ kcn ð7Þ
Spurt loss [ml]

34.6
27.8

34.6
27.8
24.8

34.8
27.6
SF

25

25

Where k, and n are consistency and flow index respectively, s is

the shear stress, and c is the shear rate.
102.8
64.8

97.8
89.2

112
101
SC
86
74

94

3. Results and discussion

PPT value [ml]

58.2
48.6
44.6

58.2
48.6
44.4

58.8
49.2

3.1. Effect of particles size distribution on filtration parameters

SF

45

for investigated natural materials

119.2

121.2

135.4
126.4
95.2
106

138
131

148
SC

From Tables 3–5, all fine sized materials have better results in
filtration volume, PPT value and spurt loss than the coarse
[ml]

29.1
24.3
22.3

29.1
24.3
22.2

29.4
24.6
22.5

sized material which means that the particle size distribution

SF

for the fine sized material gives better filling properties as

min

shown in Fig. 1. A bridge may be initiated when several parti-

59.6

47.6

65.5
60.6

67.7
63.2
V30

SC

53

69

74

cles of lost circulation material lodge against each other in the

At 10 micron ceramic discs

At 60 micron ceramic discs

At 90 micron ceramic discs

pore throat [11]. The smaller particles then may bridge the
[ml]

23.2
19.1
17.4

23.2
19.1
17.3

23.4
19.2
17.5

openings between the larger, previously bridged particles. This

SF
min

process continues until the pore becomes quite small.

300 psi

The fine sized materials have more surface area so they

51.3

60.2
57.2
52.6

59.2
55.1
V7.5

SC

45
40

65

possess more resistance to pressure and they can plug pore

throats. And these results agree with Abram’s rule. As shown
Conc. %
Table 5

in Figs. 2–4 which illustrate filtrate volume, PPT value and

spurt loss (respectively) versus concentration for fine and
1.5
3.0
6.0

1.5
3.0
6.0

1.5
3.0
6.0

coarse size of peanut hulls as representative example.

Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble cellulosic material 465

70 Coarse Fine
60
60

% Through, approx
50
50
40
30 25
20
20 15
10 10
10 5 5
0
0
400 mesh 270 mesh 200 mesh 70 mesh 6 mesh
Screen Size

Figure 1 Dry screen analysis for coarse and fine size of investigated materials.

PC (300 PSI) PF (300 psi) PC (100 psi) PF (100 psi)

50
45
Filtrate Volume, ml

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Concentration, %

Figure 2 Filtrate volume (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls with 10 micron ceramic discs at different pressures.

PC (300 PSI) PF (300 psi) PC (100 psi) PF (100 psi)

100
90
80
PPT Value, ml

70
60
50
40
30
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Concentration, %

Figure 3 PPT value (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls with 10 micron ceramic discs at different pressures.

PC (300 PSI) PF (300 psi) PC (100 psi) PF (100 psi)

70

60
50
Spurt Loss, ml

40
30

20
10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Concentration, %

Figure 4 Spurt loss (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls with 10 micron ceramic discs at different pressures.
466 A.M. Alsabagh et al.

Peanut Hulls Bagasse Sawdust

24
22

Filterate Volume, ml
20
18
16
14
12
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Concentration, %

Figure 5 Filtrate volume (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust (in fine size) with 10 micron ceramic discs at 100 psi.

Peanut Hulls Bagasse Sawdust

45

40
PPT Value, ml

35

30

25

20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Concentration, %

Figure 6 PPT value (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust (in fine size) with 10 micron ceramic discs at 100 psi.

Peanut Hulls Bagasse Sawdust

26
24
22
Spurt Loss, ml

20
18
16
14
12
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Concentration, %

Figure 7 Spurt loss (vs.) concentration for peanut hulls, bagasse and sawdust (in fine size) with 10 micron ceramic discs at 100 psi.

3.2. Effect of concentration on filtration parameters for 3.3. Effect of cellulosic content and chemical composition on
investigated natural materials filtration parameters for investigated natural materials

From Tables 3–5, it can be concluded that the three investi-
gated cellulosic materials whether in fine or coarse size exhibits
better performance in all filtration parameters; filter loss after
30 min, PPT value, spurt loss and static filtration rate at a con-
centration of 0.6%. These results agree with Abram’s rule.
This concentration is considered to be optimum as it is the
best concentration with changing the applied differential pres-
sure and the permeability of ceramic discs, but this concentra-
tion exhibits its best performance with using 10 micron ceramic
disc at 100 psi.
All filtration parameters; filter loss after 30 min, PPT value,
spurt loss and Static filtration rate enhanced with the all inves-
tigated materials in comparison with the mud before addition as
shown in Table 2 and for the static filtration (velocity of flow)
rate values indicate that, all materials decrease the flow rate
drastically after addition of the natural materials to the water-
base mud. The peanut hulls show the better performance in
reducing the loss circulation of drilling fluids than the bagasse
and sawdust as peanut hulls as shown in Figs. 5–7. These results
may be due to the peanut hulls containing crude fibre (60%) and
Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble cellulosic material 467

Figure 8 Represents SEM for 60 M ceramic disc (a) before PPT, (b) after PPT (6% of fine sized peanut hulls), (c) after PPT (6% of fine
sized sawdust).

M MP MB MS
70
3.4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the formed
internal filter cakes
65
Shear Stress, lb/100ft 2

60
55 After PPT some of the ceramic discs have been photographed
50 by SEM to investigate the plugging quantity of investigated
45 materials. Best filtration result of 60 l ceramic disc is shown
40
on Fig. 8(a–c).
35
30
3.5. Effect of lost circulation materials on the rheological
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 properties of mud
Shear Rate, sec -1
The rheological properties are one of the most important prop-
Figure 9 Shear rate (vs.) shear stress for different muds. erties for the lost circulation materials [20]. From the results
achieved by using Eqs. (4)–(7), it can be seen that a slight
the least content of cellulose (25%) and the sawdust is the worst increase in the rheological properties occurs, and (sB) yield
one because it has the highest content of cellulose (58.2%) and point, plastic viscosity (gpl.), apparent viscosity (gapp.) and
that makes it more friable under pressure. the gel strengths are increased slightly for all materials.

Table 6 Rheological properties of water-base drilling fluid (M) and with peanut hulls (MP), bagasse (MB) and sawdust (MS).
Mud used Bingham Plastic Parameters Power law parameters
Plastic Apparent Yield point (Gel strengths)in. (Gel strengths)10 Thixotropy Flow Consistency index
viscosity [cP] viscosity [cP] [lb/100 ft2] [lb/100 ft2] [lb/100 ft2] [lb/100ft2] index [–] [lb.sn/100 ft2]
M 3 26.5 47 28 31 3 0.084 29.6
MP 3 27.5 49 30 33 3 0.109 25.9
MB 5 29 48 32 36 4 0.13 23.5
MS 5 31 52 33 37 4 0.12 26.7
468
The pattern of the curves obtained from shear stress and
shear rate relationship for the various materials showed that
the shear stress and shear rate was nonlinear as shown in
Fig. 9. This nonlinear relationship between shear stress and
shear rate showed that the water-base muds obeyed the power
law model for non-Newtonian fluid. In addition, the nonlinear
relationship between shear stress and shear rate showed that
the water-base muds are pseudoplastic. According to [19], a
fluid is pseudoplastic when the consistency curve obtained
from shear stress and shear rate relationship passes through
the origin and is nonlinear. Table 6 shows the values of flow
index, n, and consistency index, k, obtained for the muds after
adding the various materials. It is observed also from Table 6
that the flow index, n, is less than 1 for the investigated muds.
These results are consistent with [21], and this means that the
mud which has n < 1, can be considered as a pseudoplastic
behaviour material.
4. Conclusion
The conclusion can be addressed in the following points;
 Particle size distribution (PSD), concentration and chemical
composition are important keys for performance of lost cir-
culation control materials.
 Fine size of lost circulation control materials is better than
coarse size because fine size has better filling behaviour.
 When concentration of lost circulation agents increases, it
gives better results in its filtration parameters.
 Peanut hulls have the best results compared to bagasse and
sawdust as they have 60% crude fibre and the least content
of cellulose.
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