Tiara Ulfah

AN ANALYSIS OF LARSON’S ACCURACY LEVEL AND NEWMARK’S
TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE IN
TRANSLATING TYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURES
THESIS
Submitted by
TIARA ULFAH
Student of Faculty of Education and Teacher Training
Department of English Language Education
Reg. No: 140203016
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING
AR-RANIRY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
DARUSSALAM BANDA ACEH
2018
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All the graceful praise and thanks go to Allah SWT, The Lord of the
Universe, who gives His guidance to me to finish this thesis. This thesis is the
result of my uphill battle which would not be completed without any help,
support, assistance, encouragement, love, and prayers from other people.
Therefore, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to a
group of people who contribute to the accomplishment of this thesis.
My sincere thanks go to my main thesis supervisor Dr.phil. Saiful Akmal,
S.Pd.I., M.A. and my co. thesis supervisor Khairil Razali, S.Pd.I., MA. MS.
whose guidance and advice were the assets upon which this thesis was developed
to reach its current status. Without their assistance and dedicated involvement,
this thesis would have never been accomplished.
I am indebted to my parents, Abdullah and Nuridah, for their spiritual
support in all aspects of my life and for being a great financial support. I also
would like to thank my brother and my sister for being so nice and supportive
during the process of this thesis writing.
Then, I would like to devote my great appreciation to my very best friends:
Yuni, Zikra, Farah, Yaumil, Sittir, Bunga, Amah, Alvi and Desy for their genuine
love, comfort, prayers and supports; everyone in Unit 01 PBI 2014 for making my
ordinary college years extraordinary; amazing and brilliant people in EDSA 2017,
Santri Kece Mudi, Ar-Raniry English Club, KPM Blang Pueb for their unlimited
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and constant support, encouragement and accompaniment; and all of the awesome
people who never give up on me, whose name I cannot mention one by one, for
the care, love and help they provided during the process of finishing this thesis.
Eventually, I am fully aware that this thesis is far from perfection. Thus,
any comments and suggestions are indeed welcome to the betterment of this
thesis. Finally, I hope that this thesis is beneficial for me and all the readers.
Banda Aceh, 12 July 2018
The researcher,
Tiara Ulfah
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... iv
CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... ix
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ..................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background of Study .............................................................. 1
1.2.Research Questions.................................................................. 4
1.3.Purpose of Study...................................................................... 4
1.4.Significance of Study............................................................... 4
1.5.Operational Definition ............................................................. 5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.Translation .............................................................................. 9
2.1.1. Forms and meanings ................................................ 9
2.1.2. Definition of Translation .......................................... 10
2.1.3. Types of Translation................................................. 12
2.1.4. Translation Process................................................... 14
2.1.5. Translation Procedures ............................................. 15
2.1.6. Translation Quality Assessment ............................... 24
2.2.Machine Translator .................................................................. 29
2.2.1. Google Translate....................................................... 30
2.3.Sentence Structure ................................................................... 32
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Approach ......................................................................... 35
3.2.Data.......................................................................................... 35
3.3.Research Instrument ................................................................ 36
3.4.Data Collection ........................................................................ 37
3.5.Data Analysis ........................................................................... 38
3.6.Data Validation ........................................................................ 38
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1.Findings ................................................................................... 40
4.1.1. Translation Accuracy................................................ 40
4.2.Discussions ............................................................................. 44
4.2.1. Translation Accuracy................................................ 44
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
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5.1.Conclusions.............................................................................. 61
5.2.Suggestions .............................................................................. 62
REFERENCES .. .............................................................................................................. 65
APPENDICES
AUTOBIOGRAPHY
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Accuracy Rating Instrument ................................................................. 26
Table 2. The occurrence of the accuracy and inaccuracy of sentence structure.. 40
Table 3. The occurrence of translation procedures used by Google Translate.... 43
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LIST OF APPENDICES
I. APPOINTMENT LETTER OF THE SUPERVISORS

II. ANALYSIS SHEETS
III. AUTOBIOGRAPHY
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ABSTRACT
The present research aimed to describe and define the meaning accuracy and
identify the translation procedures used by Google Translate in translating types
of sentence structures from the theoretical perspective proposed by the experts. A
descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the research. The sample of
this research consisted of 50 simple sentences, 50 compound sentences, 50
complex sentences and 50 complex- compound sentences derived from 12 texts of
Buku Bahasa Inggris Kelas XI SMA Kurikulum 2013 and Buku Bahasa Inggris
Kelas XII SMA Kurikulum 2013. In analyzing the data, the researcher referred to
the theories of translation accuracy proposed by Larson (1998) and the theories of
translation procedures suggested by Newmark (1988). The result of data analysis
showed that Google Translate was successfully translated the source language into
the target language (with the accuracy level up to 66%). The second finding
showed that there were 10 procedures found in Google Translate product: literal
(61.5%), couplet (9%), componetial analysis (7%), shift and transposition (7%),
reduction (4%), transference (4%), naturalisation (4%), compensation (3.5%),
through translation (1.5%) and recognized translation (0.5%).
Keywords: Translation Accuracy, Translation Procedures, Google Translate,

Sentence Structures
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Study
The advances of technology have encouraged people to be more literate on
information and technology. Achieving technology literacy helps them to function
well in the world they live in (Blake, 2016). Moreover, this ability is necessary in
their working life. He also stated that in 2011 there are more than 96 percent of jobs
in the United States use communication technology and 62 percent of the
population use the internet as a part of their life. Since then, the interaction between
people, states and nations throughout the world is in high traffic, and would always
be higher than before. Seeing this case further, it is known that language plays a
significant role in this era.
Language is a bridge to communication (Jahrine, 2011). Mastering a language
sustains the need of people for acquiring the information. However, when the
development of the information and communication technology comes from
foreign countries, transferring the information from the source language into the
target language is prominent. Then, the solution to this problem must be found in
order to allow the information to circulate freely. Therefore, the need of translation
is increasing from day to day, because the knowledge and information is
developing as well.
Language translation is increasingly being used in all aspects of life, from
conducting business in foreign countries to enrolling students in foreign school.
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According to Munday (2001), translation can be used to refer to three things:
firstly, the general subject field; secondly, the product (the text that has been
translated); finally, the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise
known as translating).” Although the academic discipline of translation started to
develop in the twentieth century, Munday (2001) points out that the translating
process itself had been established since long ago. It proves that the massive
international interaction has invited the world to pay more attention to the role of
language, including translation issues.
Furthermore, the technologies supporting translation cannot be ruled out. One
of them is called Machine Translation. Machine Translation refers a translation that
is carried out principally by computer but it may involve some human
interventions, such as pre- or post- editing (Bowker & Fisher, 2010). There are a lot
of Machine Translation programs that can be accessed easily as online applications
or websites which can be found on the internet such as Babylon 10, Tialsoft,
Systran, Bing and many others.
In 2006, Google, an American multinational technology company, launched a
new product called Google Translate. At the moment, Google Translate was merely
a statistical machine translation service. It translated a language into English first
then to the target language instead of translating the language directly. After many
ups and downs related to its accuracy were reported in many occasion, Google
Translate then upgraded to Google Neural Machine Translation which is ways
better because it translates the whole sentences at the same time (Turovsky, 2016).
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Although it is regarded as superior, previous studies found that Google
Translate also has drawbacks as other Machine Translations. A previous study
conducted by Wibowo (2014) reported that Google Translate is fair to use in
translating words and phrases. Nevertheless, in translating sentences, there are
many unacceptable sentences found. In term of its accuracy, Google Translate is
applicable in translating words or phrase, but it is not accurate in translating
complicated sentences.
In translation studies, there are lots of theories regarding the translation
evaluation and translation procedures. One of those theories in measuring the
accuracy level is proposed by Larson (1998) in his book Meaning-Based
Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. This research then adopts
Larson’s theory of accuracy level to measure the accuracy level of Google
Translate. In addition to translation accuracy, the researcher also identifies the
translation procedure used by Google Translate based on the theory suggest by
Newmark (1988).
This study aims to focus on the accuracy level and translation procedures
employed by Google Translate in translating types of sentence structures. In
addition, this research concerns only on the translation accuracy theory promoted
by Larson (1998) and the translation procedure as suggested by Newmark (1988).

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1.2. Research Questions
1.2.1. How is the accuracy of meaning of Google Translate in translating
types of sentence structure?
1.2.2. What types of translation procedures are applied by Google
Translate in translating types of sentence structures?
1.3. Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study is to describe and define the meaning accuracy and
identify the translation procedures used by Google Translate in translating types
of sentence structures from the theoretical perspective proposed by the experts.
1.4. Significance of Study
1.4.1. Theoretical Significance
This research is expected to enrich the theory of translation and to enrich
the finding of the previous research related to the translation subject. This
research would explain about the quality of translation of Google Translate and
the researcher expected that the result of this research can manifest several
contributions on translation theory. Furthermore, this research is anticipated to be
the reference for students of translation courses.
1.4.2. Practical Significance
This research provides an important opportunity to advance the
understanding of translation students in translating types of sentence structures.
This research is also expected to be the foregoer for the students who want to use
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Google Translate in translating types of sentence structures. Moreover, the
researcher hopes the study can anticipate new inputs and ideas for translating the
sentence structures, especially in choosing the proper translation procedures
among translators.
Moreover, the finding of this study should make an important contribution
for the Google Translate research developers in achieving considerably improved
working condition of the system of Google Translate.
1.5. Operational Definition
1.5.1. Translation
Translation is replacing a representation of a text in source language by
putting an equal representation of the text in a target language (Bell, 1991).
Translation is sometimes embodies a series of steps including comprehending the
source material in the language, transferring the comprehension to language and
expressing the comprehension in generally comparable target language material.
This study emphasizes the translation from English to Indonesian translated by
using Google Translate.
1.5.2. Google Translate
Google Translate is a free multilingual machine translation service
developed by Google to translate text, speech, images, sites, or real time video
from one language into another language (Turovsky, 2016). In this study, Google
Translate would be used to translate all of the samples which are in English to
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Indonesian language. The translation products of Google Translate then would be
the subject to be analysed in this study.
1.5.3. Translation Procedures
Unlike the translation methods which are used to translate the whole texts,
translation procedures are used to translate sentences or the smaller unit of the
language (Newmark, 1988). There are several translation procedures in
Translation studies. In this study, the researcher would limit the translation
procedures based on the theory of Newmark (1988) which are as follow: literal
translation; reduction and expansion; transference; naturalization; cultural
equivalence; functional equivalence; descriptive equivalence; componential
analysis; synonymy; through translation, shift or transposition; modulation;
recognized translation; compensation; paraphrase; couplets; and notes.
1.5.4. Accuracy Level
Accuracy is defined as “freedom from mistake or error: the quality or
state of being accurate (“Accuracy”, n.d)”. According to Larson (1998), there are
four indicators of inaccuracy in translation which are presented as follow:
a. Omission is characterized by the absence of one or more items that
must appear in translating a text which make a different meaning.
Any word in a sentence or phrase is a potential candidate for
omission.
b. Addition means the presence one or more items in the receptor
language for getting across the meaning.

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c. Different meaning; sometimes mistakes are made in the analysis of
the source text or in the transfer process and a different meaning
result. In the wrong meaning the translator supplies something which
is incorrect.
d. Zero meaning is characterized by the use of the form that doesn’t
communicate any meaning at all. The translator just changes the
words in the source language by the words in target language.
1.5.5. Sentence Structure
Rozakies (2003, p. 116) states that “A sentence is a group of words with
two main parts: a subject area and a predicate area. Together, the subject and the
predicate express a complete thought.” There are four basic types of sentences in
English, namely:
a. Simple sentence is a complete unit of meaning which contains a
subject and a verb, and followed, if necessary, by other words which
make up the meaning (Alexander, 1990).
b. Compound Sentence has two or more independent clauses. The
independent clauses can be joined in one of two ways: 1.With a
coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), 2. With a
semicolon (;) (Rozakis, 2003).
c. Complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause. The independent clause is called the main clause.
These sentences use subordinate conjunctions to link the ideas

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(because, as, as if, unless, provided that, if, even if, etc.) (Rozakis,
2003).
d. Compound-Complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and
at least one dependent clause. The dependent clause can be part of the
independent clause (Rozakis, 2003).
Throughout this study the researcher would adopt the term types of
sentence structures to refer to simple, compound, complex and compound-
complex sentences.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.Translation
2.1.1. Forms and Meanings
Translation is about finding the equivalent replacement of target language
from textual material of a source language. Here the form of a source language
will be substituted with the form of target language, since translation, basically, is
a change of form (Larson, 1998). Consequently, in translating, there will be form
changing while the meaning is still the same.
The meaning, which is being transferred, must be held constant, and only
the form changes (Larson, 1998). The form from which the translation is made
will be called source language and the form into which it is to be changed will be
called the receptor or target language. Translation then, consists of studying the
lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural aspect of
the target language, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then
reconstructing this same meaning by using the lexicon, grammatical structure and
cultural context which are appropriate in the target language.
In his book Larson (1998) states that one form of a language may state a
great number of forms, for example the meaning of “the bag is heavy can be
expressed into many form such as “the bag is heavy”, “the heavy bag”, and “the
bag which is heavy”, just from the same language. In another language, there are
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many varieties can be used to express the same meaning on condition that there is
one-to-one correlation between the chosen form and the meaning.
The greatest difficulty in translating is the requirement of one-to-one
correlation between form and meaning, or, which is called skewing since
language is a complex set of skewed relationship between meaning (semantic) and
form (lexicon and grammar) (Larson, 1998). All lexical items and all grammatical
forms would have only one meaning if there is no skewing. Every language has its
own different forms of representing the meaning. Therefore, in translation, the
same meaning can be presented in another language with some different forms.
Translating the form of one language literally according to the corresponding
form in another language would often distort or even change the true meaning.
“Anything which can be said in one language can be said in another; it is
possible to translate (Larson, 1998, p. 12).” The goal of the translator is to keep
the meaning constant. Whenever necessary, the receptor language form should be
changed in order that the source language meaning not being distorted. Summary,
a good translator would start the translating from meaning to form, not the other
way around. Changing the way will lead to a distortion in meaning.
2.1.2. Definition of Translation
Translation is the way to transfer meanings from a source language into a
target language. There are numbers of definition of translation stated by many
experts. One of many is stated by Nida and Taber (1982, p. 12), they said
“translating consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

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equivalence of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in term of style.” They pointed out that the result of one translation must
maintain the meaning above style of the source language. The meaning changes
must be avoided in creating the style. The style then should be based on the true
meaning of the source language.
Newmark (2001) stated that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt
to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same
message and/or statement in another language. Translation has its own
excitement, its own interest. A satisfactory translation is always possible, but a
good translator is never satisfied.
In A textbook of Translation, Newmark (1988, p.6) also stated that
“translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and fact of the
language; secondly, it is a skill, which requires appropriate language and
acceptable usage; thirdly, an art, which distinguish good from undistinguished
writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of
translation; lastly, a matter of taste, where arguments ceases, preferences are
expressed, and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual
differences.
Moreover, Hartman and Stork (1972, p. 713 as cited in Bell, 1991, p. 6)
defined translation as the expression in another language (target language) of what
has been expressed in another (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic
equivalences. Then they continued to explain more about equivalence that text in
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different language can be equivalent in different levels of presentation
(equivalence in respect of context, grammar, semantic, lexis, etc.) and at different
ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).
It is apparent, and has been for very long time indeed, that the ideal of
total equivalence is a fantasy. Languages are different from each other. They are
different in form having distinct codes and rules of grammatical structures and
these different forms have different meanings.
Translating includes many aspects of translation. The important point of
the translation is that the aspect of transferring meaning and the important goal of
translation is to find the meaning equivalence from the source language
expression into the target language. Further, the translation work is done well if
the meaning from one language is transferred into a close, natural, and
equivalence meaning of another language.
2.1.3. Types of Translation
According to Larson (1998), there are two types of translation: form-based
translation and meaning-based translation. Form-based translation or so-called
literal translation attempts to follow the form of the source language while
meaning based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the
source language text in the natural forms of the target language. This kind of
translation is also called idiomatic translation.
In another literature, Jacobson (1959) describes three kinds of translation:

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1. Intra-lingual translation or ‘rewording’ is an interpretation of verbal signs
by means of other signs within the same language; (when one rephrase,
summarize or rewrite a text in the same language, one would use Intra-
lingual translation).
2. Inter-lingual translation or ‘translation proper’ is an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of some other languages; (when one make a
translation of a text from a language to another language, it is called Inter-
lingual translation).
3. Inter-semiotic translation or ‘transmutation’ is an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of signs of non-verbal signs systems. One would use Inter-
semiotic translation when one make a translation of a written text having a
verbal sign system into a language having non-verbal sign system such as
music, painting, and dance.
The translation into other words of the meaning of an utterance is always the
result of an interpretation; therefore, it can –and does- vary according to the
subject who performs it.
In conclusion, all these types of translation can be applied according to what
the translator intends to do with the text. In order to create an ideal translation, it
is a common thing for the translator to use more than one type of translation in
translating a sentence.
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2.1.4. Translation Process
To translate a text, a translator needs some process. Newmark (1988) has
confronted that there are three basic translation processes. First, the interpretation
and analysis of the source language text; second, the translation procedures, which
maybe direct, or on the basic of source language and target language
corresponding syntactic, or through an underlying logical ‘inter-language’; third,
the reformulation of the text in relation to the writer’s intention, the reader’s
expectation, the appropriate norms of the target language, etc.
Meanwhile, Nida and Taber (1982, pp. 33-34) states that there are three stages
in the translating process: first, “the translator analyzes the surface (i.e. the
meaning as given in source language) in two points i.e. in terms of (a) the
grammatical relationship, and of (b) the meaning of the words and the
combination of the words. There are three major steps in analysis stage i.e. (a)
determining the meaningful relationships between the words and the combination
of words, (b) determining the referential meaning of words and special
combination of words (idiom), and (c) determining the connotative meaning
(Nida& Taber, 1982, p.34).” Second, the analyzed material is transferred in the
mind of the translator from the source language to the receptor one. Then, the
transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully
accepted in the receptor language. The process of translation can be illustrated as
below
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A B
Source Receptor
Analysis Restructuring
X Transfer Y
Figure 1 The Process of Translation by Nida and Taber (1982)
2.1.5. Translation Procedure
The difference between the procedures and methods of translation can be
seen on the implementation units. Translation methods relate to whole texts while
translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.
There are many translation procedures to translate a text or a sentence
since different people may understand a word in different ways. This research will
use the term procedure related to Peter Newmark’s theory of procedure are
applied in Google Translate product.
Peter Newmark (1988) proposed some theory on translation procedure as below:
1. Literal translation
Literal translation or word for word translation relies on the direct transfer of a
text from Source Language into a grammatical and meaningful text in Target
Language. The translator focuses predominantly on adhering to the linguistic rules

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of the target language. In practice, literal translation occurs most commonly when
translating two languages of the same family and work most efficiently when they
also share the same culture.
Example:
SL : The President gave the present to Michael Last Week.

TL : Presiden memberi hadiah itu pada Michael minggu lalu.
2. Transference
Transference (emprunt, loan word, transcription) is the process of transferring
a source language word to a target language text as a translation procedure. The
words normally transferred include: names of all living (except the Pope and one
or two royals) and most dead people; geographical and topographical names
including newly independent countries such as (le) Zaire, Malawi, unless they
already have recognized translations; names of periodicals and newspaper; titles
of as yet untranslated literary works, plays, films; names of private companied and
institutions; names of public or nationalised institutions, unless they have
recognised translations; street names, addresses, etc.
Example:
SL : Vitamin C is very beneficial to the body

TL : Vitamin C sangat bermanfaat untuk tubuh
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3. Naturalisation
This procedure succeeds transference and adapts the Source Language word
first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of
the Target Language.
Example:
SL : The new president has good vision and mission.

TL :President baru miliki visi dan misi yang bagus.
4. Culture Equivalent
This is an approximate translation where a source language cultural word is
translated by a target language cultural word. This translation uses are limited,
since they are not accurate, but they can be used in general text, publicity and
propaganda, as well as for brief explanation to readers who are ignorant of the
relevant Source Language culture. This translation has a greater pragmatic impact
than culturally neutral terms.
Example:
SL : Snow White is known for her kindness and beauty.

TL : Putri Salju terkenal dengan kebaikan dan kecantikannya.
5. Functional Equivalence
This common procedure, applied to cultural words, requires the use of
culture-free word, sometime with a new specific term; it therefore neutralises
or generalises the Source Language word.

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This procedure, which is a cultural componential analysis, is the most
accurate way of translating a cultural word. A similar procedure is used when
a source language technical word has no target language equivalent. This
procedure occupies the middle area between the source language or culture
and the target language or culture.
Example:
SL: The principal looks so pale lately.

TL: Kepala Sekolah terlihat sangat pucat akhir-akhir ini.
6. Descriptive Equivalence
In translation, description sometimes has to be weighed against function.
Samurai is described as ‘the Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to nineteenth
century’; its function was ‘to provide officers and administrators’. Description and
function are essential elements in explanation and therefore in translation.
Example:
SL : Bajaj
TL : a three wheeled traditional vehicle which usually located in Jakarta,
Indonesia
7. Synonymy
This procedure is used for a source language word where there is no clear one-
to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for
adjectives or adverb of quality (which in principle are ‘outside’ the grammar and
less important than other components of a sentence). A synonymy is only

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appropriate where literal translation is not possible and because the word is not
important enough for componential analysis.
Example:
SL : Beautiful
TL : Indah, mempesona, cantik
8. Through Translation
In theory, a translator should not ‘initiate’ a through-translation. In fact,
through-translation is contiguous culture sometimes fill in useful gaps. The most
obvious examples of through-translation are the names of international
organization which often consist of ‘universal’ words. Normally, through-
translations should be used only when they are already recognized.
Example:
SL : New Zealand, United Nations.

TL : Selandia Baru, Persatuang Bangsa-Bangsa.
9. Shift or Transposition
A shift or transposition is a translation procedure involving a change in the
grammar from source language to target language. The shift or transposition is
used in 4 types of cases. The first type is the change from singular to plural.
Example:
SL : Shoes
TL : Sepatu
The second type is when a source language grammatical structure does not
exist in the target language.

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Example:
SL : What makes it more interesting is that you can bring it home.

TL :Yang membuatnya lebih menarik adalah bahwa kamu bias membawanya
pulang.
The third type is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but
may not accord with natural usage in the target language.
Example:
SL : boring lecture, blooming flowers

TL : Kuliah yang membosankan, bunga-bunga bermekaran
The last type of shift or transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap
by a grammatical structure.
Example:
SL : Udin is very pleasant, but his brother is arrogant.

TL : Udin sangat baik (sekali), tetapi kakaknya sangat sombong.
10. Modulation
Modulation is transformation that happens to target language, related with
changing of the meaning that happens due to point of view, perspective, and ways
of thinking, i,e. a transform from abstract to concrete, cause to consequence,
active to passive, space to time, and symbol transform.
Just like shift or transposition, modulation can be divided into obligation
modulation, which means a transformation that should be done due to the absence
of comparison of a word, taste or structure if there are just half of the whole mean
that can be spoken in target language. The second one is free modulation,
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meaning translation strategy that is being done due to non-linguistic reason like
explaining a meaning.
Example:
SL : You cannot tell a lie.

TL : Kamu harus jujur.
11. Recognized Translation
The translator normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation
of any institutional term.
Example:
SL : The house of Representative

TL : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
12. Compensation
This is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound effect, metaphor or
pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.
Example:
SL : What kind of sap do you take me for?

TL :Kalian anggap aku bebek bodoh macam apa?
13. Componential Analysis
This is the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components, often one-
to-two, -three or –four translations.
Example:
SL : In front of his family, he keeps the strong faith.

TL :Di depan keluarganya, ia tetap kuat.
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14. Reduction
Reduction is one semantic strategies used by translator. It means that not
every word of the source language’s sentence is translated into target language.
There are certain parts that are removed, but sometimes some of them are very
important to be translated, because it involves the context of the sentence.
Therefore, the translator should make sure that no crucial information is dropped
in the target language.
Example:
SL : The proposal was rejected and repudiated.

TL : usulnya ditolak.
15. Expansion
The expansion technique is normally used by translators to find equivalent
meanings by adding specific words in the target language without adding the
meaning of the source text due to the grammatical differences between the Source
Language and the Target Language.
Example:
SL : Our country offers a peace treaty.

TL : Negara kami mengusulkan menandatangani perjanjian damai.
16. Paraphrase
This is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the
text. It is used in an anonymous text when it is poorly written, or has important
implications and omissions.

23
Example:
SL : the belief that investment in personal development will generate

quantifiable returns is so persistent that donors are not deterred even by a lack of
reliable (or credible) figures on how the names on enrolment forms tally with
‘bums on seat’ and with newly employed or self employed people.
TL : keyakinan bahwa investasi dalam pengembangan diri akan mendatang

kan hasil yang dapat dihitung sedemikian kuatnya sehinnga donator bahkan tidak
tergoyahkan oleh tidak adanya bukti yang dapat dipercaya mengenai kecocokan
mantara nama yang tercantum dalam formulir pendaftaran dengan jumlah orang
yang akhirnya duduk dalam kelas itu, dan dengan jumlah pegawai ataupun
wiraswasta baru.
17. Couplets
Couplets, triplets, quadruplets combine two, three or four of the above
mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem.
Example:
SL : You just have to concentrate on yourself, the apparatus and the carpet.
You should not pay attention on anything else.
TL : Anda harus focus pada diri anda sendiri, apparatus dan lapangan tempat
anda bermain, bukan yang lain. (Literal-tranference-compensation-modulation)
18. Notes
The additional information a translator may have to add to his version is
normally cultural (accounting for difference between source language and target
language culture), technical (relating to the topic) or linguistic (explaining
wayward use of the words), and is dependent in the requirement of hid, as
opposed to the original, readership.

24
This additional information in the translation may take various forms; within
the text, notes at the bottom of page, notes at the end of the chapter, and notes or
glossary at the end of the book.
Example:
SL : Evgenia Olegovna Kanaeva is a Russian athlete of rhythmic gymnastics.

TL : Evgenia Olegovna Kanaeva adalah seorang atlit senam ritmik (Senam
ritmik adalah senam yang dilakukan dengan irama music, atau latihan bebas
yang dilakukan secara berirama).
2.1.6. Translation Quality Assessment
Quality of a translation is a serious concern for translation Quality
Assessment (TQA) approaches. The main issue is how to measure and express
this quality. There have been many attempts to find the ways in order to tackle
these issues and evaluate the quality of a translation work. One of the promising
approaches was the model provided by House (2015), she proposed the
Hallidayan trinity dimension; they are field, tenor, and mode. Field refers to the
nature of the social action in the text. Tenor refers to the participants and mode
captures the degree of orality and literality and the text’s texture or the ‘make-up’
of the text.
Translation quality assessment is a type of evaluation. In attempt to
perform the translation quality, the following questions are presented: 1) does the
text read fluently? 2) Is the translation grammatically correct? 3) Is the spelling
correct? 4) Are there unjustified inferences? 5) Is vocabulary adequate? 6) Is the
overall result satisfying? 7) Is the translation performed according to assignment?

25
Larson (1998) suggests the way is assessing translations quality is as
follow:
1. Accuracy
Accuracy test means to check whether the meaning of source text is similar
with the target text. A translator should not ignore, add, or reduce the message
contained in source language. Larson (1998) states the main objectives of
accuracy test are: first, to check the equivalence of information in a text; second,
to find another problems by comparing source language and target language, after
the translator is sure about the existence of the information need. It means that this
test intends to ensure that the meaning and dynamic of source language are
conveyed well in the target language.
2. Readability
Readability is intended to ensure whether the meaning of translated text can be
understood. A text with a higher readability is easier to read than a lower one and
vice versa. Readability test can be done by asking someone to read a part of
translated text loudly. A text is readable because it is well written, which having
pleasant style, a good rhythm, and move along at an acceptable pace.
3. Naturalness
Naturalness aims to confirm whether the form of translated text is natural and
equivalent with the target language. A text can be determined as natural if
conforms to these criteria: first, the meaning in source language is conveyed
accurately; second, the meaning in target language uses a standard grammatical

26
pattern and vocabulary; and finally the translated text should represent an ordinary
context in target language.
This research will focus only on the accuracy of a translation work.
2.1.6.1. Definition of Accuracy
By dictionary definition, accuracy is defined as freedom from mistake and
error; the quality or state of being accurate (“Accuracy”, n.d). Realizing that
meaning is important in translation, a translator needs to work hard to get an
accurate meaning. However, it is difficult to produce exact replicas since language
systems of source language and target language are different. That is why certain
amount of loss, addition, or skewing is often unavoidable in translation to produce
the exact meaning. Nonetheless, the degree of acceptability or non-acceptability
of a change in meaning depends on the significance of this change in given
context.
2.1.6.2. Accuracy Rating Instrument
There is an instrument to measure the accuracy level of a translation work
proposed by Kurnianingtyas (2008) (Table 1). This instrument is a modification of
the accuracy rating instrument by Nagao, Tsuji and Nakamura (1988) as cited in
Nababan (2004).
Table 1 Accuracy Rating Instrument (Kurnianingtyas, 2008)
Skala Kategori Indikator

3 Sepadan  Pesan tersampaikan dengan tepat dalam Bsa
(Accurate) (the message of the source language is accurately
conveyed into the target text)
 Tidak terjadi penyimpangan/distorsi makna (there
is no an irregularity or a distortion of meaning)
 Tidak terjadi penambahan, penghilangan, atau
perubahan informasi. (there is no addition,
27
omission, or different meaning)

Pemilihan atau penggunaan istilah disetiap satuan
terjemahan (selecting or using appropriate
terminology in each translation unit)
2 Kurangsep  Pesan yang disampaikan kurang tepat dalam Bsa
adan (the message of the source language is less
(Less accurately conveyed into the target text)
Accurate)  Ada beberapa penyimpangan/distorsi makna(there
are some distortions of meaning)
 Terjadi penambahan, penghilangan, atau perubahan
informasi (there are some addition, omission, or
different meaning)
 Ada beberapa kesalahan dalam pemilihan atau
penggunaan istilah (there are some mistakes on
selecting appropriate terminology in each
translation unit)
1 Tidaksepa  Pesan yang disampaikan tidak tepat dalam Bsa (the
dan message of the source language is totally
(Inaccurat inaccurately conveyed into the target text)
e)  Ada penyimpangan/distorsi makna(there are many
irregularities or distortions of meaning)
 Terjadi penambahan, pengurangan, atau perubahan
informasi(there are many additions, omissions, or
different meanings)
 Banyak dijumpai kesalahan dalam pemilihan atau
penggunaan istilah (there are many mistakes on
selecting or using appropriate terminology in each
translation unit)
The above table shows the quality assessment of a translation work as a
sentence. However, the implementation of a quality assessment of a translation
work cannot be separated from the context of the sentence. In other word, the
quality of the translation of a sentence is always related to the other sentence in a
text.
In another literature, Larson (1998) states that there are four indicators of
inaccuracy in translation as presented below:

28
1. Omission
According to Meriam-Webster, omission is the act of not including or
doing something. It is characterized by the absence of one or more items that
must appear in translating a text which make a different meaning. Any word in
a sentence or phrase is a potential candidate for omission. Below is the
example of omission occurrence.
SL : that is how you pay the bus fare

TL : itulah anda membayar ongkos bus
In the translation above, the information of ‘how’ is omitted. As a result, it
makes a different meaning.
2. Addition
Addition means the act or process of joining something to something else;
the act or process of adding something. Here, addition is the presence of one
or more items in the receptor language for getting across the meaning. For
example,
SL : But in order to die peacefully, I must tell my story.

TL : tetapi untuk mati dengan damai, aku harus mengatakan kepada
kisahku.
In the example above, there is new information in the target language that
does not exist in the source language. The addition of ‘kepada’ is not justified
by the source text.
3. Different Meaning
Sometimes mistakes are made in the analysis of the source text or in the
transfer process and a different meaning result. In the different meaning the
translator supplied something which is incorrect. For example:
SL : one of my wife’s favourite pet was Pluto, the cat.

29
TL : salah satu menimang kesukaan istri saya adalah Pluto, si kucing.

The word “pet” refers to a domesticated animal kept for pleasure rather
than utility, or in the target language refers to ‘binatang peliharaan’. So the
example above includes the wrong meaning of the word ‘pet’ to the word
‘menimang’.
4. Zero Meaning
It is characterized by the use of the form that does not communicate any
meaning at all. The translator just changes the words in the source language by
the words in the target language.
SL : in line with my education background, I would like to apply for

the position.
TL : dalam garis dengan pendidkan latar belakang, saya akan senang
untuk menerapkan untuk posisi.
The receptor text in the target language is not a sentence. It is just list of
words that has no meaning at all.
2.2. Machine Translator
The term machine translator (MT) is now a traditional and standard name
for computerized system responsible for the production of translating from
one language into another with or without human assistance.
There are many machine translators that can be accessed online or offline
such as: Babylon, Day Translations, Gengo, Straker Translation, Personal
Translator, Cute Translator, InWhatLanguage, EDGE professional
Translation, Net-Translators, One Planet, Systran, NeuroTran, Promt and of
course Google Translate.

30
2.2.1. Google Translate
Google Translate is a free multilingual machine translation service
developed by Google, to translate text from one language into another (Turovsky,
2016). It offers a website interface, mobile apps for android and iOS and an API
that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications.
According to Google Translate blog, the service has more than 500 million
users and it translates more than 100 billion words per day. When it was launched
in 2006, Google Translate only supports two languages: English and Arabic, but
now it supports more than 100 languages from around the world. Moreover, the
most requested languages for translations are from English to Arabic, Russian,
Portuguese and Indonesian.
The pros and cons of Google Translate not only impact professional
translators in the language service industry, but rather anyone who chooses to use
it as translation tool. The way that Google Translate works is that it uses
frequency of word pairs between two languages as a database for its translation.
Although this works well in some cases, often this means cannot put a translation
into proper context without the help of a human.
Yip and Virk (2012) states that thereare some pros and cons of Google
Translate which are as follow:
1. Pros
1. Google Translate is free.

31
2. Google Translate is very fast. Unlike human translation, it can
produce a translation very quick. In an average workday, an
experienced translator can translate about 2000 words
maximum (300-400 words/hour) depending on how difficult
the text is. Meanwhile, Google Translate can translate the same
number of words in just minutes.
3. Google Translate uses a statistical approach to build an online
database for translation that are often produces by humans and
are available online.
2. Cons
1. The complexity of a text as well as any context which cannot
be interpreted without a true knowledge of a language makes
the likelihood of errors become greater. Direct translation is
common with Google Translate and often resulting in
nonsensical literal translation while professional translators
make sure that this does not happen by using well-established
online glossaries, back translation methods, proofread and
review.
2. Since Google’s web-based translation database is build
primarily from existing online translations, common translation
for languages such as Spanish or English tend to be more
accurate while the translation for other languages that are not as
available in Google’s database are less likely to be accurate.

32
3. Google Translate often produce a translation that consists
significant grammatical errors.
4. Google Translate does not have a system to correct for
translation errors.
2.3.Sentence Structure
A sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject includes
the noun or pronoun that tells what the subject is about and the predicates includes
the verb that describes what the subject is dong (Rozakis, 2003). A sentence is a
group of words with two main parts: a subject area and a predicate area. Together
the subject and predicate express a complete thought.
Rozakis (2003) states that there are four basic types of sentence structure:
1. Simple sentence
A simple sentence has one independent clause which means it has one
subject and one verb. A simple sentence can be followed –if necessary- by other
words which make up the meaning.
Example:
The snow melts quickly in the bright sunshine. (The snow as subject; melts
as predicate)
Just because a simple sentence seems “simple”, does not mean it is not
powerful. Author Ernest Hemingway created a powerful style in his works by
using the simple sentence to convey powerful emotions.
“Gordini is at the post getting bandaged. Gavuzzi has your legs. Hold on
to my neck, Tenente. Are you badly hit?”

33
2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. The
independent clauses can be joined in one of the two ways: with a coordinate
conjunction; for, and, but, or, yet, so and with a semicolon (;).
For example:
Grasshoppers are the most commonly consumed insect, yet wasps have the
highest protein of all edible insects. (underlined clauses are independent clauses,
yet is conjunction)
A conjunctive adverbs are also can be added to the construction. The
conjunctive adverbs are besides, afterall, again, finally, also, for example,
accordingly, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, moreover, nevertheless,
nonetheless, still, then, therefore, though, and thus.
Example:
Nico worked hard; therefore she got a merit raise.
3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause. The independent clause is called the main clause. These
sentences use subordinating conjunction to link ideas. The subordinate
conjunctions are words such as because, as, as if, unless, provided that, if, etc.
34
Example:
It was no secret that he was very lazy. (underlined clause is independent
clause, that is subordinate conjunction, and italic clause is dependent clause.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
Compound-Complex Sentence is a combination of compound sentence and
complex sentence. It contains at least two independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.
Example:
When the drought comes, the reservoirs dry up, and the residents know that
water restrictions will be in effect. (italic clauses are independent clauses;
underlined clauses are dependent clauses; and and that are conjunction)
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Approach
This research is classified into descriptive qualitative design. The use of
numbers in this research is to support the analysis. This research aims to
determine the Larson’s Accuracy level and Newmark’s Translation procedure
used by Google Translate in translating types of sentence structures. The
collected data is qualitatively analyzed using relevant theories and concepts of
Larson (1998) and Newmark (1988).
3.2. Data
The data of this research is four types of sentence structure; simple
sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex
sentence which are translated from English to Indonesian Language by Google
Translate. There will be 50 sentences from selected structure by interval sampling
which formula is as follow:
The data sources of the research are several texts taken from Buku Bahasa
InggrisKelas XI SMA Kurikulum 2013 and Buku Bahasa InggrisKelas XII SMA
Kurikulum 2013. These books are mostly used at high schoolsin Banda Aceh.
35
36
3.3. Research Instrument
The researcher uses two instruments during the data collection. The main
instrument of the research is the researcher herself. Her main role is as the
collector of the data, the describer of the data result and the explainer of the result.
The researcher collects the data from the selected books, describes and explains
the collected data into qualitative analysis (Sugiyono, 2013).
The second instrument developed for this research is KamusBesar Bahasa
Indonesia (online version) and Kamus Indonesia Inggris by John M. Echols and
Hasan Shadily which were used to check every single word in Bahasa Indonesia
form. On the other hand, Oxford Advanced Learner’sDictionary and
KamusInggris Indonesia by John M. Echols and Hasan Shadily were also used to
confirm every single word in English form and other dictionaries.
In addition, the researcher also applied the data sheet to record, identified and
analysed the data (Sugiyono, 2013). The data sheet separates the classification of
the data types. There are three categories of the data sheet in this research;
sentence structure (English-Indonesian translation) sheet, Larson’s Accuracy
Level sheet, and Newmark’s translation procedure sheet. Each of the data sheets
are combined into one table by the researcher as presented below:

37
No Data Larson’s Accuracy Translation Procedure

Level by Newmark
SS TS Acc Inacc
OM AD DF ZM
total
SS : Source Sentence
TS : Target Sentence
Acc : Accuracy
Inacc : Inaccuracy
OM : Omission
AD : Admission
DF : Different Meaning
ZM : Zero Meaning
3.4. Data Collection
In collecting the data, the researcher read and notedall the simple,
compound, complex, and complex-compound sentences in several English texts
from Buku Bahasa InggrisKelas XI SMA Kurikulum 2013and Buku Bahasa
InggrisKelas XII SMA Kurikulum 2013. Then the researcher chose 50 simple
sentences, 50 complex sentences, 50 compound sentences, and 50 complex-
compound sentences by using the following formula to be analyzed.

38
The researcher used Google Translate to translate all the sentences chosen.
In doing this step, the researcher analyses the procedure used by Google Translate
in translating those sentences. The researcher also analyses the inaccuracy criteria
in every single sentence translated by Google Translate.Thus, the researcher finds
relevant theory related of which the translation procedure by Newmarkis used in
the translation product of Google Translate.
3.5. Data Analysis
After the researcher classified the data into the table sheet, the researcher
determines the data as percentages to identify the translation procedures
commonly used by Google Translate in translating types of sentence structure.
Then the researcher analyzes the degree of accuracy to make inferences
which are used to determine the quality of translation based on the occurrence of
each criterion. A translation is considered accurate if the accurate meanings are
more than 50%, and it is said to be inaccurate if the accurate meanings are less
than 50%. The final step is that the researcher discusses all of data to draw a
conclusion.
3.6. Data Validation
In all way of doing the research, the legality, the accuracy, and the tendency of
the research need to be clarified (Sugiyono, 2013). The data clarification and the
research clarification create the trustworthiness which proves the research

39
validation. The process of checking and rechecking the data are done in order to
maximize the data validity and minimize the number of errors which may occur in
all research processes.
Triangulation is also employed to gain dependability of the collected data.
This triangulation process is utilized to verify the data that have been collected
(Sugiyono, 2013). There are three types of triangulation: by source, by method
and by theory. In this research, the researcher undertakes deep and detail
observation of the data and applies some theories from the experts related to this
research. Furthermore, to validate and confirm the datathe researcher uses several
dictionaries, such as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, KamusInggris
Indonesia byHasan Sadily and John M. Echols, andKamus Indonesia Inggrisby
Hasan Sadily and John M. Echols. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is the
largest dictionary from Oxford University Press aimed at a non-native audience
(Oxford University Press, 2018), it is used to check the meaning of every words in
English.Meanwhile, KamusInggris Indonesia byHasan Sadily and John M.
Echols, andKamus Indonesia Inggrisby Hasan Sadily and John M. Echols are
used to check the literal meaning of words form English to Indonesian Language
or from Indonesian Language to English.

CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.Research Findings
The researcher utilized the output sentences of Google Translate in English-
Indonesian language consisted of 200 sentences which are 50 simple sentences, 50
compound sentences, 50 complex sentences, and 50 compound-complex
sentences selected from 12 texts in Buku Bahasa InggrisKelas XI SMA Kurikulum
2013 and Buku Bahasa InggrisKelas XII SMA Kurikulum 2013. The data findings
are served in tables based on the two formulated research problems.
4.1.1. Translation Accuracy
No Sentence Accuracy Percentage

Structure Freq Accuracy Inaccuracy
Freq OM Freq AD freq DM Freq ZM
1. Simple sentence 40 80% 2 4% - - 6 12% 2 4%
2. Compound 37 74% 3 6% 2 4% 8 16% - -

sentence
3. Complex 30 60% 9 18% - - 11 22% - -
sentence
4. Compound- 25 50% 5 10% 1 2% 19 38% - -
complex
sentence
Table 2. The occurrence of the accuracy and inaccuracy of sentence structures
From the total of 200 sentences, it is found that simple sentences have the
highest accuracy with the occurrences of 40 out of 50 (80% out of 100%)
followed by compound sentences with 37 occurrences (74%), complex sentences
40
41
with 30 occurrences (60%) and Compound-complex sentences with 25
occurrences (50%). In addition, the frequency of inaccuracy of meaning can be
found in all types of sentence structures. Simple sentences have the lowest
frequency of inaccuracy with the occurrences of 10 out of 50 (20%; 4% of
omission, 12% of different meaning and 4% of zero meaning), followed by
compound sentences with 13 occurrences (26%), complex sentences with 20
occurrences (40%) and compound-complex sentences with 25 occurrences (50%).
Such situation occurs due to the complexity of the sentence structures used as the
output of the research and the limitation of Google Translate as a machine
translator which often choose the probable translate instead of the right
translation.
4.1.2. Translation Procedure
Table 4.2.below shows that the procedure highly used by Google Translate
in translating types of sentence structure is literal translation which is 123
occurrences out of 200 sentences. Literal translation is mostly used in translating
simple sentences (72%) followed by compound sentences (62%), complex
sentences (58%) and compound-complex sentences (50%). The second mostly
used procedures used are couplet (5% of simple sentences; 8% of complex
sentences, 14% of compound-complex sentences) and Componential analysis (6%
of simple sentences, 6% of compound sentences, 4% of complex sentences, and
6% compound-complex sentences). The third mostly used procedure is shift or
transposition (4% of simple sentences, 8% of compound sentences, 8% of
complex sentences, and 8% compound-complex sentences) then followed by

42
reduction (4% of simple sentences, 2% of compound sentences, 4% of complex
sentences, and 6% compound-complex sentences), transference (4% of simple
sentences, 4% of compound sentences, 6% of complex sentences, and 2%
compound-complex sentences), naturalisation (2% of compound sentences, 6% of
complex sentences, and 8% compound-complex sentences), compensation (2% of
simple sentences, 6% of compound sentences, 4% of complex sentences, and 2%
compound-complex sentences), through translation (2% of simple sentences and
4% compound-complex sentences), and recognized translation (2% of complex
sentences).
43
No Translation Procedure Sentence Structure

Simple sentence Compound Complex Compound-
sentence sentence complex sentence
Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %
1. Literal translation 36 72% 33 62% 29 58% 25 50%
2. Transference 2 4% 2 4% 3 6% 1 2%
3. Shift or transposition 2 4% 4 8% 4 8% 4 8%
4. Recognized translation - - - - 1 2% - -
5. Compensation 1 2% 3 6% 2 4% 1 2%
6. Componential analysis 3 6% 6 12% 2 4% 3 6%
7. Reduction 2 4% 1 2% 2 4% 3 6%
8. Couplet 3 6% - - 4 8% 7 14%
9. Naturalisation - - 1 2% 3 6% 4 8%
10. Through translation 1 2% - -- 2 4%
Table 3. The occurrence of Translation procedures used by Google Translate
44
4.2.Discussion
4.2.1. Translation Accuracy
In a translation process, accuracy means that the message of the source
text is preserved in target texts. Here, accuracy is related to the accurate
message. The meaning or the message of the source language as the main
concern in translation should be transferred accurately in the target language.
A text can be regarded as accurate if there are more than 50% occurrences of
accurate sentence in the text. On the contrary it is regarded as inaccurate if
there are less than 50% occurrences of accurate sentences in the text (Lasron,
1998). To determine whether a text is accurate or not, there are four indicators
to use: omission, addition, different meaning and zero meaning.
1. Accurate sentences
By dictionary definition, accuracy is defined as exactness, exact
conformity to the truth, or to a rule or mode (“Accuracy”, (n.d)). Realizing that
meaning is important in translation, a translator needs to work hard at getting
across the meaning. In doing so, sometimes the translator adds some piece of
information, or even makes some mistakes in the analysis of the source text in the
transfer process and a different meaning result (Larson, 1998).
In this research, there are a number of accurate sentences that are found on
the translation either in simple sentences, compound sentences, complex
sentences and compound-complex sentences.

45
a. Simple sentences
Code Source Sentence Target sentence

D1s24 Hear my plea! Dengarkan permohonan saya!

D2s40 Not many of us think of stopping Tidak banyak dari kita yang
it. berpikir untuk menghentikannya.
b. Compound sentences

D3s37 I can’t sit still and do nothing about Saya tidak bisa duduk diam dan
it tidak melakukan apa-apa

D2s11 These are few cases out of hundreds Ini adalah beberapa kasus dari
of similar cases and the number is ratusan kasus serupa dan
increasing over time. jumlahnya meningkat dari waktu
ke waktu.
c. Complex sentences

D2s33 Majority of people agree that we Mayoritas orang setuju bahwa
have to work together towards kita harus bekerja bersama untuk
eliminating this problem. menghilangkan masalah ini.

D3s80 Of the money you send me I only Dari uang yang anda kirimkan ke
receive 70 pesos. saya, saya hanya menerima 70
peso.
46
d. Compound complex sentences

D1s27 She says that when I had Dia mengatakan bahwa ketika saya
caught you, I ought to have menangkap anda, saya seharusnya
asked you for something meminta kepada anda sesuatu sebelum
before I let you go. saya membiarkan anda pergi.

D1s37 We ought to be happy with what the Kita harus senang dengan apa
fish has given us and not be greedy. yang diberikan ikan kepada kita
dan tidak serakah.
The examples above show that there is no inaccurate indicator found in the
target sentences.
2. Inaccurate sentence
In reference to the result number of the accuracy level, many inaccuracies
are made by Google Translate in translating types of sentence structures. In
other words, many indicators of inaccuracy in translation can be found in the
target sentences.
a. Omission
Omission is characterized by the absence of one or more items that must
appear in translating a text which make a different meaning (Larson, 1998).
Any word in a sentence or phrase is a potential candidate for omission.

47
1. Omission in Simple Sentences

D3s49 So dear God, please help me! Yatuhan, tolong bantu saya!
In the target sentence, the word “so” is omitted, when it should be
translated as “jadi” (Echols & Shadily, 1997). This occurrence makes the meaning
of the target text inaccurate.
2. Omission in Compound Sentence

D1s31 So the fisherman went home and Jadi sinelayan pulang kerumah,
saw his wife standing at the door of dan melihat istrinya berdiri
a nice trim little cottage. dipintu sebuah pondok kecil yang
indah.
In the target sentence, the word “trim” is omitted when based on Kamus
Inggris Indonesia it should be translated as “hiasan” (1997, p. 604). This
omission makes the meaning inaccurate.
3. Omission in Complex sentence

D4s2 The word zebra comes from Kata zebra berasal dari zevra
Portuguese zevra, which means portugis, yang berarti ‘keledai
‘wild ass’. liar’
In the target sentence, the word ‘Portuguese’ is omitted when it should be
translated as ‘bahasa Portugal’ (Echols & Shadily, 1997). This omission
influences the meaning of the sentence.

48
4. Omission in Compound sentence

D6s2 The fisherman was half asleep, but Nelayan itu setengah tertidur,
the thought frightened him so much tetapi pikiran itu membuatnya
that he fell out of the bed. takut sehingga ia jatuh dari
tempat tidurnya.
In the target language, the phrase ‘so much’ is omitted, when it should be
translated as ‘sangat’ (simanjuntak, 1985, p. 208). This omission influences the
meaning of the sentence.
Although omission sometimes used in translating, however, the occurrence
of omission in the examples above are making different meaning in the target
sentences. That is why it becomes one of the indicators of inaccuracy.
b. Admission
Another inaccuracy which is made by Google Translate is addition. Addition
means the presence of one or more items in the receptor language for getting
across the meaning (Larson, 1998). The following presents the example of
addition in types of sentence structures translated by Google Translate.
1. Admissionin compound sentence

D1s16 No, I didn’t. What should I ask for? Tidak, saya tida ktahu, apa yang
harus saya minta?
49
The example above shows that there is word ‘tahu’ which is not justified
in the source sentence. ‘tahu’ is transferred to English as ‘know’ (Echols &
Shadily, 1997, p. 344). It means that the addition word has distorted the meaning
of the source sentence.

D1s34 Husband, there is not enough room Suamiku, tidak ada cukup ruang
for us in this cottage, go back to the untuk kami di pondok ini, kembali
fish and tell him to make me an ke ikan dan katakana padanya
emperor. untuk menjadikanku seorang
kaisar.
The word ‘suamiku’ which is transferred to English as ‘my husband’ is not
justified to the source sentence.
The example of addition sentences above is one of the indicators of
inaccuracy. The words which are added in those sentences make the target
sentences get across the meaning.
c. Different meaning
Sometimes mistakes are made in the analysis of the source language or in the
transfer process and a different meaning result.
1. Different meaning in simple sentence

D2s10 They used to call her Sumatran Mereka biasa memanggilnya
elephant, baboon, gentong, and gajah Sumatra, babon, gentong
many other names. dan banyak nama lainnya.
50
The word ‘baboon’ is translated to target sentence as ‘babon’, which has
different meaning to the word ‘baboon’ in source sentence. According to Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, baboon means a kind of large monkey (2008, p.
26), while in Indonesian language, this large monkey is called ‘babun’, while
‘babon’ means ‘hen’ in English (Echols & Shadily, 1997, p. 38).
2. Different meaning in Compound sentence

D5s1 The word tornado comes from Kata tornado berasal dari
Spanish language and means to twist bahasa Spanyol dan sarana untuk
or turn. memutar atau memutar.
In the target sentence, the word ‘means’ is translated into Bahasa
Indonesia as ‘sarana’.The meaning which is given to the word ‘means’ does not
fit the context. It should be translated as ‘berarti’ or ‘mempunya iarti’ or
‘bermakna’ (Echols & Shadily, 1997) to make it proper with the context and to
preserve the exact meaning of the source text in the target language.
3. Different meaning in Complex sentence

D3s76 When the postman took the letter Ketika tukang pos mengambil
out, he immediately took it to the surat itu, dia segera
postmaster. membawanya ke kantor pos.
51
In the target language, the word ‘postmaster’ should be translated as
‘kepalapos’ while ‘kantor pos’ when transferred into English means ‘post office’
(Echols & Shadily, 1997).
4. Different meaning in Compound-complex sentence

D4s2 She became depressed, left school, Dia menjadi depresi, sekolah kiri,
and stayed at home because she was dan tinggal di rumah karena dia
constantly teased by her classmates terus menerus diejek oleh teman
for failing in junior high school. sekelasnya karena gagal di
sekolah menengah pertama.
The word ‘left school’ should be translated into ‘meninggalkan sekolah’ in
the target language. While in the example above, it is literally translated as
‘sekolah kiri’ which does not fit the content of the meaning meant in the source
sentence.
Google Translate is based on statistic. It chooses the best translation based
on how certain words and phrases have been translated in other documents. As a
result, this machine translator chooses the most probable translation, but not the
right one. That is why some different meaning translations are usually coming up.
d. Zero meaning
The last indicator of inaccuracy in translation is zero meaning. This indicator
can be traced by meaningless translation of the source text into target language.
In other words, the translation does not communicate any meaning at all, or the
target language cannot be understood by the reader.

52
1. Zero meaning in simple sentence

D1s10 Have mercy o kind fisherman! Memiliki rahmat o kind
fisherman!
The phrase ‘have mercy’ is not translated accurately into the target
language. According to Kamus Idiom Lengkap by Herpius Simanjuntak, the
phrase ‘have mercy’ should be translated as ‘berbelas kasihanlah’ (1987, p. 101).
In addition, the phrase ‘o kind fisherman’ is not translated to target language at
all.

D8s7 During the 9th century under the Selama abad ke-9 dibawah
abbasid government, cobalt blue and pemerintahan Abbasid, biru
other metallic oxides to produce kobalt dan oksida logam lainnya
blues and greens were used. untuk menghasilkan warna biru
dan hijau digunakan.
The target sentence is translated literally and it makes no sense in
Indonesian language.
Google translated as well as other machine translators; operate on statistic
rather than rules. That is, they look for patterns in hundreds of millions of
documents that have already been translated by human translators. Language itself
is based on rules, and as the result, a statistic-based machine translator like
Google Translate will struggle with complex grammatical concept. As we know,
Indonesian language and English have different grammatical rules, that is why
53
there are some sentences that this machine cannot transferred well or even it might
be translated wrongly.
4.2.2. Translation Procedures
Newmark (1988) gives many translation procedures, such as literal,
transference, naturalisation, cultural equivalence, functional equivalence,
descriptive equivalence, synonymy, through translation, shift or transposition,
modulation, recognized translation, compensation, componential analysis,
reduction, paraphrase, notes and couplet. The following section includes the
discussion about translation procedures found in the output of Google
Translate in translating types of sentence structures.
1. Literal translation
Literal translation transfers source language grammar and word-order, as
well as the primary meanings of all the source language words into the
translation and is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences
(Newmark, 1988).

D3s15 He started dreaming about all the Dia mulai memimpikan semua
things he will be doing once he sells hal yang akan dilakukan begitu
the corps. dia menjual hasil panen.
The above datum shows that the source language grammatical constructions
are converted into their nearest target language equivalents. The target sentence
follows closely the form of the source language.

54
2. Transference
Transference is a process of transferring of a source language word to a target
language word following a set of translation procedures. Then the word becomes
a loan word. However the translator has to decide whether or not to transfer an
unfamiliar word in the target language. The words or phrases generally transferred
are the names of all living and most dead people; geographical and topographical
names; names of periodicals and newspapers; tittles of as yet untranslated literary
works, plays; films; names of private companies and institutions; names of public
or nationalized institutions, unless they have recognized translations; street names;
addresses; etc (Newmark, 1988).

D9s5 Generally, the Baduy are divided Umumnya, Baduy dibagi menjadi
into two large groups: the Baduy dua kelompok bersar: Baduy
Dalam and the Baduy Luar. Dalam dan Baduy Luar.
The above datum shows the transference procedure. As quoted from
www.clas.uiowa.edu, The Baduy are a small group of ethnic Sundanese (the
second largest ethnic group in Indonesia) that went into seclusion in the 16 th
century, rejecting foreign influence in order to preserve its view of traditional
Sundanese society and values (University of Iowa. (n.d)). The word ‘The Baduy
Dalam’ and ‘The Baduy Luar’ in the target language is transferred directly from
the source language.

55
3. Shift and transposition
Shift and transposition involves replacing a grammatical structure in the
source language with one of the different grammatical type in the target language
in order to achieve the same effect (Newmark, 1988).

D3s77 The postmaster quickly opened the Kepala sekolah segera membuka
letter and everyone in the post office surat itu dan semua orang di
gathered around him wanting to kantor pos berkumpul di
know what Rancho wrote to God. sekelilingnya ingin tahu apa yang
ditulis Rancho kepada Tuhan.
Even though the datum is inaccurate since there is a different meaning in one
of the word found in target language, it uses shift and transposition procedure.
The source language uses active voice to express ‘what Racho wrote to God’ and
when it is transferred into target language, it is shifted to passive voice ‘apa yang
ditulis Rancho kepada Tuhan’. This procedure involves the change of
grammatical rules to express a particular phrase.
4. Recognized translation
The translator must normally use the official or the generally accepted
translation of an institutional term. Sometimes, they may even feel that such
translations are poor translations.

D6s4 In fact, the National Oceanic and Bahkan, Administrasi Kelautan
Atmospheric Administration dan Atmosfer Nasional(NOAA)
(NOAA) reports that tsunami waves melaporkan bahwa gelombang
56
can travel as fast as a jet plane. tsunami dapat melakukan

perjalanan secepat pesawat jet.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an American
government organization that provides science and information for a climate-
smart nation (NOAA. (n.d). In datum D6s4, ‘the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration’ is translated as ‘Administrasi Kelautan dan
Atmosfer Nasional’ and the translation itself has been recognized as it is.
5. Compensation
Compensation is applied when there is a loss of meaning; sound effect;
metaphor; or pragmatic effect in one part of sentence (Newmark, 1988). One such
loss is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence.

D1s6 Much to his surprise, the fish started Sangat mengherankan, ikan
to talk and said. mulai berbicara dan berkata.
‘Much to his surprise’ in datum D1s6 shows the pragmatic idiom effect in the
source sentence. Pragmatic idioms (also termed routines, social formula, or
gambits) are represented by lexical items and expressions whose occurrence is
determined by a particular social situation (Murar, 2009). However, the sentence
is translated inaccurately. ‘Much to his surprise’ should be translated as ‘diluar
dugaannya’ (Simanjuntak, 1987, p. 153)

57
6. Componential analysis
This procedure is utilized to compare a source language word with target
language word which has a similar meaning but it is not an obvious one-to-one
equivalent (Newmark, 1988). Generally, the source language word has a more
specific meaning than the target language word, and the translator has to add one
or two target language sense components to the corresponding target language
word in order to produce a closer approximation of meaning.
Code Source Sentence Target Sentence

D9s3 Living in voluntary isolation, they Hidup dalam isolasi sukarela,
are a secretive group who turn away mereka adalah kelompok rahasia
outsiders. yang memalingkan orang luar.
The phrase ‘turn away’ in datum D9s3 shows the use of componential
analysis. ‘Turn away’ in one to one equivalent means ‘memutar jauh’ (Echols &
Shadily, 1997) and it is the inaccurate meaning in the context of source sentence.
It is translated as ‘memalingkan’ or ‘menolak’ (Simanjuntak, 1987) by using
componential analysis procedure.
7. Reduction
In reduction procedure, the translator is more likely to reduce the number of
elements that form the source language sentence(Newmark, 1988). This procedure
should respect the principle of relevance. That is, the translator ought to make
sure that no crucial information is omitted in the translation.

58

D3s3 Looking at it one could predict that Melihatnya seseorang dapat
it was going to be good harvest but memperkirakan bahwa itu akan
it needed a rainfall, however brief. menjadi panen yang baik tetapi
butuh curah hujan, betapapun
singkatnya.
Datum D3s3 shows that a word is reduced in the target sentence. ‘But it
needed a rainfall’ should be translated as ‘tetapi ia butuh curah hujan’. The word
‘it’ is omitted from the target language that makes the sentence is translated
inaccurately because it holds crucial information to uphold the balance of the
meaning in the target language. ‘it’ should be transferred into Indonesian
Language as ‘ia’ (Echols & Shadily, 1997).
8. Couplet
In translation, translator may restrict themselves to one procedure, or use two,
three, or even four procedures in translation. This procedure is referred to as
couplets.

D2s1 A tragic end to an education that had Akhir yang tragis dari pendidikan
barely begun- 13-year old Kiki yang baru saja dimulai- kiki yang
stopped schooling because her berusia 13 tahun berhenti
classmates used to make fun of her sekolah karena teman-teman
relentlessly. sekelasnya mengejeknya tanpa
henti.
Datum D2s1 shows the combination of two procedures used to translate a
sentence; shift or transposition and componential analysis. In the phrase ’13- year
59
old Kiki’ was grammatically shifted into the target sentence which become ‘Kiki
yang berusia 13 tahun’. Furthermore, ‘make fun of’ is translated as ‘mengejek’
(Simanjuntak, 1987, p. 146) in target language by using componential analysis.
9. Naturalisation
This procedure succeeds transference and adapts the source language word
first to the normal pronunciation of the target language, then to its normal
morphology (Newmark, 1988).

D10s1 Bullies who use verbal technique Pengganggu yang menggunakan
excessively tease others, and use a teknik verbal secara berlebihan
great deal of sarcasm with the intent menggoda orang lain dan
to hurt the other person’s feelings or menggunakan banyak sarkasme
humiliate the other teen in front of dengan maksud untuk menyakiti
others. perasaan orang lain atau
mempermalukan ramaja lainnya
didepan orang lain.
The word ‘sarcasm’ is transferred into target language as ‘sarkasme’ wich is
slightly different from its original word in source language. According to KBBI,
‘sarkasme’ means ‘kata-kata pedas untuk menyakiti hati orang lain; cemoohan
atau ejekan kasar’ or irony remarks intended to hurt somebody’s feeling.
10. Through translation
Through translation is the literal translation of common collocations, names of
organizations and components of compounds.

60

D10s1 Hundreds of parents thronged the Ratusan orang tua memadati
Jakarta Education Agency’s office kantor Dinas Pendidikan Jakarta
in Kuningan, South Jakarta, to di Kuningan, Jakarta Selatan,
report problems with the online untuk melaporkan masalah
school registration system on dengan system pendaftaran
Friday. sekolah online pada hari jumat.
In datum D10s1, the phrase ‘the Jakarta Education Agency’ is translated to
target language as ‘Dinas Pendidikan Jakarta’ (Echols & Shadily, 1997). The
phrase is translated literally and it is one of the governmental educational
organization.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
Returning to the questions posted at the beginning of this study, it is now
possible to state that:
With regard to the first formulated problems of this research revealing the
meaning accuracy employed by Google Translate in translating types of sentence
structures, the findings suggest that the highest percentage of this data finding
belongs to accurate with 66%. The total data were 200 items and the accurate
parameter got 132 items out of 200 items (40 simple sentences, 37 compound
sentences, 30 complex sentences and 25% compound-complex sentences). It
means that Google Translate was successfully translates the source language into
the target language. However, there are also some data that are inaccurately
translated into target language. The appearances of inaccuracy are 68 items or
34% from the whole data analysis.
The categorization of translation procedures employed in this research was
based on Newmark’s theory which consists of eighteen procedures. These
findings of the research show that Google Translate only uses 10 out of 18
procedures in translating types of sentence structure. Literal translation is the most
frequently used with the percentage of 61.5% followed by couplet (9%),
componential analysis (7%), shift and transposition (7%), reduction (4%),
61
62
transference (4%), naturalisation (4%), compensation (3.5%), through translation
(1.5%) and recognized translation (0.5%).
5.2. Suggestions
The current findings add to a growing body of literature on translation
studies in general and the types of sentence structures in particular. Therefore,
the findings of this study have a number of implications for future practice.
1. To translators
Translation has been a steady field of studies for practical purposes.
Therefore, to be a good translator requires not only knowledge about
foreign languages with their grammatical aspects, but also sufficient
understanding about translation studies. Since language expressions are
always bound to the culture of the speakers, the researcher gives
recommendations for the translators to enrich their knowledge of the
cultural aspects for both source language and target language. The
knowledge and understanding of the cultural aspect will make the
translators easy to find equivalence for certain expressions in the target
language. Also, it will help the translators to produce both natural and
understandable translation. At the same time the translators will be able to
transfer the meaning of the expression form the source language into the
target language.
63
2. To Other Researchers
Examining the translation accuracy and the usage of translation procedures
are very common in practices of translating. Thus, it is suggested to other
researchers to conduct further research related to the application of the
theories suggested by Larson and Newmark. The weakness of this research
is the less comprehensive data. Therefore, it is suggested to other
researchers to conduct this kind of research using different kinds of texts
and different cultural backgrounds.
3. To Students Majoring in Translation
Reading books, journals, or articles about translation, especially about
translation procedures is strongly suggested by the researcher. It will be a
good reference for the students and it can enrich the knowledge of the
students if the students decide to conduct the similar research.
4. To students interested in Lexicography
These findings suggest several courses of action for lexicography students.
Training in the proper use of a dictionary will be very helpful in selecting
the meaning that is appropriate to a given context. The students usually
assume that they already know the meaning of an ordinary word, so they
do not try to find another meaning for it. Therefore, the ability to use a
dictionary should not be taken for granted in language classes.
5. To Translation lecturers
Another important practical implication is served for translation lectures in
choosing the materials and tools for translation classes. The lecturers can
64
introduce the machine translation to the class such as Google Translate
and its usage.
6. To Google Translate Users
The researcher is confident that the result of this study may improve the
knowledge of Google Translate users. They should be wise in using
Google Translate. Furthermore, Google Translate users should understand
the basic of translation study and post editing so that they can maximize
the use of Google Translate.

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APPENDICES
65
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70
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77
78
79
AUTOBIOGRAPHY
1. Name : Tiara Ulfah

2. Place/Date of Birth :Lampuuk, 05 Agustus 1996
3. Religion : Islam
4. Nationality/Ethnic : Indonesian/Acehnese
5. Sex : Female
6. Marital Status : Single
7. Occupation : Student
8. Address : Lampuuk, Aceh Besar
9. E-Mail :akuntiara5@gmail.com
10. Parents’ name
a. Father :Alm. Abdullah
b. Occupation :-
c. Mother : Nuridah
d. Occupation : Housewife
e. Address : Lampuuk, Aceh Besar
11. Educational Background
a. Elementary School : MIN TUNGKOB (2002-2008)
b. Junior High School : MTsN TUNGKOB (2008-2011)
c. Senior High School : MAN 3 BANDA ACEH (2011-2014)
d. University : UIN Ar-Raniry (2014-2018)
Banda Aceh, 11 July 2018
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AN ANALYSIS OF LARSON’S ACCURACY LEVEL AND NEWMARK’S

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE IN

TRANSLATING TYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURES

Student of Faculty of Education and Teacher Training

Department of English Language Education

Reg. No: 140203016

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING

AR-RANIRY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

DARUSSALAM BANDA ACEH

support, assistance, encouragement, love, and prayers from other people.

Therefore, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to a

group of people who contribute to the accomplishment of this thesis.

My sincere thanks go to my main thesis supervisor Dr.phil. Saiful Akmal,

this thesis would have never been accomplished.

I am indebted to my parents, Abdullah and Nuridah, for their spiritual

during the process of this thesis writing.

Then, I would like to devote my great appreciation to my very best friends:

Banda Aceh, 12 July 2018

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Table 1. Accuracy Rating Instrument ................................................................. 26

Table 2. The occurrence of the accuracy and inaccuracy of sentence structure.. 40

Table 3. The occurrence of translation procedures used by Google Translate.... 43

I. APPOINTMENT LETTER OF THE SUPERVISORS

Keywords: Translation Accuracy, Translation Procedures, Google Translate,

1.1. Background of Study

The advances of technology have encouraged people to be more literate on

information and technology. Achieving technology literacy helps them to function

in the United States use communication technology and 62 percent of the

significant role in this era.

Language is a bridge to communication (Jahrine, 2011). Mastering a language

development of the information and communication technology comes from

is increasing from day to day, because the knowledge and information is

Language translation is increasingly being used in all aspects of life, from

conducting business in foreign countries to enrolling students in foreign school.

According to Munday (2001), translation can be used to refer to three things:

known as translating).” Although the academic discipline of translation started to

language, including translation issues.

Furthermore, the technologies supporting translation cannot be ruled out. One

of them is called Machine Translation. Machine Translation refers a translation that

is carried out principally by computer but it may involve some human

of Machine Translation programs that can be accessed easily as online applications

Systran, Bing and many others.

In 2006, Google, an American multinational technology company, launched a

a statistical machine translation service. It translated a language into English first

Translate then upgraded to Google Neural Machine Translation which is ways

Although it is regarded as superior, previous studies found that Google

Translate also has drawbacks as other Machine Translations. A previous study

conducted by Wibowo (2014) reported that Google Translate is fair to use in

translating words and phrases. Nevertheless, in translating sentences, there are

many unacceptable sentences found. In term of its accuracy, Google Translate is

applicable in translating words or phrase, but it is not accurate in translating

In translation studies, there are lots of theories regarding the translation

evaluation and translation procedures. One of those theories in measuring the

accuracy level is proposed by Larson (1998) in his book Meaning-Based

Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. This research then adopts

Larson’s theory of accuracy level to measure the accuracy level of Google

Translate. In addition to translation accuracy, the researcher also identifies the

translation procedure used by Google Translate based on the theory suggest by

employed by Google Translate in translating types of sentence structures. In

by Larson (1998) and the translation procedure as suggested by Newmark (1988).