DIgSILENT

PowerFactory 2019

What’s New

I N T EG R AT E D P O W E R S Y S T EM A N A LY S I S S O F T WA R E F O R
T R A N S M I S S I O N / D I S T R I BU T I O N / I N D U S T RY / G EN E R AT I O N / I N T EG R AT I O N O F R EN E WA B L E S
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December 2018
r5182
Welcome to PowerFactory 2019!

With the ongoing integration of renewable resources, the wide spread utilisation of power electronic
and not least the advent of large-scale electricity storage, the landscape of today’s transmission and
distribution systems has become much more complex and challenging to analyse. With this as a
background, we at DIgSILENT are committed to continuously develop PowerFactory to provide you
with innovative solutions that best match your simulation needs and improve efficiency when analysing
power networks. With this document, we would like to introduce PowerFactory 2019. As usual, the new
version brings along a series of major and minor developments, which are detailed in the next pages.
Among the major developments, we are proud to announce these new functions:

• The new UNIT COMMITMENT AND DISPATCH OPTIMISATION tool allows you to easily comple-
ment your traditional network simulation with a market simulation, without any need for an external
tool, and hence with a single entry point of information for your simulation model. This new
module solves the unit commitment linear-programming (LP) problem over a predefined period
of time, while optimising the operating point of the dispatched generators such to minimise overall
operating costs. Hence it smoothly combines the functionalities of a quasi-dynamic simulation,
the optimal power flow and the contingency analysis. The function supports both internal as well
as external LP-solvers like IBM CPLEX and GUROBI, thereby allowing the integration of existing
LP simulation environments into PowerFactory, whilst retaining the benefit of our powerful data
model administration tools. Find more information about this new function in section 1.1.
• Not at least due to the increasing penetration of converter-based generation and power converters
in general, it has become necessary that the time domain simulation can cope with any combina-
tion of detailed EMT- and RMS-type models. The new TIME-DOMAIN CO-SIMULATION feature in
PowerFactory 2019 achieves a major milestone, as it allows you to carry out a co-simulation using
RMS and EMT models within the same tool, and even with individual time steps. In addition,
the parallelisation of the time-domain simulation in PowerFactory 2019 considerably increases
performance. It has never been easier to carry out a co-simulation in mixed domains (RMS, EMT)
than in the new PowerFactory ! Furthermore, the new co-simulation interface based on the IEEE
C37.118 communication standard allows any third party simulation tool to carry out a co-simulation
with the time-domain simulation in PowerFactory. You can read more about this new function in
sections 1.2 and 1.3.

• For the analysis of distribution networks in particular, the new HOSTING CAPACITY tool allows
the identification of the amount of generation and consumption that can be connected to the
grid without violation of system constraints and without any network expansion. This function,
described in section 1.4, is of particular interest in distribution feeders. Hence given a performance
or system robustness index, the function can automatically identify the hosting capacity of the
feeder and report the results according to various criteria.

Finally, we would like to call your attention to the additional DATA SECURITY features, such as new
password security rules, authentication modes and privacy settings. We care about data protection
and data privacy and therefore, we would like to support your compliance with general data protection
regulations. We trust you will appreciate the new features of PowerFactory 2019 and we invite you to
discover them through this What’s New document. As usual, you will find all detailed information in the
user manual and supporting technical documentation that is delivered with the software.

We wish you continued success with PowerFactory 2019 and we look forward to your comments and
feedback.

Your DIgSILENT team

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New i

 CONTENTS

Contents

1 Analysis Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation NEW MODULE . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.1 Controls and Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1.2 Generator Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1.3 Results and Visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.4 Linear Programming Solver Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2 Single/Multiple Domain Co-simulation NEW FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2.1 Overview of analysis procedure using co-simulation . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.3 Co-Simulation Interface for External Solver NEW FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.4 Hosting Capacity Analysis NEW FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.4.1 Selection of hosting sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.4.2 Running the Hosting Capacity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.4.3 Results representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.5 Load Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.5.1 Tap-hunting / repeated reactive power limitation detection . . . . . . . . 12

1.5.2 Enhanced auto slack assignment options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.5.3 Calculation of maximum current for busbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.6 Contingency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.6.1 Fast contingency analysis using linearisation method . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.6.2 Active power control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.7 Network Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.7.1 REI Network Reduction: Minimise the equivalent mutual impedance . . 14

1.7.2 Support DC load flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.8 Optimal Power Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.8.1 Soft Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.8.2 New objective function: Minimisation of control variable deviations . . . 15

1.8.3 Extension of Control Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.9 Outage Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.10 Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.10.1 Consider boundary constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

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1.11 Quasi-Dynamic Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.11.1 Encryption of QDSL model scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.11.2 Support of OPC for Quasi Dynamic Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2 Network Diagrams and Graphic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1 Redesign of Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1.1 Layer depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.1.2 Layer definitions and useability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.2 Usage of Web Map services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2.1 Additional options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.3 Bay Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.4 Site Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.5 Persistent Graphic Settings for GPS Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.6 Protection: PQ Diagram for Starting Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.7 OpenGL Graphic Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3 Handling and Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.1 User Defined Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.2 Loading of Calculation Quantities from Results files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.3 Combined Project “Normalisation” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4 Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.1 Output of Load Flow results includes power interchange option . . . . . . . . . . 25

5 Power Equipment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.1 Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.2 External Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.3 General Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.3.1 New RMS model with exponential frequency dependency . . . . . . . . 26

5.3.2 New RMS model that considers the effect of LV level tap changers . . . 26

5.4 Static Generator/Photovoltaic system (ElmGenstat/ElmPvsys) . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.4.1 Current Source model: Use negative sequence angle for negative
sequence current source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.4.2 Possibility to control the zero sequence current in RMS and EMT sim-
ulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.4.3 Option to delay the internal dq-reference angle if dq-reference signals

are not connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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5.5 Switches and Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.6 Saturation Models for EMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.6.1 Hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.6.2 Conversion of saturation characteristic from RMS to Peak values . . . . 29

5.6.3 Booster transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5.6.4 Single-phase-to-two-phase transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5.7 Series Surge Arrester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.8 HVDC-LCC (ElmHvdclcc): Load flow calculation support of reverse power flow
and practical control strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.9 Voltage source (PWM) converter (ElmVsc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.9.1 Possibility to control the zero sequence current in RMS and EMT sim-
ulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.10 Rectifier/Inverter (ElmRec) - Load Flow Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.11 DC Components with Positive and Negative DC Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.12 DC-DC Converter (ElmDcdc/ElmDcdcbi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5.13 DC Line Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

5.14 Voltage/Current Source: Support of Input Signals for QDSL . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5.15 Instrument Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5.15.1 Current transformer with multiple cores (StaCtcore) NEW MODEL . . 35

5.15.2 Combined instrument transformer (StaCombi) NEW MODEL . . . . . 36

5.16 Step Voltage Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.17 Electric Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.18 Dynamic Model “DER_A” for Distributed Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

6 Scripting and Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

6.1 Embedded Python script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

7 Application Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

7.1 Password security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7.2 Support of single sign-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7.3 Audit log for the Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7.4 Idle session timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

8 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

8.1 First start-up Configuration Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

8.2 PowerFactory Maintenance Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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8.3 PowerFactory Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New v

 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

1 Analysis Functions

1.1 Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation NEW MODULE

This new Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation module allows the user to complement the
traditional network simulation with a market simulation, without any need for an external tool. It solves
the unit commitment linear-programming problem over a predefined period of time, while optimising
the operating point of the dispatched generators such to minimise overall operating costs. The Unit
Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation can be executed based on a balanced AC load flow or a linear
DC load flow. The user can specify whether contingency constraints should be considered as part of
the optimisation. The contingency constraints are not available in the release and will be added in a
service pack.

The new module is separately licensed. It combines functionalities of a Quasi Dynamic Simulation
with the Optimal Power Flow and the Contingency Analysis. The Unit Commitment and Dispatch
Optimisation functionalities are placed in the toolbar “Optimal Power Flow / Unit Commitment”.

The function supports both internal as well as external LP-solvers like IBM CPLEX and GUROBI,
thereby allowing the integration of existing LP simulation environments into PowerFactory, whilst re-
taining the benefit of our powerful data model administration tools.

Figure 1.1: On/Off-curve of a power plant and active power generation of selected machines before and
after the optimisation during a planned outage.

The objective function is targeted to minimise the total operation cost of the system, but the user can
also define the objective function by selecting the following function components individually:

• Minimise generator operating costs

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1.1 Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation NEW MODULE 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

• Minimise additional generator redispatch costs

• Minimise generator start-up/shut-down costs

• Minimise curtailment of variable renewable energy sources (VREs)

• Minimise load shedding
• Minimise control variable deviations of transformers, shunts and HVDCs

1.1.1 Controls and Constraints

PowerFactory supports the optimisation of active/reactive power dispatch, transformer tap positions,
switchable shunts, as well as minimisation of load shedding. Limits can be defined in the network
elements and be enforced in the Unit Commitment / Dispatch Optimisation dialog. Some limits can be
defined as soft constraints in the network elements.

Figure 1.2: Controls and constraints of the Unit Commitment calculation

1.1.2 Generator Costs

To use the Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation module it is essential to assign costs to the
generating units of the system. “Operating Costs”, “Redispatch costs” and “Start-Up/Shut-down Costs”
can be defined for generators. Generators can also be defined as “Variable renewable energy sources”
with specified cost for curtailment. The operating costs for the generators can be entered on the
operational cost tab directly or specified via a “Generator Cost Curve” from the library.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 2

1.1 Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation NEW MODULE 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.3: Generator Cost Curve

The resulting cost curve from the entered operation costs has to be linearised for the market simulation.
This can be done by using the resulting average costs for the generation unit or linearisation of the cost
curve by user specified breakpoints.

1.1.3 Results and Visualisation

The Unit Commitment calculation writes three result files during execution. The main result file is
the “Unit Commitment (summary)” where the overall results of the Unit Commitment and Dispatch
Optimisation are stored. The “Unit Commitment (before optimisation)” saves the load flow results of
each time step before the optimisation and is equivalent to the results from a quasi dynamic simulation.
The “Unit Commitment (after optimisation)” saves the load flow results for each time step after the
adaptation of the control variables.

The variables to be recorded by Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation are user defined. There
are built-in reports available for displaying of the Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation results:
• Optimisation results for the control variables with the corresponding costs (see Figure 1.4)

• Time sweep load flow results with loading and voltage ranges
• Contingency reports if contingencies are considered
Colouring modes to visualize the redispatch in the single line diagram are also offered. Based on the
result files, various plots can be generated, e.g. to visualise before and after optimisation dispatch of
the generators (see Figure 1.1).

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 3

1.2 Single/Multiple Domain Co-simulation NEW FUNCTION 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.4: Grid summary Report of the Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation

1.1.4 Linear Programming Solver Options

PowerFactory offers different possibilities to solve the mixed-integer linear program (MILP) given by the
Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation. There are two internal MILP solvers available, that allow
the simulation of small to medium size optimisation problems:
• lp_solver
• cbc solver (default)

It is also possible to use commercial external MILP solvers for optimising large-scale Unit Commitment
problems. The external solvers are fully integrated in PowerFactory and only the link to the “.dll” has
to be specified. The usage of the external solvers needs an additional PowerFactory license module
called called “Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation Interface” as well as licenses of the external
solvers. The PowerFactory interface supports the following commercial solvers:

• IBM CPLEX solver

• GUROBI solver
The “Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation Interface”-license also allows the export of the prob-
lem to a AMPL-file (.nl) to solve the problem with a user specific solver.

1.2 Single/Multiple Domain Co-simulation NEW FUNCTION

In PowerFactory 2019, a comprehensive, easy to deploy and flexible co-simulation tool is introduced.

Using this tool, users can take advantage of the fact that both RMS (stability) and EMT(electro-magnetic
transients) simulations are executed based on the same data model i.e. with a single entry point of
information. The single/multiple domain co-simulation is a built-in PowerFactory solution which does
not require any third party interfaces or software. The co-simulation function supports the following
co-simulation domains:

• Single domain co-simulation: RMS balanced - RMS balanced or RMS unbalanced - RMS unbal-
anced or EMT - EMT;

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 4

1.2 Single/Multiple Domain Co-simulation NEW FUNCTION 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

• Multiple domain co-simulation: for example, RMS balanced - RMS unbalanced - EMT (as illus-
trated in Figure 1.5).

A arbitrary number of co-simulation regions can be defined, with each region being simulated on a
separate processor core. As a result, machines with a high number of cores are better suited for
execution of co-simulation runs.

The single domain co-Simulation functionality is part of the license modules Stability Analysis Functions
(RMS) and Electromagentic Transients (EMT), respectively. Multiple domain co-simulations are possible
if the relevant packages are part of the license.

Figure 1.5: Example of co-simulation domains and corresponding boundaries

Furthermore, depending on the user requirements, a co-simulation can be configured to be executed

based on one of the following methods:

• Implicit (exact approach);

• Explicit (approximate approach).
The implicit co-simulation option provides accurate results when compared with a normal sequential
run. The method requires that the boundary between regions is defined on long enough AC power lines
such that it can account for the associated transmission delays. The AC lines must be set up using the
option “Distributed parameter”.

The explicit co-simulation option delivers reliable results (approximate, but not exact in comparison
with a sequential run) while providing further flexibility in the choice of the boundary definition. The
co-simulation can be defined on an AC line of any length.

1.2.1 Overview of analysis procedure using co-simulation

A new calculation function has been developed for the co-simulation configuration: Initial conditions
for co-simulation (ComCosim). This function needs to be configured and executed before the normal
simulation run (ComSim). Practically, the co-simulation procedure is as follows:
• Set up boundary objects for each region;
• Assign boundaries within the Initial conditions for co-simulation command ComCosim;

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 5

1.2 Single/Multiple Domain Co-simulation NEW FUNCTION 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

• Configure simulation options for each region based on calculation of initial conditions (ComInc)
object(s);
• Define variable results for elements of interest;

• Execute the Initial conditions for co-simulation (ComCosim) ;

• Execute the simulation using the Run Simulation (ComSim) command.
• Visualise and analyse results.

Boundary objects (ElmBoundary) are used to define the co-simulated regions and thereby the co-
simulation interface. Each single boundary needs to contain all elements belonging to a certain region.
Boundaries need to overlap on the element(s) which will be the co-simulation interface. As an example,
Figure 1.6 shows a simple two area power system interconnected via two AC lines, a good candidate
for a co-simulation based on two regions. For this setup, the two AC lines need to be contained within
both boundary objects (overlapping elements), in order to correctly identify the co-simulation interface.
In this example, two boundary objects need be defined; afterwards, the boundaries are assigned to
individual regions within the Initial conditions for co-simulation.

Figure 1.6: Co-simulation example for a two area interconnected power system

Configuration of simulation options is done via the Initial conditions for co-simulation by editing the
automatically provided ComInc command (in the case of single domain co-simulation) or by assigning
individual ComInc command objects for each region (in the case of multiple domain co-simulation). A
user-defined common synchronisation period can be configured in the ComCosim command which will
define the rate by which regions are synchronised across the co-simulation interface(s). Based on the
two area example above, a multiple domain co-simulation could be configured as shown in Figure 1.7

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 6

1.3 Co-Simulation Interface for External Solver NEW FUNCTION 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Definition of results follows the standard procedure that is followed for a sequential dynamic simula-
tion. PowerFactory will automatically manage and organise the storage location of results for a given
element, depending on the region to which it belongs. At the end of a co-simulation run, there will be
one results file (ElmRes) for each region.

Initialisation of co-simulation - prior to running the co-simulation, the Initial conditions for co-simulation
is to be executed. PowerFactory automatically starts the required parallel processes and initialises the
simulation in each region.

Co-simulation run - as for a normal sequential approach, the Simulation run ComSim command can be
executed. After the simulation has been executed, results can be plotted, exported or post-processed
as for any other dynamic simulation.

Figure 1.7: Co-simulation configuration options (example)

1.3 Co-Simulation Interface for External Solver NEW FUNCTION

Besides the internal co-simulation functionality described in the previous section, PowerFactory 2019
provides an open, standardised Co-Simulation Interface module that allows any third party simulation
tool to carry out a co-simulation with a dynamic simulation in PowerFactory. This new function requires
an additional licence. The co-simulation with an external solver is based on the widely accepted
IEEE C37.118 communication standard “IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power
Systems”. An interface specification will be made available, thus providing a transparent framework of
required steps and procedures for any external tool developers wishing to carry out a co-simulation with
PowerFactory.

The co-simulation with external solver can also be executed solely between PowerFactory applications
thus enabling a multi-machine distributed co-simulation environment. In such an arrangement, multiple
PowerFactory instances located in different locations can co-simulate via a TCP/IP based network.

On PowerFactory side, a project can be prepared for co-simulation with a third party solver by using the
new command Prepare co-simulation with ext. solver (ComCosimsetup). An example of a configuration
setup based on a two area power system (refer to Figure 1.6) is shown in Figure 1.8.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 7

1.3 Co-Simulation Interface for External Solver NEW FUNCTION 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.8: Co-simulation with external solver - configuration options (example)

PowerFactory will automatically perform a network reduction of parts of the power system which are to
be simulated externally and also configure voltage or current injection sources required at the interface
points, as shown in Figure 1.9. The network reduction can be applied directly on the base network
(existing network model is permanently changed) or using a network variation for flexible management
of the power systems model (possibility to revert back to the original network). There are no specific
requirements on the mandatory inclusion of the external solver entire co-simulated region i.e. it is
not necessary to represent in detail all components existing in the external solver co-simulation region
(which are modelled and shown in the figure below for illustrative purposes only). As a minimum rep-
resentation for a correct co-simulation setup, PowerFactory requires only the definition of the interface
branches/terminals.

Figure 1.9: Co-simulation with external solver - two area power system example

The procedure for executing an external solver based co-simulation is similar to the Single/Multiple

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1.4 Hosting Capacity Analysis NEW FUNCTION 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

domain co-simulation function described in the previous section:

• Set up boundary objects for each region;

• Assign boundaries within the Prepare co-simulation with ext. solver command (ComCosimsetup);
• Define variable results for elements of interest;
• Execute the Initial conditions for co-simulation command (ComCosim) with the co-simulation type
set for an external solver case;

• Execute the simulation using the Run Simulation (ComSim) command;

• Visualise and analyse results.

1.4 Hosting Capacity Analysis NEW FUNCTION

PowerFactory 2019 offers a new feature called Hosting Capacity Analysis, which allows the investigation
of the impact of adding generation (Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Capacity) or load (Spare Load
Capacity) to a power system. This feature is included in the distribution network tools toolbox and
thereby enlarges the existing licence module.

Hosting capacity is generally defined as the amount of new generation or consumption that can be
connected to the grid without violation of system constraints (e.g. system stability or voltage quality for
connected customers) and without any network expansion. All constraints used to determine the level
of possible generation or load accommodation can be quantified using the performance index. This
index can correlate with voltage violation, loading violation, protection setup etc. and can be interpreted
as the system robustness. Therefore, the hosting capacity can also be defined as the amount of new
generation or consumption where the performance index reaches its limit. This is illustrated in the
following figure:

Figure 1.10: Performance Index limiting the max. amount of generation/load

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1.4 Hosting Capacity Analysis NEW FUNCTION 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

1.4.1 Selection of hosting sites

Hosting Capacity analysis can be performed for a single terminal as well as for a set of nodes. For the
latter case, grouping objects (e.g. feeders, grids, set of nodes) can be selected by the user, from which
the contained terminals are analysed.
The simple selection of hosting sites from the network graphic is shown in the upper part of Figure 1.11,
while the lower part illustrates how they can also be directly selected from the command.

Figure 1.11: Selection of Hosting Sites

1.4.2 Running the Hosting Capacity Analysis

The Hosting Capacity tool can be applied to balanced and unbalanced systems and makes it possible
to automatically determine the maximum capacity of
• Generation (Hosting capacity, i.e. highest possible amount of further generation) or
• Load (Load capacity, i.e. highest possible amount of additional demand)
that can be connected to the grid without violating individual network constraints. The following con-
straints are considered by the Hosting and Load Capacity analysis:

• Thermal loading limits

• Voltage upper and lower limit
• Permissible voltage change
• Reverse power flow limit
• Protection relay tripping limits
• Total harmonic voltage distortion

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1.4 Hosting Capacity Analysis NEW FUNCTION 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

• Short-term flicker disturbance factor

• Voltage tap regulator constraints

• Short-circuit fault contributions

The generation units or the loads that will be connected to the terminals during the analysis are
configurable by the user (e.g. power factor).
In order to allow more flexibility, an option to use a static generator template is provided; this is
configurable by the user.
When analysing Spare Load Capacity, users are not limited to the investigation of the influence of an
individual load increase at each terminal: as they might be also interested in how the existing loads can
increase simultaneously until a constraint is violated, a further option is available for that purpose.

1.4.3 Results representation

Various options are provided to assist the user evaluating the results. The results can either be analysed
graphically within the geographical or single line diagram by applying different colouring modes or by
evaluating the tabular reports provided. Of course, results can also be displayed on the Flexible Data
page of the Data Manager and Network Model Manager. All this makes it easy to identify regions with
low or high capacity as well as components limiting the amount of generation or load. With the latter
information the user can detect weak network regions where network expansions might be useful to
increase the hosting or load capacity.

Figure 1.12 shows a geographical map of a medium voltage network, which is coloured according to
the maximum generation that can be connected to each node without violating any thermal constraints
in the system. Red coloured nodes only allow a small amount of generation (< 4.8 MW), while a green
colouring represents a connectable power of above 15 MW.

Figure 1.12: Max. hosted power in MV network

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1.5 Load Flow Analysis 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

The specially developed tabular reports shown in Figure 1.13 provide further details about the violated
constraints and the corresponding limiting component. In order to help the user to quickly identify the
violated constraint, the value is highlighted in the report. A further feature of the table reports is their
interactivity. Limiting components and analysed terminals can directly be edited or marked in the graphic
for further analysis.

Figure 1.13: Table Reports for the Hosting Capacity Analysis

Results of the Hosting Capacity Analysis can additionally be displayed on the Flexible Data page of the
Data Manager or the Network Model Manager as shown in Figure 1.14. Here, all the well known filter
and sorting options can be applied for easy handling of the data.

Figure 1.14: Analysing Hosting Capacity results in the Network Model Manager

1.5 Load Flow Analysis

1.5.1 Tap-hunting / repeated reactive power limitation detection

In PowerFactory 2019, convergence of the load flow solution has been further improved through the
introduction of tap-hunting detection. Occasionally, users can find that a load flow calculation fails to
converge in the outer loop just because some transformers are toggling between one tap position and
another without being able to achieve target control values/ranges. This happens if mathematically no
solution exists that fulfills all control targets simultaneously. To avoid this situation the load flow algorithm

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1.5 Load Flow Analysis 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

will detect such behaviour in an early stage and stop the affected transformer from tapping further. A
similar preventative measure is applied to generators, which can also toggle between being at a reactive
power limit and being released from that limit. By default, in both cases, the corrective measure will be
taken after three transitions, but this number is configurable by the user.

Figure 1.15: Tap-hunting and repeated reactive power limitation detection settings

1.5.2 Enhanced auto slack assignment options

The functionality for automatically assigning the slack machine has been extended, with two new options
in the Project Settings, shown here:

Figure 1.16: Slack assignment options

Priority for Reference Machine

This option gives the user control over which machine is selected as a reference machine if several
machines have been tagged as slack machines in the same isolated area. The user can choose
between three options:

• Rated Power (the default)

• Active Power Capability
• Active Power Reserve

Auto slack assignment for areas without connection to fictitious border grid

For large network models covering multiple systems connected by so-called “fictitious border grids”, this
option can be used in conjunction with a new flag on the ElmNet object (see section 5.1), to have more
control over which areas will be considered in the calculation, so that remote parts of the network that
are not of interest for a particular study can be excluded. The default is for this option to be selected.

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1.6 Contingency Analysis 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

1.5.3 Calculation of maximum current for busbars

A new option is provided within the load flow calculation, to calculate the maximum current that will be
seen by any busbar in the network. As such currents are dependent upon the topology of the substation,
i.e. the relative positions of bays within a substation, this has first to be defined. The mechanism for
doing this is to use Bay objects (ElmBay ) within the substation. The numbering of the bays defines the
relative positions of the bays and so enables the maximum current to be calculated.

1.6 Contingency Analysis

1.6.1 Fast contingency analysis using linearisation method

In PowerFactory 2019, a new fast calculation method for contingency analysis has been introduced. This
AC Linearised Calculation method represents the contingency case by using equivalent injections to
reduce the flow through the faulted area to zero. The active and reactive power injections are calculated
using a linearised estimate and the process avoids the need for a new load flow to be run for the
contingency case. This method is faster than the traditional contingency analysis using a full load
flow, but it does not consider the response of controllers and so is a more approximate method. The
linearised calculation method can also be used for initial screening of contingency cases.

Figure 1.17: Contingency Analysis Calculation Methods

1.6.2 Active power control

An enhancement has been made to the Active Power Control settings for Contingency Analysis. It
was already possible to have some different load flow settings for the Base Case load flow and the
Contingency load flow, but to date it has been a requirement that the Active Power Control setting (as
dispatched, according to secondary control etc.) should be the same for both. Now in PowerFactory
2019, it is possible to have different Active Power Control settings in the base load flow and contingency
load flow.

1.7 Network Reduction

1.7.1 REI Network Reduction: Minimise the equivalent mutual impedance

The setting “Minimisation of equivalent branches” has been introduced, in order to minimise the number
of common impedances (ElmZpu) created during a REI network reduction.

In each separated region of the “to be reduced system”, the equivalent network elements created in a
REI reduction are interconnected by common impedances to all boundary nodes. Also every pair of
boundary nodes of each separated area will be connected by a common impedance. For large systems
with many boundary nodes this leads to a high number of equivalent branches created during a network
reduction.

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1.8 Optimal Power Flow 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

The setting “Minimise equivalent branches” separates the “to be reduced system” into smaller subsys-
tems for the reduction by retaining some nodes. This leads to a significant decrease in the number of
equivalent branches because fewer nodes have to be interconnected in these smaller systems.

1.7.2 Support DC load flow

In PowerFactory 2019 DC load flow is supported for the Ward method in the network reduction.

1.8 Optimal Power Flow

Various enhancements have been added to the Optimal Power Flow module. The functionalities of the
Optimal Power flow have been moved to the new “Optimal Power Flow / Unit Commitment” toolbar.

1.8.1 Soft Constraints

In PowerFactory 2019 soft constraints are introduced for optimal power flow calculations. Soft con-
straints are constraints that need not necessarily be satisfied by the optimiser. This allows the optimi-
sation to find a solution even if limits are violated and therefore can help to identify critical network parts
and components.

The limit definition on the “Optimal Power Flow” page in lines, transformers boundaries is extended by an
additional option that allows the user to select whether the given limit of this element shall be interpreted
as a soft constraint by the optimal power flow for each element. This option can be overwritten in the
“Advanced options” page of the Optimal Power Flow dialog by enforcing the limits to be soft for all
elements of a class.

1.8.2 New objective function: Minimisation of control variable deviations

The new objective function “Minimisation of control variable deviations” is introduced in PowerFactory
2019. This objective finds a solution which minimises changes to the control variables whilst satisfying
all the constraints.

1.8.3 Extension of Control Variables

The active and reactive power flow over HVDC-links can now be controlled by the Optimal Power Flow.
Also the active power can be controlled for static generators, PV-Systems and certain asynchronous
machines.

1.9 Outage Planning

Since the initial release of PowerFactory 2018, the Planned Outage object IntPlannedout has been
enhanced. It is now possible to define recurrence details for the outage. A comprehensive set of
recurrence options has been made available.

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1.10 Reliability Assessment 1 ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS

Figure 1.18: Defintion of a recurrency for Planned Outages

1.10 Reliability Assessment

1.10.1 Consider boundary constraints

With the help of the newly introduced possibility to Consider Boundary Constraints it is possible to limit
boundary active and reactive power flow in both directions within the optimal power restoration.
The possibility can be used to account TSO maintenance works in DNO Reliability analysis, where
limited power flow capabilities are granted at the TSO feed in point.

1.11 Quasi-Dynamic Simulation

1.11.1 Encryption of QDSL model scripts

It is now possible to encrypt/decrypt all scripts within a QDSL model, as shown here:

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 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHIC FEATURES

Figure 1.19: Encryption of QDSL models

Such encryption is useful if you wish to not reveal details of your model and/or protect the intellectual
property for your model. This functionality is available with the "DPL/DSL/QDSL Crypting Function"
licnse module.

1.11.2 Support of OPC for Quasi Dynamic Simulation

QDS can now be used together with the OPC interface, where the interface allows a bi-directional
PowerFactory /OPC-Server data exchange of PowerFactory object parameters as well as signals. With
the QDS real time simulation option, the data exchange can also be synchronised to system time.

Figure 1.20: OPC Interface for QDS

2 Network Diagrams and Graphic Features

2.1 Redesign of Layers

The Layers concept for graphics has been updated and improved, with some significant enhancements.

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2.1 Redesign of Layers 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHIC FEATURES

2.1.1 Layer depth

As illustrated in the figure below, layer depth has been introduced: in the Layers dialog, the layers can
now be moved up and down the list so that the user can easily make changes if graphical objects in one
layer are obscuring those in another.

Figure 2.1: Layer depth concept

2.1.2 Layer definitions and useability

There is now no distinction between network and annotation layers (although a default annotation layer
is still provided), so any user-defined layer can hold both types of graphical objects. This, together with
a redesign of the Layers dialog, makes the Layers feature easier to use. A new page called “Element
Details” separates out the features such as Connection Points and Vector groups that are specifically
about the detailed representation of individual elements.

Figure 2.2: Using the Layers dialog to change layer priorities

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2.2 Usage of Web Map services 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHIC FEATURES

2.2 Usage of Web Map services

PowerFactory 2019 largely simplifies the usage of background maps from various Web Map Service
providers.

It is now possible to combine multiple geographic layers with an arbitrary number of map sources in a ge-
ographic diagram (OpenStreetMap, Esri, Google, Bing, public as well as in-house WMS/WMTS servers,
etc.). Each map source is represented by a PowerFactory layer, whose visibility and transparency can
be individually adjusted by the user.

Moreover, using the opacity settings, it is now also possible to combine a heatmap with geographic
background maps, as shown in Figure 2.3.

2.2.1 Additional options

An extra feature is a new button on the graphical tool bar (as indicated at the top of Figure 2.2), that lets
the user easily toggle the results boxes layer on and off without having to open the Layers dialog.

Also, it is now possible to combine a heatmap with a background map, as shown below.

Figure 2.3: Heat map combined with geographic map

2.3 Bay Representation

Already available in earlier versions of PowerFactory, the bay object ElmBay allows the elements that
typically form the connection point of branch element in a substation to be grouped together. Now it is
possible to see and work with the bays on the substation graphic.

The bay name is shown above the connected bus bar(s) on detailed substation diagrams and on
overview diagrams where the substation is represented in design view (busbars visible).

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2.4 Site Representation 2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHIC FEATURES

Figure 2.4: Substation Bays

As can be seen in the figure above, the bays are highlighted using a configurable graphical layer. When
building the substation, if elements, such as relays, CTs, VTs, etc., are added within the bay area, they
will be automatically included in the bay, and on the graphic the coloured area that represents the bay
will also extend to encompass the new graphical objects.

In addition, a new parameter has been added to the Project Settings, Single Line Diagram page,
enabling users to specify that any new substation created should automatically include bay objects.

2.4 Site Representation

Users will already be familiar with the graphical objects for Site elements ElmSite on overview graphics.
This concept has now been extended by the introduction of a new representation of the site as a frame
within which the substations can also be seen.

Figure 2.5: Substations within a site frame in an overview graphic

The site can be introduced into the graphic using a new graphic object, which draws the site as a rect-
angular frame. The user can then create new substations within this frame and they will become part of
the ElmSite. The Site frame will automatically resize to accomodate the new substation representations.

The rectangular site representation can easily be moved on the diagram as a whole, i.e. including all of
the equipment inside the site.

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2.5 Persistent Graphic Settings for GPS Diagrams
2 NETWORK DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHIC FEATURES

2.5 Persistent Graphic Settings for GPS Diagrams

An enhancement to the geographic diagram graphics gives users more scope for modifying the graphics
according to their requirements: previously the user could modify certain aspects of the graphic such as
the position of element labels and the inclusion of elements in user-defined layers, but these changes
would not remain once the project had been deactivated; however with PowerFactory 2019, such
changes will now be persistent.

2.6 Protection: PQ Diagram for Starting Units

In PowerFactory 2019 a new plot type has been implemented which enables the user to create a PQ
diagram of a distance starting unit. The transformation of the starting characteristic into active and
reactive power values is done via a user-definable voltage factor. The load flow results can also be
displayed in the PQ diagram. This is useful for grid operators to identify the operation point of generation
groups or power limits of transmission lines in order to avoid nuisance tripping of the protection devices.

Figure 2.6: RX and PQ diagram of an impedance starting unit.

On the left side in Figure 2.6 an impedance starting characteristic is displayed, while on the right side
the transformed PQ curve is shown. The transformation is calculated for every type of starting unit
including overcurrent, underimpedance, U/I/phi and impedance starting types.

2.7 OpenGL Graphic Rendering

OpenGL Graphic rendering has been introduced into PowerFactory : the single-line diagrams and plots
use the OpenGL graphics interface. This makes it possible to utilise standard graphics hardware and
leads to significant performance improvements, especially for large geographic diagrams.

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 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

3 Handling and Data Management

3.1 User Defined Classes

In PowerFactory 2018, the Data Extensions concept was introduced, allowing users to define their own
additional parameters for object classes in a PowerFactory project. In a further development, it is now
possible for the user to define whole new classes to suit his or her particular requirements. This is
done using the existing Data Extensions functionality; the user simply enters the new Class name and
PowerFactory creates the new class, prefixing it with “Ext” to indicate that it is a user-defined class. The
figure below shows a new Class being created.

Figure 3.1: Defining a new Class

Once the class has been defined, objects of this class can be created. These can be treated like other
objects, being referenced by scripts etc. This opens up many possibilities for customising the model. In
the example below, a reference to objects of the new class has itself been added as a data extension to
Remedial Action Schemes. Then the new objects are used by a DPL script.

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3.2 Loading of Calculation Quantities from Results files 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

Figure 3.2: Using objects in a new Class

3.2 Loading of Calculation Quantities from Results files

A new option has been created to enable the user to selectively load results of calculations into memory.
The concept is the same as that introduced in PowerFactory 2018 for Probabilistic analysis, and is
currently available for the following analysis functions:
• Contingency Analysis
• Quasi Dynamic Simulation

• Unit Commitment Quasi Dynamic Simulation

• Hosting Capacity Analysis
Having run the calculation, the user is later able to reload the results into memory. By default these
will be the summary results (such as maximum or average figures), but if the user additionally selects a
specific set of results (e.g. one contingency or one point in time in the Quasi Dynamic Simulation) these
results will also be loaded, so that they too can be seen in a flexible data page or on a graphic.

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3.3 Combined Project “Normalisation” 3 HANDLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT

Figure 3.3: Loading Quasi Dynamic Simulation Results from a results file

This is especially useful when lengthy calculations have been run and the results need to be viewed
later. The calculation may have been reset by project deactivation or just accidentally, but the results
are still there and can be loaded in this way.

3.3 Combined Project “Normalisation”

When two or more projects are combined using the Project Combination Assistant, the contents of
the project are organised into dedicated folders, making it easy to identify the original sources of the
different data items. In some cases, users would like to take a further step of completely integrating
the data into a single folder structure. Although it is possible to do this manually, in PowerFactory 2019
there is now a tool provided, to carry out this “normalisation” quickly and easily.

Figure 3.4: Converting a combined project into a standard project structure

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 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

4 Reports

4.1 Output of Load Flow results includes power interchange option

When a load flow calculation has been run, there is an Output of Results command, which can be used
to show information about the network in the Output Window. A new option has been added here,
called “Power Interchange”. This option generates a tabular report, showing the interchange between
the various Grids, Areas or Zones in the network model.

Figure 4.1: Power interchange between zones

When reporting Power Interchange for grids, a further feature is available: If the several connected
networks are modelled, and the connections are represented by boundary nodes held in a dedicated
boundary grid as commonly used within the ENTSO-E, the user may not be interested in power inter-
changes with the boundary grid itself but rather in the power interchanges between the grids either side
of it. Therefore there is now an option provided for the ElmNet object, to mark it as a “Fictitious border
grid”. If this is done, the power interchange between the regular grids is represented accordingly, taking
into account the role of the boundary grid.

5 Power Equipment Models

5.1 Grid

A new parameter has been introduced for Grids (ElmNet): A grid can be flagged as being a "Fictitious
border grid". If this flag is selected, the information will be included in a CGMES export. This parameter
is also used by the Power Interchange Report as described in the previous section.

5.2 External Network

For the RMS and EMT models of external networks (ElmXnet), the synchronous and transient reac-
tances, the time constants in the d- and q-axis and the power factor are no longer fixed but can be
specified in the element.

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5.3 General Load 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

5.3 General Load

5.3.1 New RMS model with exponential frequency dependency

The load type now also supports a ’Nonlinear’ model. Together with exponential voltage dependencies,
this lets the user define an exponential frequency dependency for P and Q. This offers more options for
the modelling of high frequency deviations.

5.3.2 New RMS model that considers the effect of LV level tap changers

In addition to the nonlinear model, a ’Nonlinear, regulated’ model has been added. This model has
quadratic voltage and exponential frequency dependency for P and Q. Instead of using the initial voltage
as the denominator, a delayed voltage is used. This delay can be used to model the corresponding
behaviour of low voltage tap changers.

5.4 Static Generator/Photovoltaic system (ElmGenstat/ElmPvsys)

5.4.1 Current Source model: Use negative sequence angle for negative sequence current source

It is now possible in RMS-Simulation to set the negative sequence current references “i2d_ref” and
“i2q_ref” independent of the positive sequence voltage angle. This option results in the alignment of the
negative sequence d-axis current component with the negative sequence voltage. The advantage of
this option consists in having the same meaning of the d- and q-axis current references in both positive
and negative sequence control strategies: d-axis controls directly active currents while q-axis controls
reactive currents.

5.4.2 Possibility to control the zero sequence current in RMS and EMT simulations

It is now possible to control the zero sequence current by using zero sequence voltage input signals
“u0r_in” and “u0i_in”.

5.4.3 Option to delay the internal dq-reference angle if dq-reference signals are not connected

The static generator (ElmGenstat) and the photovoltaic system (ElmPvsys) elements have been ex-
panded with an option that delays the internal dq-reference angle if dq-reference signals (cosref and
sinref ) are not connected.

5.5 Switches and Fuses

PowerFactory 2019 includes new signals for 3 phase switches and fuses (ElmCoup, RelFuse) for EMT
simulations. The switching state c:closedPh is now available for each phase individually. This simplifies
the development of user-specific circuit breaker models significantly. High voltage circuit breaker models
can now be implemented more conveniently as shown in Figure 5.1, including the calculation of the
dielectric strength of the breaker and electric arcs if required.

Figure 5.2 demonstrates the analysis of the transient recovery voltage (TRV) in relation to the dielectric
strength of the circuit breaker.

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5.6 Saturation Models for EMT 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

Figure 5.1: High voltage circuit breaker model for TRV studies

Figure 5.2: Transient recovery voltage (TRV) and dielectric strength of the circuit breaker

5.6 Saturation Models for EMT

For simulating electromagnetic transients such as transformer and shunt reactor energisation or ferro-
resonance, the non-linear behaviour of the iron core (saturation) needs to be included in the model of
the element. PowerFactory 2019 extends the software’s capability for modelling saturation curves by
introducing a hysteresis model and a built-in tool for the conversion of the saturation curve from RMS to
peak values. Simulations related to switching of non-linear inductances such as e.g. the transformer en-
ergisation require a detailed model of the saturation curve. The new functionalities therefore significantly
enhance the capabilities in PowerFactory with regard to EMT simulations. Figure 5.3 shows the inrush
currents during the energisation of a transformer. Due to the non-linear magnetic-flux / relationship
of the iron core, the transformer is initially driven into saturation, causing high inrush currents at the
beginning of the transient.

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5.6 Saturation Models for EMT 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

Figure 5.3: Transformer inrush currents during energisation and non-linear saturation characteristic

5.6.1 Hysteresis

Hysteresis may have a significant impact on the inrush currents of transformers, shunt and series reac-
tors. PowerFactory 2019 extends the software’s capability for modelling saturation curves by introducing
a hysteresis model for EMT simulations. The new version supports the history independent hysteresis
model for all models with saturation (except the booster transformer). Furthermore, it is now possible to
define the residual fluxes in each phase (only if hysteresis is defined).

The hysteresis loop is based on the loop width defined by the user and the saturation curve. The left-
and right-side major loops are generated shifting the original saturation curve according to the loop width
defined by the user. During the simulation, the actual flux-current curves (minor loops) are generated
at each flux turning point and are located within the major loops. See Figure 5.4 where the major loops
are green and minor loops are red.

Figure 5.4: Hysteresis Curve

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5.6 Saturation Models for EMT 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

5.6.2 Conversion of saturation characteristic from RMS to Peak values

The saturation curve of transformers, shunt and series reactors is usually based on the open circuit test
which is generally available as RMS values which relate the RMS voltages to RMS currents. However,
for EMT simulations the relationship between the magnetic flux and current in the iron core has to
be defined as peak values. Since the current waveform is not sinusoidal when the core is driven
into saturation, a conversion of the RMS into peak values is quite complex and based on numerical
integration.

In previous versions of PowerFactory, the RMS measurements had to be converted externally by the
user into peak values. PowerFactory 2019 extends the software’s capability for modelling saturation
curves and now provides a built-in calculation routine that derives the peak flux and current relationship
from the RMS values of voltage and current as indicated in Figure 5.5. Thus, the saturation curve can
now be modelled based on the open circuit test RMS measurements which are usually available from
manufacturers.

The conversion from RMS to peak values is based on the assumption of piecewise linear curve parts of
the saturation characteristic and it is automatically performed by PowerFactory.

Figure 5.5: Saturation curve as RMS voltage / current relationship and peak magnetic flux / current
relationship

5.6.3 Booster transformer

In previous PowerFactory versions the saturation models were not available for the booster transformer
TypTrb. The new version PowerFactory 2019 includes now saturation models for booster transformers
as well.

5.6.4 Single-phase-to-two-phase transformer

In previous PowerFactory versions the saturation models were not available for the single-phase-to-two-
phase transformer of the TypTr2. The new version PowerFactory 2019 includes now saturation models
for this model as well.

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5.7 Series Surge Arrester 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

5.7 Series Surge Arrester

Surge arresters are used in power systems to limit overvoltages resulting from transients such as
switching and lightning below the corresponding insulation level of the electrical equipment. Previously,
surge arresters were available as shunt elements as model from phase to ground.

For PowerFactory 2019 a two-terminal surge arrester StaSuabi has been developed. This new model
can be connected between two phases in order to model transmission line surge arresters, for example.
Furthermore, the series surge arrester can be connected between phase and neutral. This enables the
user to include a detailed model of the grounding system which might be required for detailed insulation
coordination studies. The arrester with two connections also includes an additional option for an air-gap
switch.

5.8 HVDC-LCC (ElmHvdclcc): Load flow calculation support of reverse power

flow and practical control strategies

The HVDC LCC (ElmHvdclcc) load flow model has been further developed towards a better represen-
tation of the real equipment’s behaviour.

Reverse power flow can now be achieved in the load flow calculation by automatic DC voltage polarity
inversion. It is now possible to enter either a positive or a negative DC power order set-point in the
load flow edit dialog of the element. During reverse power operation, the role of the converters is
exchanged: converter 1 (rectifier during normal power flow, inverter during reverse power flow) controls
the DC voltage or the extinction angle; converter 2 (inverter during normal power flow, rectifier during
reverse power flow) controls the power/current setpoint.

The commonly used HVDC control algorithm shown in Figure 5.6 is now supported in the load flow
calculation. This algorithm supports also reverse power and negative DC voltage operation and includes
normal and abnormal operation modes of the HVDC system. As a result, the HVDC behaviour depends
on the DC voltage as well as the actual firing or extinction angles.

Figure 5.6: Load flow control strategy of the HVDC-LCC model

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 30

5.9 Voltage source (PWM) converter (ElmVsc) 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

5.9 Voltage source (PWM) converter (ElmVsc)

5.9.1 Possibility to control the zero sequence current in RMS and EMT simulations

It is now possible to control the zero sequence current by using zero sequence voltage input signals
“u0r_in” and “u0i_in” (for RMS and EMT simulations) or, alternatively for EMT simulations (only), using
the signal “Pm0” .

5.10 Rectifier/Inverter (ElmRec) - Load Flow Enhancements

Similarly to the behaviour of the built-in HVDC-LCC element - ElmHvdclcc (see Section 5.8), the
Rectifier/Inverter element (ElmRec) has been enhanced with the following load flow capabilities:
• Coordinated HVDC systems control of sending and receiving end station converters
• Reverse power flow support
• External transformer tap changer control

• Transformer discrete tap changer control

Coordinated control of sending and receiving end station converters

This function integrates the control concepts shown in Figure 5.6. The control algorithm automatically
takes into consideration the firing and extinction angle operational limits and can switch the inverter
into a reduced current operation mode based on a current margin parameter. Since the sending and
receiving end station converters are individually modelled, the user must provide cross-referencing
between the rectifier and inverter units, as shown in Figure 5.7.

Figure 5.7: Cross-referencing of sending and receiving converters in load flow calculation

Reverse power flow

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 31

5.11 DC Components with Positive and Negative DC Ports 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

The HVDC link power flow direction can be changed now without the need to modify the rectifier/inverter
topology.

External HVDC transformers

With this new version, the user can assign an external transformer to the rectifier/inverter element.
This enables improved behaviour and coordination between the station converter and the associated
transformer.

Transformer discrete tap changer control

If the converter transformer (external or internal) is fitted with a tap changer, then the load flow model
supports two tap changer control schemes as shown in Figure 5.8.

Figure 5.8: External transformer tap changer control modes

5.11 DC Components with Positive and Negative DC Ports

PowerFactory 2019 enhances the existing DC modelling capabilities by providing a two-terminal option
for all relevant DC components. As such, the DC positive and negative polarity circuits can be freely
modelled depending on the system configuration. The new models supporting two-terminal connection
(positive and negative DC ports) are as below (see Figure 5.9 for an example of the DC machine, load
and battery models):

• DC Machine (ElmDcmbi)
• DC Load (ElmLoddcbi)
• DC Battery (ElmBatterybi)
• DC-DC converter (ElmDcdcbi)

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 32

5.12 DC-DC Converter (ElmDcdc/ElmDcdcbi) 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

Figure 5.9: New DC models with positive and negative DC ports

5.12 DC-DC Converter (ElmDcdc/ElmDcdcbi)

The DC-DC converter has been greatly improved in order to support further converter configurations
and applications:
• A new model is available representing a two-terminal (positive and negative polarity) DC-DC
converter: ElmDcdcbi (refer to Figure 5.10 for an example of the step-down model);
• The step-up, step-down and step-up/step-down converter topologies support now both unidirec-
tional and bidirectional power flow;
• The DC-DC converter (ElmDcdc/ElmDcdcbi) now supports an active power control mode in the
load flow calculation;

• An optional DC-neutral connection is available in order to better represent the grounding of the
element;
• Inclusion of converter inductance/capacitance: in the past, the DC-DC converter required that the
associated inductance and capacitance components had to be represented externally. The latest
version of the model offers the possibility (by default) to include these components internally, thus
simplifying the modelling effort on the user side. External representation of these components
is also supported as before, increasing flexibility and supporting older models. All configurations
now support the definition of the converter passive components (inductance and capacitance) as
built-in, without the need to create them explicitly in the single line diagram.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 33

5.13 DC Line Models 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

Figure 5.10: Step-down DC/DC converter with positive and negative DC ports

5.13 DC Line Models

PowerFactory 2019 extends the software’s capability for modelling lines in HVDC systems. Previously,
it was possible to model HVDC overhead lines and cable systems in PowerFactory only based on the
impedances and admittances in per unit length. For many applications this approach was and still is
sufficient. However, for cases where electromagnetic coupling between poles, neutrals and earth wires
have to be modelled accurately, another model is required.

In PowerFactory 2019 overhead lines and cable systems can now also be modelled using the TypTow
and TypCabsys. The line parameters for the complete multi-phase system are calculated based on the
geometry (5.11), material characteristics and environmental conditions.

Figure 5.11: HVDC overhead line and cable system

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 34

5.14 Voltage/Current Source: Support of Input Signals for QDSL 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

5.14 Voltage/Current Source: Support of Input Signals for QDSL

The modelling of user defined controllers for Load Flow and Quasi-Dynamic simulation is enhanced
by the availability of further input signals for voltage and current sources to be used in Quasi-Dynamic
Simulation Language (QDSL) models. This enhancement is related to voltage and current sources, in
single, two and three phase technology.

AC voltage source:
• zero sequence voltage setpoint input u0 in p.u.
• zero sequence line-line voltage setpoint input Ul0 in kV

• angle between voltage and current setpoint input dphiu in rad

AC current source:
• zero sequence current setpoint input i0 in p.u.
• angle between voltage and current setpoint input phiui in rad

DC voltage source:
• voltage setpoint input uset in p.u.
DC current source:

• DC current setpoint input i0dc in p.u.

5.15 Instrument Transformer

For PowerFactory 2019 the input dialogs of current and voltage transformers have been updated to align
them with those of the newly developed elements Current Transformer with Multiple Cores and Com-
bined Instrument Transformer described below. It is now also possible to define a detailed secondary
voltage transformer winding.

5.15.1 Current transformer with multiple cores (StaCtcore) NEW MODEL

The existing PowerFactory model for a current transformer has been enhanced with the ability to include
multiple cores as shown in Figure 5.12. For this purpose a new element with the corresponding type
has been implemented. With each current transformer core the ratio can be defined independently of
the nominal current and also the properties for each core, such as nominal power, accuracy class and
limits, can be set separately.

Figure 5.12: Current transformer with two additional cores.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 35

5.16 Step Voltage Regulator 5 POWER EQUIPMENT MODELS

5.15.2 Combined instrument transformer (StaCombi) NEW MODEL

An instrument transformer representing a combined voltage and current transformer has been imple-
mented in PowerFactory 2019. This new model combines the signals of both current and voltage
devices in a single measurement unit as Figure 5.13 shows. Thereby the data exchange between
actual device parameters and the simulation model is more straight forward. Of course the combined
instrument transformer can include a current transformer with multiple cores.

Figure 5.13: Combined instrument transformer.

5.16 Step Voltage Regulator

For the Step-Voltage Regulator (ElmVoltreg), it is now possible to specify different limits for maximum
and minimum tap, using the option “Limited voltage control range”. The option is used to limit the
possible voltage control range and at the same time to increase the continuous current rating. Previously
it was possible to define only a symmetric (between maximum and minimum tap positions) limited
voltage control range.

5.17 Electric Vehicle

A QDSL model representing the behaviour of an Electric Vehicle (EV) charging station is available in the
DIgSILENT Library. For easy use of the model, a predefined Template has also been made available.

Within a quasi-dynamic simulation (QDS), the Electric Vehicle model will start charging within a given
time range between an earliest and latest time of arrival (user-specified). The starting time is chosen
randomly by the model within the specified time range, using a uniform distribution. To represent varying
driving distance per day and vehicle, the state of charge (SOC) at start of charging is drawn randomly.

5.18 Dynamic Model “DER_A” for Distributed Energy Resources

The aggregated distributed energy resources model “DER_A” as specified by WECC is available in
the DIgSILENT Library. Templates for easy use of the dynamic model are available from within the
Templates library.

This model is an aggregated representation of the behaviour of distributed energy resources (DERs),
such as roof-top photovoltaic systems or small battery storage systems within a distribution network
feeder. The “DER_A” model is designed for use in transmission system models, in which the distribution
networks are not modelled in detail but represented by lumped elements. It shows the response of DERs
on transmission system faults causing a voltage drop or voltage rise, as well as on frequency changes .

For more information on the “DER_A” model, please refer to:

www.wecc.biz/Reliability/DER_A_Final.pdf

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 36

 7 APPLICATION SECURITY

6 Scripting and Automation

Python Version 3.7 is now supported.

6.1 Embedded Python script

In PowerFactory 2019 single file Python scripts can be embedded in Python Script objects (ComPython)
as shown in Figure 6.1. Since the code is directly stored in the PowerFactory database through this, no
additional Python file (*.py) is required. This makes it easier to share PowerFactory projects containing
Python scripts. A further big advantage is that the built-in editor can be used, which supports syntax
highlighting as well as an easy redirection to the Python Reference.

Figure 6.1: Embedded Python Script

7 Application Security

We have introduced a number of changes and additional features in order to improve data security. The
range of features includes:

• Improved password security and configurable authentication mode

• New single sign-on feature
• Audit log

• Time-out for inactive sessions

• Database unlock key for data recovery if Administrator password is lost
• Privacy settings
– Configuration of the recording of modifying user
– Minimal logging by default
– No default passwords
Below are more details for some of the features that are introduced:

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 37

7.1 Password security 7 APPLICATION SECURITY

7.1 Password security

The Administrator is able to introduce login and password rules, in line with local policies.

Figure 7.1: Administrator options for configuring login policy

7.2 Support of single sign-On

It is now possible for the Administrator to directly configure Microsoft Active Directory authentication
from within PowerFactory. This is now the default and recommended method for managing Single
Sign-On in multi-user environments.

Figure 7.2: Use of Active Directory groups for Single Sign-On

7.3 Audit log for the Administrator

A new option is available, aimed at users of PowerFactory Team Edition, to keep an audit log of security-
related actions in the database. If enabled, information is recorded about actions such as changes to
user accounts, application start-up and shut down, and major application configuration changes. The
audit information is securely held within the database itself. The Adminstrator can generate a high-level
report in the Output Window and also is able to export a detailed report as a text file.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 38

7.4 Idle session timeout 8 INSTALLATION

7.4 Idle session timeout

The Administrator can choose to select a time-out for inactive PowerFactory sessions, the inactivity
time-limit being configurable. This is not only useful from the point of view of security but the termination
of a session will release the licence back to the licence server.

8 Installation

8.1 First start-up Configuration Assistant

The process for the installation and configuration of PowerFactory has been overhauled, in order to
make the process as straight-forward as possible for the user. The user is guided through the initial
installation process and the configuration options, including some of the above security features. For
more detailes, please refer to the “PowerFactory 2019 Getting Started” document.

8.2 PowerFactory Maintenance Contract

A valid maintenance contract allows customers to download and install new PowerFactory versions and
service packs. Up to and including PowerFactory 2018, the validity of the maintenance contract was
represented in a licence activation file. This file has now been replaced by an entry in the licence.
For all existing licences an appropriate update has already been provided and a licence update will be
required in order to run PowerFactory 2019 (for details on how to update your licence please refer to
the Advanced Installation and Configuration Manual).

Figure 8.1: PowerFactory 2019 Installation Dialog

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 39

8.3 PowerFactory Compatibility 8 INSTALLATION

8.3 PowerFactory Compatibility

PowerFactory 2019 is confirmed as compatible with:

• Microsoft SQL Server 2017

• Oracle 12c Release 2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2019, What’s New 40

DIgSILENT
Company Profile
DIgSILENT is a consulting and software com-
pany providing engineering services in the field
of electrical power systems for transmission,
distribution, generation and industrial plants.
DIgSILENT was founded in 1985 and is a fully
independent and privately owned company
located in Gomaringen/Tübingen, Germany.
DIgSILENT continued expansion by establish-
ing offices in Australia, South Africa, Italy,
Chile, Spain, France, the USA and Oman, there-
by facilitating improved service following the
world-wide increase in usage of its software
products and services. DIgSILENT has estab-
lished a strong partner network in many coun-
tries such as Mexico, Malaysia, UK, Switzer-
land, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, China and India.
DIgSILENT services and software installations
have been used in more than 150 countries.
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9
72810 Gomaringen
Deutschland
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
DIgSILENT develops the leading integrated
power system analysis software PowerFactory,
which covers the full range of functionality
from standard features to highly sophisticat-
ed and advanced applications including wind
power, distributed generation, real-time
simulation and performance monitoring for
system testing and supervision. For wind power
applications, PowerFactory has become the
power industry’s de-facto standard tool, due
to PowerFactory models and algorithms pro-
viding unrivalled accuracy and performance.
DIgSILENT StationWare is a reliable cen-
tral protection settings database and asset
management system, based on .NET technol-
ogy. StationWare stores and records all set-
tings in a central database, allows modelling
of relevant workflow sequences, provides
quick access to relay manuals, interfaces
T +49 7072 9168-0
F +49 7072 9168-88
mail@digsilent.de
www.digsilent.de
with manufacturer-specific relay settings and
integrates with PowerFactory, allowing
powerful and easy-to-use settings coordina-
tion studies.
DIgSILENT Monitoring Systems
Our Power System Monitoring PFM300 prod-
uct line features grid and plant supervision,
fault recording, power quality and grid char-
acteristics analysis. The Grid Code Compli-
ance Monitoring PFM300-GCC product has
been designed for continuous compliance
auditing of power plants with respect to grid
code requirements, thereby providing plant
operators and utilities utmost transparency
and non-compliance detection.
DIgSILENT Consulting
DIgSILENT GmbH is staffed with experts of
various disciplines relevant for performing
consulting services, research activities, user
training, educational programs and software
development. Highly specialised expertise is
available in many fields of electrical engineer-
ing applicable to liberalised power markets
and to the latest developments in power
generation technologies such as wind power
and distributed generation. DIgSILENT has pro-
vided expert consulting services to several pro-
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DIgSILENT GmbH is certified
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More information is available at
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