Course Information

EE2323:Microprocessors & Instructor Muhammad Tahir Awan

Computer Architecture Email mtahir@jinnah.edu.pk , mtahir.awan@yahoo.com

Classes Two Lectures of 1h:20m duration / Week

Spring 2013
Text “The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors: Programming,

Introduction Interfacing, Software, Hardware and Applications” by

Walter A. Triebel and Avtar Singh, Prentice Hall, 4th
Lecture 1 Edition, 2003

February 18, 2013 Softwares Emu8086 Simulator ( www.emu8086.com )

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Text Book Reference Books

“The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors: Programming,
Reference
Interfacing, Software, Hardware and Applications” by Walter
A. Triebel and Avtar Singh, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, 2003
“Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing
for Performance” by William Stallings, Prentice Hall,
7th Edition

“The Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188,

80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II,
Pentium III, Pentium 4: Architecture, Programming and
Interfacing” by Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition,
2003

Readings Class Handouts

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Prereqs Course Group & Folder

EE2313 : Digital Logic Design • Course Yahoo Group
– http://groups.yahoo.com/group/maju_ee2323/

• Course Folder
– \\dataserver\jinnah$\M Tahir\EE2323

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What this Course is about ? Course Outlines

• This course is about • Introduction to Computer Architecture
– Computer Organization & Architecture
–Study of computer architecture and its
– Number Systems Review
internal attributes
–Interfacing I/O devices with • 8086 & 8088 Microprocessors Software Architecture
microprocessors – 8086/8088 internal Micro-architecture
– Programming Model of 8086/8088 Microprocessors
–Assembly & Machine Languages and
– Segment Registers , Data Registers & Status Register
programming
– Memory Address Space & Stack
–Hardware memory organization & data
storage • Assembly & Machine Language Programming
–Study of Serial & Parallel – High Level vs. Low Level Programming Paradigm
Communication Interfaces – 8086/8088 Addressing Modes

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Course Outlines … Course Outlines …
• 8086/8088 Assembly Instruction Set • Memory Organization and Cache hierarchy
– Data Transfer Instructions – Principal of Locality
– Arithmetic , Logical & Shift Instructions – Elements of Cache Design
– Control Flow & Jump Instructions – Cache Types & Levels
– Subroutines & Call Instruction • Pipelining
– Loop & String Handling Instructions – Pipelining Overview
• 8088/8086 I/O Interfaces and DMA – Pipeline Stages & Operation
– Evolution of Intel Processors – Performance improvement with pipelining
– 8086/8088 Control Signals & Bus Cycles • Timers & Peripheral Interfaces
– Memory organization & Memory Device Interfaces – Serial Communication Interface
– Direct Memory Access (DMA) – Parallel Communication Interface
– Timer / Counters
• Interrupts

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Course Grading Assignments

• Written Assignments

Quizzes 20%
– Assignments will be done individually

Grand Quiz 10% – You are allowed to discuss problems with

Assignments 10% each other/ instructor

Midterm Exam 20% – Late Submission of Assignments is not
allowed

Final Exam 40% – Copying/Cheating in any form will be
penalized

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Quizzes Exams

Quizzes
Mid-Term (Tentative Date : April 15 - 20)

Quizzes will be announced
Final Exam (Tentative Date : June 19-29)

There will be no make-up quizzes
All the Exams will be close-book /
close-notes

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Computer Architecture over the Years First Generation Computers (1939-54)

• First generation (1939-1954) • Vacuum Tube based computers
were enormous in size, slow in
– Vacuum tube speed, consumed high power
• Second generation (1954-1959) and generated lot of heat
– Transistor • Programming was done in
Machine language .i.e. 0’s & 1’s
• Third generation (1959-1971)
– Integrated Circuits (IC) • Example : BIG BRAIN” ENIAC
• Fourth generation (1971-present) • 1,800 sq. Feet area
– Microprocessors • 30 ton Weight
• 17000 Vacuum tubes
• Power Consumed: 200 Kwatts
BIG BRAIN (ENIAC)
• Speed : 100,000 ops / sec

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 Second Generation Computers (1954-59) Third Generation Computer (1959-71)
• Second generation computers • Third generation computers were
were based on transistors based on Integrated circuits ( ICs )
• These computers were smaller, • ICs further reduced size of
faster, cheaper and more energy Computers
efficient • Multiple ICs were integrated on
• Programming Environment was single PCB to form a computer
Machine language & Assembly • Third generation computers had
Language keyboards, displays, operating
• Size of computers, and heating systems
was large by today standards • Example : DEC PDP-8
• Example : Manchester SSEM • DEC PDP-8 was the least
expensive general purpose small
computer in 1960s DEC PDP-8,
Manchester University SSEM Digital Equipment
Experimental Transistor Computer Corporation

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Forth Generation Computer (1971-

Applications of Computers
Present)
• Thousands of ICs were integrated • The computers we are
ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset
onto a single chip to fabricate used to
microprocessors Control logic
Program
– Desktops
Instruction
• Microprocessors started 4th decoder counter » Servers,
ALU Reg.
generation of computers – Laptops
I/O
Refresh
• Forth generation of computers logic
– Embedded processors
System bus
also saw era of Graphical interface, » Cars
multiple high level programming Intel 4004 (4-bit µP)
» Mobile phones
languages, computer networks » DVD Players
• Example : Intel 4004 » Digital Camera’s

• In 1971 Intel developed 4-bit

microprocessor 4004
• Latest in series are Intel Core 2
Duo, Core i5 , Core i7

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Supercomputer Limitations of Today’s Computers
• Supercomputer are fastest • Conventional computers are
computing machines , composed not intelligent at making
of many massively parallel
processors (nodes) decisions with changing
conditions/environment
• Supercomputers consume lot of
power and are highly expensive • Making computers as
intelligent as we human are , is
• K Computer, Fujitsu, Japan hot area of research
• Speed = 10 peta FLOPS • e.g. Robots
• Tianhe-1 (Sky River), China • NASA Mars Curiosity Rover
• Speed = 2.566 peta FLOPS,
• MIT Media Lab
• Cray Jaguar, USA
– Sixth Sense Technology (2009)
Speed = 1.75 peta FLOPS
• For reference
• Intel Core i7 (109 Giga FLOPS)
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Intelligent Systems :
Future Computers at a Glance
Google Self-Driving Car
• Heart of the system is a
laser range finder
mounted on the Car
roof which generates
3D maps
• Car also carries four
radars, a camera and a
GPS measurement unit
• Google Car can drive
on busy roads , can
stop at signals , give
way to pedestrians

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Computer
• Computer is a machine that performs
computations according to instructions
• A computer is a programmable machine
designed to carry out a sequence of arithmetic or
logical operations
• Computer instructions are in the form of
software programs
• Processing inside computer is done by
Microprocessor/CPU
Microprocessor (µ
µP)
• Microprocessor or Central Processing Unit (CPU)
is fabricated on a single integrated circuit
containing millions, of transistors, that work
together to store and manipulate data
• Microprocessors serve as "brains" inside
Computer, that interacts with other devices to
perform useful tasks
• Microprocessor takes input data, processes data
according to instructions and gives output

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Microprocessor based System Microprocessor based System

• There are three main components of • A Microprocessor-based systems consists of central processing
microprocessor based system or computer unit (CPU), memories, I/O Devices and other peripherals.
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• CPU takes input from Address Bus
– Memory Unit I/O devices such as
Memory
keyboards
– I/O Devices • CPU processes data Control
• Microprocessor Buses in internal registers Bus
• CPU sends output to CPU
• A bus is a communication pathway connecting I/O devices such as (µ
µP)
Data Bus

two or more devices monitors, speakers

• Microprocessor
– Data Bus (CPU) stores data I/O
– Address Bus and code in Memory Devices
– Control Bus

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