Audio Video Engg

DTEL (Department for Technology Enhanced Learning)
The Centre for Technology enabled Teaching & Learning
Teaching Innovation - Entrepreneurial - Global 1

Presentation on
“Audio Video Engineering”
Author
Suraj Patinge
M-Tech (VLSI Design),Lecturer Electronics Engineering Department
Suraj Irkhede
M-Tech (VLSI Design),Lecturer Electronics & Tele Engineering Department
Department of Electronics Engineering

Nagar Yuwak Shikshan Sanstha’s
Shri Datta Meghe Polytechnic
Wanadongri , Hingna Road
Nagpur-441110
2
PREFACE
As educators, we all have the same common goal “to guide our students” so that they
gain the maximum possible in a positive environment that promotes their success
and inculcates in them desire to learn. One of the best tools available to us in this
pursuit is PPT instruction that is systematic and self Learning. The goal of this PPT
is to help teachers in the use of eLearning that it is both
effective and efficient method for teaching our students. It has been developed for
purely academic and non-commercial purpose.
Our desire in preparing this PPT is to support the teachers, who have the very
demanding task of Teaching-Plan to deliver instruction on a lecture/period basis.
The PPT is therefore prepared lecture wise. Further at the end of each chapter
Questions have also been included for practice.
We begin in Chapter 1 with basic elements like Different types of Audio system & there
advantages. In Chapters 2 we learn in details the Architecture of CD Player. Chapter 3
we understand the concept of Black & White and Color Television. Chapter 4
concentrates on TV Transmitter & Receiver. In Chapter 5, we focus on Color TV
Receiver . Chapter 6 presents Understanding of MATV,CATV,CCTV.
With deep regards and humility, we thank both our Management of MGI for motivating
and our CEO for strong follow-ups to prepare PPTs under DTEL. We dedicate this
PPT to students and our shared profession.
S.U.Patinge
Suraj Irkhede
3
CONTENT: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINEERING
1 CHAPTER 1: Hi Fi Audio Amplifier Slide no : 6

.
CHAPTER 2: CD player Slide no : 37
2
CHAPTER 3: TV Fundamentals Slide no : 61

3
CHAPTER 4: TV Transmitter and Receiver Slide no : 91

4
5 CHAPTER 5: Colour TV. Slide no : 146
6 CHAPTER 6: Cable Television Slide no : 183
DTEL 4
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The student will be able to:
1 Understand operation of audio amplifiers.
Analyze quality of reception of various sound

2 systems and graphic equalizer.
3 Understand CD player mechanism..
Understand the principle of operation of various

4 advanced TV systems.
DTEL 5
CHAPTER 1:- SYLLABUS
1 . Introduction to Amplifiers: Mono, Stereo, PA
Difference between Stereo and Mono amplifier

2
3 Block diagram of Hi Fi amplifier and its working
4 Dolby NR recording system
5 Types of speaker – Woofer, Mid-range, Tweeter
6 Cross over network circuit and its function
DTEL 6
CHAPTER-1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE / COURSE OUTCOME
1 Distinguish between different types of Audio amplifiers
2 Draw labeled sketch of Hi-Fi amplifier
3 Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
DTEL 7
LECTURE 1.1 :- HI-FI Amplifier
Block diagram of mono amplifier system
Fig 1.1 : Block diagram of mono amplifier
DTEL 8
LECTURE 1.1 :- HI-FI Amplifier
Mono amplifier system (Figure -1.1)
• Mic : It convert sound waves into electrical

signal & send to buffer stage.
• Buffer stage : It’s function is to provide impedance

matching.
• Power amp : It can provide amplified signal for

different sound waves.
• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into sound

signal.
DTEL 9
LECTURE 1:-LECTURE 1.1 :-
HI-FI AMPLIFIER HI-FI Amplifier
Block diagram of Stereophonic amplifier
Fig 1.2: Block diagram of stereophonic amplifier

10
DTEL 10
LECTURE 1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.1 :-
Stereophonic amplifier (Figure -1.2)
• Mic : It convert sound waves into electrical signal

& send to buffer stage.
• Power amp : Provide amplified signal for different

sound waves.
• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into sound signal.
11
DTEL 11
LECTURE LECTURE
LECTURE 1:-
1:-
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.1 :-
AMPLIFIER
ELECTRONIC COMM. HI-FI Amplifier
Advantages :
• Sound has direction right & left.
• This system is used for high-fidelity amplification

purpose.
Disadvantages :
• Amplitude/frequency/phase distortion is more.
12
DTEL 12
LECTURE
LECTURE 2:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.2 :-
AMPLIFIER
Public address amplifier system
• Amplifier used for addressing the people is known as

public address amplifier.
• Provide sound to long distance without scarifying the

original signal / information.
13
DTEL 13
LECTURE
LECTURE 2:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.2
2.1 :-
AMPLIFIER
Block diagram of Public address amplifier
Voltage Processing Driver

Mixer
Amplifier Control Amplifier
Fig 1.3: Block Diagram of Public address amplifier
14
DTEL 14
LECTURE
LECTURE 2:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.2
2.1 :-
AMPLIFIER
Public address amplifier (Figure -1.3)
• Mic : It convert Sound Waves Into Electrical

signal.
• Mixer : It combines all the input& produced

output V4=v1+v2+v3.
• Voltage Amplifier : Amplifies weak signal coming from mixer

stage.
15
DTEL 15
LECTURE
LECTURE 2:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.2 :-
AMPLIFIER
Public address amplifier (Figure -1.3)
• Power amp : Provide high amplified signal for

different sound waves.
• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into sound

signal.
16
DTEL 16
LECTURE
LECTURE 2:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.2 :-
AMPLIFIER
Advantages :
• Minimum noise level
• For amplification of speech signal frequency response is

flat.
• Gain is constant.
Disadvantages :
• It has the effect of positive feedback which will oscillate
the amplifier & will reproduced the distortion.
17
DTEL 17
LECTURE
LECTURE 3:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.3 :-
AMPLIFIER
HI-FI Amplifier System (Figure 1.4)
Amplifier output is similar to original information called
HI-FI amplifier
Minimum requirement of HI-FI amplifier.
• Directional sound.
• It should have minimum frequency & phase distortion.
• Minimum noise level.
• Flat frequency.
18
DTEL 18
LECTURE
LECTURE 3:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.3 :-
AMPLIFIER
Block Diagram of HI-FI Amplifier System
Fig 1.4: Block Diagram of HI-FI amplifier 19
DTEL 19
LECTURE LECTURE
LECTURE 3:-
1:-
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF1.3 :-
AMPLIFIER
HI-FI Amplifier System (Figure 1.4)
• Output from various input sources like disk player or mic are
connected to switches.
• Switches are connected to pre-amplifier whose function is to

provide AV=high.
• Output of pre-amplifier contain more noise to remove these

noise we used equalizer.
• Equalizer consist of different filters like low, medium & high

frequency filter.
20
DTEL 20
LECTURE
LECTURE 3:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.3 :-
AMPLIFIER
• Output of equalizer fed to power amplifier to provide Av
=high & Ai=high & fed to crossover network through
impedance matching circuit.
• Output of crossover network contains electrical signal for

60Hz to 15Khz with flat frequency response.
• One speaker is unable to reproduced equal intensity

sound hence, a separate speaker is used for low,
medium & high frequency as woofer, midrange & tweeter.
• Crossover network separate low frequency signal for

woofer, medium frequency signal for midrange & high
frequency signal for tweeter 21
DTEL 21
LECTURE
LECTURE 3:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.3 :-
AMPLIFIER
Compare Stereo / Mono Amplifier

Stereo Amplifier. Mono Amplifier.
• Two dimensional sound • Direction sound
• Two pre-amplifier used • One pre-amplifier used
• Sound is natural • Lack of naturalness
• Direction of sound sensed • No sense of direction
easily
• Costly • Less costly than stereo
Table1 : Comparison between Stereo & Mono Amplifier
22
DTEL 22
LECTURE
LECTURE 3:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.3 :-
AMPLIFIER
Compare Stereo / PA Amplifier
Stereo Amplifier. PA Amplifier.
• Distance increases sound • They prefer for addressing
level decreases people for larger area.
• Noise is more • Minimum noise level
• Sensitivity is less • Sensitivity is more
• Echo effect is more • Echo effect is less
• Variation in gain with • It is high power
respect to temperature temperature compensated
so, variation in gain is
minimum
• Less costly • Cost is more
Table 2 : Comparison between Stereo & PA Amplifier 23
DTEL 23
LECTURE 4:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.4 :-
Compare Woofer/Midrange/Tweeter
Parameter Woofer Mid Range Tweeter
Frequency 16Hz to 500Hz 500Hz to 5Khz 5Khz to 20Khz
response
Size Large Medium Small
Cross over Used 2 & 3 Only 3 way Used 2 & 3
network way system system way system
Cost Large Medium Less
Uses in Mono / Stereo Hi-Fi system Stereo/Hi-Fi
amplifier. system
Frequency Low Medium High
Passed
24
Table 3 : Comparison between Woofer, Midrange & Tweeter
DTEL 24
LECTURE 4:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.4 :-
Controls of Hi-Fi System
• Microphone gain control.
• Master gain control (Volume control).
• Tone control
1. Bass control
2. Treble control
25
DTEL 25
LECTURE 4:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.4 :-
Microphone Gain Control
• Controls output of microphone.
• Connected in either pre-amplifiers or mixers.
• Potentiometers are used for the gain controls.
Master Gain Control
• Logarithmic potentiometers are used for the gain control

which matches logarithmic response of the human ears.
• Value of resistance is twice that of load.

26
DTEL 26
LECTURE
LECTURE 5:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.5 :-
AMPLIFIER
Tone Control
Bass Control:
• Bass effect will increase

if capacitance in series
with the signal increases.
• Higher the capacitance

the value of reactance
decreases.
Fig 1.5: Circuit diagram of Bass Control

27
DTEL 27
LECTURE 5:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.5 :-
Treble Control
• High resistance at potentiometer will develop maximum signal
across the load and goes on boosting treble.
• For high value of capacitance value the reactance decreases

(Xc=2*pi*fc)
Fig 1.6: Circuit diagram of Treble Control 28
DTEL 28
LECTURE
LECTURE 5:-
1:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:-
HI-FI
BASICS OF 1.5 :-
AMPLIFIER
Graphic equalizer
• Special type of tone control where audio spectrum is divided
into various narrow spectrums.
• Individual spectrums can be boosted by moving sliders in

between +15 db to -15 db.
Fig 1.7: Frequency response of graphic equalizer 29
DTEL 29
LECTURE 6:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.6 :-
Cross Over Networks

Necessity of cross over network :
• To avoid overheating of speaker.
• To increase overall efficiency.
• To avoid distorted output when full power is fed to load

outside the frequency range.
30
DTEL 30
LECTURE 6:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.6 :-
Cross over network (2 way)
• Consists of low pass filter
connected across woofer and
high pass filter connected
across tweeter.
• fc is lower cut off frequency

for high pass filter while it is
higher cut off frequency for low
pass filter
Response Curve
Circuit Diagram
31
Fig 1.8: Circuit diagram of 2 way cross over network
DTEL 31
LECTURE 7:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.7 :-
Cross over network (3 way)
Fig 1.9: Circuit diagram of 3 way

crossover network
Response Curve 32
DTEL 32
LECTURE
LECTURELECTURE1:-
7:- 1.7 :-
Dolby NR (Noise Reduction) Recording System
• Required to emphasis (Boost) the low power signal before

recording since these signal are more effected by noise.
• Low power notes are more closer to the noise signal.
• These signals are pre-emphasized before recording

and de-emphasized before playing them back.
33
DTEL 33
LECTURE 7:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.7 :-
• Pre-emphasis is of 10db to 15db for low power notes.
• Selected signals are pre-emphasized which are below a pre-

determined level while above this are passed through dolby
system directly.
• Two types of dolby systems.
1) Dolby A systems.
2) Dolby B systems.
34
DTEL 34
LECTURE 7:-LECTURE
LECTURE 5:-1.7 :-
Chapter 1 Question Bank
• List important characteristics of hi-fi amplifier & draw its
block diagram.
• State and explain necessity of cross-over network in hi-fi

amplifier.
• With neat circuit diagram explain operation of graphic

equalizer.
• What is hi-fi system? list specification of hi-fi system.
• Compare woofer, tweeter and squeakers
DTEL 35
LECTURE 7:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 1.7 :-
Summary
• Tone control circuit is used to modify an audio signal before
it is fed to speaker.
• Equalization is processed for adjusting the strength of

certain frequencies.
• Multi-speaker system uses woofer, midrange and tweeter.
• Hi-FI system is produces high quality sound as compared

to stereo, Mono & PA amplifier system.
36
DTEL 36
1 . CD – Material used, Size and Capacity.
Block diagram and operation of CD player.

2
3 Component used for CD mechanism:
4 Function of remote control transmitter and receiver CD
DTEL 37
1 Describe the principle detection mechanism of CD player
2 List the components used in CD mechanism
DTEL 38
LECTURE 2.1:- CD Player
• The compact disc is one of the popular form of

entertainment in digital technology.
• The 1000th play of compact disc will sound every bit as

good as the first.
• The disc rotates at 500 rpm when the laser beam starts at
centre and slows to 200 rpm to the outer side of the disc.
• CDs have a special feature called programming.

39
DTEL 39
LECTURELECTURE 2.1:-
1:- CD PLAYER CD Player
Material used and size

• CD Made of polycarbonate materials.
• 12 cm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick.
• Consists of reflective layer surface coated with thin layer of

aluminum.
• Surface covered with transparent plastic coating.
40
DTEL 40
Specification of CD
Specification
Full disc diameter 120 mm or 12 cm (4.75”)
Disc thickness 1.2 mm
Disc material Polycarbonate
Track width 0.5 micron approx
Sampling frequency 1.6 microns (nominal)
Frequency response 5 to 20000 hz + /- 3db
Harmonic distortion 0.008% at 1 khz
Signal to noise ratio Greater than 85 db
41
DTEL 41
Features
• Programming is possible.
• Particular section on CD can be selected for play.
• Unwanted programme can be skipped while playing.
• Random or shuffle play is possible.
• Covered by transparent plastic or lacquer.
42
DTEL 42
Block diagram of CD Player
For Digital
Output
BNC/RCA
Analog
Output
Servo Digital Filter Left
Output Stage
CD Control D.S.P & DAC
& Filter
Board Section Analog
Output
Right
7 Segment Display & Push
Button Remote Control
Power Supply Unit & AC

Mains Power Transformer
Fig 2.1 : Block diagram of CD Player 43
DTEL 43
CD Player(Figure -2.1)
• The optical mirror and lens system reads the data from
the CD.
• The digital output is converted into original analog

signal by using digital to analog converter.
• The scanning of the tracks by laser beam is done

from the centre towards the edge.
• As the circumference of the outer spirals is larger than the

inner spirals the track speed is made constant, i.e.
44
constant linear velocity of 1.2 m/sec.
DTEL 44
2 :- CD PLAYER CD Player
Component used in CD Player
• Pickup assembly.
• Gear system.
• Drive motors.
• CD lens.
45
DTEL 45
CD Mechanism
track
CD
focus
detectors
diffraction
sled grating
laser
46
Fig 2.2 : CD Mechanism
DTEL 46
CD Mechanism (Figure -2.2)
• The laser beam is generated by small, low power
semiconductor diode made up of aluminum-gallium-
arsenide.
• The CD carries the left and right channel information

separately but interleaves on a single track.
• Signals are recorded in PCM format.
• CD is scanned by a sever-control, optical pickup at a

constant linear velocity of 1.2 meters per second.
47
DTEL 47
CD Medium
Track pitch 1.6 microns
Diameter 120 mm
Pit length 0.8 -3 microns
Pit depth 0.11 microns
Pit width 0.5 microns
Laser wavelength 780 nm
48
DTEL 48
Interleaving
• The majority of errors that may occur during playback of
CD results from scratches, dust and dirt that may reflect the
laser beam.
• Because of the high density of information on CD, such

deflects can easily wiped out several adjacent bits or
samples on track.
• If all the affected samples belong to the same frame, many

multiposition errors can occur inside each frame.
• Interleaving is used to avoid multiposition errors in a frame

during playback. 49
DTEL 49
De-interleaving
• De-interleaving occurs in the CD player at the time of
playback.
• During reading of the CD, the same dropout occurs and

again results in three missing data symbols (4,6 and 8).
• De interleaving is then performed in the CD player to

restore the original sequence of data symbols.
50
DTEL 50
Controls system in CD Player

• The control system of CD player is microprocessor based
system.
• The necessary controls are ‘play’ and ‘eject’, with the

addition of at least ‘pause’ and some buttons which allows
rapid skipping through the program material.
51
DTEL 51
Controls on front panel of CD player
Fig 2.3 :Front panel of CD Player
52
DTEL 52
Controls on front panel of CD player
1. Standby Button
2. Disk Tray
3. Front panel Display
4. Remote Sensor
5. Open Close Button
6. Playback Dial
7. Pause Button
8. Stop Button
9. Surround Button
10. Picture Mode Button
53
DTEL 53
Remote Control of CD Player

• Remote control transmitter consists of encoder circuit,
battery power supply and infra-red led transmitter.
• It has a transmitter which transmits infra-red waves

towards the receiver. this receiver detects the infra-red
waves and produces specific electronic signals.
• Every key has different circuit configuration.
54
DTEL 54
Functions of Remote Control
• Power.
• Eject.
• Phase.
• Program.
• Repeat.
• Shuffle.
• On/Off Time.
• Preamplifier control.
• Volume up and down control.
• Mute function.
55
DTEL 55
Advantages of Florescent display used in CD Player
• A visual indication of CD player status is displayed on a

multicharacter vacuum florescent display.
• The vacuum florescent display is easy to read and

coupling with standard remote handset.
• Vacuum florescent display are bright enough to read in

full sunlight as well as dimmable for use at night.
• Viewing angle is more than 45 degree.

56
DTEL 56
Advantages of CD
• High density digital data storage.
• No wear and tear since CD is read by laser beam.
• Good sound quality.
• Less distortion and no audible background noise.
• Constant speed of read out can be maintained.
• Smaller in size.
• Immune to surface contamination.

57
DTEL 57
Disadvantages of CD
• Data stored once can not be erased or altered.
• Read only in nature (i.e. cd-rom).
• CD read/write needs specialized set-ups.
• Cost of CD write or read equipments may be higher.
58
DTEL 58
Application of CD
• RADIO and TV studios
• Data backups.
• Transportation of software and data.
• Business data storage in large capacity.
• Film achieves.
• Storage of entertainment programs.
• Data storage for longer durations.
59
DTEL 59
LECTURELECTURE
7:-LECTURE
LECTURE1:- 2.5:-
1.7 :-
HI-FI AMPLIFIER CD Player
Summary
• The CD player system is basically similar to any other audio
player system such as cassette tape recorder with some
additional digital signal processing circuit.
• The CD can contain any kind of audio signal such as long

speeches, music, etc.
• Digital circuit offers almost complete immunity to noise.
• Storage capacity of CD is more as compared with cassette

tape.
• Sound quality is good. 60
DTEL 60
LECTURELECTURE
5LECTURE 2.5:-
:- CD PLAYER
5:- CD Player
• State the advantages of CD.
• What is frequency interleaving? why it is used in CD

player.
• State the function of various drive motors in CD players.
• List the advantages of fluorescent display system used in

CD player.
• Draw & explain block diagram of CD player.
DTEL 61
1 . Concept: Aspect ratio, image continuity
2 Vestigial sideband transmission
3 Colour theory.
4 Composite Video Signal
5 TV channel allocation for band I & band III.
DTEL 62
1 Define various terms used in TV system
2 Draw and label composite video signal wave-forms
3 State CCIR-B standards for TV system
DTEL 63
LECTURE 3.1:- TV Fundamental
Aspect ratio
• The width to height ratio is called as aspect ratio and it is

fixed at 4:3 where 4= width, 3= height.
• It is fixed to 4:3 ratio, it gives best viewing comfort, and

artistic appreciation are obtained when picture has a
rectangular format.
• Binocular vision of our eyes is greeter in the horizontal

plane than in vertical plane.
• The region of maximum resolution at the centre of the

retina has greater area along the width than height. 64
DTEL 64
LECTURE 1:-LECTURE 3.1:-
TV FUNDAMENTAL TV Fundamental
Image continuity
• When the picture information is transmitted line by line, we

get impression of continuity due to a phenomenon called
persistence of vision’ of the human eye.
• Persistence of vision is the property of human eye that any

impression produced on the retina will persist for 1/16th of a
second.
• If within short interval of persistence of vision, a series of

images are presented to the eye, and eye will see the
images without break is called image continuity.
65
DTEL 65
Scanning Technique
• Scanning is the process similar to the reading the written

information on the page, starting at top left and end at the
bottom right.
• The scanning is also done line-by-line horizontally from left

to right at a fast rate and vertically from top to bottom at a
slow rate.
66
DTEL 66
Scanning Technique
W
Start of
a line
End of a
line
Trace Retrace
Raster
Fig 3.1 : Scanning used in TV 67
DTEL 67
Interlaced scanning
• In this there are two sequences of scanning for each
frame, scanning lines of one sequence occur in between
the line of the other sequence.
• The numbers in the figure 3.2 are for 625 lines per frame
and blanking period for each sequence is equal to 20 lines.
• The figure 3.2. shows interlaced scanning , the first

sequence of scanning starts left corner and end at point
enter of bottom, after completing 292 ½ lines.
• The vertical retrace start scanning from center of

bottom at the middle of top which takes 20 lines.
68
DTEL 68
Interlaced scanning
Line 1 Line 314
Line 2
Line 315
Line 3
Line 316
Even Fields
Odd Fields
Retrace during line 313 at
the end of even field
Retrace at the end of line 625
beginning of line 1 at the end of
odd filed
Line 311 Line 623

Line 312
Line 624
Line 313
Line 625
Fig 3.2 : Interlace Scanning
DTEL 69
Interlaced scanning
Fig 3.2 : Interlace Scanning [4] 70
DTEL 70
LECTURE 2 LECTURE 3.2:-
:- TV FUNDAMENTAL TV Fundamental
Scanning periods – horizontal
• Duration of one horizontal line is 1/15625=64ms out of

64ms, active line period is 52ms and remaining 12ms is
blanking period.
Scanning periods – Vertical
• The line frequency set at 50 Hz , the nominal duration of

one vertical trace is 20ms (1/50=20ms), 20ms can be
divide into trace period + retrace period=18.720ms +
1.280ms
71
DTEL 71
Vestigial sideband transmission
• In this video is modulated in AM & sound is modulated in FM.
• In AM one carrier & two sideband.
• Information contain in both the sideband.
• They consume more power & more bandwidth.
• Neglecting one sideband will loss brightness information of

video.
• Transmission of one complete sideband (USB) & part of

(LSB) this method of transmission is called as (VSB). 72
DTEL 72
Advantages of Vestigial sideband
• Less power required.
• Bandwidth required is less.
Disadvantages of Vestigial sideband
• It produced phase distortion.
• It may affect due to characteristics or specification of

Video signal like hue, luminance, brightness, contrast etc.
73
DTEL 73
Bandwidth for Color signal
• In the PAL color system is compatible with the CCIRB-625
line monochrome system.
• The color subcarrier is located 4.43 MHz away from the

picture carrier.
• Brightness signal is transmitted at frequency bandwidth of

5MHz, however such a large frequency spectrum is not
necessary for color video signal.
• Thus the maximum bandwidth is necessary for color

signal transmission is around 3 MHz.
74
DTEL 74
Specification of color or color characteristics
• Brightness in TV picture is the average intensity of light.
• It determines the background level of illumination in the

reproduced picture.
• In TV receiver, brightness can be increase or decreases by

changing the DC bias between the control grid and cathode
of the picture tube.
75
DTEL 75
Contrast
• Thus illumination of pixel will appear differently with
different brightness of the background. For example a
white pixel will appear very white in contrast with black
background, but will appear dual white in white
background.
• In other words contrast is the variation in brightness of

individual pixel over the general average brightness of
the whole screen, the two phenomena contrast &
brightness are interrelated.
76
DTEL 76
Viewing distance luminance
• It is the total amount light intensity/energy which is received
by human eye irrespective light is called as luminance.
• It is the measure of visual sensation of the quantity or

brightness of light emitted from a pixel.
• Luminance is not concerned with the surrounding, it is

concerned with the pixel from which light is being emitted.
• The eye is not equally sensitive to all color, it is sensitivity is

59% for green, 30% for red and 11% for blue.
77
DTEL 77
Grassman’s law
• When a color is produced by adding three primary colors, its
luminance is the sum of luminance of individual primary
colors.
• This algebraic relationship is called Grass man’s law.

Y=0.59(G)+0.30(R)+0.11(B),where R,G,B are the intensities
of green, red, blue lights.
78
DTEL 78
Hue or tint
• This is predominant spectral color in light.
• It is the actual color seen by the human eye.

Example:- Red , Green & Blue color represent different color
in visible spectrum.
79
DTEL 79
Saturation
• It shows the purity of color.
• It is the amount of light mixed with color.
• A color which is diluted with pure red without white is

saturated color but red mixed with white is de saturated.
80
DTEL 80
Compatibility
• Color TV system produced a normal Black & White
picture on Black & White TV receiver without any
modification is known as compatibility.
• Similarly Black & White transmission should be able to

produced Black & White picture on color TV screen is
known as reverse compatibility.
81
DTEL 81
Color Theory
• Light rays are electromagnetic waves whose properties are

governed by the frequency or wavelength.
There are two types of color :
1) Primary color
2) Secondary color
82
DTEL 82
Primary color
• There are three primary colors red, green, blue. They are
called as primary because all other colors can obtained by
mixing of these three colors in appropriate proportion.
• When all three primaries colors are incident in equal

strength, we get white color or gray shades of white.
83
DTEL 83
Secondary / Complementary
• When any two primary colors of equal intensity are mixed, the
resultant color is called complementary color. They are also
known as secondary color.
• There are three complementary color yellow, cyan, magenta.

these are obtained as Red + Green = Yellow, Green + Blue =
Cyan, Blue + Red = Magenta.
• These are also known as complementary colors because

when combined with the remaining primary color they give
white. Yellow is complementary to Blue because Yellow + Blue
will give white. 84
DTEL 84
Additive Mixing of Colors
• Additive mixing shows the addition of basic primary color in

specific percentage to developed a desired color example:-
30%red +59%green +11%blue = white.
• This additive mixture of RGB form white color

Example:30%red +11%blue = magenta,30%red +59%green
= yellow,11%blue +59%green = cyan.
• Mixture of three primary color RGB in adjustable intensity

can create different types of color.
85
DTEL 85
Subtractive Colors Mixing
• If the respective color are formed by subtraction of color is

known as subtractive mixing.
• It can developed by primary & secondary color by

subtractive one or more than one color from white, Example:
Red = white – blue – green, Green = white – red – blue,
Blue = white – red – green.
86
DTEL 86
Compression between Additive & Subtractive Mixing
Additive mixing Subtractive mixing
• Addition of light from two or • Subtraction of parts is done
more colors is done in from white.
additive mixing.
• Here mixing of primaries • Mixing of subtractive
result is white primaries result is black.
• Additive primaries are, red, • Subtractive primaries are
blue & green. cyan, magenta, & yellow.
• Light from two or more • Reflecting properties of
colors from independent pigments are used in
sources obtained through subtractive mixing.
different filter.
87
DTEL 87
Composite Video Signal
• Picture information is not transmitted alone it is transmitted
with blanking pulses and sync pulses, and this complete
signal is called as Composite video signal.
• It can be represented either with positive polarity or negative

polarity.
• Video signal along with picture information varies in

accordance with the variation of intensity of light at various
picture element.
• Average value for the whole picture frame is the DC value

which represent background brightness of the picture. 88
DTEL 88
Fig 3.4 : Composite Video Signal [4]

89
DTEL 89
Blanking Pulse
• Blanking pulse are used to blank retrace period of horizontal

scanning as well as vertical scanning process in the
transmitter and also in the receiver.
• In the absence of blanking,retrace will become visible on

the screen and will cause distortion in the picture.
• In INDIA H-blanking pulse is 12 micro sec wide and H-sync

pulse mounted on it is 4.7 micro sec wide. Width of V-
blanking pulse is 1289 micro sec and of V-sync pulse
mounted on it is 160 micro sec.
90
DTEL 90
Color Burst
• The subcarrier is suppressed in the modulated signal at
transmitter, it is necessary to generate in the receiver for
demodulation of the color signal. This signal generated
must be of exactly same frequency and phase as that of
the transmitter.
• To ensure this short wave of 8 to 10 pulse called color

burst is sent to the receiver along with the sync signal.
• The burst signal acts as pilot carrier. Burst signal having

1) 8 to 10 cycle
2) Location at back porch of horizontal sync pulse
3) Duration of back porch is 5.8 micro sec
91
DTEL 91
5:-LECTURE
LECTURE 9 3.9:-
• Explain additive color mixing. state grassmans law.
• What is color burst signal ? why and where it added.
• Define the persistence of vision. how it helps in image

continuity.
• Define the term hue and saturation in TV .
• Explain generation of g-y signal from UV signals.
• Draw CVS signal of 3 scanned lines.
• Explain additive mixing & subtractive mixing used in TV

DTEL 92
Summary
• Concept of Aspect Ratio, Compatibility, and other
characteristics.
• Concept of CVS (Composite video Signal)
• Concept of VSB (Vestigial Side band )
• Concept of color theory
93
DTEL 93
1 Introduction and Audio signal Transmission
2 Positive and Negative Modulation
3 Introduction to Television Camera tube and its type
4 Colour picture tube
5 Colour TV Transmitter
6 Colour TV Receiver.
DTEL 94
1 Introduction to Television Camera tube and its type
2 Introduction to Colour picture tube and its type
3 Colour TV Transmitter and Colour TV Receiver
95
DTEL
LECTURE 1 TV transmitter and receiver
Introduction and Audio signal Transmission
.
Audio signal: The Signal Which carries only sound information
is called audio information. A TV sound signal occupies
somewhat less bandwidth in spectrum than in standard FM
broadcast station.
Video Signal: The Signal Which carries only picture

information is called Video information.
Advantage of frequency modulation:

Noise reduction
Transmitter efficiency
Adjacent channel interference
Co-channel interference 96
DTEL 96
Introduction and Audio signal Transmission
AM and FM : FM is not suitable for video transmission

because due to multiple reception of FM, the ghost
interference appear. as well as the bandwidth for FM is
greater than that for AM.
TV signal: The electrical equivalence of original information

(audio or video) used for Transmitting information at longer
distance in Television is Called TV signal.
Signal bandwidth :The complete range of frequency of a TV

signal is called signal bandwidth. The TV signal occupies a
channel in the spectrum with a bandwidth of 7MHz.
97
DTEL 97
Positive and
. Negative modulation
Positive Modulation : When the intensity of picture brightness

causes increase in amplitude of the modulated envelope,
it is called ‘positive’ modulation.
98
Fig 1. Positive modulation[2]
DTEL 98
Positive and Negative modulation
.
Negative Modulation: When the polarity of modulating video
signal is so chosen that sync tips lie at the 100 percent level of
carrier amplitude and increasing brightness produces
decrease in the modulation envelope, it is called ‘negative
modulation.
Modulating signal
Carrier signal
99
Fig 2. negative modulation[2]
DTEL 99
Merit and .demerit of negative modulation
Negative modulation is preferred for video signal

transmission over positive modulation for following reasons
Effect of noise interference on picture signal.

Effect of noise interference on synchronization.
Peak power available from the transmitter.
Use of AGC (Automatic Gain Control) circuits in the
receiver.
100
DTEL 100
Merit and. demerit of negative modulation
Merit: The merits of negative modulation over positive

modulation, so far as picture signal distortion and AGC
voltage source are concerned, have led to the use of
negative modulation in almost all TV systems now in use.
Demerit: Disadvantage of negative modulation is that as

sync. Pulses are affected by noise there will be loss of
horizontal or vertical synchronization which result in diagonal
and vertical rolling of picture.
101
DTEL 101
. to Television Camera tube and its type

Introduction
A TV camera tube may be called the eye of a TV system. For

such an analogy to be correct the tube must possess
characteristic that are similar to its human counterpart. Some of
the more important functions must be,
Sensitivity to visible light.
Wide dynamic range with respect to light intensity.
Ability to resolve details while viewing a multi element
scene.
102
DTEL 102
Television camera tube
.
Basic principle:
An electron tube use a light-sensitive material/receptor
that converts an optical image into an electrical television
video signal.
The tube is used in a television camera to generate a train

of electrical pulses representing the light intensities present
in an optical image focused on the tube.
An electrical signal corresponding to the amount of light at

that point of the optical image is generated by the tube.
This signal represents the video or picture portion of a

television signal. 103
DTEL 103
Television Camera tube
.
Photoelectric Effects
The two photoelectric effects used for converting variations
of light intensity into electrical variations are
(i) photoemission and (ii) photoconductivity.
Photoemission:
Certain metals emit electrons when light falls on their

surface.
These emitted electrons are called photoelectrons and the

emitting surface a photocathode.
Light consists of small bundles of energy called photons.104

DTEL 104
The number
. of electrons which can overcome the
potential barrier and get emitted ,depend on the light.
Alkali metal are used as photocathode because they

have very low work function.
Fig3. Photoemission[2] 105
DTEL 105
Photoconduction
.
In some metal , when light photon fall on it then its
conductivity / resistivity change.
Semiconductor metals like selenium, tellurium and lead
with their oxide have this property known as
photoconductivity.
The variation of resistance at each point across the
surface of the material is utilized to develop a varying
signal by scanning it uniformly with an electron beam.
Fig4. photoconduction[2] 106
DTEL 106
.
Types of Camera Tubes
Image Orthicon tube
Vidicon
Plumbicon
107
DTEL 107
Image. orthicon tube
Principle : Photo emissive

It has three section:
- Image section
- Scanning section
- Electron gun – cum-multiplier section
108
DTEL 108
Image orthicon
. tube
109
Fig 5. Image Orthicon tube
DTEL 109
Image orthicon
. tube
Glass plate : coated with Silver-antimony serve as
photocathode.
Lens assembly : light from the scene to be televised is

focused on the photocathode surface by lens system.
Photocathode surface is semitransparent and light rays
penetrate it to reach its inner surface where electron
emission takes place .
Target plate : when electron emit from cathode ,it can not
store charge being a conductor .
110
DTEL 110
.
Image orthicon tube
For this reason the electron image is made to move

towards the target plate located at short distance from it.
The target plate is made of a very thin sheet of glass and

can store charge received by it. This is maintained at about
400v more +ve w.r.t photocathode
When electron move from cathode to target plate there is

chance that it may repel each other ,this can result in
distortion of the information available as charge image.
111
DTEL 111
Image orthicon tube
.
To prevent this divergence effect an axial magnetic field
generated by focus is employed.
This magnetic field impart helical motion to electrons and

focus them on target plate .
The image side of target plate has coating of cesium that

emit secondary electron. these secondary electron is
collected by wire mesh which is located at front of target
plate .
The +ve charge appeared on target plate is proportional to

light intensity distribution on photocathode. 112
DTEL 112
Scanning
. section
Fine electron beam

Focus ,alignment coil
Deflection coil
- Horizontal deflection
- Vertical deflection
113
DTEL 113
Electron
. gun assembly and multiplier
Electron gun
Multistage electron multiplier
114
DTEL 114
.
Vidicon
Principle : Photoconductive
It has three section:
- Target section
- Scanning section
- Electron gun
115
DTEL 115
Vidicon .
Fig 6. vidicon 116
DTEL 116
Target.section
Glass plate
Lens assembly
117
Fig 7. Target section
DTEL 117
Fine electron beam
Focus. ,alignment coil
Deflection coil
- Horizontal deflection
- Vertical deflection
Fig 8.Electode and coil arrangement in vidicon and plumbicon 118
DTEL 118
Electron gun
. assembly
Electron gun
119
Fig 9.Electode and coil arrangement in vidicon and plumbicon
DTEL 119
Principle of operation
.
120
Fig 10. Equivalent circuit of Target tube
DTEL 120
Application
. of vidicon
Earlier type of vidicon were used only where there was no
fast movement , because of inherent lag.
These application involved:
- Slides
- Pictures
- Closed circuit TV etc.
The present day improved vidicon find wide application in
- Education
- Medicine
- industry
- Aerospace
- Scanography
121
DTEL 121
Plumbicon
. Camera Tube
lower image lag.
It has fast response and produce high quality pictures

at low light level.
It has small size and light weight and has low power
operating characteristics .
It is similar to vidicon tube except small change in

target plate.
122
DTEL 122
Plumbicon Camera Tube
.
123
Fig 11.Electode and coil arrangement in vidicon and plumbicon
DTEL 123
Intrinsic layer
Fig 12. Target plate 124
DTEL 124
Generation of the colour signal
.
Plan of a colour television camera showing generation of colour

signals and Y matrix for obtaining the luminance (brightness) signal.
Fig 13. Generation of the colour signal 125
DTEL 125
Figure shows a simple block schematic of a colour TV

.
camera.
It essentially consists of three camera tubes in which each

tube receives selectively filtered primary colours
Each camera tube develops a signal voltage proportional

to the respective colour intensity received by it.
Light from the scene is processed by the objective lens

system.
The image formed by the lens is split into three images by

means of glass prisms.
126
DTEL 126
These prisms are designed as diachroic mirrors.
.
A diachroic mirror passes one wavelength and rejects
other wavelengths (colours of light).
Thus red, green, and blue colour images are formed. The
rays from each of the light splitters also pass through
colour filters called trimming filters.
These filters provide highly precise primary colour images

which are converted into video signals by image-orthicon
or vidicon camera tubes.
Thus the three colour signals are generated. These are

called Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) signals. 127
DTEL 127
Solid State camera based on CCD
.
CCD (Charged coupled device) in conventional camera
tube scanning was done by deflection a beam of electrons
horizontally and vertically with the help of saw tooth
currents flowing through the respective deflection coil in a
cathode ray tube.
The CRT is a thermionic device and hence is bulky, costly,

require high voltages and less durable.
With the development of large scale integration circuit, it

becomes possible to etch extremely small photodiode onto
a chip by X-ray using photolithography process and thus
design a fully solid state video camera.
128
DTEL 128
Solid State. camera based on CCD
Photodiode is sensitive to light when light from a scene

strike it, electron are generated. There no. is proportional
to the intensity of light.
The operation of a solid state image scanner is based on

the functioning of CCDs which can store and transfer the
analog charge signals.
Used in digital camera.
129
DTEL 129
130
Fig14. Solid State camera based on CCD[2]
DTEL 130
Colour television
. display tubes
Based on the gun configuration and the manner in which

phosphors are arranged on the screen, three different types
of colour picture tubes have been developed. These are:
Delta-gun colour Picture tube

Guns-in-line or Precision-in-line (P-I-L) colour picture
tube.
Single sun or Trintron Colour picture tube
131
DTEL 131
Delta-gun colour picture tube
.
132
Fig15. Delta-gun colour picture tube[2]
DTEL 132
Delta-gun. colour picture tube
It employs three separate guns one for each phosphor.
The guns are equally spaced at 120°interval with respect to

each other and tilted inwards in relation to the axis of the
tube.
Each phosphor dot corresponds to one of the three primary

colours.
The mask has one hole for every phosphor dot triad on the
screen.
133
DTEL 133
Delta-gun. colour picture tube
The various holes are so oriented that electrons of the

three beams on passing through any one hole will hit only
the corresponding colour phosphor dots on the screen.
higher anode voltages are needed in colour picture tubes

than are necessary in monochrome tubes.
The ratio of the electron passing through the holes to

those reaching shadow mask is only 20%
134
DTEL 134
Precision-in-line
. (p.I.L.) Colour picture tube
This tube as the name suggests has three guns which are
aligned precisely in a horizontal line.
The in-line gun configuration helps in simplifying

convergence adjustments.
One vertical line of slots is for one group of fine strips of

red green and blue phosphors.
Since all the three electron beams are on the same plane,
the beam in the centre (green) moves along the axis of the
tube.
135
DTEL 135
Precision-in-line
. (P.I.L.) Colour picture tube
Fig16. Precision-in-line (p.I.L.) Colour picture tube[2] 136
DTEL 136
Precision-in-line (p.I.L.) Colour picture tube
.
However, because of inward tilt of the right and left guns
the blue and red beams travel at an angle and meet the
central beam at the aperture grille mask.
The P.I.L. tube is more efficient, i.e., has higher electron

transparency and needs fewer convergence adjustments
on account of the in-line gun structure.
It is the most used tube in the present day colour receiver.
137
DTEL 137
Trinitron Colour
. picture tube
The Trinitron or three in-line cathodes colour picture tube

was developed by ‘SONY’ Corporation of Japan around
1970.
It employs a single gun having three in-line cathodes. This

simplifies constructional problems since only one electron
gun assembly is to be accommodated.
The three phosphor triads are arranged in vertical strips as

in the P.I.L. tube. Each strip is only a few thousandth of a
centimeter wide.
138
DTEL 138
Trinitron Colour picture tube
.
Fig15. Trinitron Colour picture tube[2] 139
DTEL 139
Trinitron Colour picture tube
.
A metal aperture grille like mask is provided very close to
the screen. It has one vertical slot for each phosphor
triad.
The grille is easy to manufacture and has greater

electron transparency as compared to both delta-gun
and P.I.L. tubes.
the beams have a common focus plane a sharper image

is obtained with good focus over the entire picture area.
All this simplifies convergence problems and fewer

adjustments are necessary.
140
DTEL 140
Colour TV receiver
.
141
Fig16. Colour TV receiver
DTEL 141
Colour TV receiver
Tuner: The. purpose of the tuner is to amplify both sound and
picture signals Picked-up by the antenna and to convert the
signal frequencies into intermediate frequencies and their
sidebands.
AFT: AFT circuit actually controls the local oscillator frequency

to obtain a picture.
Video Signal Paths: It is necessary to increase the level of

detected video signal before feeding into various sections of
the receiver.
Delay Line: It is provided to reproduce the brightness and

colour information at the same time for any element of the
142
picture.
DTEL 142
Colour TV receiver
.
IF Amplifier :It amplifies the IF signal, as IF is much lower than
the signal frequency and is fixed, the IF amplifier has high
stable gain and high selectivity.
Video Detector : It is a enveloped detector using diode, by

process of rectification and filtering, detect the baseband signal
of CVS and frequency modulated intercarrier frequency (5.5
MHz) The standard o/p of video detector is 1v peak to peak.
Automatic gain control : Its function is to control the gain of

RF & IF amplifier to reduced the differenced between o/p for
strong and weak signal to maintained constant o/p signal.
143
.
DTEL 143
Colour TV receiver
.
. Sync separator : Signal extracted from the video detector
goes to a sync separator stage. The H-sync and V-sync pulses
are further separated from each other by using differentiating
and integrating circuits.
Vertical sweep generator : The V-sync pulse trigger the V-

sweep generator so that it start at the right time. Its frequency
is 50 Hz.
V-sweep amplifier : V-sweep is amplified by buffer amplifier,

driver amplifier and the o/p power amplifier.
144
DTEL 144
Colour TV receiver
.
Horizontal sweep generator : H-sweep frequency is timed
and controlled by H-sync pulse through AFC circuit. AFC is
comparator circuit which compare the H-sync frequency with
the sweep generator frequency.
H-sweep amplifier : The H-sweep is amplified by buffer, driver

and power amplifier stages.
Sound section : Intercarrier frequency amplifier It receives

frequency modulated intercarrier frequency of 5.5 MHz through
the trap circuit, and amplifies it.
145
DTEL 145
Colour TV receiver
.
FM detector : It consist of a limiter and phase shift
discriminator. It work on the principle of shift in phase when the
i/p frequency changes with respect to the resonant frequency
of a resonant circuit.
Audio voltage amplifier : Audio signal is amplified by RC

coupled audio voltage amplifier De-emphasis The audio signal
goes through de-amphasis for high audio frequencies for high
signal to noise ratio.
Audio power amplifier : This is final amplifier which gives

sufficient power o/p to drive the loudspeaker system of the TV
receiver. Generally it is push pull type amplifier.
146
DTEL 146
Colour TV transmitter
.
147
Fig17. Colour TV transmitter
DTEL 147
.
VSB Filter
The modulator o/p is of double sideband type, which is
converted into VSB type by a sharp filter. The filter is design
so that it passes the carrier and the upper sideband i.e
carrier frequency +5 MHz full without attenuation.
The lower sideband produced up to 0.75 MHz below the

carrier frequency , thereafter it is sharply attenuated. The
signal achieved called as AMVSB signal.
Frequency Multiplier : The crystal oscillator cannot directly

produced VHF or UHF range frequencies. The frequency
multiplier are used to get the desired channel frequency
called video carrier. 148
DTEL 148
.
FM modulator
Low level modulation is used before the final power
amplifier to save audio power requirement.
As a crystal is used to generate carrier frequency, direct

frequency modulation is not suitable because it would be
difficult to vary the frequency of a crystal.
Audio carrier generator

It uses a crystal oscillator which is highly stable due to its Q
being very high. It generate very low radio frequency.
149
DTEL 149
LECTURE 9 Chapter 4 Question Bank
1. Differentiate between Positive and Negative Modulation.

2. State the working principle of PIL colour picture tube with
diagram.
3. Describe construction and working of plumbicon camera
tube
4. Explain delta gun picture tube .
5. Explain the working of Vidicon Camera tube.
6. Explain preference of FM over AM for sound signal
7. Draw and Explain the block diagram of colour Tv receiver.
8. Draw and Explain the block diagram of colour Tv
Transmitter.
DTEL 150
SUMMARY
Concept of Positive and Negative Modulation
Concept of Television Camera tube and its type
Concept of Colour picture tube and its type
Concept of Colour TV Transmitter and Colour TV Receiver
151
DTEL 151
1 Introduction & Pal-D Decoder
2 Yagi-Uda Antenna.
3 Chroma signal Amplifier & Burst Pulse Blanking
4 Colour Killer Control Circuit & Separation of U & V Signals
5 ACC Amplifier & Colour Signal Matrixing
6 RGB Drive Amplifier
DTEL 152
7 EHT Generation
8 Introduction to HDTV.
9 LCD TV & LED TV Technology
DTEL 153
1 Introduction & Pal-D Decoder & Yagi-Uda Antenna.
2 Colour Killer Control Circuit & Separation of U &V Signals
3 RGB Drive Amplifier, EHT Generation, LED ,LCD .
DTEL 154
LECTURE 1 Colour TV
Introduction
Television means ‘to see from a distance’.
In the early years of the twentieth century many scientists

experimented with the idea of using selenium photosensitive
cells for converting light from pictures into electrical signals
and transmitting them through wires.
The function of PAL-D decoder is conversion of chrominance

signal into U, V signal and then to corresponding R,G,B
signal.
The Process is done only by using single IC.

155
DTEL 155
LECTURE 1 Colour TV
Pal-D Decoder
Chroma signal selection: select the chrominance signal

and rejects all other unwanted components of the composite
signal.
Color Killer Circuit: As the name suggests this circuit
becomes ‘ON’ and disables the Chroma amplifier during
monochrome reception.
Sync Demodulator: The output from adder and sub tractor
from adder and subtractor consists of two independent
DSBSC RF signals (U and V).
Color difference amplifier and matrixing: Three color
difference signals amplified and fed to appropriate grids of
the picture tube.
156
DTEL 156
LECTURE 1 Colour TV
PAL-D Decoder
157
Fig1: Block Diagram of Pal-D Decoder
157
LECTURE 1 Colour TV
Pal-D Decoder
Burst gate amplifier: separate the colour burst from the

chrominance signal.
Reference oscillator: generate exactly right frequency
with same phase reference as the original colour
subcarrier.
Automatic phase control: compare the burst and locally
generated subcarrier to develop a control voltage.
Burst phase discriminator: give the output as subcarrier
oscillator control voltage and pulse having indent signal.
PAL delay line: Averaging and separate U & V modulation
signal.
Adder and Substractor: U & V signal go to adder and
subs tractor stage directly as well as through delay line 158
DTEL 158
LECTURE 2 Colour TV
Yagi-Uda Antenna
The antenna is mounted on a suitable structure at a height
around 10 meters above the ground level.
Try changing the height of the antenna to obtain maximum

signal strength & Rotate the antenna to check against ghost
images and reception of signals from far-off stations.
Fig2 . yagi-uda antenna 159
DTEL 159
LECTURE 2 Colour TV
Yagi-Uda Antenna
The antenna widely used with television receivers for
locations within 40 to 60 km from the transmitter is the
folded dipole with one reflector and one director.
This antenna provides a gain close to 7 db and is relatively

unidirectional as seen from its radiation pattern.
The receiving antenna is mounted horizontally for maximum

pick-up from the transmitting antenna.
The antenna elements are normally made out of 1/4″ (0.625

cm) to 1/2″ (1.25 cm) di aluminum pipes of suitable strength.
160
DTEL 160
LECTURE 3 Colour TV
Chroma signal Amplifier
Stage 1: Q1 gets input from its base via. Capacitor c1. gain of
this stage is decided by reactance of L1 and magnitude of
ACC controlling voltage fed at base of Q2 through R1 and R2.
C2 avoids undesirable feedback between Q1 and ACC
amplifier. Output signal at collector of Q1 is typically 0.5v
peak to peak. Output of stage 1 is given to stage 2 via. C6 and
to the burst preamplifier through C5.
Stage 2: This amplifier consists of transistors Q2 and Q3.Q2

acting as emitter follower. Q3 works as phase splitting
amplifier whose purpose is to provide antiphase chroma
signal for chroma delay line circuit which separated u and v
signals.
161
DTEL 161
LECTURE 3 Colour TV
Chroma signal Amplifier
Color saturation control circuit: function of saturation
control circuit is to form variable attenuator to change
magnitude of chorma signal which is fed to U &V
demodulator.
Burst pulse blanking: the function of diode D3 D4 and

R18 in chorma amplifier is to prevent colour burst pulse
from getting through 2nd stage of chorma amplifier.
Color killer control: upper end of R10 is connected to

positive voltage generate by colour killer circuit on
rectification of burst pulses. When colour signal is received
bias voltage is 12v. This make Q2 on and ensure flow of
chorma signal to Q3. 162
DTEL 162
LECTURE 3 Colour TV
163
Fig3: Chroma Signal Amplifier Circuit
163
LECTURE 4 Colour TV
Burst Pulse Blanking
The output from the video preamplifier is fed to the first

stage of chorma band pass amplifier through an emitter
follower stage Q1.
Negative going horizontal blanking pulse are coupled to the

base of Q1 through diode D1.
The pulse Drive Q1 into cut off during colour burst intervals
and thus prevent it from reaching the demodulator.
164
LECTURE 4 Colour TV
Fig4: Colour Burst Blanking Circuit

16
5
LECTURE 5 Colour TV
Color Killer Control

The dc operating voltage to Q9 is applied Via center lap on
L4.
Such a connection cause L4 to function as a
autotransformer and enable a waveform of about 24v to be
developed at collector of Q9.
This waveform is fed to the C30 to D10 which function as
rectifier.
R62 and C33 form a low pass filter which provide a steady
dc about 13.5v as the output.
This prevent any stray colour signal reaching R,G,B
amplifier and hence no colour noise appear on black and
white picture during monochrome transmission.
166
DTEL 166
LECTURE 5 Colour TV
167
Fig5: Colour Killer Control Circuit
DTEL 167
LECTURE 6 Colour TV
Separation of U and V Signals
Chroma signal is applied to Q1.
Amplified chroma signal is applied to delta line through

transformer T1.
The signal after passing through he delay line across A

winding of transformer T2.
As the T2 is centre tapped with equal turn the voltage

induced by the signal from delay line will be equal in
amplitude but apposite in phase.
On the other hand direct signal will include voltages with

same phase in both A and B windings.
DTEL 168
LECTURE 6 Colour TV
Fig6: Circuit For Separating U and V Signals
DTEL 169
LECTURE 7 Colour TV
ACC Amplifier
Burst pulse is fed to ACC amplifier diode D8 and R43, C21
and C22 forms half wave rectifier and filter circuit.
It provides negative d.c. voltage which is proportional to

amplitude of received signal.
Output of Q7 is positive voltage which changes with

amplitude of chroma signal.
This voltage is normally 7v.
It is given to the 1st chorma amplifier to control its gain.

Purpose of R46 & R47 is to obtain correctly steady bias for
the 1st chorma amplifier.
DTEL 170
LECTURE 7 Colour TV
ACC Amplifier Circuit
Fig7: ACC Amplifier Circuit
DTEL 171
LECTURE 8 Colour TV
Colour Signal Matrixing
As we know R,G,B matrixing is used in modern

colour receivers.
The view is to explain the technique of obtaining

R,G,B signal of sufficient amplitude from the
weighted U and V signals.
The output is taken at Emitter follower Q7
In this way at receiver color matrixing circuit convert

U ,V and Y signal to R G B signal.
172
DTEL 172
LECTURE 8 Colour TV
Color Signal Matrixing
Fig8: Color Signal Matrixing Circuit
DTEL 173
LECTURE 9 Colour TV
RGB Drive Amplifier
The video amplifier system intended for high resolution

RGB color monitor applications.
In addition to three matched video amplifiers, the video

amplifier contains three gated differential input black level
clamp comparators for brightness control and three
matched attenuator circuits for contrast control.
The video amplifier also contains a voltage reference for the

video inputs.
DTEL 174
LECTURE 9 Colour TV
RGB Drive Amplifier
Fig9: RGB Drive Amplifier
DTEL 175
LECTURE 10 Colour TV
RGB Drive Amplifier

Features:
Three wideband video amplifiers (70 MHz @ b3dB)

Inherently matched (g0.1 dB or 1.2%) attenuators for
contrast control
Three externally gated comparators for brightness control
Provisions for independent gain control (Drive) of each
video amplifier
Video input voltage reference
Low impedance output
DTEL 176
LECTURE 9 Colour TV
RGB Drive Amplifier
Applications:
High resolution RGB CRT monitors
Video AGC amplifiers
Wideband amplifiers with gain and DC offset controls
177
DTEL 177
LECTURE 10 EHT Generation
The term high voltage usually means electrical energy at

voltages high enough to inflict harm.
Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant

particular safety requirements and procedures.
High voltage is used in electrical power distribution in

cathode ray tube, to generate X-ray and particle beam to
demonstrate arcing, for ignition, in photomultiplier tube and
in high power amplifier vacuum tube and other industrial and
scientific applications.
DTEL 178
EHT Generation
Fig10 : EHT Generation
DTEL 179
LECTURE 11 : HDTV
High-definition television (HDTV) provides a resolution that

is substantially higher than that of standard definition
television
Early HDTV broadcasting used analog technology, but

today it is transmitted digitally and uses video compression.
HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the

late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the digital HDTV,
grand alliance a group of television, electronic equipment,
DTEL 180
LECTURE 11 HDTV
HDTV broadcast systems are identified with three major
parameters:
Frame size in pixels is defined as number of horizontal pixels

× number of vertical pixels, for example 1280 × 720 or
1920 × 1080. Often the number of horizontal pixels is implied
from context and is omitted, as in the case of 720p and 1080p.
Scanning system is identified with the letter p for progressive

scanning or i for interlace scanning.
Frame rate is identified as number of video frames per

second. For interlaced systems the number of frames per
second should be specified, but it is not uncommon to see the
field rate
DTEL 181
LECTURE 12 LCD
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display,

electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light
modulating properties of liquid crystal. Liquid crystals do not
emit light directly.
Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules

aligned between two transparent electrode, and two
polarizing filter (parallel and perpendicular), the axes of
transmission of which are (in most of the cases)
perpendicular to each other
LCD panels produce no light of their own, they require

external light to produce a visible image.
DTEL 182
LCD
Advantages:
Very compact and light.
Very little heat emitted during operation, due to low power

consumption.
The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on

backlight technology.
Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold

their state between refreshes.
Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the

monitor to be placed further back from the user, reducing
close-focusing related eye-strain.
DTEL 183
LECTURE 12 : LCD
Disadvantages:
Loss of contrast in high temperature environments.
Not usually designed to allow easy replacement of the

backlight.
Poor display in direct sunlight, often completely unviewable.
Cannot be used with light gun/pen.
Hard to read when wearing polarized sunglasses.
Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low

temperature environments.
.
DTEL 184
LECTURE 12 LCD
What are the different types of LCD?
Transmissive LCD :The Transmissive LCD is illuminated
from one side and viewed from the opposite side. Activated
cells appear dark and inactive cells appear bright. One
disadvantage of Transmissive LCD is that lamp used to
illuminate the LCD consumes more power than consumed by
the LCD itself.
Reflective LCD : This is commonly used in pocket

calculators and digital watches. It is viewed by ambient light
reflected in a mirror behind the display. They have lower
contrast than the Transmissive type, because the ambient
light passes twice through the display before reaching the
viewer. The advantage is that there is no lamp to consume
power, so the battery life is long.
DTEL 185
LECTURE 12 LED
An LED display is a flat panel display which uses an array of
light emitting diode as a video display
An LED panel is a small display, or a component of a larger

display.
The first true all-LED flat panel television screen was possibly
developed, demonstrated and documented by James P.
Mitchell in 1977
There are two types of LED panels: conventional (using

discrete LEDs) and surface mounted device(SMD) panels
A cluster of red, green, and blue diodes is driven together to

form a full-color pixel, usually square in shape.
186
LED TV Technology:
The LED TV is more advanced version of LCD TV
The LED TV use LCD panel with LED backlighting.
An LED TV illuminate its LCD panel with light Emitting

diode.
Specifically this current flow between anode which are

positively charged electrode and LED cathode which are
negatively charged electrode.
In contrast a traditional LCD utilizes fluorescent lamp for

backlighting.
187
1. explain Pal-D Decoder with its block diagram.

2. explain basic principle of Yagi-Uda Antenna.
3. Write short note on Colour Killer Control Circuit
4. Explain Separation of U & V Signals
5. Explain Concept of RGB Drive Amplifier
6. draw the circuit diagram and Explain operation of EHT Generation.
7. Explain Concept of Chroma signal Amplifier
8. Explain Burst Pulse Blanking
9. Explain Concept of ACC Amplifier
10. Explain Colour Signal Matrixing
11. Explain the concept of LCD.
12. Write short note on LED .
DTEL 188
SUMMARY
• Concept of Pal-D Decoder & Yagi-Uda Antenna.

• Concept of Colour Killer Control Circuit & Separation of U & V Signals
• Concept of RGB Drive Amplifier EHT Generation LED LCD
• Concept of Chroma signal Amplifier & Burst Pulse Blanking
• Concept of ACC Amplifier & Colour Signal Matrixing
189
DTEL 189
1 Introduction to Cable TV and cable signal sources
2 Cable TV system component
3 MATV and CATV
4 CCTV and video monitor for CCTV
5 Direct to home service(DTH)
6 DHT service provider and db meter
DTEL 190
1 Cable TV system component
2 MATV CATV and CCTV
3 Direct to home service(DTH) & db meter
DTEL 191
LECTURE 1 Cable TV
Introduction to cable TV
Basically cable TV system is classified as
1) MATV(master antenna TV)
2) CCTV(close circuit TV)
3) CATV(cable TV)
Cable TV was initially introduce for the benefit is possible of

communication in rural area that were beyond the range of
broadcast transmission
However with the advent of satellite television, reception of

signal from a large number of TV station located far away
become possible.
With this cable TV developed in a complex multi channel

192
system and expanded in a big way in all countries.
DTEL 192
LECTURE 1 Cable TV
Cable signal resources

.
The first step in cable TV is to collect the desired signal

from available source
The main signal coming from various satellite. for that

purpose high gain antenna is required.
By correct adjustment of this antenna towards satellite,

collect signal arriving from it by dish and deliver these to
LNBC. this minimize the losses in co axial cable.
193
DTEL 193
LECTURE 1 Cable TV
.
Cable TV system component
Dish antenna:
For application where very high gain and very narrow

bandwidth are needed the parabolic dish antenna is use.
This antenna provide the required gain and bandwidth.
Principle: the parabolic reflector collects all the

electromagnetic waves from satellite due to parabolic
shape reflected rays concentrated at focal point which give
the high gain signal.
194
DTEL 194
LECTURE 1 Cable TV
Fig1: Geometry of Parabola

195
DTEL 195
LECTURE 1 Cable TV
.
Specification of Dish Antenna:
Size-8feet.
Gin-36db.
Band-c(3.7 to 4.2GHz downlink frequency)
Look angle-360 rotation in azimuth.
Offset angle-24.62limit
Focal length-90cm
Azimuth angle= 0 to 360
Aperture efficiency-75%
196
DTEL 196
LECTURE 2 Cable TV
LNBC
The main. function of LNBC is to convert the electrical
signal to a low frequency range to minimize losses in co
axial cable that carry dish antenna signal to control
room.
working principle: LNBC down convert the GHz
Frequency into MHZ Also to reject the noise and
increase the gain of the signal
197
Fig2: Block diagram of LNBC
DTEL 197
LECTURE 1 Cable TV
.
Specification of LNBC
Input frequency-3.625 to 4.2 GHz
output frequency-950 to 1525 GHz
Local oscillator frequency-5150MHz
Impeadance-75 ohm
198
DTEL 198
LECTURE 2 Cable TV
Multiplexer
.
Multiplexer means many input give only one output
simultaneously.
Multiplexer is a linear mixer and all the signal are simply
added together algebraically.
the resultant output signal is a composite of all the channel
carrier and their modulation product.
i/p signal from Signal composite

modulator signal
199
Fig3: Concept of signal multiplexing
DTEL 199
LECTURE 2 Cable TV
.
Multiplexer Specification
Frequency response- flat upto 550MHz

Insertion loss- less than 3 db
Isolation-35db
Input to output-12:1
200
DTEL 200
LECTURE 2 Cable TV
Connectors
To make. the connection between cable or to amplifier
splitter and tap offs, it is necessary to use good quality
whether proof co-axial connector.
Such a loss of signal not only causes interference in
reception on TV sets in many way but also necessities
installation of more line amplifier.
201
Fig4: cable connector
DTEL 201
LECTURE 3 Cable TV
MATV
.
Fig5: MATV 202
DTEL 202
LECTURE 3 Cable TV
MATV
.
Master antenna TV was the four runner of the present day
TV system
It started to provide TV telecast signal to the area which fell

in shadow of hoilock or some high and features
To get the clear reception the antenna should be installed

on the hill top which is named as master antenna or
community antenna
One or more antenna are located on roof top the number

are depending on telecast and their direction.
203
DTEL 203
LECTURE 3 Cable TV
MATV .
Each antenna is located in such a direction that all the
station are received simultaneously.
Antenna output is fed to 4 way hybrid. Rid is fed to Hybrid
is signal combing linear mixer which provide impedance
matching to avoided standing waves.
Thus the output from hybrid is fed to distribution amplifier
by preamplifier.
The output from distribution amplifier is fed to splitter
through co axial line.
Tap off are either transformer coupled or capacitivly
coupled.
There are TV receiver Which receive the signal from
branch line.
204
DTEL 204
LECTURE 3 Cable TV
MATV
.
Application
Community antenna to serve TV receiver In fringe or

shadow areas.
Common antenna to serve the flat in the apartment building

or rooms in hotels or big institute or organization
MATV provides many other values added features to people
205
DTEL 205
LECTURE 4 Cable TV
CATV
.
It originally stood for community antenna television
The signal is received by the common antenna was than

distributed to large number of houses through network of
co-axial cable
Such a concept is valid to huge building having hundreds

of apartment thus eliminating the need of each house to
have its own antenna dish on roof top.
The received signal are than simultaneously transmitted

over a distribution network of coaxial cable on a single
point to multipoint connectivity.
206
DTEL 206
LECTURE 4 Cable TV
CATV .
207
Fig6: CATV
DTEL 207
LECTURE 4 Cable TV
CCTV .
A video monitor reproduces the picture directly from the

composite video signal.
It does not contain RF-IF and associate stages and usually

designed with better reproduction qualities in respect of
resolution bandwidth distortion linearity etc.
The monitor may or may not have audio reproduction

circuitrary associated with it.
Video input- from camera

208
DTEL 208
LECTURE 4 Cable TV
CCTV
.
209
Fig7: Four camera line powered CCTV system
DTEL 209
LECTURE 5 Cable TV
CCTV .
video monitor
Fig8 : Block diagram of video monitor 210
DTEL 210
LECTURE 5 Cable TV
. of CCTV
Application
Monitoring traffic on the road

At cricket or football stadium
Production control in factory
In hospital important surgical operation can be shown to
student outside the operation theater and also a watch
can be kept I patient in bed
211
DTEL 211
LECTURE 5 Cable TV
DTH
.
Direct to home system(DTH)
DTH is defined the reception of satellite programming
with a personal dish in an individual home.
DTH does not need a local cable operator and put the
broadcast directly in touch with the consumer.
212
Fig9: DTH block diagram
DTEL 212
LECTURE 5 Cable TV
DTH
.
The encoder convert the audio video and data signal into
the digital format and the multiplexer mixes the signals.
At the user end there will be a small dish and set top box
to decode and view numerous channel.
On the user end receiving dishes can be small as 45 cm in

diameter.
DTH is encrypted transmission that travels to the

consumer directly through satellite.
A set top box unlike the regular connection decode the

encrypted transmission. 213
DTEL 213
LECTURE 6 Cable TV
How does. DTH differ from Cable TV
In DTH channel should be transmitted from the satellite to

a small dish antenna mounted on the window or roof top
of the user house
So the broadcast directly contact to the user.
The middle man like cable operator are not there in

picture.
Also with DTH a user can see nearly 700 channels.
214
DTEL 214
LECTURE 6 Cable TV
DTH .
DTH superior than cable TV?
DTH offer better quality picture than cable TV.
This is because cable TV in India is analog.
DTH offer stereophonic sound effect.
It can also reach remote area where terrestrial

transmission and cable TV have filed to penetrate.
215
DTEL 215
1. Explain the function of dish antenna.

2. Draw and explain the function of LNBC
3. Write any four specification of dish antenna.
4. Explain working principle of Multiplexer used in cable TV with D Diagram.
5. Why dish antenna Parabolic and meshy surface.
6. Write Design concept for Cable TV network
7. Explain the Need of multiplexer and attenuator in cable TV .
8. Explain with block diagram of DTH system.
9. Draw the Block Diagram of MATV and explain the function of each block.
10. What is the use of Terminating Resistance in MATV .
11. Compare CATV and CCTV by four points .
DTEL 216
LECTURE 6:
LECTURE1:-
SUMMARY
Concept of Cable TV and cable signal sources

Concept of cable TV system component
Concept of MATV and CATV
Concept of CCTV and video monitor for CCTV
Direct to home service(DTH)
217
DTEL 217
References Books:
1. Telivision and Radio engineering, by A.M.Dhake Tata McGraw Hill
2. Modern TV practice(4th edition) by R. R. Gulathi, New Age International
3. Television Engineering and Video System by R. G. Gupta, Tata McGraw Hill
4. Audio Video System by R. G. Gupta, Tata McGraw Hill
5. Basic Telivision and Video System , by Bernard Grob Tata McGraw Hill
6. Modern CD Player Servising Manual ,by Manohar Lotia BPB Publication
DTEL 218
References Web:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compact_Disc_player.
2. http://www.howstuffworks.com
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/backlight.
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/high-defination_television
DTEL 219
THANK YOU
DTEL 220
Recommended Books:
1. Television and Radio engineering, by A.M.Dhake Tata McGraw Hill
5. Basic Television and Video System , by Bernard Grob Tata McGraw Hill
6. Modern CD Player Servicing Manual ,by Manohar Lotia BPB Publication
DTEL 221
References Books:
1. Television and Radio engineering, by A.M.Dhake Tata McGraw Hill
5. Basic Television and Video System , by Bernard Grob Tata McGraw Hill
6. Modern CD Player Servicing Manual ,by Manohar Lotia BPB Publication
DTEL 222
References Web:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compact_Disc_player
2. http://www.howstuffworks.com
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/backlight
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/high-defination_television
DTEL 223

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DTEL (Department for Technology Enhanced Learning)

The Centre for Technology enabled Teaching & Learning

Teaching Innovation - Entrepreneurial - Global 1

Department of Electronics Engineering

1 CHAPTER 1: Hi Fi Audio Amplifier Slide no : 6

CHAPTER 3: TV Fundamentals Slide no : 61

CHAPTER 4: TV Transmitter and Receiver Slide no : 91

5 CHAPTER 5: Colour TV. Slide no : 146

6 CHAPTER 6: Cable Television Slide no : 183

1 Understand operation of audio amplifiers.

Analyze quality of reception of various sound

3 Understand CD player mechanism..

Understand the principle of operation of various

1 . Introduction to Amplifiers: Mono, Stereo, PA

Difference between Stereo and Mono amplifier

3 Block diagram of Hi Fi amplifier and its working

4 Dolby NR recording system

5 Types of speaker – Woofer, Mid-range, Tweeter

6 Cross over network circuit and its function

The student will be able to:

1 Distinguish between different types of Audio amplifiers

2 Draw labeled sketch of Hi-Fi amplifier

3 Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis

Fig 1.1 : Block diagram of mono amplifier

• Mic : It convert sound waves into electrical

• Buffer stage : It’s function is to provide impedance

• Power amp : It can provide amplified signal for

• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into sound

Block diagram of Stereophonic amplifier

Fig 1.2: Block diagram of stereophonic amplifier

• Mic : It convert sound waves into electrical signal

• Power amp : Provide amplified signal for different

• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into sound signal.

• Sound has direction right & left.

• This system is used for high-fidelity amplification

• Amplitude/frequency/phase distortion is more.

Public address amplifier system

• Amplifier used for addressing the people is known as

• Provide sound to long distance without scarifying the

Block diagram of Public address amplifier

Voltage Processing Driver

Fig 1.3: Block Diagram of Public address amplifier

• Mic : It convert Sound Waves Into Electrical

• Mixer : It combines all the input& produced

• Voltage Amplifier : Amplifies weak signal coming from mixer

• Power amp : Provide high amplified signal for

• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into sound

• For amplification of speech signal frequency response is

Minimum requirement of HI-FI amplifier.

• It should have minimum frequency & phase distortion.

• Minimum noise level.

Fig 1.4: Block Diagram of HI-FI amplifier 19

• Switches are connected to pre-amplifier whose function is to

• Output of pre-amplifier contain more noise to remove these

• Equalizer consist of different filters like low, medium & high

• Output of crossover network contains electrical signal for

• One speaker is unable to reproduced equal intensity

• Crossover network separate low frequency signal for