WOOO HYPE IT UP STEM D

Goodbyes are only for those who love with their eyes. Because for those who love with heart and soul
there is no such thing as separation

1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝3
Periodic Relationships
Classified as a Representative Element and
Among the Elements is a Paramagnetic
Dmitri Mendeleev Representative Elements Electron
-made an accurate periodic table Configuration of Cations & Anions
-predicted Eka-aluminum then someone -it loses or gains an electron in order to be a
discovered Gallium which has similar noble gas electron configuration
properties to Eka-aluminum -noble gases are stable
Classification if Elements Example: Na = 11 electrons
Representative Elements 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠1 -> 𝑁𝑎 + = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6
-S and P block 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 = Ne (Neon) it’s a noble gas
Noble Gasses Ca = 20 electrons
-8th block 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 4𝑠 2 ->
Transition Metals 𝐶𝑎+2 = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 = Ar (Noble Gas)
-D block Isoelectronic Species
Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury -Isoelectronic = have the same number of
-no name, last column of d block electrons and have the same ground-state
electron configuration
Lanthanides
Name Proton Electron
-1st row of f block 𝑁𝑎 +
11 10
+3
Actinides 𝐴𝑙 13 10
−
𝐹 9 10
-2nd row of f block 𝑂−2 8 10
−3
𝑁 7 10
Valence Electrons
Ne 10 10
-outer shell electrons of an atom All are Isoelectronic with Ne

-all non-valence electrons are called core
electrons
Example: Na = 11 electrons
1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠1
NOTE: if energy level is not complete like
𝟑𝒔𝟏 , all electron in n will be valence
Electronic Configuration of Cations &
Anions of Transition Metals
-Electrons are always removed first from
the ns orbital and then from the n-1 d
orbitals
Example: Mn = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 4𝑠 2 3𝑑 5

1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 are core electrons, 10 𝑒 − 𝑀𝑛+2 = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑 5 , 4𝑠 2 is

removed rather than getting at d
3𝑠1 is the valance electron, 1𝑒 −
Fe = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 4𝑠 2 3𝑑 6
F = 9 electrons
𝑀𝑛+2 = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑 6
2 2 5
1𝑠 2𝑠 2𝑝
𝑀𝑛+3 =1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑5 , this time we
2 −
1𝑠 is the core electron, 2𝑒 took from d since s is gone
2𝑠 2 2𝑝5 are the valance electrons, 7𝑒 − Effective Nuclear Charge
Atom has 15 electrons
-Shielding effect = the balance between the
Electron Configuration: attraction of the protons on valance
WOOO HYPE IT UP STEM D
Goodbyes are only for those who love with their eyes. Because for those who love with heart and soul
there is no such thing as separation

electrons and repulsion forces from inner 𝑀𝑔+2 12 protons 10 electrons

+2
electrons 𝐶𝑎 20 protons 18 electrons
𝐶𝑎 is larger than 𝑀𝑔+2
+2
-Effective Nuclear Charge (𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) = is the
positive charge felt by an electron Ionization Energy
-𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 increases from left to right and -energy required to remove an electron in
top to bottom in the periodic table the outer shell
𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑍 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 -increases from left to right, bottom to top

Z = Atomic number

Periodic Trends
-elements that behave similarly and have
the same number of valance electrons

Atomic Radius
-size of the atom
-size increases from right to left, top to
bottom
Example: Arrange N, P, Si by atomic size
N < P < Si
Ionic Radius
-Cation is always smaller than atom from it
is formed (Due to attraction kaya liliit)
-Anion is always larger than atom from it is
formed (Due to repulsion kaya lumalaki)
-Noble gasses are the strongest energy
required to remove an electron
𝐼1 = 1st ionization
𝐼2 = 2nd ionization
𝐼3 = 3rd ionization
𝐼1 < 𝐼2 < 𝐼3
-Reason is the lesser the electrons, the
greater the attraction of the electrons
toward the protons since its not splitting it
that much
Electron Affinity
-negative energy change that occurs when
an electron is accepted by an atom
-how much an atom wants to gain an
electron
-increases from left to right, bottom to top

Example: 𝑁 −3 or 𝐹 −

𝑁 −3 7 protons 10 electrons
−
𝐹 9 protons 10 electrons
𝑁 −3 is larger because it has fewer protons
compare to 𝐹 −
𝑀𝑔+2 or 𝐶𝑎+2