10/30/2008

Foundation systems
• The foundation system for a building is the
critical link in the transmission of building
loads down to the ground.
• Bearing directly on the soil, the foundation
system must:
Building Foundations – Distribute vertical loads so the settling of a building is either negligible or
uniform under all parts of the building.
– Anchor the building's superstructure to prevent uplifting due to wind and
earthquake forces.

Foundation systems FUNGSI

• The most critical factor in determining the • MEMINDAH BEBAN KELAPISAN

foundation system of a building is the type TANAH DIBAWAH
and bearing capacity of the soil. Two areas • MENGELAKKAN BERLAKUNYA
to consider in foundations systems include: ENAPAN
– BUILDING DESIGN • MENGEKALKAN KEDUDUKAN
– FOUNDATION TYPES BANGUNAN

SETTLING
• There are three general concerns with the • As a building bears down on the supporting soil, some
settlement is to be expected.
design of foundation systems: • A properly designed and constructed foundation system
– SETTLING should minimize settlement Uneven or "differential"
settlement can cause a building to shift out of plumb
– WATER causing cracks in the foundation, structure, or finish.
– FROST • Extreme differential settlement can lead to failure of a
building's structural integrity.
• The cause of settlement is typically due to a reduction in
the volume of air voids in the soil.

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 10/30/2008

Water
• Ground water can create lateral pressure (called
Equivalent Fluid Pressure) and can penetrate
foundation walls and ground slabs below grade,
especially if they lie below the water table.
• In cohesive soles, ground water may rise through BEBAN
LUAS
capillary action and penetrate a building's ground KEUPAYAAN GALAS TANAH
slab. ASAS
• Granular base materials and vapor barriers are
used to control capillary action.
• Dewatering a foundation site is often required
prior to beginning construction.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI FAKTOR-FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI

R/BENTUK ASAS R/BENTUK ASAS

BEBAN MATI BAHAN

BEBAN BEBAN HIDUP KOS

BEBAN ANGIN LOJI

FAKTOR-FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI FAKTOR-FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI

R/BENTUK ASAS R/BENTUK ASAS

KEUPAYAAN
GALAS KEPAKARAN

KEADAAN TEKNOLOGI
TANAH BAHAN KIMIA
PEKERJA
ARAS AIR BUMI MAHIR

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 10/30/2008

• Foundations are the building component
which transfers building loads to the soil.
• There are two basic types of foundations:
– SHALLOW - Shallow foundations transfer the
load to soil at the base of the substructure
– DEEP - Deep foundations transfer loads far
below the substructure. These foundations
penetrate incompetent soil until a satisfactory
bearing stratum is reached.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow foundations transfer the load to soil at
the base of the substructure.
• Characteristics of shallow foundations are they
are cheap and they require suitable soil.
•Examples of shallow foundations are:
•Pad foundation
•Strip foundation
•Raft foundation

ASAS PAD

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 10/30/2008

• COMBINED FOOTINGS
– Types of Combined Footing:
• 1- Rectangular Combined Footing
2- Trapezoidal Combined Footing
3- Cantilever Footing
4- Mat Foundation

PEMBINAAN ASAS PAD ASAS JALUR

PEMANCANGAN
PENGOREKAN
JALUR
PENYEDIAAN BAHAN BIASA

KERJA ACUAN JALUR

DALAM

PEMASANGAN TETULANG JALUR

LEBAR
KERJA KONKRIT

ASAS JALUR ASAS JALUR

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 10/30/2008

ASAS JALUR PEMBINAAN ASAS JALUR

PEMANCANGAN
PENGOREKAN

PENYEDIAAN BAHAN

KERJA ACUAN

PEMASANGAN TETULANG

KERJA KONKRIT

ASAS RAKIT ASAS RAKIT

PAPAK
PADU

BERSEL

RASUK
DAN
PAPAK

ASAS RAKIT Advantages & Disadvantages

• 1. ADVANTAGES OF USING SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
– 1- Cost (affordable)
2- Construction Procedure (simple)
3- Materials (mostly concrete)
4- Labor (does not need expertise)
• 2. DISADVANTAGES OF USING SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
– 1- Settlement
2- Limit Capacity * Soil * Structure
3- Irregular ground surface (slope, retaining wall)
4- Foundation subjected to pullout, torsion, moment.

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 10/30/2008

ASAS CERUCUK Pile materials

• LAPISAN GALAS SESUAI TIDAK
DIPEROLEHI
• APABILA LAPISAN GALAS JAUH DI
DALAM, > 3 METER, ASAS JALUR
ATAU PAD TIDAK SESUAI
• KERJA PENYAHAIRAN ATAU
KOREKAN MENJADI TERLALU
MAHAL ATAU SUKAR

ASAS CERUCUK – pemindahan beban JENIS CERUCUK

CERUCUK CERUCUK GALAS
GESERAN HUJUNG
TERHENTAK TERGEREK

TUANG PRATUANG SEBAHGIAN

DISITU PRATUANG PUTARAN
LAPISAN LAPISAN
LEMAH LEMAH

KONKRIT KAYU &

KONKRIT PANCUTAN

KELULI
KELULI &
KAYU KONKRIT
TUKULAN

LAPISAN GALAS

KAEDAH HENTAKAN

•TUKUL JATUH
•TUKUL TINDAKAN TUNGGAL
•TUKUL DUA TINDAKAN

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 10/30/2008

CERUCUK TERGEREK

•CERUCUK TERGEREK TUKUL

•CERUCUK TERGEREK PUTAR

TRIPOD PILE

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 10/30/2008

Bore Pile Bore Pile

Rotary Auger

Auger Pile UJIAN BEBAN CERUCUK

• UNTUK MEMASTIKAN BEBAN
CERUCUK ADALAH MENCUKUPI
• CERUCUK UJIAN BUKAN
SEBAHAGIAN DARI KERJA SEBENAR
• BIASANYA MIN SATU UJIAN
CERUCUK DIBUAT
• KEDUDUKAN DIPILIH PERLU BETUL

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UJIAN BEBAN CERUCUK
• BEBAN DIKENAKAN SEKURANGNYA
50% LEBIH DARI BEBAN SEBENAR
• UJIAN DIBUAT SEHINGGA CERUCUK
HAMPIR GAGAL ATAU GAGAL
• BEBAN DIBIAR 24 JAM
UJIAN 3
• Menggunakan ujuan penusukan kadar tetap
• Cerucuk dihentak dalam tanah pada kadar tetap
contohnya 0.8mm seminit
• Beban yang perlu untuk menghasilkan kadar
penususkan dikehendaki diplot terhadap pesongan
dan masa
• Apabila tidak ada lagi beban yang dapat
menghasilkan kadar penususkan, keupayaan galas
terbesar sudah diperolehi
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10/30/2008
UJIAN 1
• Membina jerejak atau pentas yang diperbuat dari
keluli atau kayu di atas cerucuk yang hendak diuji
• Sejumlah kentlej (blok konkrit) diletak di atas
pentas
• Bicu hidrul kemudian diletak diantara kepala
cerucuk dan blok konkrit
• Ujian dijalankan dengan mengenakan beban
secara perlahan
UJIAN 2
• Tiga cerucuk dibentuk sederet
• Dua cerucuk diluar diikat dengan rasuk
keluli
• Bicu hidraul diletak diantara kepala cerucuk
dan rasuk diatasnya
• Tekanan yang dikenakan keatas cerucuk
diukur sehingga cerucuk gagal
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