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Topic 3 (Stress and Strain)
Topic 3 (Stress and Strain)
Topic 3 (Stress and Strain)
Topic 3:
Stress and Strain
b 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇(𝑷)
𝝉=
Fig 3.2. A transversely 𝑨
loaded member
A shear stress is produced by a shear strain
Equations of equilibrium and compatibility are general and can be derived in terms of various co-ordinate
systems
where 𝑋 is the body force that acts on the entire volume (e.g. gravity, inertia).
7 SUTS HES5320 Sem 2 2014
Equilibrium Equations: Cartesian Coordinates
Divide through by the volume 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 to get:
𝝏𝝈𝒚 𝝏𝝉𝒙𝒙
+ =𝟎 Eq. (2)
𝝏𝝏 𝝏𝝏
OR
Eq.(3)
Eq.(4)
Axial Symmetry
In certain cases, such as a ring, disc or cylinder, the body is symmetrical about
central axis 𝑧 through 𝑂. In this instance
σθ at any particular radius is constant
Stress component depend on 𝒓 only
The shear stress component τθ𝐫 must vanish
These conditions, arising from axial symmetry, lead to the elimination of
Eq.(4) and reduces Eq. (3) to:
Eq.(5)
14 SUTS HES5320 Sem 2 2014
Strain in terms of displacement: Cartesian Coordinates
Now that we have our equilibrium equations in terms of stress (equations 1-4). What can we do with it?
Remember that we cannot measure stress directly, we have to measure it through strain.
Strain, in turn, depends on displacement or deformation. Our next move is now to relate both
strain and displacement, which will then help us to relate stress and strain. Get the idea?
Axial Symmetry
Again, for the body that is symmetrical about a central axis, 𝑧 through 𝑂
-There is no tangential displacement, 𝑣
- 𝑢 does not vary with θ
-Shear strain γ𝑟θ is equal to zero, therefore τθ𝑟 is zero
This then lead to a reduced displacement field with just two components:
Notice now that we have three strain equations with 2 unknowns (𝑢, 𝑣).
There must be a relationship between the three strains.
This may be obtained by differentiating the expressions of
strains with respect to 𝑥, or 𝑦, or both 𝑥 and 𝑦.
Compatibility equation
18 SUTS HES5320 Sem 2 2014
Compatibility equations in terms of stresses
To obtain the compatibility equation in terms of stress, we need to recall the expression for the
Generalized Hooke’s law. Hooke’s law relates stress and strain through the constant of
proportionality called the Young’s modulus.
We will consider the case of a plane stress under which σz= 0 and 𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 and 𝛾𝑥𝑥 are related
to the stresses as:
σ x νσ y
εx = −
E E
σ y νσ x
εy = −
E E
τ xy 2τ xy (1 +ν )
γ xy = =
G E
Substituting the above equations in the following equation
Eqns. 7&8 are the previously derived equilibrium equations. Differentiating eqn. 7 with
respect to 𝒙 and eqn. 8 with respect to 𝒚 and add to get
10
In terms of stresses:
11
12
In terms of stresses:
13
d2 1 d
2 + (σ r + σ θ ) = 0
dr r dr
Multiplying out:
d 2 σ r 1 dσ r d 2 σ θ 1 dσ θ
2
+ + 2
+ =0 (14)
dr r dr dr r dr
dσ r
Obtain 𝜎𝜃 from the above Eqns. σθ = r + σr
dr
Differentiate the above equation:
dσ θ dσ r d 2 σ r dσ r
= +r 2
+ (15)
dr dr dr dr
and
d 2σθ d 2σr d 2σr d 3σr d 2σr d 2
σ d 3
σr
= + + r + =3 r
+r (16)
dr 2 dr 2 dr 2 dr 3 dr 2 dr 2
dr 3
Substituting Eqns. (15) and (16) for 𝜎𝜃 in Eqn. (14) and gathering terms
together gives:
d 3σ r d 2 σ r 3 dσ r
r 3
+5 2
+ =0
24 SUTS HES5320 Sem 2 2014
dr dr r dr
Summary of compatibility equations in under axial symmetry
d 3σ r d 2 σ r 3 dσ r
r 3
+5 2
+ =0 17
dr dr r dr
18
19
Solution:
Differentiate first equation with respect to θ and the second equation with
respect to z
∂ε z ∂ w2
∂γ θz 1 ∂ 2 w
= =
∂θ ∂z∂θ ∂z r ∂θ∂z
∂ε z ∂γ θz
=r
26 SUTS HES5320 Sem 2 2014
∂θ ∂z
Example 3.2
Derive compatibility equations from the following
strain-displacement relationships:
Solution:
Differentiate first equation with respect to z, the second equation with
respect to y , and the third equation with respect to x
∂γ xy ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂γ xz ∂ 2u ∂γ yz ∂ 2v
= + = =
∂z ∂y∂z ∂x∂z ∂y ∂z∂y ∂x ∂z∂x
Therefore the compatibility equation is :
∂γ xy ∂γ xz ∂γ yz
= +
27 SUTS HES5320 Sem 2 2014 ∂z ∂y ∂x