Hazel Intacto

BSN 1A1 – 8

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
The goal of nursing is “to put the patient in the best condition for nature
to act upon him”. - Nightingale
Defined nursing as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patients to assist him in his
recovery” it involves the nurse’s initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the
gradual restoration of the patient health, and that external factors associated with the patients
surroundings affect life or biologic and physiologic processes and his development.
• Florence Nightingale provided a professional model for nursing organization.
• She was the first to use a theoretical foundation to nursing.
• Her thoghts have influenced nursing significantly
INSIGHTS
 Natural laws
 Mankind can achieve perfection
 Nursing is achieved through environmental alteration
 Nursing requires a specific educational base
JEAN WATSON
According to Watson (1997), the core of the Theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be
treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature, and the
larger workforce.” Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing; with the
emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the care giver and care recipient.
The theory is focused on “the centrality of human caring and on the caring-to-caring
transpersonal relationship and its healing potential for both the one who is caring and the
one who is being cared for” (Watson, 1996).
INSIGHTS
Watson’s theories has personally broadened my horizons personally.
Researching her theories and concepts of nursing has given me immense insight on how to view
and treat my patients (in future) in various situations. I find that her concept of caring is truly
what the core element of nursing should be, or as she states it is the “true essence of nursing”
Watson, J.
KATIE ERIKSSON
Katie Eriksson is a Finland-Swedish nurse. After taking nursing in 1965 to be able to practice
nursing, she became a nursing instructor at Helsinki Swedish Medical Institute. She currently
works as a professor of health sciences at Abo Akademi University in Vaasa, where she built a
master's degree program in health sciences, and a four-year postgraduate studies program leading
to a doctoral degree in health sciences.
Eriksson, Katie
a nursing theorist who developed the Theory of Caritative Care, which distinguishes between car
ing ethics, the practicalrelation between the patient and the nurse, and nursing ethics, the ethical
principles and rules that guide decision-
making.Caritative caring consists of love and charity, or caritas, and respect and reverence for hu
man holiness and dignity.Suffering related to lack of caritative care violates human dignity.

PATRICIA BENNER
Benner earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in nursing from Pasadena College in 1964. She was
given a Master of Science in Medical-Surgical Nursing from the University of California at San
Francisco in 1970, and a Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1982.
Patricia Benner developed a concept known as “From Novice to Expert.” This concept explains
that nurses develop skills and an understanding of patient care over time from a combination of a
strong educational foundation and personal experiences.

Benner proposed that a nurse could gain knowledge and skills without actually learning a theory.
She describes this as a nurse "knowing how" without "knowing that." She further explains that
the development of knowledge in fields such as nursing is made up of the extension of
knowledge through research and understanding through clinical experience.

The theory identifies five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent,
proficient, and expert.
INSIGHTS
This theory changed the profession's understanding of what it means to be an expert, placing this
designation not on the nurse with the most highly paid or most prestigious position, but on the
nurse who provided "the most exquisite nursing care.