5.1 The cross-sectional area of the test section of a large water tunnel is 100 f, For a test velocity of 50 ft/s, what vol- ume flowrate capacity in gal/min is needed? Q-AV Q= (oot! N50 # ) (7.48 ga! We * AA gos. in Q= 623 me” [s.2 J 5.2 A hydroelectric turbine passes 2 million gal/min through its blades. If the average velocity of the flow in the circular cross-section conduit leading to the turbine is not to exceed 30 ft/s, determine the minimum allowable diameter of the conduit. For incompressible flow through the conduit and turbine ‘conduit . 8 rerbine Thus V onauit conduit ‘conduit turbine ana Tat = 1/4 Srurbis [4 2X10" fin) 4 aptutt r a so Ir (39 Henn gal) conduit Gi 3 v7 = 13.8 Ft conduit bet5.3 5.3 Air flows steadily between two cross sections i straight section of 0.25-m inside diameter pipe. The st perature and pressure at each section ae indicated in Fig. P5,a. Seven Section (2) If the average air velocity at section (2) is 320 m/s, determine p= 690 iPa (abs) bp = 127 KPa (abs) the average air velocity at section (1. 'r, = 300% Teo 22k = 320 mis m FIGURE P5.3 For steady tlw between sections (1) and(2) m= m, or = pA, he 7- ZAG “i AA Assuming thaf under the conditions of this problem, air behaves as an ideal gas we use the (deal gas eguation of state C&g. 47) & get fe = & R (2) mis Combining &ys. | and 2 and observing that 4 =A, we get BLO . Grr khlabs)]GQ0K (320 ~) oa ae (PR 7 60 Araless J(252K)5. ‘The wind blows through a 7 ft X 10 ft garage door with 4 speed of 2 fi/s as shown in Fig. P54. Determine the average speed, V, of the air through the two 3 ft x 4 ft windows, 22 r_———$ m FIGURE P5.4 For steady incompressible flow Qgange ~ Quvidow + Surirdon oor Ca, v. eA. VtA, a gerage “normal to indo window oor garage deor ; 50 the average speed, V, of the air through the two windows Is Aggrage Vaormal te garage der C744) (104t0(2 $4) sm30" - 2.92 # 2Aaarrdows 203 )CEF) Note: Only the component of velocity normal to the area transports mass across the area. ve Veangent 244 Vpormal 5-3Les ] 5.5 Water flows out through a set of thin, closely spaced blades as shown in Fig. PSS with a speed of V = 10 r/s around the entire circumference of the outlet, Determine the mass flow- rate through the inlet pipe. ) Vgutlet 60560" Voutlet FIGURE 5.5 Use the control volume. contamed witha the broker, lines shown 1 the sketch above . From the conservation of mass principle Minter ~ “outlet Also - = cos 60° gtr = PA utes V aes? an nae a Voutter OF 6 = (vat stage) ar (aettyos HW ft cos 60° fF = 3.66 slugsThe 0.4-n, diameter ‘ovetiow hes 5.6 Water flows into a sink as shown in Video V5.1 and Fig. P5.6 at a rate of 2 gallons per minute. Determine the average velocity through each of the three 0.4 in. diameter overflow holes if the drain is closed and the water level in the sink remains constant Q, =Q, for the contrel volume indicated, ve = o.00e # = FIGURE P5.6 St (ae ) a Tae = i a 46 # QAM or Va ae = POOH = 1,70 *Leeey] AE 5.7 5.7 Various types of attachments can be used with the shop vac shown in Video V5.2. Two such attachments are shown in Fig. P5.7—a nozzle and a brush. The flowrate is 1 ft/s, (a) Determine the average velocity through the noz- zle entrance, V,, (b) Assume the air enters the brush attach- ‘ment in a radial direction all around the brush with a ve- locity profile that varies linearly from 0 to V, along the length of the bristles as shown in the figure. Determine the value of V;. 3 (@) Q, = where Q,21# This, 2 FIGURE P5.7 =ds AN=@ 7 Vehn=pea so aa - Fay Vy, = 45.08 (6) Q =O, where Q= IL and Q= GA, where V, = average velocity at (3) = = Vy a As = 7 Dy hy Thus, Ei [mCaM(4E ny] <1, on % it538 $.8 Air at standard conditions enters the compressor shown in Fig. P5.2 at a rate of 10 ft'/s. It leaves the tank through a 1.2-in-diameter pipe with a density of 0.0033 slugs/ft® and a uniform speed of 700 ft/s. (a) Determine the rate (slugs/s) at which the mass of air in the tank is increasing or decreasing. (b) Determine the average time rate of change of air density within the tank c.ooass tugs Tt = FIGURE P5.8 use the control volume with the broken Ines. (a) Fron the conservahan of mass principle we get M, so _ Vv Bente = ty Oy = OF, Cot Bat beat bt . Days. (60023 39 Vio ff) (owss #2) x (14%)(n9 tty Ps. FO] (44 im s DE ahs (i = DMeys 0.00456 sug laereasing bt Ss (6) Wy = D0 Ya) VY, QP = 0.00456 £7 a Dr be 5 z - 50 og o.coss Lhd _ 0.004se Hy oxi tony a 7 a — bt Ye Zot £4355.9 As shown in Fig. P5.q at the entrance to a 3-ft-wide channel the velocity distribution is uniform with a velocity V. Further downstream the velocity profit is given by u =~ 2y7 where is in Fi/S and yis nt. Determine the value of V (2) 0) 2a = FIGURE P5.9 Use the contr! Volume indlicaled by the broken lines 1a the skelth abwe- From the conservation of mass principle Q, = ay = fudA We VA, = fuaa for 2y2)b dy A, >/ sft 3 Q = 2/49 _ 2y?]b. 46 47 VbiH)s 2fr ay? ] be tet ve 4 2 1.79 ft 360.75) —s 5-75.10 5.10 A hydraulic jump (see Videw V10.5) is in place down- stream from a spill-way as indicated in Fig. PS. Upstream of the jump, the depth of the stream is 0.6 ft and the average stream velocity is 18 ft/s. Just downstream of the jump, the average stream velocity is 3.4 ft/s. Calculate the depth of the stream, just downstream of the jump. ™ FIGURE P5. ra For steady incompressible flow between sections (1)and(z) Q,=@, or VA = YA, Thus Vh = VAL and Ce B06) _ 3 1g 4 (G4 #) Sul For the control volume shown: : av ' "ake Phin Tat = [0d Gi aD | Gout . ._2Vwater recreate or since m=e@, control surface Qin - Got = He Arete) = Arake at THUS, dh _ Qut=Gin _ (45000 - 0,900) "Alas 225 mi* (52908, = 5,90x/0o (3006. )(2¢-M,) = 0.510 4 ~6 in. = 5,90K/0512 5.12 Air at standard atmospheric conditions is drawn into a compressor at the steady rate of 30 m/min. The compressor pressure ratio, Pou! Paix» is 10 to 1. Through the compressor p/p" remains constant with n = 1.4. If the average velocity in the compressor discharge pipe is not to exceed 30 m/s, calculate the minimum dis- charge pipe diameter required. for steady flow AG section(1) (inlet) 5-95.13 5.13 It takes you 1 min to fill your car's fuel tank with 8.8 gal of gasoline. What is the average velocity of the gaso- line leaving the 0,60-in.-diameter nozzle at this pump? Anozzle Yrorsle =, where Q =(8.8 gal /608)( 114/748 gal) = 0.0196 ft/s Thus, 3 Vavazle =Q/fnozzle = 0.0186 EL 57/0Slit 5.14 Two rivers merge to form a larger river as shown in Fig. P5.14 and Video V10.2. At a location downstream from the junction (before the two streams completely merge), the nonuniform velocity profile is as shown and the depth is 6 ft. Determine the value of V. m FIGURE P5.14 Use the cmbel volume shown within broken lines in the sketch abwe. We nol that p= eFly and From the comservahon of mass principle we get Thus eAY + PAY, ~ PA, O8Y +p AV 1 ve 4M 744% _omeaet +(g0tt UGE) —_———_ ACor+ A, (Gobet s}t (ntl) eV and v= 3-63 tf ——_s s-ilSAS 5.15 Exhaust (assumed to have the properties of stan- Vaz ca dard air) leaves the 4-ft diameter chimney shown in Video EGY V5.3 and Fig. P5.15 with a speed of 6 fUs, Because of the wind, after a few diameters downstream the exhaust flows in horizontal direction with the speed of the wind, 15 fs. Determine the horizontal component of the force that the blowing wind puts on the exhaust gases. mw FIGURE P5.15 For the control volume indicated the x-component of the momentum eqvation is Uz Pe, - UPVA, =Z fe, where u,=0, =V, Thus, Mh ehA, =R., where Ry is the net horizontal force that the wind puts on the exhaust gases. Thos, oe Ry = ty Ve where y= pAnle= PAM (ine. m= te) or m, = (0.00238 shes) B (vy Ys) = 0,179 Slee Hence, R, = 0179 S18! (1s Bye 2.69 eH = 2 49 lb S12S16 5.16 Water enters the horizontal, circulas = cross section sudden contraction nozzle sketched Section 2) in Fig. P516 at section (1) with a uniformly dis- tributed velocity of 25 ft/s and a pressure of 75 psi. The water exits from the nozzle into the at- mosphere at section (2) where the uniformly dis- tributed velocity is 100 fs. Deter- maine the axial component of the anchoring force required to hold the contraction in place. FIGURE P5.16 A fixed, non-detorming centre! volume that contains the nozzle and water in if belween sections (1) and (2} fe shown below. control yolume mea ave mL 1 1 i 1 Pa Ag =O ee ph 7 fa re — A w= V, leet VaF U2 | H Application of the horizontal op x-direction component of the momenivm equation (Eq.517) to the flow through this contro] volume yields =U, OU, A, + Un Pn hy =f, Ay - % ~p. Ae w where ~2=0 since the fluid exits as a free jet. Also, from the conservation of mass eqvation (Eq, 6/2) we obtain , = elf, =e uA, so that F901) becomes th (Up-t,) = fA Fy or Fy = pit +m (tn-t,) 2) cont) 5-13516 (con't) Note thal atmespheric pressvre forces cancel of and are not shown. Thvs, Fy = (75 $a) B (aint +0198 GE) (25) Bain (HE, \ioo-asyt or fy = 3521 S14S17 5.17 Water flows as two free jets fro... the tee attached to the pipe shown in Fig. P57. The exit speed is 15 m/s, If viscous effects and gravity re negligible, determine the x and ¥y components ofthe force that the pipe exerts on the tee FIGURE P5.I7 use the Control volume Shown. For the x-component of the force exerted by the pipe on the tee we use the x- component of the linear momentum equation - VeYA, Hope, = BA, BA” By A-A,)+E Oe Fam A(5 faor Bleds) # “BATE, @ To get ¥ we use conservation of mass @,= A, + Os or AV, =A,¥, tA; yy so Vy = At Avy 2 Cam y(15"%) + (0.5 Ys % ) 212% A, In To estinale Pig, we use Bernoul|i's equation for How betvten (i)ardlle) Poyese 4g 2 aase + YS hae 08) Go feed arog (pee) eae Now using 8a) we get: [bgytn eg lon) = Cans foxes) (12,500 © Vim) +e . 40, 500 Lt or -72 oon= Fy $0 Fi, = 7200.N <— For the y componond of He tore exer ea by Te pipe on tha te we use tw Y component of he a mamentem egrahin fo get e% 422 (gf 8 Ye Q (03) = 67z400n f =F, 5-155.18 pee 5.18 Determine the magnitude and direction of the x and. y components of the anchoring force required to hold in place the horizontal 180° elbow and nozzle combination shown in Fig. P5.18, Neglect gravity. FIGURE P58, = 15 psi Vy = Sts For determining the X and y direction components of the anchoring force & Control volume that contains the elbow, nozzle and water between sections (1 Jand (2) is used. The control volume and the forces involved are Shown th the sketch above. Application of the y direction component of the lrear momentum equation (Eq. 5.17) leads to F=20 ay = Application of the xedivection component of the linear momentum eguation yields ~4euh, - 4 PMA, = BA B+ pay a PA Gath From the conservation of mass equation rhe= PUA, = pu A, @ Thus &. 1 may be expressed as ~p48, (ut 4) = RAW Gt RA and B= PUA (Hts) #PA, + EA, = PM, TA (etn) + TPs (OA, a (i2 ind5.19 3.19 A converging elbow (see Fig. P5.19) turns water through an angle of 135° in a vertical plane. The flow cross section diameter is 400mm = —» at the elbow inlet, section (1), and 200 mm at the elbow outlet, section (2). The elbow flow passage volume is 0.2 m? between sections (1) and (2). ‘The water volume flowrate is 0.4 m/s and the p elbow inlet and outlet pressures are 150 kPa and ‘N 90 kPa. The elbow mass is 12 kg. Calculate the L ff Pant horizontal (x direction) and vertical (z direction) anchoring forces required to hold the elbow in place. sVhiriininininininins + Section hy z ON dy 13529), A control volume that contains the elbow and the water within the eloaw between sections (i)And(2) as shown in the sketch above is used. Application of the horizontal or x direction component of the Tinear momentum egration yields ° . = 4, pu, - VesHse YA, = BAF + PA css From conservation of mass m= pu, = PUA, = pQ a Thus eo og + fa" + PAtRA, 05 45°, “ee fe on tient g = (im rer he (vn 22) oi) Ax 1) lowna (00 may” um =) har rama 4Pe (400 mm)* +(40K?a) (200m joo] 25700 N Application of the vertical or # direction Component of the hacar momentum equation leads h ~v, sin 45° VA, = BA, sin ts — FW M Which when eee with &g./ gives = pes rin 72, a a = a Sin IS + pA sins” -W,-W= & 15% AS TO mg Coon't ) a 5-175.19 | (con't) =(78 foam) sintst fa Sr a 4 (eee ge)» -(™ S)0#2) 00 leona) = N Fz 7 3520_N hae 60 klar (200mm Jrinys* *2 # (1000 mny*5.20 5.20 Water is sprayed radially outward over 180° as indicated in Fig. PS.20. The jet sheet is } in the horizontal plane. If the jet velocity at the nozzle exit is 30 ft/s, determine the direction and magnitude of the resultant horizontal anchoring y force required to hold the nozzle in place. 05 in eh x FIGURE PS.20 The control volume includes the noz3le and waler between sections (1) aud (Z) a3 indicated im the sketch above. Application of the y ditecton component of the linear momentum equaton yields LuV A = LG = Fay Thus, with vi; =, cos and ae 200A A= ( ()d8 this gives = ele vce @)(%) Ado = PARY Cit 510) or oO . 0. Application of the X divechon component of the Vinear momentum eguation leads t Duels = Lk = Fay Thus, with ur=Va sind ty oC 1 0 - cos Tr) or pe often 0a) eee = pARY; (0 4 (os in.) (Bin) (82 £) 72) &— (asin) (8 in) BT SEE = (1.94 slags Ea ia fl fax Fe (#3 &) ) (#2) See ‘ fe = ib ee52t 5.21 A circular plate having a diameter of 300 mm is held perpendicular to an axisymmetric hor- izontal jet of air having a velocity of 40 m/s and ; Vigan @ a diameter of 80 mm as shown in Fig. P5.21. A i hole at the center of the plate results in a dis- 80 mm <@e=Fa, x }—P 40 mis charge jet of air having a velocity of 40 m/s and 1 a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the horizontal component of force required to hold the plate ad Figure Psat 148 Plate The conkol volume contains the plate and flowing ar as indicated ta the sketch, above. Application of the bovizontal or x direction component of the linear momentum equation yields —4pu4A, + uj pba, = Fy, or - wp me 2 aod fe eG wea = sex (tt) Ts = (#0 ze (7 4) 2 [Goma bone} ( (1000 race on, and a Fo = 927N ‘Ax —— 5-205.22 5.22 A sheet of water of uniform thickness ( = 0.01 m) flows from the device shown in Fig. PS.22.The water enters vertically through the inlet pipe and exits horizontally with a speed that varies linearly from 0 to 10 m/s along the 0.2 m Tength of the slit. Determine the y component of anchoring force necessary to hold this device stationary. A control volume that contains the box portion of the device and the water in the ox as shown in the sketh above is used. Application of the y-direction Component of the linear momentum Aghation yields 2 Far = 2 Me Net Ai = {orevda = efarh de The variation of wv with x is linear or wr SOx ei Thus Oe 2 2 3 ft y=? { GooxSndx =e (50) b | i ° or a 3 = (99944 4 ra 2 1 Nis* re (® iso £Yo.01 ) Gaze) ( ary ) and F = 66.6N5.23 5.23 The hydraulic dredge shown in Fig. P5.23 is used 10 dredge sand from a river bottom. Estimate the thrust needed from the propeller to hold the boat stationary. Assume the spe- cific gravity of the sand/water mixture is SG = 1.2. = FIGURE P5.23 Using the control volume thom by the broben line in the “sketch, above we use the horizontal or x component of the linear momentuns eguatin fe get 2 F= PAY, Us = 6,692 de UY, cos 30°) Where section / is where tlow enters fhe contre/ volume verbally and section 2 is where Flow leaves ke carro! Vohkeme at an angle of 30° trom the horizenfal direction, Nolte that there is no horizontal divection b'near momentum Flow at section ;~ 2 = Mo stugs)(i.4) 7 BFL) (30 #4 (90 #4) Cos A, = fot hepa) oa Ge FY 5) fe sig B= 6650 /o * S225.24 5.24. Water flows steadily into and out of a tank that sits on. frictionless wheels as shown in Fig. P5.24# Determine the di- ameter D so that the tank remains motionless if F = 0. Applyrig the harizonta! component of cd Untar momentum eguobon to the contents of the tomtrol FIGURE P5.24 Velume shown in the skekh we get: Z Uout Vout Aout ~ E thin pVin Ain = & Fe —VieYA,-Yeleh + %PY Ay = 9 ov one yee _ Bev ar se tds d Sire yay, aifagn we older Y, yr avd uD” aw Fron, the conservation of mass egrahim we get Q =A, + & or Va =VD'4+yd~ Again, F010. Y= Vy = V2gh we get Vad® = prt yd* @ Leokns at Gs. C1) and (2) together we Conclude If ye, &%-02 cannot be satichied 63-6) Can be satisted e567 Can ke sakshed eg.) Cennet be sahished cy) tan be sahished wik bz 0 2) Can be sated wth D=O ° Xx x s Is yh must lee set So That Yc YyoYegn =, 5-23o 5.28 5.25 The thrust developed to propel the jet ski shown in Video V9.7 and Fig. P5.25 is a result of water pumped through the vehicle and exiting as a high-speed water jet. For the conditions shown in the figure, what flowrate is needed to produce a 300 Ib thrust? Assume the inlet and out- let jets of water are free jets. 355 in. dlamter outlet jet m FIGURE P5.25 For the control volume indicated the x- component of the momentum equation is Re EUs pV As- Lu eVA = 2% or (30 (V cos30')etV,)A,+ Ve ple )Ar = Ry ‘sorkace * where we have assumed that <0 on the entire control surtace and that the exiting water jet ic horizontal. With m= AM =pAaV: &.() becomes Ry = 1 (Va ~ Vy cos8) = eA, (Vy- V, cos 30°) a Also, AM =A,\a so tat fi AM 25in> = y= A £(3.5in)* 4 = 2.60 \, Gd By combining Eqs. (1) and (2)* Ry = eVRA, (2.60-cos30") or & 300 Ib _ i Wl ora ae) (2.60-cos30" A| ~ ard Thus, QAM, = GEER) (2278) = 3,90 F 5-245.26 5.26 Ina laminar pipe flow that is fully de- veloped, the axial velocity profile is parabolic, anf Gl] as is illustrated in Fig. P5.26. Compare the axial direction momentum flowrate calculated with the average velocity, 7, with the axial direction mo- mentum flowrate calculated with the nonuniform velocity distribution taken into account. > () FIGURE P5.26 The axial direction momentum flowrate based on a uniform velocity profile with u=a is ME = upad 4 uniform The axial direction momentum flowrate based on the non- uniform parabolic, velocity profile is ME roe 3 [oewzort = pu pert ffi elo ‘oO ME = x non ~ uniforn 3 us rR To obtain a relationship between G aud Ug we use the conservation of mass equation, as follows pu wR Thus a 7 al) and = parr ve [fi el ]@) 4) 3 uniter527 5.2.7 Determine the magnitude of the horizontal component of the anchoring force per unit width required to hold in place the sluice gate shown in Fig. P5,27. Compare this result with the size of the horizontal component of the anchoring force required to hold in place the sluice gate when it is closed and the depth of water upstream is 6 f. mw FIGURE P5.27 This analysis is similar to the one of Example 5.9. The contro! volumes of Fig.€ 5.9 are appropriate tor use in solving this problem. When thé sluice gate /s Closed Gee Figs. E5.9a and E5.9¢) application of the x direction component of the linear momentum eguation leads fo : a R.= bre t(er4 COW) = eee When the sluice gate Is open (ste Figs. €5.9b and E5.9d) application of the x direction component of the /near momentum eguation leads to 2 2 Lye Lyft 2y 2 Rye b7H dah B+ et — path The exit velocity u, may be expressed in terms of the inlet velocity u, With the conservation of mass eguation as follavls U, lo Thus a + : Sat RehtH fh -F r pwn py B aut 'h Assuming Fz is negligibly small, we stain = 1 (62.4 te) ( bt A * Ryo g(t BO) £ (0444) 2 2 7 + (094 Lage N( HYCO YM ) Costa fy $y(_ GH) | 4 _ ) FE NOED tay G a ars Oa : 531 & R= TH 5 Thus it takes Considerably less force te hold in place the sluice gate when it is opened as compared fo when it is dated. 5-265.28 5.28 Water flows from a two-dimensional open channel and is diverted by an inclined plate as illustrated in Fig. P5.28,When the velocity at section (1) is 10 f/s, what horizontal force (per unit width) is required to hold the plate in position? At section (1) the pressure distribution is hydrostatic, and the fluid acts as a free jet at section (2). Neglect friction. Section A Section (2h ake Tor | FIGURE P5.28 A wont! volume that contams most of the plate and the water being tuned by the plake as shown in the sketch above is used, Application of the horizontal x- direction component of the linear momentum equation yields =ViPVA, + Vysin 20° pV A, = - Fug + £ Xb A, ay Frem conservation of mass we obtain Ve Ae bY Aa Wy Thus, Eq.1 becomes tow unit width 2 2 zs -Vigh, + (2M) sae phyz -F + eh, or 2 . Fee ERR tVSGh, = (EM) See tha Then A a . Fs Lea be ££) (joy stuns | 16.5 ac? E(2A EHH) + (10 HE) (sousearl’ IES Vu Fr) ; [284 (0 fein 28 Con eae) NE es 10 £)| sin 28 (uae Tete lat ) and : \b Fae? 214 5-2729 Fy =01N 5.29 A vertical, circular cross section jet of sectian(a! air strikes a conical deflector as indicated in Fig. cl 2 P5.29, A vertical anchoring force of 0.1 N is re- x sd to hold the deffector in the place. Deter- ne the mass (kg) of the deflector. The mag- y nitude of velocity of the air remains constant. N section (1) V = 30s FIGURE P5.29 To determine the mass of the conical detlector we use the stationary, nen- detorming contro! volume shown in the sketch above. Application of the vertical direchon Component of the linear momentum eguation CEG. 5.17 ) fo the tmknty of this centro! volume yields Mh (- V+ cos 30°) =~ -W, or cone * However yaw and A= Toe 4% Thus &%.1 can be exyressech as PY (UY cos30°) - Se ™, cone 3 or "cone ~ and ‘cone ~ $-28$.30 5.30 A 10-mm diameter jet of water is deflected by a homogeneous rectangular block (15 mm by 200 mm by 100 mm) that weighs 6 N as shown in Video V3.4 and Fig. P5.30, Determine the minimum volume flowrate needed to tip the block. From the free body diagram of the block when if is ready to tip £M, =, or vy | Ry Say © Why where Ry is the fore that the water puts Oh on the block. pl f a Up Whu on (Sm) =0.90N Yw=O \eontrol surface ° KT Dag 0.050m g For the control volume shown the X-component of the momentym equation E Uoup © Vevt Aout - E Uin Vin Ain = EF becomes VieCWA, =-Ry or Y= yea This, _ 0.9N < mn "“ [eB Floame °°" Hence, ; QAM = Feo) (2.39%) = 2.66x)0° S 5-293l 5.31 Air flows into the atmosphere from a nozzle and strikes a vertical plate as shown in Fig. PS.3?. A horizontal force of 9 N is required to hold the plate in place. Determine the pst reading on the pressure gage. Assume the flow to be incom- pressible and frictionless. a pres = 0.01 m2 m FIGURE P5.3! To determine the static gage pressure at station (i) we First Consider the frictonless’ and incompressible flow of air from (1) to (2). The Bernoulli equation for this flow is jo co hav -or% a) g z z ' We note that Vv, a Va ave linked by the continuity Conservation of ‘mass equation Qi=@, or AV, = Avy > Combining Eqs Poke e we obtain As $ + (a) ve (3) To a Vz We use the linear momentum equation for the Flow from (2) 4003. Fey the eonhel volume Sketehed above the lineay momentum principle yields ~VaeV,A, = -9N V2 Con) . @ er a YO LE Yoosnt) and(3.31 J Con'F) 2 Now, with &.3 hey ) | pee (fe p=(usiz)(' 22 ) (no 8) [Gees Yrs | or and p = 1360 N = 1360 Pa = 1.36 hha \ ca 5-3)5.32 5.82 Two water jets of equal size and speed strike each other as shown in Fig. PS.82. Determine the speed, V, and di- rection, 6, of the resulting combined jet. Gravity is negligible. Vy 210 ts m FIGURE P5.32 For the control volume shown in the sketch above the lear momentum equation for the x and y duections ave, For the x directon -Vaev, A, + (Vesa) eVA and foy the” y durechon ~V,V,A, + (v sine) gVA =O (2) Also for conservation of mass we have @V,A, + P\aha - OVA = From &qs.| and 2 we get Vike. use VFA, one 4 2 = cot Vake = cot [C0 Hr Vi As (lofty (oa Now, combining Eqs. 2 and 3 we get -Via, + Vsin® (VA,4V,A,) = O or ° Q) = ot6 30 = 45 2 via sine @ a +N Aa) tt (outt)” (10 ft il ao (Sins? Doo) seus +(10 ft) ioe) :] vse 7 ft 5 and 5-325.33 5.33 The propeller on a swamp boat produces a jet of ir_-having a diameter of 3 ft as illustrated in Fig. PS.33.The tmbient air temperature is 80 °P, and the axial velocity of he flow is 85 fUs relative to the boat. What propulsive forces are produced by the propeller when the boa is stationary and when {the boat moves forward witha constant velocity of 20 1s? 3 ftdlameter W FIGURE P5.33 For the stattonary boat the horizontal comporent of the linear omentum eguation Applied to the corkrds of the Compal volume Shown ty skekh above yields Fup 7 (G7 “=e YY se Yc, ae (EF i yy 2 nr 7 Bayo fe) ars 0 ph) Yaust \RT 5: 4 ha2 lbmft 33 He 73 BM owe) (222 tent #) FE =/7 bb thrust For the boat moving forward with a speed of 20 f1/,the Same Combat volume shown tn the skekh above is used, however, the relative velrrity W is nov pnporlant. Fam the hoizontal Comparent of the lear mamtntom grate we get a n = - s Wh (Wel Ene PCM =A, (im, ) = Ema MN) For the moving beat W225 Et ant W, = 20 £ and s0 Fo = 81.2 lb thrust — 5-335.34 5.34 Five liters per second of water enter the rotor shown in Video V5.5 and Fig. P5.34 along the axis of rota- tion, The cross-sectional area of each of the three nozzle ex- its normal to the relative velocity is 18 mm2, How large is the resisting torque required to hold the rotor stationary if (a) 8 = 0°, (b) 6 = 30", and (c) 6 = 60"? fezia ek a era [Jae m FIGURE P5.34 To determine the torgue required to held the voter stationary we use the moment —of- momentum torgue eguation (&g. 5-24) fo obtain Ty ay, = nae a) We note that mm = p@ (2) - &@ and Vout = 3) ui Farazzle (2) Cait Combrning ep. 42 and 3 we ger 2 e Topapp = 2a Tae EO w ‘shaft 3 Anssle co @) For o2 0° we use &.4 % get my I Tape = CBM BS osm) aro) Om Fe DC sxx) oe (0% (ee) Li mm) 2 23) Mm Tnatt for @> 30° we use by-4 % get - O84 BIE 10/0 omy to zoey(1000 may’ ‘shate (1200 ster) (32) (18 mm) o 7, = Mm Tate = 72° ©) For 6 = 60° ux use &.# 10 get a7 Ww. shaft a = (00 ite) (3) (12mm) or pape 7 LE Mm S345.35 _ Five liters per second of water enters the rotor shown in Video V5.5 and Fig. P5.35 along the axis of ro- tation. The cross-sectional area of each of the three noz- zle exits normal to the relative velocity is 18 mm?. How fast will the rotor spin steadily if the resisting torque is A. reduced to zero and (a) @=0°, (b) @ = 30", or (©) ‘Stationary 6 = 60" >= control FIGURE P5.35 Q= 5 liters To determine the votor angular velocity associated with zero Shaft torque we ear use the Imoment- of - momentum tongue eguation CE. 5-29) Teraye = WE V5.8, oF Tate * hag Wy 8 - Thy } 2 We rote that Unt = Sour © a and wos & ea (3) nessle ent Combining 45. 1,2 and2 we ger Tate = P Vlg 2 a #) w ‘exsle @ For 92 0° “ From bg. % we obtain tr Thay? ? 2 wo = BO (& Lhe) (cos0*)(1000 =) Fhe ot osteset aepk out FC 18 me) (s000 Liters O.5m) ao m (con't) Nozzle ext area normal to lative velocity = 18 mm? 5-355.35 |(con't) (for 82 30° From &q.4 we obmin for Tyay, = © wo = C4) es 302) (000 2)”. go eee 018 mm*)( (000 LOY Gm) 2 ©) Fr 6 = 60° & 77 ? Frm bg. + we setnin for Tap ' 2) (loco mam) we CS Hea) (cos 60°) (eee) = 925 ms ma®) hes) fa. D0 amatolieee liket) (06 m) x 5-365.36 5.36 An inward flow radial turbine (see Fig. P5.36) in- volves a nozzle angle, a, of 60° and an inlet rotor tip speed, U,, of 6 m/s. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2. ‘The absolute velocity leaving the rotor at section (2) is radi ‘with a magnitude of 12 m/s. Determine the energy transfer per unit mass of fluid flowing through this turbine if the fluid is (a) air, (b) water. fit m FIGURE P5.36 Shine To determine the energy transkr per unit mass we use the moment-of- momentum energy eguatron ( Eg. $33) 1 obtain Wshate = UVe,1 4) net out and we note that the result is independent of the tluid mvoled, The Value of Vg, Can be ascertained with the help of the sechon(1) velecity triangle sketched below. , fo From the velocity triangle we note that Vas > Me, tan 60° (2) With conservation of mass we dbten = A h ‘ai * Nea a * Nea B= RNG) =6F Thus with Eg 2 we obtnin Ve, = (O52) tan 60° = $0.4 and with E%-| we get - 1) 2 624 Nm Ponape ~ (BBN B) gre) = 4 Ben net out Ss oa for (a) air nd (6) water5.37 3.37 A water turbine wheel rotates at the rate of 50 rpm in the direction shown in Fig. P5.37. The inner radius, r, of the blade row is 2 fi, and the outer radius, r,, is 4 ft. The absolute velocity vector at the turbine rotor entrance makes an angle of 20° with the tangential direction. The inlet blade angle is 60° relative to the tangential direction. The blade outlet angle is 120°. The flowrate is 20 f?/s. For the flow tangent to the rotor blade surface at inlet and outlet, determine an appropriate con- stant blade height, 6, and the corresponding power available at the rotor shaft Section (1) Section 2) Since m FIGURE P5.37 Q= 27K b%, then the blade height, 6, is determined with 2 2mn, The shaft power, Weary , is obtained with net out power equation (&3. 5.32). Thus, a) the moment of -mementum Wena = (UVa FU %2) = PRCUY,AUY,) @ ‘shatt net out “ue “oe . and the use of "#" or ~ with U Ve, Voz '# opposite 40 or in the same direction To determine the value of Vp section (1). Thus, we have ’ depends on whether as U, respectively. we use the velocity triangle at (@)5.37 Gon't) thus 7 leads to in 7 22) (50 rom (27 pee ) = ANE TT 951 ft ae) eee) ‘Yanta* ~ Faneos (ansat ~ tanta) © ri With &%.1 we obtan 2 be GH) = 0.0825 fF # 20444) 9.651 & ) For the blade velocities # Eg.2 we get U enw = CFD (S0rm) (27 BA) og gy PF ‘ (60s. * avs U = kw = (244) (5 o0rpm) ( 27 we ) eat bos, For Yy, we use the velocity” triangle at section(s) 10 obtein = Ue 9.651 Be yy, = Me PO fr ! Tan 20° Yan 20° eS For Vg, we conshuct the section (2) velocity triangle sketched below Va, not to scale ) YN and we realize that * Vor > Vea tan 30° - U G4) From conservation of mass < A th (ttt Y= he, ad ala) = (t651 L(t) = sg on't ) $-3495.37 | Con't) 50 with &y.4 we obtain . ft °_ 10.47 Ht 2 ¢# Vos (193 # ten 30 10.47 H = 0.673 Finally with Eg, 2 we obtain = (44 sg slags oe Leen yy #t #) t)(2e.524t) +(f. stot bb Worst geo net out or 4 = 2.18X10° F4.lb Woratt ax He net out and . mlaxio” ft-lb Snatt ~ ———-— = 346 hp net out S50 ttle hp 5-405.38 Vaz = 30ts 5.39. The radial component of velocity of water leaving the centrifugal pump sketched in Fig. P5.38is 30 ft/s. The mag- nitude of the absolute velocity at the pump exit is 60 ft/s. The fluid enters the pump rotor radially. Calculate the shaft work required per unit mass flowing through the pump. @ FIGURE P5.38 The stationary and non-detyming control volume shun in the sketch above is used. To detrmpne the shaft work per unit mass | Wore, we can use by £33. Thus Wepate = Elo a) The blade speed ,U,, can be ablaned as tollows, y_\(2m rad _ 4 w= Gu = Cos tf te 2Nire woz) = 2 The nea oer 31 an be obtained as “ie Yee =(-Y, Byte [eo #)"- (softy) = Thus, from €g./ = (05 tt ft y( % #) (er to = 5460 fhle “shebd aay. 2 #7 sha5.34 @ = 230 Rimin contro! volume x ft 5.39 A fan (see Fig. P5.34) has a bladed rotor of 12in-outside diameter and S-in.-inside di- ameter and runs at 1725 rpm. The width of each rotor blade is 1 in. from blade inlet to outlet. The volume flowrate is steady at 230 ft’/min and the absolute velocity of the air at blade inlet, V,, is W purely radial. The blade discharge angle is 30° ‘measured with respect to the tangential direction at the outside diameter of the rotor. (a) What would be a reasonable blade inlet angle (mea- sured with respect to the tangential direction at the inside diameter of the rotor)? (b) Find the power required to run the fan. FIGURE P5.39 : 4 if The stationary and non- deforming contro! volume shown in 7 sketch abwe is used. To determine a reasonable blade thlet angle we assume that the blade shonld be tangent to the relative velocity at the snlet. The shlet Velocity Wiangle is sketched below. With the velocity triangle , we conclude that = tan’ “ M C # ) (yd SE yv2228 . Go Se) is = 35.) ft cA ann h, 20 (2-5 in) CI in (#5) . and Us nw (2.5 in) (i725 tv ) Gn a) . 376 tf (5 43° (376 ft = n) Ceon't ) 5-425,3 | (on't ) he power required, W, , , may be obtaried with Ey. 5.32. us =m @ Wate ® mY vo ? Tue vaass Howat , m,, may be obtarned as fellas. “3 why, = P= (238% 10 slaps a30 fe a )= siexwly Rp mm | 60 5. 3 Also ™“ re U, = hws (6 in VOTES: ee JOT a q0.3 ft 2 lin: (ee) (x) The value of V,, may be obtered by considerin Phe vel triangle tov the "How seating the yetor at secton(Z. The relate velocity at the votw exit is considered to be tangent to the blade there. the vot exit flow velocity Wiandle is sketched below. Woe Now y= UW, 2 2 42 st on “geese s) W,, = Meo = Brey | lem HOS) py y tam 30° aun 30° fam 30° $s Thus y= 90.3 asd 2 64.9 fF 62 5 5 s and from &. 2 \ 3 ee lug (90.3 £1) (64.9 A 594 Fhlb Wrats © (9.12 x0 “ay }(90-3 (6 SM ag h = 534 Clb St]5.40 5.40 An axial flow gasoline pump (see Fig. PS. 40) consists of a rotating row of blades (rotor) followed downstream by a stationary row of blades (stator). The gasoline enters the rotor ax- ially (without any angular momentum) with an = \ absolute velocity of 3 m/s. The rotor blade inlet contol and exit angles are 60° and 45° from the axial ie 45 fi direction. The pump annulus passage cross sec- tion area is constant. Consider the flow as being ' tangent to the blades involved. Sketch velocity 1 triangles for flow just upstream and downstream f| Vy = 3 mis rthmetic of the rotor and just downstream of the stator con | meanvadus bade where the flow is axial. How much energy is added to each kilogram of gasoline? Ma = C99) 24 tt = cos ys? cos ¥se 5 and frm &. b ane ings’ = 52.9 1 (424 ft) omits’ s 224 ft Vg, = Us W 904) fi ( 3) ‘i The vatio of (' 7 and & yields a: ww (to) tear [G2482] 37° Yaya (24.4%) and trom &. 7 y= tor _ (24 #) fi = 372 Sin sin (37°) 5 We can use &g. 33 to calulate the work per unit mass delivered at the shatt. Thus - v “shaft uy, tu, Bye is # ft f//1 1b “Snaft = [ Geste)fees #) ¢ (%. sau a) 2 Waraee = — 2190 FE le lu 5-485 42| 5.78 By using velocity triangles for flow upstream (1) and downstream (2) of a turbomachine rotor, prove that the shaft ‘work in per unit mass flowing through the rotor is = Vi+U}- Ui+ 2 4 where V = absolute flow velocity magnitude, W = relative flow velocity magnitude, and U = blade speed. Any set of velocity triangle tor flew throvgh a turbrmachire rotor row would give the same result, we use the triangles below: y f— Ty, I a | : %, From the iniet How velocity triangle we get and 2 2 L 2 2 ey WC) = Way 2Yy Yr (a) Combining &gs. 1 and 2 We obtain = 7 yr iM, ~ ae (2) Zz From the outlet Flow velocity triangle we get 2 Yon = Wo Wes 2) and ‘ Vir We- (U-Y,) -W- Us 2uy-Y.) (con't)42 | (con't) Combining Gs. ¥ and § we obtain Baw + Ue () z gu, For the set of velecity Wiangles shake net in Combining &S. 3,6 ana 7 we obtain = UY,, + Oe, @ 2 2 a 2 Www 2 “Yr UU, “spate net in 2 5-505.43 Iw l= lov] 5.43, Is this turbomachine a turbine or a fan? Sketch an ap- propriate blade section and determine energy transferred per Unit mass of fluid. 7 An axial-flow turbomachine rotor involves the up- w/ |v, coms. w, stream (1) and downstream (2) velocity triangles shown in Fig, oa Lf \P2 = sortis yy = 40s m FIGURE P5.43 We can determine whether Phe axial tow furberachne involved is a turbine or a tan by comparing the ayrecton of the sift farce on the voter blade s€ction with the direction of the blade velocity, Ur, Ik the lift fora ond the blade velocity are in the same direction a turbine is imoled. LF the lift farce and blade velocity ave in opposite directions, a tan is mvoled. the divection ot the litt force can be mferred from the shape of the rotor blade section sketched to be tangent the relative Hows enterng and leaving the voter rev. The entering relahve flow angle , 4, “a Bx tan Ue. tv OOH) © ag3° , 4 Gee) Thus, the voter blade sections sketched belns are appropriakS43 | (con't) Since the /ift force Qcting on each roty blade secton is in fhe same direction as the blade velocity we conclude that this turbomachrue /s a _fturbsne, The energy trancherred por unit mass is the Work por unit mass , shaft » which we can defrmne with Eq. 5.33. Thus “Shatp = ~ Uz Vo ao From she velocity triangles we oblamn Vos = Ww, gin bo" — UL and WieW ey vee Thus nat EWU a 4) ft 1 lb =~ (6of #) / (eott} + cot) sinbo® — Gott (= z 0 _ - 147 ttl shat} — “slug or page UT fled 2 24.57 fl ‘Shaft Sing (32-2 Ihe lom Slag 5-52.S44 5.## Water enters an axial-flow turbine rotor with an ab- solute velocity tangential component, V,, of 15 ft/s. The cor- responding blade velocity, U, is 50 ft/s. The water leaves the rotor blade row with no angular momentum. If the stagnation pressure drop across the turbine is 12 psi, determine the hy- Graulic efficiency of the turbine. To determine the efficiency of the turbine we use = actual work out 7 * i) actual werk out + loss The actual werk out, Wobasp, 7 chlarned with the ner ok moment - Of — momentum work eguation (&4. 5:33). Thus, Wate = ~ “srafe = UV @) net out net in in Gin To determine the less of available energy across the rotor we use the energy esuethon C&q. 5.56) fo obtain ALA aohe Joss = Fin ~Tout yp Min ~ Vout > Hf) * “pap, Q ~p 2 At ty Comabining Gs. Zand 3 we ebfain Joss = mt hamt UL Ye in ® Cc Combining Gs. 1, 2 ant # we obfan be y= Valin, Ua Varn (50 tis (big B) Git less “Fain out 2 pri )( 144 sae) (9 Ea) and (094 Step 4 = 0.842 5-535.45 5.48 leaving the rotor of the turbine-type flow meter shown in Fig. 5.45, Show how rotor angular velocity is proportional to aver- age fluid velocity, Sketch the velocity triangles for the flows entering and w@ FIGURE P5.45 (Court vices ey (Courtesy of EGG Flow Tech- For a section of the turbine blade at radius 1, the blade moves tangential, with a velocity = ra. The velocity triangles may bé shekhed as 4 shown. Ww fs vy, Uv u b We uf \Np. re U Nga Using 2g. 5.50 we get = Vomioz - Te iMG 2 (vy fenp-U)m, Fox nearly 3670 Tehaft 0 = My deh U = VY, tong, (2 So @Qs= Vy, anh, 5-545.46 5.46 A 100-ft-wide river with a flowrate of 2400 ft/s flows over a rock pile as shown in Fig. P5.44, Determine the direc- tion of flow and the head loss associated with the flow across the rock pile. @ FIGURE P5.46 To delermine. the direction of flow we will assume a Aitchin, Use the energy ejuaten (£5. 5.57) and calulak the | head oss, If the head loss is positive, our assumed dirtoho, Of flow is cowect, Tf the head Joss is negative which is not Physically possible, our assumed direchin of How js wrong. So, assuming the flo. js tom right to let) ov tam pant(i) to Polat (2) tm the sketch above, we get Using Eg. an posture 4 0,70 shaft win. 2 V, = ft iW t+ Bre, = fr 142 tH - Mow = = G00 #) g = 6 7 A, (44) (0 #) and 2 @ 2 (2408) 2 2 # ia AL Go #xiaoft) a So 2 ft) (nh foe MS ee-e = C2) _ Of) an om L 29 29 2/224) 2@2f) h = 0.32 Ft and since h, is positive, cur assumed cL = + right to lett flo is Cowect Ze = 5-557 47 Air flows past an object in a pipe of 2-m diameter and exits as a free jet as shown in Fig. P5.47. The velocity ‘and pressure upstream are uniform at 10 m/s and 50 N/m, respectively. At the pipe exit the velocity is nonuniform as indicated, The shear stress along the pipe wall is neg- ligible. (a) Determine the head loss associated with a par- ticle as it flows from the uniform velocity upstream of the object to a location in the wake at the exit plane of the = S0.Nm® y 10 ms Pipe. (b) Determine the force that the air puts on thew FIGURE PS.47 object. (a) For flow from (1) to(2) the « Saerny egvation Aatis, wh th= Gtk az wi fs n= AE - 50h “12k, ee (b) The x-component of the momentem equation (upland esr, cs for this flow becomes VeCWA, +e eOldAr + 0K)A, = AA -Re Thos, Rex phy *0WA ~ UAL eV, (am) +123 M08) £ tam (4 FF limi (225 Eom) Uni] 7 (so Ha) E or R= 10N hy =9, and 4,722 gives ey RY = B45. 201m) ~ =? S-565.48 | SA8_ Oil (SG = 0.9) flows downward through a vertical . pipe contraction as shown in Fig. P5.48, If the mercury secton(1) ‘manometer reading, h, is 120 mm, determine the volume flowrate for frictionless flow. Is the actual flowrate more or less than the frictionless value? Explain ea LL FIGURE P5.48 The volume. tlowrate may be obfaned with a= AY =A = rey. a a To determine either Vor V, we apply the energy eguaton (Eg.5.56) to the tlw between poe @) and (2). Thus. neglect et Oo Se begs, = ty &, 92, + Phare = 1s @) “rr & fant? we obtain 4 [ i-@)] = POR + gl2,-2) a) ? we use the manometer eguation fam To determne P-P. Section 2.6 fo ob fain aA SG, _ = gh( Site - 1) - 902,-2,) (4) Combining £95. 9 and 4 we get lagh (3eM — | vis ) * 1/24 o~” ByaarE Calan EE Yo Os Fe 80n | ~ [loom 500 mm , and from &.1 we have 2 Q = Kloim) (6.807) = 0.0455m" 4 5-5754d 5.44 A water siphon having a constant inside diameter of 3 in, is arranged as shown in Fig. P5.49 If the friction loss between A and B is 0.6V?/2, where V is the velocity of flow in the siphon, determine the flowrate involved. FIGURE P5.47 To determine the towrak, Q, we use Q=zAve= w Vv (1) To obtain V we apply the energy egnation (EG. 5.56) behwten points A and & tr the sheth above. Thus, ° oe Vy - g far ber, Ty eee oss Wt in 2 and with &g./ a Q = XGHn) 4 (144 in ) 5-585.50 5.50 Water flows through a valve (see Fig. P5.60) at the rate of 1000 Ib. /s. The pressure just upstream of the valve is 90 psi and the pressure drop across the valve is'5 psi. The inside diameters of the valve inlet and exit pipes are 12 and 24 in, If the flow through the valve occurs in a horizontal plane, deter- mine the loss in available energy across the valve. / i | be...) FIGURE P5.50 The control volume Shan jn the sketch above is used. We can use & $54 % determne the loss in available energy associated with the sacompressible , steady thw through this contol volume. Thus zon + 4 SS 055 = From the conservation of mass principle PA, pure ana 7 4 Thus _ 52 Joss + BY 4 Le 2 hss < 6 sng f@e yn cea Va w We 2 | (imampyier dl) (Rng ‘(a syd aA loss = 560 fh le 5-595.51 | shown in Fig P81 Determine he drecion oftow andthe") To head loss over the 6-m length of pipe. ed FIGURE P5.51 Assume flow from (1) to (2) and use the energy equation (9. 5.57) to get for the contents of the Control volume Shown: ° 2 Aide, a, = ia hypee —h Gow eG 5 2 Thus hoz & -R42-t, = Fm ~ 0.5m — 2m = 05m “oF aad since h >0, the assumed direchon of flow is correct. 2 5-60[s.s2] 5.52 Water flows through a vertical pipe as is indicated in Fig. P5.S2. Is the flow up or down in the pipe? Explain. FIGURE PS.52 The control volume shown in the sketch above is used. for steady, sncompressible flow downward trom (A) 4 (8) we obtain from €4. 5.56 2 Fz y - Ay - he Zr ge Pe = Bt ht 9%, Fae From conservation of mass we conclude that Ya = Ye Thus from & 3.1 = A-f 9 8, gH+ A-k However the manometer €guation (ste Section 2.6) yields AaB. [> I- SG \- ws if i) 4) and 155g = gh (- 5G yy) which 1s & negative Guantity since SGy = 13-6 . A negative Joss js not physically possible 50 the tow must be Ypward from 8 to A. For upward Flow the above anaysis leads to OO ,05, = gh (Sé4-1) which is positive and there fire Physically reasonable, 5-4)53 5.53 Water flows steadily down the inclined pipe as indicated in Fig. PS. $3. Determine the following: (a) The difference in pressure p ~ p2- (b) The loss per unit mass between sections (1) and (2). (€) The net axial force exerted by the pipe wall on the flowing water between sections (1) and (2). . Meru (a) The difference in pressure, B- P,, may be Oblaned From the. manometer (see Section 2.6) with the Fluid stapes equation Ree ft) Sin r+ fees Gin) R-R we [* L) sin 30 alt ‘a or = ine z = le pp, = 2 +4) [eros + oe) #36 (ox 05 $4) = 277 lb and “p= 23718 + 65 psi AB, "0 (Tae ine = (b) the toss per unit pffi/ between Seetont (1) and (2) may be obtisied with &%. 5.56. Thus AB g Ul F7U loss < fh + Ee OE ig or loss = 203 i h i224 yon fim ict le (c) The nef anial ite exerted by the pige wall on tne Kowing TH water may be obfamed by Using the axial Component of the lineay momentum €guation (Eg. 517). Thus ty the Contel volume Shown abwe Vpn) 20°) sin30 He ayeetsinse] or bi Re Flag: 2.5 fon. + (24. Ystt) sae ] 72.216 = 72216 opposite te How direchon.5.54 5.54% What is the maximum possible power gy fig, output of the hydroelectric turbine shown in Fig, fe P5547 @ FIGURE P5.5¢ twh jon 2) ibe 'L. section for flow tom sechion(1) 40 section 2), 4. £56 yields hee ae Bt Yaga e Fa yg to, ~ hss a PURI Be Pease at Si = nce = Wrap, — B4 Can be expressed as net out Ww. shaft — less net out The maximum work or power output is achieved when loss =o, Tus : \ = mw = m[9lz-2,)- % Woate err [3 y = J hep out net out maxioum maxinnun, Now , ; = PVA, = pl, TOs. hugh lm) & ni = yA, = elem = (98 Nex) rhode no and 4 c “4 = (4710 831 /og1 Voom) - (6 @ [‘# shaft a9 2 (ioom) - (6) |/1 N_ net out (7: 6 ayer) 2 hem ) ‘maxim ; ; # Weaath S4 X10 Aid = 4S¢K0W = 454 MW net out — Maximum S-635.55 5.55 A hydroelectric turbine passes 4 million gal/min across a head of 100 ft of water. What is the maximum amount of power output possible? Why will the actual amount be less? From the analysis of problem §.54 we Conclude that Wale = m(head) = palhed) net out wn Wshatt -( 8 Sis 4x10 = ecpantoee (32. 2£) (ot net ouk maxim oO 8 Jo) g n") = fb . 5 /)( Shp = /.01Kx10 f, p shatt — net out maximum5.56 A hydraulic turbine is provided with 4.25 m’/s of water at 415 kPa. A vacuum gage in the turbine discharge 3m below the turbine inlet centerline reads 250 mm Hg vac- tuum. If the turbine shaft output power is 1100 kW, calcu- late the power loss through the turbine. The supply and dis- charge pipe inside diameters are identically 800 mm. We consider the turbine mlet and discharge to be sections (i)and@). For flow frm sectims (1) to(2r &%. 5.56 yields loss = F-R + 9 G@,-2,) - state a) er net out Since YAY and shaft ~ ~ “shaft net out net in For power loss through the turbine we need t multiply Gy. | by the mass Hloate, ma, thus Power loss = m (PR) + mg (4%) - Wei (2) a net out However, ke ; Ar Moe = q 29 | 4-29 = 424 9 m= Ak (9 aw PF) z Also B 2 -(0.25 m hy 2 3.6)(999 ky (481 = m 49 Mi, 19) = 025m Xi 6X9 42 ray or N 2 e- 33,300 With &% 2 power boss = (1216 8 (5am 3 +h) | (ith [4H . ” or = 930,000 Nim . 930 kW power loss , z 7305.57 Water is supplied at 150 ft’/s and 60 psi to a hydraulic turbine through a 3-ft-inside di- ameter inlet pipe as indicated in Fig. P5.57. The turbine discharge pipe has a 4-ft-inside diameter. lot The static pressure at section (2), 10 ft below the turbine inlet, is 10 in. Hg vacuum. If the turbine develops 2500 hp, determine the rate of loss of pp = 10in. He available energy between sections (1) and (2). 7m 2 = 4 tt FIGURE P5.57 Section (2) For How behween sections (1) andl2), &-5 56 leads * power loss “70 (/A-R) 096-3) ON - i Shaft ee Fron given data net out B= C10 in. Hy) (12-6 )C 194 shgs )(32.2 YL to). we le (2 a) fe tO sag. Ft. He # s Also 2 yz @.- 2. ale #) 2 2/22 tt A 7D, w (aft) s 4 From conservation of mass (645-1 ) 2 ye VYAe yD. (21.22 #) BH) 2% ft Ae a Hy s From 4.1 power loss = (I-94 Slugs Nes # (94 sony s0 fe ie Ye) ie) (60 Ie. ying x z) +l 5 4) ia (0 ie) (“ 9 Stu By) ea) G22 tt a (Lle k ae) (ns Hf 6 ) (He z) +e et 5 Nighy - 2500hp * 2 ce or powev loss = 30] Ap 5-665.58 5.58 Water is pumped from a tank, point (1), to the top of a water plant aerator, point (2), as shown in Video V5.8 and Fig, P5.58 at a rate of 3.0 ft/s. (a) Determine the power that the pump adds to the water if the head loss from (1) to (2) where V_ = 0 is 4 ft. (b) Determine the head loss from 2) to the bottom of the aerator column, point (3), if the av- ‘erage velocity at (3) is Vs = 2 fs. = FIGURE P5.58 (a) The eneray equation from (1) to (2) Aiteg, th-h= Be Bag pee yk =O gives hp= h +22-%, = 4H #043) ft - 5H = 12 ff Thus, the pump power is VW, 2 Yok ioe Bs®) am) = 2200 Hb (es) = 408 hp * (b) The energy equation from (2) tol3) Abt eth h = Ba Bie with Paz fe =Ve4 hy =O gives h,= 2a-% - 13tt-3ft _ 28 = 10ft- 0.06244 Y= 42°23 ig 2 (2,24) or A= 9.94% tt5.59 5.54 Water is pumped from the tank shown in Fi. P5.54<. The head loss is known to be 1.2 V2/2g. where Vis§ the average velocity inthe pipe. According t the pump man-4 tfactrer the relationship between the pump head and the flow-y fate sa shown In Fig. P55: hp = 20. ~ 2000 O°, where 4, is in meters and Q is in m*/s. Determine the flowrate. 1 : [-7-7T SSS Neue 007m We Want fo know the Howrak @. wo For the contro] Vélume shown, "FIGURE P5.59 application of the energg equahien (€y. 5.57) yields: ° 2 4 Fr Va p2,= te +H + 2, th-hy hy, = 20-2000" ot ah v4 F % However OT ia “ (2) Og nel 2 a hz h = 20-200 a GQ Sirce. oe ems u/e)” (cD and ay ys. (ijG)anct (4) we get: 5G jee Zt 20-2000 Q” - 12/8 G) Aa 29 (A& Oa Be re) =e 2, +20 bs g A, 4 Qs 2,- 2 +20 6m +20m at T+ 2000] be +200 (ional 45) #2) > 0052 Qzoosre ig Yorteorey “ie fees?[5.60 5.60 A pump transfers water from the lower reservoir to the upper one as shown in Fig. P5.60a, The difference in elevation between the two reservoirs is 100 ft. The friction head loss in the piping is given by K,V3/2¢, where V is the average fluid velocity in the pipe and K; is the loss coetfi- cient, which is considered constant. The relation between the head added to the water by the pump and the flowrate, @, through the pump is given in Fig. 5.60b. If K, = 20, and the pipe diameter is 4 in., what is the flowrate through the pump? 200} 100 z i 3 = i & é ° 12 @, His C) FIGURE PS. 60 for the flow tom sectm(i) to sechon (2) &. 5.87 leads to hp = 2,- 2, th, =-l00ff th a From Fig. PS.60b we conclude that A, = 200- 100Q (2) From the pwblem statement » KY he ag or since Ve Q@-@ VR 7 we we have 17 20N O. h = Ki@ (20) . a = 408 ft G) tL 290) (2)62.2 #) ) ree | CBI) Combining 65. 1,2. and 3 we obtain 40.22 Q@ + 100Q -300 =O Ow The voot of &. 4 that makes physical sense is Q= 175S.6t sketched in Fig. P5. 61 at the steady rate of 100 gpm. What is the loss in available energy associated with this flow? If this ‘same amount of loss is associated with pumping the fluid from the lower lake to the higher one at the same flowrate, estimate the amount of pumping power required. ‘Water flows by gravity from one lake to another as 3 Q= 100 $f IRD 0.229 FIGURE P5..6/ Go 3 Mrs 9 For the flow fam sechim (a) 1 sectonlb) Eg. 5.56 leads to loss = 9(2,- 24) =(G2-28t)(sofn(i_% \ - [bio fh oss = 9(#a- #4) =. 2E)(s0 a) = hy = For pumped tlw tam seckon 6 t secton a &. £56 yields Wepejp 09 [43° 2) + foss] = iv ose 2) ay bo ia) net in hbo FEM or. _ 1390 Ab. 2.534 li Wenaft 7° SSE 4 net in 5-705.62 5,62. The turbine shown in Fig. PS. 62 develops 100 hp! when the flowrate of water is 20 ft/s. Ifall losses are negligible. | determine (a) the elevation h, (b) the pressure difference across | the turbine, and (¢) the flowrate expected if the turbine were | removed, 1 @Using contro! volume A and the | Free et tnegy eguohon (&. 5-57) we gets = FIGURE P5.62 Kee We a Be Bre Zt oath, he For a turbine, hy =-hy and tom by. 5.58 we gets #2) Ap = Weteht,” = (100 bp} aa stp J 2 441% 7a 2.44 )(20 “ Since Q=AV we aa va ) ura. wt... »F = 25.5 fF - rdy a Then tam an 2,-22h+ Me -h = © "9 2(22 ff (Y) For contol volume 8 the energy "Cpeahin yields ; 1b B-p = th, = (6204 (m1 8) = 2.75 (ey Sime Q=VA= VA, if we knew value of V, wilh Ys turbine removed, we trnld Calewlok © with Pre turdiat removed. Withont “2 turbine , Eq .(1) redmces to sey a1 = 54) ft % =2-2,-h 29 Gnd Vy = Vagh aff? (222 B yeas) - 59 & ad = Tay alee) rf) « 42 Wo? we a wr 4 a torbine 5-715.63 5.63 _ Estimate the power in horsepower needed to drive the main pump of the large-scale water tunnel shown in Fig. 5.63. The design condition head loss is specified as 14 ft ‘of water for a flowrate of 4900 ft/s. Test, (I= (2) Main pump m FIGURE P5.63 With point (0 = point(®, Pooping around the water Yunne/ any Cross Sechon oF The tunnel back to the. Same cross Section we Conclude Using the energy egration, £3. £57 Shatt £ net jn a y= OHA) (624 & ( fe) / Matt # = ) 550 tb net In Shp W = 7260 hp Shth net in 5-725.64 5.64 Oil (SG = 0.88) flows in an inclined pipe at a rate of 5 ft/s as shown in Fig, P5.64, If the differential reading in the mercury manometer is 3 ft, calculate the power that the pump supplies to the oil if head losses are negligible. Using the Crkol volume shown and the energy ejnahin (6.557) we get: by SB The power supplied by the pump ™ FIGURE P5.64 to the vil is, fom ky. 5:58: Wace = 58 N= 55,4 04 @ Since. ve 2 = a we get . Ya aa 637 fF and ye SE = 755 a Fie) From the manometer equation (s2€ Section 2.6) we get: Rte, Has a - (Grn th jx 22 Thos Ents ty. (arin) = & fil Bi Gin ~ P+ ty 3-h = & (a Gy Yi Combining B55. G) Anot (3) we get» A o * Qivk terhs ‘2 Fi +3 A) 560g -GH)-h te 42, = § ‘oi S661 me OF ops Boat 74 (Zany -1 -4+ h, = 52-9 fF Finally trom & 2) oy a Wrap =O sn(od BYE Gea fy) 2 40 SE a ———— Wt tn 5-735.65, Section (2) 5.65 Water is to be moved from one large reservoir to another at a higher elevation as in- S.in-inside dicated in Fig. P5.65.. The loss in available en- diameter pipe ergy associated with 2.5 ft?/s being pumped from sections (1) to (2) is 61V 7/2 whe erage eter piping involved. Determine the amount of shaft power required. V is the av- velocity of water in the 8-in.-inside diam- Section 1) FIGURE P5.65 4 For the flow tm section (1) to sectin(2) &g. 5.56 leads to Wrett = pa[glee 2) + less}= pal gia-2)+ 2) O) net in From the Volume Howrate we obtain 7 a. 2. GH) 7162 tt s A TD 7 Thus , from &/ a = ye slugs ft fi Wg OP se) (= 5 em 2 £)(50 #4) net in + GOONS #)' 4. ct vy & $50 fh & cs tt ~ = 28h, Grate ae net th5.66 $.66 ‘The pumper truck shown in Fig. PS. 66 is to deliver 1.5 fs to a maximum elevation of 60 ft above the hydrant. ‘The pressure at the 4-in. diameter outlet of the hydrant is 10 psi If head losses are negligibly small, determine the power that the pump must add to the water sort | | lope diameter Hyorant M FIGURE P5.66 To solve this problem we first use the energy egnaben (551) for flow tom the hydrant exit(1) 40 the maximum desired elevation of 604+) 4 get h, or mm this case, the pump Cad: With the A ast. pump head we Can get the Pump power 0 Behr 29 - A= 2-2,-f 62.4 tb (a4 #) 2(2.2 &) he = Fag fF Wo = YOK, = (2 bye 6224) hai ‘Ss = ss faa a # s pi Ft.g ro 5. hp shaft —— e net iin5.67 5.67 Assuming frictionless, incompressible, one-dimensional flow of water through the hor- section @) secton @ izontal tee connection sketched in Fig. PS. 67, estimate values of the x and y components of the @3 = a force exerted by the tee'on the water. Each pipe 10 ms has an inside diameter of 1 m. Pap A, Vi = Sms BA ate 200 KPa FIGURE PS.67 We can use the x and y components of the linear momentum equation ( &.5.17) to determine the x and y component of the reaction force exerted by the water on the tte. For the comtro! volume —contaming water th the tee, &g. 5.17 leads to 2 R= Pat OR, = RED + Y0Q, a and 2 Ry = RTA & Ba + Yea-4 pk @) The reachon forces in "fe Jaond 2 ave actvally exerted by the tee on the water in the contre! volume. The reacton of the watr on the tee is equal tr magnitude but opposite tr Awection. Conservation of mass (Ey. 5.4) leads to - > 2 > 3 Q, = 8,-2 = @- “Ge = om - 2) FOm) = 62a 2 Also : 2 EYED 2 (ER)EOm) 2 4.72 mI 7 4 Fr Further y: & 2 apt = b733 ™ 7 and yr & 3 ap? = 12.73 m 7 5-76Can't) Because the How is incompressible and frictinless we assume that Bernoullis equation (Ey. 5-9) 1s valiel thnvghoy? 1h contral volyme. Thus 2 . wf 5%) Sree Epa) mah « OO BN: tong Hoe Fis) B= 137 Pas z Gat 3 ) /fi.w_\f0" kt 2004 + ites) [(6 2) (6.733 2) ‘onl x PA me or gente yey p= 195.3 hl with & 1 . Re (20400 2) Fam + be “JOE ) (er ny, a): (850 = SAN FA 4, and the x-divtchin Compment of Soree exerbed by the riche on the tee is ~/85 RN. With &%.2 2 By = (198 300 & yop. Gm) — (187000 :) Elm” 4 283.2 for fa) on + (6.788 (an 49 \fo2¢¢ m?)/1 N me sH 4H 3 Ry = ~ 45 800 =~ 4SPRN and the y-directon Component of force exerted by the water on the tee is + 45.2 RN.[5.68 5.68 Water flows through a 2-ft-diameter pipe arranged horizontally in a circular arc as shown in Fig. P5.68. If the pipe discharges to the atmosphere (p = 14.7 psia), deter- mine the x and y components of the resultant force needed to hold the piping between sections (1) and (2) stationary. ‘The steady flowrate is 3000 ft/min, The loss in pressure due to fluid friction between sections (1) and (2) is 25 psi FIGURE P5.e To determmne the x and y components of the resultant drce exerlel on the piping between section (i) and) to keep the pipe stalionary we use the tnear momentum eguabon (&g 5/7). which leads to Ry = PAH UPR =-2 2D Yow a) and Ry = GA PO (2 To dekrmine P, we use the Chergy Cguatton , Ey. 6:56. Thus, P= plloss) = 25 ps; Ako 2 f 3 000 y, = Se ‘Goce #) = (5.92 ff oh nary (62) 5 s Gnd yryr len ft With a 1 We obtain = (2p; ) 7 wan (af) a in ey) (6.92 Et) (i sy ‘toot? 5) re A o we) R, =~ 12,850 Ib o With &%.2 we obtain = (15.92 Ht ) (94 Slugs (500s) é fb) = ison Thue’ (: 5 Jé a) vn J Sing Ht bo 4) ; os R = -l2,850F +1540 |b 5-785.69 | 5.69 When fluid flows through an abrupt ex- pansion as indicated in Fig. P5.64,, the loss in available energy across the expansion, loss ., is often expressed as Ai) Vi toss, = (1-4) 4 ns ( 4) 2 secten (1) where A, = cross section area upstream of ex- alternate f Section (2) pansion, A; = cross section area downstream of fn 1) FIGURE Ps.6¢ ‘expansion, and V, = velocity of flow upstream of expansion. Derive this relationship. Applying the energy equation (Eg. 5-56) to the flow trom sectionlt) to section (2) we obtain a loss = es + Y= Applying the axial direchon component of the near momentum eguation (&g.$-17) to the fluid confaned i the conte! volume from section G) to Section (2) we oblam Ry t PAPA = UY PAY + Key @) Now, if we consider Section (1) a5 occurring at the end of the smaller diametr pipe (the beginning of the larger diameter pipe) as trdicated im the skekh above, Ey.) shill yields the Crpansion loss and &. 2 Gecomes KR, tPA, RA, =~ MAY + edu, (2) Note that with. section (I) positioned at the end of the smaller diamelr pipe, B acts over arta A,. Also, because of the Jet flow from the smaller diameter pipe inte the laner diameter pipe, the Value of R, will be small Chongh Compared to the other terms rh EG. 3 that we can drop K, . From &.3 PR yt ym (67 7 2 Combyning Ss | and 4 we obtain ~ ptt Ly foss,, SURYA Ye5.69 | (con't) From conservation of wuss (6 5:1) have > way A A Combining GF. lossy. = 4 toss, = 5-805.70 5. 70 A vertical jet of water leaves a nozzle at fa speed of 10 m/s and a diameter of 20 mm. It suspends a plate having a mass of 1.5 kg as in- dicated in Fig. PS. 7. What is the vertical dis- tance h? FIGURE P5..70 To determme the vertical distance h we apply the vertical direction Component of the linear momentum eguation (6g. 5-17) fo the water in the control volume. shown in the Sketch above. Thys, Fe PIM al = “VPA, = -py?rQ* a) 7 The vertical reaction force of the plate on he water js egual in magnitude tothe weight of te plat, or Ry 9 plate =(9.81 2) (1.5 By) = ETN Also, the weight of the weter within the control volume ot is negligible, and the mass flowrate is 1 PI Voater! m=PAY = phole «(999 4 )E(oorm*(10 2) 23.13 Thus, Ey / becomes a 147 N -/% => r Y= ltt _ m ETN ym or Y= iy/s 470 @ From the Bernouls Eguation (Eq.3.6) we heve R th phrtz, -yrdoYitz 5-81$72 5.72 Two water jets collide and form one homogeneous jet as shown in Fig. PS.72. (a) Determine the speed, V, and direction, 8, of the combined jet. (b) Determine the head loss for a uid particle flowing from (1) t0 (3), from (2) to (3). Gravity is negligible. V=4me ™ FIGURE P5.72 For the water Flowing through the contol volume sketched above, the X= and y-direction components of the linear momentum equation are ~V,ev, A, + Vates @ eV, A, = © () and -VieV,A, + Vasing pV, Aj= 0 (2) From the conservation of mass principle we get —eV,A,~ pVaha + PVzh, =O @ Combining fq8.1 and 2 we apinin mst T (Om) tine = MA MB LAR) Vika vite. (ome TS a ae (6 Ry motam™ 4q So 0 = tan! 0.386 = 12.2" Now, combining Eqs. ! and 3 we get a -Vighit Vytos 6 (VA, +e VLA.) = 0 aa VA Va de or se (VA +v,A,) ws 6 (var +V,d9 ) (635 (omy Geos it? [C4 2y(o1my +(6 (oem ] (con't ) 5-825.72 | (con't ) To determine the loss of available enemy associated with the flow thibugh this cohol volume we obtain by Applying the energy, equachin ( Eq, . 5.42) rye v me y ve “(ar B)8,- (br Biv Gor Bigs oo 3 Also, the conservation of mass equation 3, tas writen as eee ia eco tatty = © (5) Combining Eqs. and 5, Wwe obtain + vin, (gy) + mylar) 2 (oe + i (US) (6) a ocr The left hand side of Eq.6 Yeplesents the male of available energy loss in this fluid flow, Thus vate of available enoqy loss 1s Yate of loss = @V,A, (Yc )+ pit ( View ) : rk of os « ot [ence ; av. (-¥)] < Thus eq, ne role of las = (277 wales! BS 4 or (oom 4 ait sites] z E 2 _ (ourmy (6 2 Gs )- (arf and 2 rake of loss = 558 Nom Ss 5-835.73 5.73 Air discharges from a 2-in-diameter nozzle and strikes a curved vane, whichis in a vertical plane as shown in ar Fig. P5.73. A stagnation tube connected 10 a water U-tube ‘manometer is located in the free air jet, Determine the horizontal Open ll component of the force that the air jet exerts on the vane. Ne-~ glect the weight ofthe air and all friction [Sage cy [rasovoe water —| = FIGURE P5.73 Note that we ignore the effect of otmospheric pressure on the value of R, in our solution below and use gage pressures, As indicated in Example 5.6 , the atmospheric Pressure force may need Consideration when identifying reaction forces. For the air Flowmg through the contol volume cketched above, the x-direction component of the linear momentum equation is “Vie ViA, = V_ 0s 30 Pavan Aa = -R, (0) Application of Bernoulli's equation far the Flow from (1) 4 (2) yields v,=¥, Q) Then, trom the conservation of mass principle AW, = AW, 3) We use the Bermoulli equation again to oblain the Following equation for the stagnation tube decelerntion Poy vt = Petey (4) Rair z Rai : For the manometer, we obtain with the equation of hydrdaics Pring . _ Gi h sanc® weler A Fag (5) With P= Pia» we get by combiring Eqs. + and 5 V= ] 2h (§ mane (oe)5.73 (con't ) Combining Eqs. 152,3 and 6 we obtain a R= 2 henane (“ ) Rae TS (i+ os 36) 8 air 4 or R= (rind Cor He ) (I (7%) (2 ny 4 2 af) (Qin: ) and RF 2-96 Ib This is the forte exerted by the vane on-the flowing air- The fore exerted by tu fluving air exerts on the vane 1s equal in magnitude bict opposite in ditection |5.74 5.74 Force from a Jet of Air Deflected by a Flat Plate Objective: A jet ofa fluid striking a lat plate as shown in Fig, P574 exerts a force on the plate Is the equal and opposite force of the plate on the fluid that causes the fuid mo- ‘mentum change that accompanies such a flow. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the theoretical force on the plate with the experimentally measured force, Equipment: Air source with an adjustable flowrate and a flow meter; nozzle to produce 4 uniform air je; balance beam with an attached flat plate; weights; barometer; thermometer, Experimental Procedure: Adjust the counter weight so that the bean is level when there is no mass, m, on the beam and no flow through the nozzle, Measure the diameter, d, of the nozzle outlet. Record the barometer reading, Hyg, in inches of mercury and the ait temperature, 7, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law. Place ‘known mass, m, on the fat plate and adjust the fan speed control to produce the necessary flowrate, Q, to make the balance beam level again. The flowrate is related tothe flow meter manometer reading, J, by the equation Q = 0.358 h", where Q is in f/s aad his in inches of water. Repeat the measurements for various masses on the plate Calculations: For each flowrate, Q, calculate the weight, W = mg, needed to balance the beam and use the continuity equation, Q = VA, to determine the velocity, V, at the nozzle exit. Use the momentum equation for this problem, W = pV2A, to determine the theoretical relationship between velocity and weight. Graph: Plot the experimentally measured force on the plate, W, as ordinates and air speed, V, as abscissas, Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical force as a function of air speed Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. FIGURE P5.74 (aon't ) 5-86Ss. 7% (con't) Solution for Problem 5.74: Force from a Jet of Air Deflected by a Flat Plate di in. Haim, in. HT, deg FQ = 0.358 h*0.6, with Q in cfs and h in inches of water 1174 29.28 70 Experimental mkg hin Q.f'3/s Vv, fs om, slug W, Ib 0010 os4 0.263 © 36.0 0.00069 0.022 0.020 1.08 0.372 48.5 0.00137 0.044 0.030 1.52 0.441 58.7 0.00206 0.066 0.040 2.18 0529 70.3 0.00274 0.088 0.050 © 2.72 0.590 785 0.00343 0.110 0.060 3.25 0645 85.8 © 0.00811 0.132 0.070 381 0.699 929 0.00480 0.154 0.080 © 4.32 0.744 = 98.9 © 0.00848 0.177 0.090 4.92 0.794 1058 0.00617 0.199 0.100 5.46 0.837 111.2 0.00685 0.221 0.150 8.13 1.021 135.7 0.01028 0.331 0.200 © 10.85 1.179 156.8 0.01370 0.441 0250 © 13.72 1326 1763 0.01713 0.852 Experimental: VA where ndPld = n°(1.174/12 f)92/4 = 7.526-3 2 W=mg Theoretical W=pV‘A where P= Paim/RT with Pau = hg" Haim = 847 lbyft*3*(29.25/12 fi) = 2085 Ibitt"2 R= 1716 ftib/slug deg R T=70 + 460 = 530 deg R Thus, p = 0.00227 slugift’3 (con't) Theoretical W, Ib 0.021 0.042 0.059 0.084 0.105 0.126 0.147 0.167 0.190 211 0.315 0.420 0.531 5-87S74 (con?ey Problem $.74 Weight, W, vs Velocity, V 50 100 V, fs 150 200 5-835.75 5.75 Pressure Distribution on a Flat Plate Due to the Deflection of an Air Jet Objective: In order to deflect a jet of air as shown in Fig. P5.75 , the flat plate must push against the air with a sufficient force to change the momentum of the ait. This causes an i crease in pressure on the plate. ‘The purpose of this experiment is to measure the pressure distribution on the plate and to compare the resultant pressure force to that needed, accord- ing to the momentum equation, to deflect the ait, Equipment: Air supply with a flow meter; nozzle to produce a uniform jet of air; circular flat plate with static pressure taps at various radial locations; manometer; barometer; thermometer. Experimental Procedure: Measure the diameters of the plate, D, and the nozzle exit, 4, and the radial locations, r, of the various static pressure taps on the plate. Carefully cen- ter the plate over the nozzle exit and adjust the air flowrate, Q, to the desired corstant value. Record the static pressure tap manometer readings, h, at various radial locations, r, from the center of the plate. Record the barometer reading, Hy» in inches of mercury and the air tem= perature, 7, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law. Caleulations: Use the manometer readings, h, to determine the pressure on the plate as « function of location, r. That is, calculate p = Yq, where 7 is the specific weight of the ‘manometer fluid, Graph: Plot pressure, p, as ordinates and radial location, r, as abscissas, Results: Use the experimentally determined pressure distribution to determine the net pressure force, F, that he air et puts on the plate, That is, numerically or graphically inte grate the pressure data to obtain a value for F = |p dA = |p (2ar dr), where ta limits of the integration are over the entire plate, from r = 0 to r = D/2. Compare this fore obtained from the pressure measurements to that obtained from the momentum equation fortis flow, F = pV*A, where V and A are the velocity and area of the jet, respectively. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem, FIGURE PS.755.75 | (con't) Solution forProblem 5.75: Pressure Distribution on a Flat Plate due to the Deflection of an Air Jet D, in 8.0 «in, 0.00 0.39 079 1.24 1.59 2.04 2.41 2.85 3.23 3.67 P= taoth d, in, Haim, in. Hg T, deg FQ. R3is 1.174 29.26 hain, 6.62 5.92 3.04 0.55 0.19 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.00 P= Pain/RT where Pain = 75" Haim = 847 Ib/A3*(29.25/12 ft) = 2065 Ibvtt2 Thus, R= 1716 ft Ib/slug deg R 7 1.41 p, lbite2 p, Ibvin.*2 pr, thin. 34.42 0.2391 0.0000 30.78 0.2138 0.0834 15.81 0.1098 0.0867 2.86 0.0199 0.0248 0.99 0.0069 0.0109 0.68 0.0087 0.0096 0.47 0.0033 0.0078 0.26 0.0018 0.0051 0.16 0.0011 0.0035 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 T=77 + 460 = 537 deg R = 0.00224 slugift®3 Using the trapezoidal rule for integration Foxp = 27°0.5°D so o(PF; *Phos) "(his ~f)] = 20°0.5°O.189 = 0.564 Ib Theory pV7A where As nd'ld = n°(1.174/12 f'2/4 = 0.00752 ft'2 Thus, QUA = (1.41 ft*3/5)/(0.00782 2) = 188 fis Fe, = 0.00224 slugift"3*(188 fls)"2"(0.00752 ftA2) = 0.695 Ib Ceon't) eeroneena- PrP 0.0834 0.1701 0.1114 0.0355 0.0205 0.0174 0.0130 0.0086 0.0035 est 0.39 0.40 0.45 0.35 0.45 0.37 0.44 0.38 0.44 5-907S (con't) Problem 5.75 Pressure, p, vs Radial Location, r Problem 5.75 Pressure Times Distance, p’r, vs Radial Location, r 5-45.76 5.76 Force from a Jet of Water Deflected by a Vane Objective: A jet of a fluid striking a vane as shown in Fig, P5.76 exerts a force on the vvane. It is the equal and opposite force of the vane on the fluid that causes the fuid mo- ‘mentum change that accompanies such a flow. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the theoretical force on the vane with the experimentally measured force. Equipment: Water source; nozzle to produce a uniform jet of water; vanes to deflect the ‘water jet; weigh tank to collect a known amount of water in a measured time period; stop ‘watch; force balance system. Experimental Procedure: Measure the outlet diameter, d, of the nozzle, Fasten the 0 = 90 degree vane to its support and adjust the balance spring to give a zere reading when there is no weight, W, on the platform and no flow through the nozzle, Place a known mass, ‘m, on the platform and adjust the control valve on the pump to provide the necessary flowrate from the nozzle to return the platform to a zero reading. Determine the flowrate by collect- ing a known weight of water, Wuxy in the weigh tank during a measured amount of time, 1, Repeat the measurements for Various masses, m. Repeat the experiment using a @ = 180 degree vane. Calculations: For each data set, determine the weight, W = mg, on the platform and the volume flowrate, Q = Weau/(y!), through the nozzle. Determine the exit ve.ocity from the nozzle, V, by using Q = VA. Use the momentum equation to determine the theoretical weight that can be supported by the water jet as a function of V and 8, Graph: For each vane, plot the experimentally determined weight, W, as ordinates and the water velocity, V, as ubscisas. Results: On the same graph plot the theoretical weight as a function of velocity for each vane. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem, FIGUREPS.76 (con't) 5-92£76 | (con't) Solution for Problem 5.76: Force from a Jet of Water Deflected by a Vane 4, in. 0.40 Experimental m,kg Wein DS msg = Wiib Q,ft'9/s_—V, fs Data for 0 = 90 deg: 002 «771 298 0.0014 0,044 0.008147 007 866 18.2 0.0048 0.154 0.007887 O17 = 887 = 10.1 0.0116 0.375 «(0.0141 16.1 012 892 126 0.0082 0.265 «0.0113 13.0 022 «966 «©6106 0.0151 0.485 0.0146 = 16.7 Data for 6 = 180 deg: 005 = 6.81 24.8 0.0034 «0.110 0.0015) 8.1. o10 902 © 208 0.0069 «0.221 «0.0089 8.0 020 884 = 132 00137 0441 «00107123 025 «788 «© 109 0.0171 0552 00116 = 13.3, 030 886 11.4 0.0206 «066200128147 0357.97 95 0.0240 «0.772 «(0.0184 15.4 040 6.37 78 0.0274 «0.883 (0.0184 15.4 W=mg Q = Wyater/(Y"t) V= QA where A= nd’ld = n°(0.40112 ft)'2/4 = 0.000873 12 Theoretical W = pV"A for @ = 90 deg and W= 2pVA for 0 = 180 deg (con't ) Theoretical W, Ib 0.038 0.129 0.440 0.286 0.474 0.088 0.215 0.512 0.597 0727 0.803 0.802 5-93S76 (con't ) 1.0 FIGUREPS.76 Weight, W, vs Velocity, V ———_ —e Experimental, 80 deg] Experimental, 180 deg — Theoretical, 90 deg - Theoretical, 180 deg | S- 94$.77 5.77 Force of a Flowing Fluid on a Pipe Elbow Objective: When a fluid flows through an elbow in a pipe system as shown in Fig. 5,77, the fluid’s momentum is changed as the fluid changes direction. Thus, the elbow must put a force on the fluid. Similarly, there must be an external force on the elbow to keep it in place, ‘The purpose of this experiment is to compare the theoretical vertical component of force needed to hold an elbow in place with the experimentally measured force. Equipment: Variable speed fan; Pitot static tube; air speed indicator; air duct and 90- degree elbow; scale; barometer; thermometer. Experimental Procedure: Measure the diameter, d, ofthe air duct and adjust the scale to read zero when the elbow rests on it and there is no flow through it. Note that the duct is connected tothe fan outlet by a pivot mechanism that is essentially friction free, Record the barometer reading, Hin in inches of mercury and the air temperature, 7, sothat the air den- sity can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law. Adjust the variable speed fan to give the desired flowrate, Record the velocity, V, in the pipe as given by the Pitot static tube which is connected to an air speed indicator that reads directly in feet per minute. Record the force, F, indicated on the scale at this air speed. Repeat the measurements for various air speeds, ‘Obtain data for two types of elbows: (1) a long radius elbow and (2) a mitered elbow (see Figs. 816 and 8.17) Calculations: For a given air speed, V, use the momentum equation to calculate the the- retical vertical force, F = pV?A, needed to hold the elbow stationary. Graph: Plot the experimentally measured force, F, as ordinates and the ait speed, V, as abscissas, Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical force as a function of air speed. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem, FIGURE P5.77 (Con'€) S245577 | (con't) Solution for Problem 5.77: Force of a Flowing Fluid on a Pipe Elbow din. Ham, in. Hg T, deg F 80 29.07 73 Experiment Theory V.fumin Fb V, fis V.fUs Fay Ib Long Radius Elbow Data 0 0 0 0 00 5.0 0.02 1200 0.38 200 100 0.08, 1420 051 237 150 0.18, 1800 079 300 200 0.31 2160 1.05 36.0 250 0.49 2440 1.38 40.7 300 0.70 2700 1.65 45.0 350 0.96 2800 1.91 483 400 1.25 3100 2.19 517 450 1.58 3520 283 58.7 50.0 1.95 3750 3.12 625 550 2.36 3950 3.38 65.8 600 2.81 650 = 3.30 Mitered Elbow Data 1400 0.30 23.3 1780 0.55 297 2000 0.74 33.3 2300 1.12 383 2630 1.44 438 200 172 483 3150 2.06 525 3360 2.38 56.0 3550 2.62 59.2 3620 274 603 P= Pam/RT where aim = Yoa"Haim = 847 lbvft*3*(29.07/12ft) = 2082 Ibvft"2 716 ft Ib/slug deg R T= 73 + 460 = 533 deg R Thus, p = 0.00224 slugift®3 A= nd?2/4 = 0'(8/12)2/4 = 0.349 12 (con't) 5-96S77 €on't) Problem 5.77 Force, F, vs Velocity, V 20 40 V, fis 60 — Theoretical ‘© Experimental: Long radius elbow 4 Experimental: Mitered elbow