Me 209 Thermodynamics: Content Heat Interactions

ME 209 THERMODYNAMICS
Heat Interactions
Content
• Heat Interactions
 Notation, sign convention
 Like work heat is a path function not a property L10-11 19&20/08/2019
 Heat transfer in integral form & rate of heat transfer
 Modes of heat transfer
 Conduction - Fourier’s Law
 Convection - Newton’s Law of Cooling
 Radiation - Stefan-Boltzmann Law
ME209 Thermodynamics Lecture Presented by Prof M V Rane at IIT Bombay © Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 1 of 14
Saved as D:\Lectures\ME209\Lectures+2019\20190819&20+MVR+10-11+ME209_2019+Heat_Interactions.pptx last updated on 20-08-2019 11:02 PM
HEAT INTERACTION
Notation, Sign Convention
• Heat Interaction
 Energy interaction of a system which cannot be categorized as work interaction
 Eg. Hot gas in a rigid cylinder cooling down when exposed to cooler surrounding
 Energy in the gas increases even though no work is done
 Temperature difference is the only means to enable heat transfer
 Heat transfers only from higher temperature to lower temperature
• Heat is manifested at the system boundary only during any interaction between the system
and the surroundings
 Heat either leaves or enters the system
• Notation and Units: Q Joule, J or Newton-metre, N.m

• Sign Convention: Q > 0 heat entering the system is positive
Q < 0 heat leaving the system is negative
Note: Sign convention for heat transfer is just the reverse of that adopted for work
A legacy from engineers and scientists who were concerned mainly with engines here work output and heat input was of prime
concern. So, it was convenient to regard both the work output and the heat input as positive quantities
HEAT INTERACTION
Heat is a Path Function Not a Property: Integral Form & Rate
• Value of Heat Transfer Depends on the Path Followed During the Process between the End
States
 Depends on the details of a process and not just the end states
• Integral Form
𝟐
𝑸 = න 𝜹𝑸
𝟏
 Limits of integration from State 1 to State 2
 1 & 2 do not refer to the values of heat at those states
 Notion of “heat” at a state has no meaning
• Rate of Heat Transfer, Q [ Unit: J or kJ ]

 Amount of energy transfer by heat during a period of time
 Rate of heat transfer may vary with time
𝒕𝟐
𝑸 = න 𝑸ሶ 𝒅𝒕
𝒕𝟏
HEAT INTERACTION
Heat is a Path Function Not a Property: Integral Form & Rate
• Rate of Heat Transfer, 𝑸ሶ [ Unit: W or kW ]

 A represents the area on the boundary of the system, where heat transfer occurs
 𝒒ሶ heat flux, rate of heat transfer per unit area [Unit: W.m-2 or kW.m-2]
𝑸ሶ = න 𝒒ሶ 𝒅𝑨
𝑨
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
Figures 2.12 of Moran and Shapiro, 5th Ed., 2006
Conduction
• Conduction
 Transfer of energy from the more energetic particles to adjacent particles in
physical contact that are less energetic
 Due to interactions between the particles
• Energy Transfer by Conduction

 Takes place in solids, liquids, and gases
• Fourier’s Law for Conduction

 Macroscopically quantifies the time rate of energy transfer by conduction
𝒅𝑻
𝑸ሶ 𝒙 = −𝒌 𝑨
𝒅𝒙
 𝑸ሶ 𝒙 rate of heat transfer across any plane normal to the x direction, W
 A wall area, m2
𝒅𝑻
 temperature gradient in the x direction
𝒅𝒙
 k thermal conductivity is the proportionality constant, W.m-.K-1
 Minus sign signifies energy transfer in the direction of decreasing temperature
 Temperature variation is linear for constant k, without internal heat
generation at steady state
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Table A 19 of Moran and Shapiro, 5th Ed., 2006
Common Materials
Common Materials: Solids
Common Building & Insulating Materials
Saturated Liquids
Figures 2.13 of Moran and Shapiro, 5th Ed., 2006
Convection
• Convection
 Transfer of energy between a solid surface at a
temperature Tb and an adjacent moving fluid at
another temperature Tf
 Plays a prominent role in the performance of many
devices
• Newton’s Law of Cooling

 Macroscopically quantifies the time rate of energy
transfer by conduction
𝑸ሶ 𝒄 = 𝒉 𝑨 (𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻𝒇)
 𝑸ሶ c rate of heat transfer across any plane normal
to the x direction, W
 A wall area, m2
• Convection Heat Transferred in the  Tb temperature of base or solid surface, oC or K
Direction Indicated by the Arrow Due to  Tf temperature of fluid or air in the example, oC
the Combined Effects of or K
 Conduction within the air and  h convective heat transfer coefficient is the
 Bulk motion of the air proportionality constant, W.m-2.K-1
Table 2.1 of Moran and Shapiro, 5th Ed., 2006
Typical Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients
Moran and Shapiro, 5th Ed., 2006
Radiation
• Radiation
 Transfer of energy from a solid surface at a temperature Tb
 Thermal radiation is emitted by matter as a result of changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms
or molecules within it
 Energy is transported by electromagnetic waves (or photons)
 Thermal radiation does not require any medium to propagate
 It can even take place in a vacuum
 Solid surfaces, gases, and liquids all emit, absorb, and transmit thermal radiation to varying degrees
• Stefan–Boltzmann Law
 Macroscopically quantifies the time rate of energy transfer by radiation
𝑸ሶ 𝒓 = 𝜺 𝝈 𝑨 𝑻𝒃𝟒
 𝑸ሶ r rate of heat transfer across any plane normal to the x direction, W.m-2
 A wall area, m2
 Tb temperature of solid surface or radiating fluid, K
 𝜺 emissivity, property of the surface that indicates how effectively the surface radiates 0 ≤ 𝜺 ≤ 1.0
 𝝈 Stefan–Boltzmann constant 5.67 x 10-8 W.m-2.K-4
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
First Law of Thermodynamics
• Heat and Work Interactions are the Only Modes of Energy Transfer
• Based on Joule’s Experiments and Experience So Far Energy is Conserved
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
First Law of Thermodynamics – Various Forms
• Energy Balance in Differential Form dE = δQ - δW (2.36)

𝒅𝑬
• Time Rate Form of Energy Balance Equation = 𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ (2.37)
𝒅𝒕

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ME 209 THERMODYNAMICS

• Notation and Units: Q Joule, J or Newton-metre, N.m

• Rate of Heat Transfer, Q [ Unit: J or kJ ]

• Rate of Heat Transfer, 𝑸ሶ [ Unit: W or kW ]

• Energy Transfer by Conduction

• Fourier’s Law for Conduction

• Newton’s Law of Cooling

• Energy Balance in Differential Form dE = δQ - δW (2.36)

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