Republic of the Philippines

Region I
City Schools Division of Batac
FERDINAND E. MARCOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

FINDING RESULTS THROUGH DATA COLLECTION

Handout #2

Data Collection Procedure

 or data gathering is defined as the process of gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic method that enables one to answer
stated research questions, test hypothesis, and evaluate outcomes.
 Types:
o Primary data collection uses surveys, interviews, questionnaires, tests,
observations, checklists and rating scales.
o Secondary data collection is conducted by obtaining information found in
journals, books, annual reports, websites and other publications available for
public use.

Quantitative Data Gathering Strategies

1. Questionnaires- often make use of checklist and rating scales. It is usually sent by mail,
email or personally given to the respondents.
2. Interview- can be used at any stage of the evaluation process. Two types of interviews
are used in evaluation research:
Structured Interviews, in which a carefully worded questionnaire is
administered,
In depth interviews does not follow rigid form.
Personal Interviews- are done when people usually respond when asked by a
person but their answers may be influenced by the interviewer.
3. Experiments- attempts to determine a cause and effect relationship between two or
more variables.
4. Observations- an individual/s gather first hand data on programs, process or behaviors
being studied.

To obtain reliable information that will help answer the research questions, follow these
steps:
 Determine the objectives of the study you are undertaking.
 Define the population of interest.
 Choose the variables that will measure in the study.
 Decide on an appropriate design for producing data
 Collect Data
 Determine the appropriate descriptive and/or inferential data analysis techniques.
 PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL
FORMS

Data Processing
- Is dealing with editing, coding, classifying, tabulating and presenting
data through chart, or diagram.
- It is a series of actions or steps performed on data to verify, organize,
transform, integrate and extract data in an appropriate output form of
subsequent use.
- Translating information either manually or electronically into
qualitative form for use in research analysis (Calmorin and Calmorin,
2007).
-
Different Techniques being used to display data results are the ff:
1. Textual Presentation of Data
 Use words, statements or paragraphs with numerals, numbers or measurements
to describe data.
 They can also be used to compare data using paragraphs for discussion.
Example:
There are 42,036 barangays in the Philippines. The largest barangay in terms
of population size is Barangay 176 Caloocan City with 247 thousand persons.
It followed by Commonwealth in Quezon City (198,285) and Batasan Hills in
Quezon City (161,409).

2. Tabular Presentation of Data

 Tables present clear and organized data. Table must be clear and simple but
complete.
Parts:
o Table number and title- these are placed above the table. The title is
usually written right after the table number.
o Caption subhead- this refers to columns and rows.
o Body- it contains all data under each subhead.
o Source- it indicates if the data is secondary and it should be
acknowledged.
Example:

Table 2. Frequency distribution of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.

Variables f %
Sex
Male 86 40.95
Female 124 59.04
Total 210 100
Grade Level
Grade 11 97 46.19
Grade 12 113 53.81
Total 210 100
n= 210
 3. Tabular Presentation with Textual Analysis
Example:

Table 2. Frequency distribution of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.

Variables f %
Sex
Male 86 40.95
Female 124 59.04
Total 210 100
Grade Level
Grade 11 97 46.19
Grade 12 113 53.81
Total 210 100
n= 210

Table 1 shows the frequency distribution of respondents according to their socio-demographic

profiles.

Sex. The table reveals that the majority of the respondents were females constituting 59.04% while

40.95% are males.

Grade Level. The table also reveals that most of the respondents were from grade twelve (12) with

113 or 53.81%.

4. Graphical Methods of Presenting Data

 A graph or chart portrays the visual presentation of data using symbols such as
lines, dots, bars or slices.
 It depicts the trend of a certain set of measurements or shows comparison
between two or more sets of data or quantities.
Examples:
 Line Graph- a graphical presentation of data that shows a continuous
change or trend. It may show an ascending or descending trend.
 Double Line Graph- To show comparison of events, situations or
information. It has two lines connecting points to show continuous change
in the data over time.
 Bar Graph or Bar Chart- uses bars to compare categories of data. It may
be drawn vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar graph is best use when
comparing means or percentages between distinct categories. A horizontal
bar graph may contain more than 5 categories.
 Pie Charts or Circle Graphs- usually show how parts of a whole compare
to each other and to the whole. The entire circle represents the total, and the
parts are proportional to the amount of the total they represent.
 USING STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ANALYZING DATA

Common Statistical Tools

1. Arithmetic Mean- commonly known as the “average”, is the sum of a list of numbers
divided by the number of items on the list.
2. Frequency Distribution- represent in tables or charts that show how many of your
evaluation participants fall into various categories of interest.
3. Standard Deviation- the measure of a spread of data around the mean. A high standard
deviation signifies that the data is spread more widely from the mean, where low
standard deviation signals more data align with the mean. Useful for quickly
determining dispersion of data points.

4. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient r or simply Pearson r is used to

measure the degree of linear relationship between two variables of the interval or
ratio measurement.

5. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs) is used to measure the degree of
association or relationship between two variables which are both measured in the
ordinal scale or between a variable measured in the ordinal scale and a variable
measured in the interval or ratio scale.

6. Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient is a correlation measure of the strength of

association between a continuous-level variable (ratio or interval data) and
variables of nominal scale with only two values.

7. Phi-Coefficient (ɸ)- s a measure of association for two binary variables

(nominal)

8. T-test- assess whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each
other. This analysis is appropriate whenever you want to compare the means of two
groups.

9. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) - that are used to describe / compare the

relationship among a number of groups.

10. The Chi-Square test of Independence is used to determine if there is a significant

relationship between two nominal (categorical) variables. Compares the observed
frequencies of the responses a=with the expected frequencies.