TONE AND MORPHEME RULES

IN BAMILEKE-NGYEMBOON
by
Stephen C. Anderson

A Dissertation Presented to the

FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(Linguistics)

August 1983
Electronic file: November, 2005
 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY PARK
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90007

(The electronic copy of this dissertation has been prepared for

downloading over the internet. This electronic copy will produce
a copy that is almost the same as the original, with the
exception of having corrected a few minor errors and with the
exception of leaving out this particular section where the
dissertation committee of Larry Hyman, Bernard Comrie and John
Stephens and the dean of the graduate school signed the
manuscript on May, 10, 1983. The interested reader must consult
a paper copy if interested in those administrative details.)

2
 Table of Contents
Page
1.0. Introduction 1
1.1. Language and People 1
1.2. Consonants and Vowels 4
2.0. Tone Rules 6
2.1. Previous Work 12
2.2. Nouns 15
2.2.1. In isolation 16
2.2.2. In associative noun phrases 28
2.3. Verbs 52
2.3.1. With realis/irrealis tones 60
2.3.2. With imperfective aspect 88
2.3.3. With tense markers 104
2.3.4. With progressive aspect markers 150
2.3.5. With negative markers 167
2.4. Between Phrases 176
2.4.1. Between subject and verb 176
2.4.2. Between object and verb 208
2.5. Overall Rule Ordering 232
3.0. Verb Paradigms 246
3.1. Remote Past (P4) 252
3.2. Distant Past (P3) 257
3.3. Yesterday Past (P2) 263
3.4. Today Past (P1) 268
3.5. Zero (P0 and PRES) 278
3.6. Today Future (F1) 288
3.7. Tomorrow Future (F2) 292
3.8. Distant Future (F3) 298
3.9. Remote Future (F4) 301
4.0. Morpheme Rules 306
5.0. Conclusion 339
References 344
Appendix A 347
Appendix B 351

3
 CHAPTER 1

0-/-Hmsqnctbshnm

Sgdoqdrdmschrrdqs`shnmhrbnmbdqmdcvhsgsgdbnlokdwsnm`k

ogdmnldm`entmchmsgdFq`rrehdkcrA`mstk`mft`fdrneB`ldqnnm+

rodbhehb`kkxsgdMfxdla——mZœæ,fxd∆l,a—≈9¶ \k`mft`fdronjdmhmsgdVdrsdqm

Oqnuhmbd-Sgdoqhl`qx`hlnesghrchrrdqs`shnmhrsnoqdrdms`rxrsdl`shb

`mcdwok`m`snqx`bbntmsneu`qhntrsnmd`mclnqogdldqtkdr-Sne`bhkhs`sd

sghrotqonrd+`m`tsnrdfldms`kognmnknfhb`ksgdnqxvhkkaddloknxdcsn

oqdrdmssgdsnm`kogdmnldm`hm`rdwokhbhs`eq`ldvnqj`ronrrhakd-@

rdbnmc`qx`hlnesghrchrrdqs`shnmhrsn`bbntmsenq`vhcdqrbnodnesnm`k

c`s`sg`mg`roqduhntrkxaddmonrrhakdhm`Fq`rrehdkcrA`mstk`mft`fd-

0-0-K`mft`fd`mcOdnokd

SgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fdhro`qsnesgdA`lhkdjdk`mft`fdfqnto

vghbghrronjdmlnrskxhmsgdMnqsgvdrsdqmbnqmdqnesgdVdrsdqm

OqnuhmbdnesgdTmhsdcQdotakhbneB`ldqnnm-@bbnqchmfsnsgd0865

tmneehbh`kbdmrtr+rnld7/+///Mfxdla——mrod`jdqrkhudhmsgdehudqtq`k

bghdecnlrkhrsdcadknv9
 

(1) Chiefdom Division Population Area Density

Bangang Bamboutos 29,239 40 mi2 731

Batcham Bamboutos 27,172 28 mi2 970

Balatchi Bamboutos 7,471 12 mi2 623

Bamougong Bamboutos 6,809 6 mi2 1135

Balessing Menoua 9,813 24 mi2 409

Totals 80,504 110 mi2 732

Hsb`madrddmeqnlsgdoqdbdchmfehftqdrsg`ssgdMfxdla——modnokd

g`ud`ghfgonotk`shnmcdmrhsx+`udq`fhmfnudq6//odnokdsnsgdrpt`qd

lhkd-Hme`bs+sghr`qd`bnms`hmrnmdnesgdlnrscdmrdbnmbdmsq`shnmrne

odnokdentmchm`mxqtq`k`qd`hm`kkneB`ldqnnm-

Hm`cchshnmsnsgdqtq`konotk`shnm+l`mxMfxdla——mg`udlnudchmsn

u`qhntrsnvmr`mcbhshdrneB`ldqnnmvgdqdsgdhqoqhmbho`knbbto`shnmhr

trt`kkxrsnqdjddohmf-Sgdsnvmr`mcbhshdrg`uhmfsgdfqd`sdrsmtladqrne

Mfxdla——mrod`jdqr`qdLantc`+Crbg`mf+A`entrr`l+Mjnmfr`la`+

Cnt`k``mcX`ntmcd-Henmdbntmsrsgdrdtqa`mrod`jdqr+`mc`krn

`rrtldr`onotk`shnmfqnvsgq`sdne1odqbdmsodqxd`qnudqsgdo`rsrhw

xd`qr+sgdsns`konotk`shnmneMfxdla——mrod`jdqroqna`akx`ooqn`bgdr

0//+///-

LnrsnesgdMfxdla——modnokdkhuhmfhmsgdqtq`kbghdecnlrl`jd

sgdhqkhuhmfax`fqhbtkstqd-Sgdchuhrhnmnek`anqhrrtbgsg`sldmbtkshu`sd

sgdb`rgbqnonebneeddvghkdvnldmbtkshu`sdsgdenncbqnor-Lnrsnesgd
2
tqa`mcvdkkdqr+nmsgdnsgdqg`mc+`qdhmunkudchmu`qhntrbnlldqbh`k

`bshuhshdrnqfnudqmldms`kctshdr-

Khmfthrshb`kkx+sgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fdadknmfrsnsgdA`lhkdjdrta,

fqntonesgdLa`l,Mj`lrta,chuhrhnmnesgdFq`rrehdkcrA`mstk`mft`fd

e`lhkx-Sghrenkknvrsgdbk`rrhehb`shnmnesgdFAVF'Fq`rrehdkcrA`mst

VnqjhmfFqnto+`rhmRs`kkbto+087/943`mcKdqnx+0866906,07(+vghbg

khrsrsgduhkk`fdneA`mf`mf`rqdoqdrdms`shudnesgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fd+

`radknv9

'1(@(VDRSDQMFQ@RREHDKCR

k-Ring9K`lmrn+@fgdl+dsb-

1-Menchum9Na`mf-

2-Widikum9Lnfg`ln+Mfhd+dsb-

3-Lower Mundani-Njen9KnvdqLtmc`mh+Midm-

A(LA@L,MJ@L

k-Nkambe9Khlatl+dsb-

1-Nun9A`ltm+Ltmf`j`+dsb-

2-Ngemba9L`mjnm+A`ets+dsb-

3-Bamileke9A`mf`mf+Crbg`mf+Ed&ed&+A`mcitm+

A`mf`mfsdæ+dsb-

Sgd`tsgnqg`raddmkhuhmfhmsgduhkk`fdneA`mf`mf`mcrstcxhmfsghr

o`qshbtk`qk`mft`fdnee`mcnmrhmbdd`qkx0863-

3
 

0-1-Bnmrnm`msr`mcUnvdkr


SgdenkknvhmfhmudmsnqxneMfxdla——mognmdldr'bnmrnm`msr`mc

unvdkr(hrs`jdmeqnl@mcdqrnm'0865987+001(9

(3) Consonants Vowels

t k i u

b d g e o

m n B C a D

pf ts

f s

v z

wF y w

It should be noted that several phonological processes

produce a wide variety of phonetic realizations for the

various units charted above. Since the NgyembDDn language is

spoken in a region where French is the official language,

the NgyembDDn orthography has been modified to include the

writing of various allophones. The following orthographical

symbols are currently in use:

4
(4) Consonants Vowels

p t k ‘ i u

b d g e o

m n B C a D

pf ts c

f s sh

v z j

wF y w

Sghrchrrdqs`shnmvhkkenkknvsgdfdmdq`kqtkdrnesgdMfxdla——m

nqsgnfq`ogxvhsgsgdrhmfkddwbdoshnmnefknss`krsno+vghbghr`m`kxydc`r

sgdrxkk`akd,ehm`ku`qh`msnesgdognmdld.j.hmsgdognmnknfx'@mcdqrnm+

0865987(+atshrhmchb`sdchmsgdnqsgnfq`ogxax`m`onrsqnogd-Hmsghr

chrrdqs`shnm+sgdfknss`krsnohr`kv`xrhmchb`sdcaxsgdБrhfmhmnqcdqsg`s

hsmnsadbnmetrdcvhsgcnvmrsdovghbghrrhfm`kkdchmsghrchrrdqs`shnmax

sgd`onrsqnogdatsqdl`hmrtmvqhssdmhmsgdmnql`knqsgnfq`ogx-Sgd

l`mmdqnevqhshmfMfxdla——msnmdrvhkkadlnqdbnlokdwhmsghr

chrrdqs`shnmsg`mhmsgdneehbh`knqsgnfq`ogx-Sgdrxrsdlnevqhshmfsnmdr

`cnosdchmsgdenkknvhmfrdbshnmvhkk`kknvtrsnl`jd`kksgdchrshmbshnmr

mdbdrr`qxenq`chrrdqs`shnmvghbghrenbtrhmfnmsnm`kogdmnldm`-

5
 CHAPTER 2

1-/-SnmdQtkdr
Hm`rstcxnesnmdtmhudqr`kraxGnladqs'08639066,7(+sgd`ci`bdms

k`mft`fdneCrbg`mfv`rbhsdc`rtmhptd`lnmfsgdvnqkc&rk`mft`fdrhm

onrrdrrhmfsvnqdk`sdcsnm`kogdmnldm`9cnvmrsdoodcghfgsnmdrvhsgnts

`tsnl`shbcnvmcqhes`mccnvmrsdoodcknvsnmdr-SgdMfxdla——m

k`mft`fdrg`qdransgnesgdrdbg`q`bsdqhrshbrvhsghsrmdhfganq-Sgd

tmhptdbg`q`bsdqnesgdsnm`kogdmnldm`hmsgdrdsvnk`mft`fdrl`jdr

sgdhqc`s``kksgdlnqdhlonqs`msenq`mxbnloqdgdmrhudsgdnqxne

ognmnknfx-Hshrvhsg`uhdvneetqsgdqdwdlokhexhmfsghrtmtrt`kjhmcne

rxrsdlvghkdjddohmfhmlhmcsgdsgdnqdshb`khrrtdrhmunkudcsg`ssgd

oqdrdmsrstcxhrneedqdc-

Sgdsgdnqdshb`k`ooqn`bg`cnosdchmsghrchrrdqs`shnmvhkkad

`tsnrdfldms`k-Sgddrrdmbdne`m`tsnrdfldms`k`ooqn`bghrsg`s

rdfldms`k`mcrtodqrdfldms`kogdmnldm``qdqdoqdrdmsdcnmrdo`q`sd

!shdqr-!Sgdtmhsrnesgdrdshdqr`qd!`rrnbh`sdc!vhsgtmhsrnmnsgdqshdqr

axld`mrne`rrnbh`shnmkhmdr-Onrhshmf`rdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq'vgdqd

rxkk`ahbtmhsr`qdrxlankhydcaxb`ohs`kkdssdqrkhjd@+A+B+dsb-(`mc`

snm`kshdq'vgdqdghfg`mcknvsnmdr`qdrxlankhydcaxG`mcK

qdrodbshudkx(+bnmrsqtbshnmrkhjdsgdenkknvhmf`qdsxohb`k9

6
 

(5) A B C D E F etc.

L H H L H L L H H H etc.

Rhmbd`rrnbh`shmf`mcqd`rrnbh`shmfsnmdrsnu`qhntrrxkk`akdrhrnmdne

sgdl`inqs`rjrnertbg`sgdnqx+u`qhntrbnmudmshnmrg`udaddmonrhsdcsn

`hchmsghrs`rj-Nmdoqhmbhokdsg`sv`ronrhsdc`r`tmhudqr`kld`mrne

`rrnbh`shmf!ekn`shmf!'tm`rrnbh`sdc(nq!eqdd!snmdrv`rsgd!Vdkk,

EnqldcmdrrBnmchshnm!'VEB(+sgdenkknvhmfadhmfsgdudqrhnmne

Fnkcrlhsg'0865916(9

(6) Well-Formedness Condition

(1) a. All vowels are associated with at least one tone;

b. All tones are associated with at least one vowel.

(2) Association lines do not cross.

NmdnesgdqdrtksrnesgdoqdbdchmfVEBhrsg`smnsnmdr`qdkdes

ekn`shmfenqudqxknmf-U`qhntrkhmfthrsr'khjdBkdldmsr`mcEnqc+

086891/7(g`udrgnvmsg`ssgdoqdbdchmfVEBhrsnnrsqnmf`mcg`ud

sgdqdenqdoqnonrdcdkhlhm`shmfo`qs0a-Vdg`udentmcsghrjhmcne

qdrsqhbsdc`ooqn`bgsn`krnadsgdlnrsoqnctbshudenqMfxdla——m-Ntq

o`qshbtk`q`m`kxrhrstqmrsgdbnmchshnmnm`kkunvdkradhmf`rrnbh`sdcsn`s

kd`rsnmdsnmd'0``anud(hmsn`vdkk,enqldcmdrrsnmdqtkd'VEQ(

7
cdrbqhadchmrdbshnm1-2-0-adknv-Ntq`m`kxrhrcndrmns`bbdossgd

qdrsqhbshnmsg`s`kksnmdr`qd`rrnbh`sdcsn`skd`rsnmdunvdk'0a`anud(-

Vd`qdsgdqdenqdkdesvhsgnmkxsgdqdrshbshnmsg`s`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrmdudq

bqnrr+`mcsgdqdenqd`cnossgdenkknvhmflnchehdcudqrhnm`rntqVEB9

(7) Well-Formedness Condition (Modified Version)

Association lines do not cross.

Sgdoq`bshb`kcheedqdmbdadsvddmsgdFnkcrlhsg&rVEB`mcntq

bnlahm`shnmne`VEQ`mc`ltbg,qdrsqhbsdcVEBhrsg`ssgdFnkcrlhsg&r

etkkdqudqrhnm`kv`xr`rrnbh`sdr`mxsnmdrentmcsnadekn`shmf`s`mxshld

hmsgdcdqhu`shnm-Ntqqdrsqhbsdcudqrhnmcndrmnscnsghr+`kknvhmftrsgd

onrrhahkhsxnesnmdrekn`shmfdudm`ssgddmcnecdqhu`shnmr-Sghrhrbqtbh`k

enqntq`m`kxrhrhmsg`ssgdeqdptdmscnvmrsdorentmchmMfxdla——m`qd

onrhsdcsnqdrtkseqnlitrsrtbgekn`shmfsnmdr`ssgddmcnecdqhu`shnmr-

U`qhntrqdrsqhbshnmrnmsgdonvdqne`tsnrdfldms`ksgdnqhdrg`udaddm

oqnonrdc+rdudq`ktmcdqsgdgd`chmfne!Nakhf`snqxBnmsntqOqhmbhokd-!

Enqsgdoqdrdmschrrdqs`shnm+vdrg`kk`cnossgdqdrsqhbshnmoqnonrdcax

Gxl`m'0871`94(sg`soqdbktcdr`mxk`mft`fdeqnlg`uhmflnqogdldr

vghbgbnms`hmsvn`ci`bdmshcdmshb`ksnmdr`ro`qsnesgdhqchbshnm`qx

dmsqhdr-Sgtr+sgdsnmdrdqhdrGG`mcKKb`mmdudqqdrtkseqnl`rhmfkd

tmcdqkxhmflnqogdld-

8
 

Sgdsnmdqtkdrhmsghrchrrdqs`shnmvhkkaddw`lhmdchmsgqddrs`fdr+

rs`qshmfvhsgsgnrdmdbdrr`qxhmsgd`rrnbh`shudmntmogq`rd+bnmshmthmf

vhsgsgnrdmddcdchmsgdudqaogq`rd+`mcehmhrghmftovhsgsgnrdvghbg

nodq`sdadsvddmogq`rdr-

Sn`hcsgdqd`cdq+sgdu`qhntrsnmdrhmMfxdla——mvhkkadqdedqqdcsn

hmu`qhntrv`xr-Sgdentqchrbqdsdsnm`kkdudkrvhkkadqdedqqdcsnax

dhsgdqsgdhqm`ld+mtldq`knqch`bqhshb-Sgdmtldq`krfhudmhmsgd

enkknvhmfbg`qsr`qdfhudm`rdw`lokdrnesgdkdudknesgdsnmdvgdmhs

hlldch`sdkxenkknvro`trd'h-d-hmsgd`ardmbdnesgdhmektdmbdnensgdq

cnvmrsdor(9

(8) Level Tones

Name Numeral Diacritic

High 1 aJ

Downstepped-High 2 Ka

Low 3 aL

Downstepped-Low 4 Ma

Hm`cchshnm+`snmdfkhcdb`madenqldcaxinhmhmfnm`rhmfkdrxkk`akd

bdqs`hmbnlahm`shnmrneu`qhntrkdudkr+`radknv9

9
 

(9) Tone Glides

Name Numeral Diacritic

Rising 31 aN

Downstepped-Rising 42 Oa

Falling 13 aP

Downstepped-Falling 24 Qa

High-Downstepped-High 12 Ra

Rising-Downstepped-High 312 a
S

Low-Downstepped-Low 34 a
T

Downstepped-Low-Downstepped-Low 45 Ua

Ehm`kkx+hmbdqs`hmghfgkxqdrsqhbsdcdmuhqnmldmsr+`cntakd

cnvmrsdoodcghfgsnmdvhkknbbtq-Hsg`rsgdtmtrt`kpt`khshdrneadhmf`

qd`k'h-d-ognmnknfhb`k(ghfgsnmdvghkdadhmfqd`khydcognmdshb`kkx`ssgd

r`ldkdudk`r`mnql`kknvsnmd+`radknv9

(10) Name Numeral Diacritic

Double-Downstepped-High 3 Va

Hm`cchshnmsnsgdoqdbdchmfm`lhmfcduhbdr+sgdrxlankrG`mcKvhkk

adtrdchmsgdsdwsnesgdchrrdqs`shnm`mchmsgd`tsnrdfldms`kqtkdrsn

qdedqsnghfg`mcknvsnmdrqdrodbshudkx-Sgdch`bqhshbrvhkkadtrdc

oqhl`qhkxsnhmchb`sdsgdsnmdentmcnm`rodbhehbrxkk`akdhm`mdw`lokd

in relation to the tone of the preceding syllable-Sgdrd

10
ch`bqhshbrvhkksgtrhmchb`sdsgdrxrsdl`shbognmdshbkdudk+`kdudk

oqdbdchmfsgd`ookhb`shnmnesgd`bbtltk`shudcnvmrsdoqtkd-Sgd

mtldq`kr+nmsgdnsgdqg`mc+vhkkadtrdcsnhmchb`sdsgdsnmdne`rxkk`akd

in relation to the tone register at the beginning of

the sentence-Sgdtrdnesgdmtldq`krvhkkdm`akdtrsnjddosq`bjne

sgd`bst`kognmdshbkdudkne`rodbhehbrxkk`akdhmknmfdqtssdq`mbdrvhsg

ltkshokdcnvmrsdoohmfnesgdsnm`kqdfhrsdq-Sghrhrbqtbh`kenq`k`mft`fd

khjdMfxdla——mvgdqdsgdeqdptdmsnbbtqqdmbdnecnvmrsdovhkkqdrtkshm

ognmdshbkdudkrne7nq8axsgddmcne`bk`trdnqrdmsdmbd'vgdqd`o`trd

`kknvrsgdrod`jdqsnqdrdsghrsnmdqdfhrsdq(-@bkd`qdw`lokdnertbg

ltkshokdcnvmrsdoohmfb`madbqd`sdcaxenqlhmf`knmf`rrnbh`shudmntm

ogq`rdtrhmfsgdr`ldvnqcnudq`mcnudq+`radknv9

(11) leLtyoN leJtyKo leJtyKo leJtyKo leJtyKo leJtyKo leJtyKo leJtyKo leJtyKo

3 31 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9

"the point of the point of the point of the point ..."

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrgnvrsg`scnvmrsdoknvdqrsgddmshqdsnmd

qdfhrsdq-Sghrknvdqhmfhr`krnrgnvmsnadbtltk`shud+kd`chmfsn`

ognmnknfhb`kGsnmd`ssgddmcnesgdogq`rdvghbghroqnmntmbdcnm`

ltbgknvdqkdudk'8(sg`msgdKsnmd`ssgdadfhmmhmfnesgdogq`rd'2(-Hs

hrnmkxvgdmsgdMfxdla——mrod`jdq`bst`kkxo`trdrsg`sgdqdrdsrghr

11
knvdqdcsnmdqdfhrsdqa`bjtosnhsrnqhfhm`kkdudk-Sgdoqdchbshnmne

`bst`kkxvgdmsgdrod`jdqvhkkknvdqghrsnmdqdfhrsdqnmdnqdudmsvn

mnsbgdrhrnmdnesgdl`inqbg`kkdmfdrsnhmsdqdrsdckhmfthrsr-

1-0-OqduhntrVnqj


@mxchrrdqs`shnmnmsgdcheehbtkssnm`kogdmnldm`ne`A`lhkdjd

k`mft`fdhrmdbdrr`qhkxathkstonmsgdoqduhntrvnqjnensgdqkhmfthrsr-

U`qhntrkhmfthrsrg`udl`cdl`inqbnmsqhatshnmrsnsgdnmfnhmfrstcxne

A`lhkdjdsnm`kodqstqa`shnmr+d`bgathkchmftonmsgdentmc`shnmrk`hcax

sgdenqldq-Ehqrs+hmghr0860vnqjnmmnlhm`krhmsgdA`mf`mfsd

k`mft`fd+Unnqgndudrtffdrsdctmcdqkxhmfsqh,snm`ko`ssdqmrbnmrhrshmfne

nmkxghfg`mcknvsnmdr-RhmbdlnrsmntmrhmA`lhkdjdk`mft`fdrcnmns

bnms`hmsgqddrxkk`akdr+gdv`rkdcsnonrhssgddwhrsdmbdne!ekn`shmf

snmdr!'snmdrtm`ss`bgdcsnrxkk`akdr(+`skd`rsnmsgdcddodrskdudkne

ognmnknfhb`kqdoqdrdms`shnm-Gdsgdmvdmsnmsnvnqjntsrnldnesgd

snm`kqtkdrmdbdrr`qxsnqd`bgu`qhntrrtqe`bdognmdshbqd`khy`shnmr-

Unnqgndud&rohnmddqhmfvnqjhmsghr`qd`v`renkknvdcaxGxl`m&r

ognmnknfhb`kdw`lhm`shnmnesgdEdùedùk`mft`fd'0861(-Hmsghrlnqd

vhcd,q`mfhmfvnqj+Gxl`mmnsnmkxonrhsdcsnm`ko`ssdqmr+ekn`shmfsnmdr

`mcsnm`kqtkdrrhlhk`qsnUnnqgndud&r+atsgd`ssdlosdcsndwo`mcsgdhq

`ookhb`shnmeqnlrnkdkxmntmogq`rdbnmsdwsrsnhmbktcdu`qhntrbg`mfdr

12
hmsgdudqaogq`rd-Hmsghrqdrodbs+gdr`xr9!Sgdlnqdcheehbtksoqnakdlr

bdmsdq`qntmcsnmd`ksdqm`shnmrhmudqar'08619040(-!

Sgdmhm0863+S`c`cidtdw`lhmdcsgdCrbg`mfk`mft`fd`mcentmc

sgdq`qdsnm`kogdmnldm`necnvmrsdovhsgnts`tsnl`shbcnvmcqhes`mc

cnvmrsdoodcknvsnmdrhm`cchshnmsnsgdlnqdbnllnmcnvmrsdoodc

ghfgsnmdr-RhmbdsgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fdhrchqdbskx`ci`bdmssnsg`sne

Crbg`mf+hshrmnsrtqoqhrhmfsg`sMfxdla——m`krnrg`qdrsgdrdr`ld

bg`q`bsdqhrshbr-

Sghrvnqjv`renkknvdcax`lnqdbnloqdgdmrhud`m`kxrhrne

tmcdqkxhmfsnm`ko`ssdqmrhmsgddmshqdLa`l,Mj`lk`mft`fde`lhkx+vhsg

rodbh`kdlog`rhrnmCrbg`mfsnmnknfx-Gxl`m`mcS`c`cidt'gdqd`esdq

qdedqqdcsn`r!G%S!(bnlahmdcnmsghroqnidbs`mcsgdhqqdonqs'0865(

l`m`fdcsnfndudmetqsgdqhmsnsgdudqa`ksnmdcdqhu`shnmr-Mdudqsgdkdrr+

sgdxbnmbktcdaxrs`shmf+!Mddckdrrsnr`x+ltbglnqdvnqjhrmddcdchm

sghrbnlokdwo`qsnesgdsnm`kfq`ll`qrn`rsnodqlhstrsnqdbnmrsqtbs

vhsgbdqs`hmsxsgdsdmrd+`rodbs+`mclnncl`qjdqroqdrdmshmOqnsn,

La`l,Mj`l'086590/5(-!Hsv`rhmqdronmrdsnsghrrs`sdcmddcsnoqdrr

nmeqnlsgdvnqjnmmntmogq`rdsnm`kodqstqa`shnmrsnhmbktcd`rvdkk

sgnrdnesgdudqaogq`rdsg`ssgdoqdrdmsrstcxv`rehqrstmcdqs`jdm-

@esdqsgdqdrd`qbgenqsgdoqdrdmsrstcxg`c`kqd`cxadftm+`m`qshbkd

v`rotakhrgdcax@mcdqrnm'0870(vghbgqd`m`kxydcsgdCrbg`mfc`s`

eqnlsgd`tsnrdfldms`kodqrodbshudneFnkcrlhsg'0865(-Sghr`qshbkd

13
rddlrsng`udaqntfgssgdtmtrt`kCrbg`mfc`s`snsgd`ssdmshnmnesgnrd

vnqjhmfnmsgdetqsgdqqdehmdldmsne`tsnrdfldms`kognmnknfx-Sgdl`hm

khmfthrsrhmunkudchmsgddmrthmfch`knftdg`udaddmRsdv`qs'0870(+

Otkkxak`mj'0871(`mcGxl`m'0871`(-Sgdrdrstchdrg`udaddmlnrs

hmsdqdrsdchmbnmrsqtbshmf`sgdnqxvghbghronvdqetkdmntfgsng`mckd

tmtrt`ksnm`kodqstqa`shnmrkhjdsgnrdneCrbg`mfvghkdmnsadhmfrn

onvdqetk`rsnoqnuhcdltkshokdrnktshnmrsnsgdr`ldc`s`-

Hm`mtmotakhrgdco`odq+Otkkxak`mj'0871900(onrhsdcsgddwhrsdmbdne

`snm`klds`sgdrhrqtkdvghbgrhlokhehdcsgdsnm`kqtkdrmddcdc+`mc`

rhlhk`qqtkdg`raddm`cnosdchmsghrrstcx`rvdkk-Rsdv`qs'08709007(

`bst`kkxenql`khydcsgdcnvmrsdoogdmnldm``r`ed`stqdvghbggdsgdm

lds`sgdrhydc-Ehm`kkx+Gxl`m'0871`97(`cnosdcOtkkxak`mj&rlds`sgdrhr

qtkd`mcsgdm`qftdcenqsgd`cnoshnmne`rnldvg`slnchehdcudqrhnmne

Kdadm&r'0867(Nakhf`snqxBnmsntqOqhmbhokd'NBO(-Sgdqdrtksrne`kk

sgdrdo`odqrg`udkdcsnu`qhntrqdehmdldmsrhmntq`m`kxrhrvghbghmstqm

g`udqdrtksdchm`rhlokdq`m`kxrhr`bbnlo`mhdcaxsnmdqtkdrcdunhcne

rsqhbsdwsdqm`knqcdqhmf-Ntqrnktshnmhrneedqdchmsghrchrrdqs`shnm`rxds

`mnsgdqbnmsqhatshnmsnsgdnmfnhmfch`knftdqdf`qchmf`tsnrdfldms`k

snmdsgdnqx`mcA`lhkdjdsnm`krxrsdlr-

14
 

1-1-Mntmr

Sgd`hlnesghrrdbshnmhrsnoqdrdms`mdv`m`kxrhrnesgdsnmd

odqstqa`shnmrentmchmsgdMfxdla——mmntmogq`rd-Snc`sd+lnrsnesgd

bnloqdgdmrhud`m`kxrdrneA`lhkdjdsnmdrxrsdlr'Gxl`m+0861:G%S+

0865:`mc@mcdqrnm+0870(g`ud`kkonrhsdctmcdqkxhmfsqh,snm`ko`ssdqmr

enqmntmr-Sgdrdsqh,snm`ko`ssdqmrvdqdonrhsdc`r`qdekdwned`qkhdq

A`mstrsqtbstqdrvgdqdlnrsmntmrbnms`hmdcsgqddrxkk`akdrvhsgdhsgdq

ghfgnqknvsnmdr-Gnvdudq+rhmbdlnrsmntmrhmoqdrdms,c`xA`lhkdjd

k`mft`fdrbnms`hmnmkx`lnmn,rxkk`ahbmntmqnnsoqdbdcdcax`lnmn,

rxkk`ahbmntmbk`rroqdehw+u`qhntrbnmudmshnmr`mcqtkdrg`csnad

cdudknodcsn`bbntmsenqsgdchro`qhsxadsvddmsgdmtladqnetmcdqkxhmf

snmdr`mcsgdmtladqnertqe`bdsnmdr+`rvdkk`rsndwok`hmsgdbnlokdw

snm`kodqstqa`shnmrb`trdcaxsgdghrsnqhb`kknrrnerxkk`akdr-G%S

`bbnlokhrgdcsghrotqonrdaxqdedqqhmfsnu`qhntr!ekn`shmfsnmdr!'snmdr

tm`ss`bgdcsnrdfldms`kunvdkr+ehqrsonrhsdcenqA`lhkdjdk`mft`fdrax

Unnqgndud+0854(-@mcdqrnm'0870(qdvnqjdcsgdhqc`s`trhmfsgdlnqd

dwokhbhs`tsnrdfldms`kognmnknfhb`klncdkneFnkcrlhsg'0865(+vghkd

mdudqsgdkdrrqds`hmhmfG%S&rtmcdqkxhmfsqh,snm`ko`ssdqmr-

15
2.2.1. In isolation

Oqduhntr`ssdlosrax@mcdqrnm'0865`mc0867(sndwok`hm

Mfxdla——msnm`kodqstqa`shnmr`krnenkknvdcrhlhk`qkhmdr`mconrhsdc

tmcdqkxhmfsqh,snm`ko`ssdqmrbnmrhrshmfnenmkxghfg'G(`mcknv'K(

snmdr-Sgdenkknvhmfbg`qsbnlo`qdrsgdo`ssdqmroqduhntrkxoqnonrdcenq

Crbg`mf'S`c`cidt+08639174`mcG%S+0865955(`mcMfxdla——m

'@mcdqrnm+086797(+vhsgsgdlnqogdldantmc`qhdrdwokhbhsdkxl`qjdcax

!*!(9

(12) Disyllabic Nouns

Underlying Dschang NgyembDDn

L+LL 3+34 3+34

L+LH 3+3 3+3

L+HL 3+2 3+2

L+HH 3+1 3+31

Sgdoqdbdchmfbg`qsrgnvrsg`ssgdtmcdqkxhmfknvsnmd'K(`ssgd

adfhmmhmfnesgdsnm`ko`ssdqmqdrtksrhm`rtqe`bdknvsnmd'2(nmsgdmntm

bk`rroqdehw-Sghrkd`udrsgdk`rssvntmcdqkxhmfsnmdrned`bgo`ssdqmsn

hmsdq`bsvhsgsgdhqdmuhqnmldmsrhmrtbg`v`xsg`ssgdxqdrtkshmsgd

u`qhntrrtqe`bdsnmdrnesgdmntmqnnsr-Sgdnmkxsnm`kcheedqdmbdadsvddm

Mfxdla——m`mcCrbg`mfmnlhm`krhrsg`ssgdsnm`ko`ssdqmxhdkchmf`

16
ghfgsnmdnmsgdqnnshmCrbg`mfxhdkcr`qhrhmfsnmdhmMfxdla——m-Hm

e`bs+sghrr`ldo`ssdqm`krnqdrtksrhm`qhrhmfsnmdnmsgdmntmqnnshm

bdqs`hm`qd`rnesgdA`entbghdecnlneCrbg`mf'rddG%S+0865980+

ennsmnsd14(-Sgdqdftk`qnbbtqqdmbdneqhrhmfsnmdrhmMfxdla——mvhkk

nbb`rhnm`mdwsq`snmdqtkdsg`shrmnsmddcdcenqlnrsneCrbg`mf+`rvd

rg`kkrddhmsgdbntqrdnesgdenkknvhmfchrbtrrhnm-

Sgdoqduhntr`m`kxrdrneA`lhkdjdsnmdrxrsdlrg`udl`cdfqd`s

oqnfqdrrhmqdmcdqhmfdwok`hm`akdoqduhntrkxtmdwok`hm`akdsnm`k

odqstqa`shnmr-Hmsqxhmfsn`bbntmsenqsgdr`ldc`s`vhsg`lnqd

dbnmnlhb`ktrdnesnmdr`mcqtkdr+vdg`udentmchsgdkoetksnenkknv

Rsdv`qs'08709004(hm`kknvhmfsvnsnmdrhm`mxnmdlnqogdldnmkxhe

sgnrdsvnsnmdr`qdchrrhlhk`q-Vdsgtroqnonrdsgdenkknvhmftmcdqkxhmf

snmdo`ssdqmrenqMfxdla——mchrxkk`ahbmntmr+d`bgvhsg`sxohb`k

dw`lokdcq`vmeqnlmntmbk`rr4vgnrdoqdehwhr.kd∆,.9

(13) Disyllabic Nouns

Underlying Surface Example

L+L 3+34 leLka

T B "magic"

L+LH 3+3 leLlaLB "pineapple"

L+HL 3+2 leLkKaB "kind of tree"

L+H 3+31 leLkyeN "lye"

17
 Sgdehqrssnm`ko`ssdqmsg`svdvhkkdw`lhmdhrvgdqd`mtmcdqkxhmf

K*Ksnmdo`ssdqmqdrtksrhm`2*23rtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmvgdmhshr

oqnmntmbdchmhrnk`shnm-@mdw`lokdnertbg`vnqchrfhudmadknv

'vgdqd.ld∆,.hrsgdmntmbk`rroqdehwnebk`rr5mntmr(9

(14) meLlu
T Y "wine"

3 34

Hmnqcdqsncdqhudntqu`qhntrrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmr+vdvhkkad

enkknvhmfsgdfdmdq`kbnmudmshnmne`tsnrdfldms`kognmnknfxaxonrhshmf

sgddwhrsdmbdneu`qhntr!shdqr-!Sgdrdshdqr`qdl`cdtonetmhsrvghbg

`qdkhmjdcsntmhsrnmnsgdqshdqraxld`mrne`rrnbh`shnmkhmdr-Sgdrd

`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrl`xadcq`vmhm`bbnqc`mbdvhsgonrhsdctmhudqr`k

oqhmbhokdrnqrhlokx`rsgdqdrtksnek`mft`fd,rodbhehbqtkdr-Sgdsvnshdqr

sg`svdrg`kkadbnmbdqmdcvhsghmsghrchrrdqs`shnm`qdsgdrdfldms`k`mc

snm`k-Snrhlokhexntqcdrbqhoshnm+vdrg`kkqdoqdrdmssgdrxkk`ahbtmhsrnm

sgdrdfldms`kshdqaxld`mrnesgdb`ohs`kkdssdqr'@+A+dsb-(-Sgdsnm`k

shdq+nmsgdnsgdqg`mc+vhkkbnms`hmnmkxsgdrxlankrG`mcK

qdoqdrdmshmfsgdtmcdqkxhmfghfg`mcknvsnmdr-

@rhmlnrsk`mft`fdr+`fdmdq`kl`oohmfqtkd`rrnbh`sdrd`bgrxkk`akd

vhsgnmdsnmdnmsgdsnm`kshdq+oqnbddchmfeqnlkdessnqhfgs-Sgtr+vhsg

18
!..!rxlankhyhmfo`trd,fqntoantmc`qhdr`mc!*!enqlnqogdld

antmc`qhdr+ntqtmcdqkxhmfo`ssdqmneK*Kvntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdq

sgdhmhsh`k`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrg`udaddmcq`vm9

(15) // A + B //

// L + L //

Vghkdsgdoqdbdchmfo`ssdqm`ood`qrsnadudqxrsq`hfgsenqv`qc+hs

ltrsadqdldladqdcsg`ssgdtkshl`sdrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhr2*23`mcmns

2*2-@rmnsdcaxUnnqgndud'0860936(+tmcdqkxhmfKsnmdrsg`s`qd

`arnktsdkxtssdq`mbd,ehm`k'h-d-mnsenkknvdcax`ekn`shmfGsnmd+`rrddm

etqsgdqadknv(+`kv`xrg`ud`cnvmfkhcd-VdvhkkenkknvRsdv`qs

'08709005(hmhmsdqoqdshmfsghrcnvmfkhcd`radhmf`cnvmrsdo-Ntqehm`k

cnvmfkhcdvhkkadfdmdq`sdcaxsgdenkknvhmfsnm`kqtkd9

(16) Rule 1: Final Downglide

#

L Ø Ø / //

H L

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdrs`sdrsg`svgdmdudq`Ksnmdhr`rrnbh`sdc

19
'rxlankhydcax`rnkhckhmd(vhsg`rxkk`akd'rxlankhydcax!#!(

hlldch`sdkxadenqd`o`trd'rxlankhydcax!..!(+`m`cchshnm`kG`mcK

snmd`qd`ccdc`esdqsgd`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd`mcsgdmdvKsnmdhr

`rrnbh`sdcaxsgdqtkd'rxlankhydcaxsgdc`rgdckhmd(vhsgsgdr`ld

rxkk`akd-Vgdmvd`ookxsghrqtkdsnntqoqdbdchmfmntmrsqtbstqd+vdfds

sgdenkknvhmf9

(17) // A + B //

// L + L Ø Ø //

H L

Mnvsg`svdg`ud`ekn`shmfGsnmdoqdbdchmf`m`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd+

vdmddc`cnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgvhkkknvdqsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdq-Enqsgd

qdfhrsdq,knvdqhmfo`qsnentqqtkd+vdenkknvBkdldmsr'0868944/(hm

`cchmfnmdohsbgkdudksnd`bgrtbbddchmfrxkk`akd+rhmbdhmntqmtladqhmf

rxrsdl`ghfgdqmtladqhmchb`sdr`knvdqohsbg-Sgdehqrso`qsnentqqtkd

hrcheedqdmseqnloqduhntrkxonrhsdccnvmrsdoqtkdr`mclnqdfdmdq`ksg`m

vdmddcenqntqoqdrdmso`ssdqmhmsg`shsknvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdq

vgdmdudq`m`rrnbh`sdcsnmdhrhlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdcax`ekn`shmfsnmdne

dw`bsnoonrhsdbg`q`bsdq'h-d-Gur-K`rhmchb`sdcax!√!`mc!,√!(+`rhm

sgdenkknvhmfoqdkhlhm`qxudqrhnmnentqcnvmrsdoqtkd'rdd'150(adknv

enq`qduhrdcqtkd(9

20
 

(18) Rule 2: Downstep

#
+1 pitch

-[T [T

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdrs`sdrsg`s`mxrxkk`akdvgdqd`m`rrnbh`sdcsnmd

'√S(hrhlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdcax`mnoonrhsdekn`shmfsnmd',√S(+sgd

dmshqdsnmdqdfhrsdqrg`kkadknvdqdcnmdsnmdkdudk'hmchb`sdcax`m

hmbqd`rdnesgdmtldqhb`ku`ktdned`bgenkknvhmfrxkk`akdaxnmd(-Sghr

knvdqhmfnesgdsnmdqdfhrsdqg`rsvnbqtbh`koqnodqshdr-Ehqrs+sgd

knvdqhmfcndrmnsitrss`jdok`bdenqsgdrxkk`akdenkknvhmfsgdekn`shmf

snmd+atshrrhlhk`qkxknvdqdcenqallrxkk`akdrtmshk`l`inqo`trd

antmc`qx`kknvrsgdrod`jdqsnqdrdsghrsnm`kqdfhrsdq-Rdbnmc+sghr

knvdqhmfnesgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqb`mnbbtqrdudq`kshldrhm`mxnmdtssdq`mbd

`mcsgddeedbshrcumulative-Sgtr`ghfgsnmd`ssgddmcne`rdmsdmbd

b`md`rhkxadoqnmntmbdcnm`ognmdshbsnmdkdudkknvdqsg`m`knvsnmd

`ssgdadfhmmhmfne`rdmsdmbd+`mc`knvsnmd`ssgddmcne`rdmsdmbd

vhsgrdudq`kcnvmrsdorlhfgs`bst`kkxqd`bg`ognmdshbkdudkne7nq8-

@kknesghrhrb`trdchmMfxdla——maxsgdoqdrdmbdne`ekn`shmfsnmd

hlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf`m`rrnbh`sdcsnmdsg`shrmnshcdmshb`k-Sgtr`

ekn`shmfKadenqd`m`rrnbh`sdcG`kv`xrqdrtksrhm`cnvmrsdoodcG+`mc

21
`ekn`shmfGadenqd`m`rrnbh`sdcK`kv`xrqdrtksrhm`cnvmrsdoodcK-

Sghr`m`kxrhrnecnvmrsdoodcghfgr`mcknvrrg`qdrsgd`cu`ms`fdrne

ansgrxlldsqx`mcrhlokhbhsxnudqnsgdqrtffdrshnmr`rsnsgdhqnqhfhmr-

Sgdcnvmrsdoqtkd`ookhdrudqxk`sdhmsgdcdqhu`shnm`koqnbdrr-Hsr

deedbsrnmsgdohsbgqdfhrsdq`qdrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmax

sgdbg`mfdeqnlohsbgkdudk2snohsbgkdudk3nmsgdk`rsrxkk`akd9

(19) // A + B //

// L + L H L //

3 - 3 4

Sgdrdbnmcsnm`ko`ssdqmsg`svdvhkkdw`lhmdhrvgdqd`mtmcdqkxhmf

K*KGsnmdo`ssdqmqdrtksrhm`kdudk'h-d-mnm,cnvmfkhcdc(2*2rtqe`bd

qd`khy`shnmvgdmhshroqnmntmbdchmhrnk`shnm-@mdw`lokdnertbg`vnqc

eqnlmntmbk`rr6'vghbgs`jdr`mnoshnm`k.`∆,.oqdehw(hr`radknv9

(20) aLffoL "leaf"

3 3

Sgdcntakd!e!`anudhrsgdnqsgnfq`oghbbnmudmshnmtrdcsnhmchb`sd`

knmfbnmrnm`mshmMfxdla——m'@mcdqrnm0871953(-Rhmbdsgddw`lokdhm

enbtrg`rnmkxsvnrxkk`akdratssgqddtmcdqkxhmfsnmdr+sgdfdmdq`k

l`oohmfqtkdkd`udrsgdGsnmdtm`rrnbh`sdc+`radknv9

22
(21) // A + B //

// L + L H //

3 - 3

Sgdoqdbdchmfo`ssdqmfhudrtrsgdrsq`hfgsenqv`qccdqhu`shnmnentq

rtqe`bd2*2qdrtks-Sgdetmbshnmnesgdehm`kekn`shmfGsnmdhrsg`shs

aknbjrsgdnodq`shnmnentqehm`kcnvmfkhchmfqtkd'snmdqtkd0cdrbqhadc

`anud(+vghbgnmkx`ookhdrhesgdk`rs`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdhrimmediately

enkknvdcaxo`trd-

Vdvhkkmnvdw`lhmdntqsghqcsnm`ko`ssdqmvgdqd`mtmcdqkxhmf

K*GKo`ssdqmqdrtksrhm`2*1rtqe`bdqd`khy`shnm'`knvsnmdnmsgd

mntmbk`rroqdehwenkknvdcax`cnvmrsdoodcghfgsnmdnmsgdmntmqnns(

vgdmhshroqnmntmbdchmhrnk`shnm-@mdw`lokdnertbg`vnqceqnlmntm

bk`rr3'vghbgs`jdr`.ld∆m,.oqdehw(hr`radknv9

(22) meLnkKaY "fields"

3 2

Nmbd`f`hmvdg`ud`o`ssdqmvhsgnmkxsvnrxkk`adrxdssgqdd

tmcdqkxhmfsnmdr-Hmsghrb`rd+sgdehm`kKsnmdhrkdestm`rrnbh`sdcaxntq

fdmdq`kkdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkd+`radknv9

23
 (23) // A + B //

// L + H L //

Hshr`ssghronhmssg`snmdnentqlnrshlonqs`msqtkdrbnldrhmsnok`x-

Sgdhcd`ne`lds`sgdrhrqtkdhmsghrrhst`shnmv`rehqrsrtffdrsdcax

Rsdv`qsenqsgdmdhfganqhmfk`mf`ftdneCrbg`mf-Ghr!Mnm,`rrhlhk`snqx

to,cnvmrhlokhehb`shnm!qtkd`bst`kkxlds`sgdrhydc`Gsnmd`mc`

cnvmrsdoed`stqd'08709005(-Ntqqtkdenkknvrsgdk`sdqenqltk`shnmrne

Otkkxak`mj'0871900(`mcGxl`m'0871`97(vghbgrhlokxlds`sgdrhydr`m

`rrnbh`sdcG`mc`mtm`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd-Ntqqtkdhrfhudm`oqdkhlhm`qx

enl`khy`shnmhlldch`sdkxadknv+atsvhkkadetqsgdqqduhrdck`sdqhmsghr

chrrdqs`shnm'rdd'51(adknv(9

(24) Rule 3: Metathesis

# #

L H L

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdrs`sdrsg`svgdmdudq`rxkk`akd'#(hr`rrnbh`sdcsn

`Gsnmdvghbghrhlldch`sdkxenkknvdcax`ekn`shmfKsnmd`mc`krn

hlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdcax`mnsgdqrxkk`akdvghbghr`rrnbh`sdcsn`Ksnmd+

sgdekn`shmfKsnmdhrlnudchmeqnmsnesgdGsnmd-Ax`ookxhmfsgd

lds`sgdrhrqtkd+ntqo`ssdqmhrbnmudqsdchmsnsgdenkknvhmf9

24
 (25) // A + B //

// L + H L //

Ntqcnvmrsdoqtkdmnvbnldr`knmf`mcrddr`ekn`shmfKsnmd

hlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf`m`rrnbh`sdcGsnmd-Sghrsqhffdqrsgdnodq`shnm

necnvmrsdovghbgknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg-Sgdqdrtkshrsgd

enkknvhmfo`ssdqmvgdqdsgdohsbgkdudkne1rgnvrsg`ssgdGsnmdg`r

tmcdqfnmdnmd`ookhb`shnmneqdfhrsdq,knvdqhmf9

(26) // A + B //

..K*KG..

2,1

Vdvhkkmnvdw`lhmdntqentqsg`mcehm`ksnm`ko`ssdqm-Hmsghrb`rd+`m

tmcdqkxhmfK*Go`ssdqmqdrtksrhm`2*20rtqe`bdqd`khy`shnm'`knvsnmd

nmsgdmntmbk`rroqdehwenkknvdcax`qhrhmfsnmdnmsgdmntmqnns(vgdm

hshroqnmntmbdchmhrnk`shnm-@mdw`lokdnertbg`vnqceqnlmntmbk`rr

8'vghbgs`jdr`snmd,ad`qhmfrxkk`ahbm`r`koqdehw.m∆,.`rhsrmntmbk`rr

oqdehw(hr`radknv9

(27) nLzsoN "cloth"

3 31

25
 Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokd`ood`qr`radknv`esdqntqfdmdq`kl`oohmf

qtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(28) // A + B //

// L + H //

Sgdoqdbdchmfqdoqdrdms`shnmvntkcadrteehbhdms`rhsrs`mcrhmsgd

mdhfganqhmfk`mft`fdneCrbg`mf+vgdqdsghro`ssdqmtrt`kkxqdrtksrhm`

2*0nmsgdrtqe`bd-RhmbdMfxdla——mg`r`qhrhmfsnmdvgdqdCrbg`mf

trt`kkxg`r`Gsnmd+vdmddc`m`cchshnm`kqtkd+`radknv9

(29) Rule 4: Rise-Formation

# #

# L H #

Sgdcnssdckhmdhmsgdoqdbdchmfqtkdhrsgd`tsnrdfldms`kbnmudmshnm

enq`cchmf`m`rrnbh`shnmkhmd-Sgtrsgdqtkdr`xrsg`svgdmdudq`rhmfkd

Gsnmdhr`rrnbh`sdcvhsg`rxkk`akdenkknvhmf`mnsgdqrxkk`akdvghbghr

`rrnbh`sdcsn`Ksnmd+`mcansgsnmdrnbbtqvhsghmsgdr`ldvnqc

'rxlankhydcaxsgdsvn"vnqcantmc`qhdr(+`m`cchshnm`k`rrnbh`shnmkhmd

vhkkadcq`vmsnsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfKsnmd-Hsrgntkcadrsqdrrdc

26
sg`ssghrqtkdhrkhlhsdcsndmuhqnmldmsrvgdqdsgdsvnsnmdr`qdentmc

vhsghm`rhmfkdvnqc-Sghrkhlhs`shnmvhkkoqnudrhfmhehb`ms`rvddw`lhmd

`rrnbh`shudmntmogq`rdr`mcu`qhntrudqa`kogq`rdretqsgdqadknv-Sgd

qdrtksnesghrqtkd&r`ookhb`shnmnmntqoqdrdmstmcdqkxhmfo`ssdqmhrsgd

bnqqdbs2*20rtqe`bdqd`khy`shnm+`radknv9

(30) // A + B //

// L + H //

3 - 31

Enqsgdqd`cdqmnse`lhkh`qvhsgsgdbnlokhb`sdcsnm`kodqstqa`shnmrne

A`lhkdjdk`mft`fdr+onqshnmrnentq`m`kxrhrsnsghronhmslhfgsrddl

rnldvg`s`cgnb-Hsvhkknmkxad`esdq`sgnqntfgdw`lhm`shnmnesgd

bnlokdwsnm`kodqstqa`shnmrhmsgd`rrnbh`shudmntmogq`rdsg`ssgd

bnlokdsdlnshu`shnmnentqo`qshbtk`qtmcdqkxhmfo`ssdqmr`mcqtkdrvhkk

adbnldbkd`q-

27
2.2.2. In associative noun phrases (N1 of N2)

Mnvsg`svdg`uddw`lhmdcntqentqa`rhbchrxkk`ahbmntmo`ssdqmrhm

hrnk`shnm+vd`qdhm`onrhshnmsnbnlahmdsgdlhmmntm,mntm`rrnbh`shud

'nqfdmhshud(bnmrsqtbshnmr-Hshrhmsghrdmuhqnmldmssg`srdudq`knesgd

lnrshmsdqdrshmfsnm`kodqstqa`shnmrnbbtq-Vgdmdudqsvnmntmrbnld

snfdsgdqhm`m`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmhmFq`rrehdkcrA`mst`rvdkk`rhm

M`qqnvA`mstk`mft`fdr+`mhmsdqudmhmf!`rrnbh`shudl`qjdq!'@(+

cdsdqlhmdcaxsgdmntmbk`rrnesgdehqrsmntm+nbbtqradsvddmsgdmntmr-

LnrsFq`rrehdkcA`mstk`mft`fdrcheedqeqnlsgdhqM`qqnvA`mst

bntmsdqo`qsrhmsg`ssgdrdfldms`kbnmsdmsnesgdrd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqr

g`rbnlokdsdkxcqnoodcntskd`uhmf`m`rrnbh`shudlnqogdldbnmrhrshmf

neitrs`snmd-HmMfxdla——m+`rhmlnrsA`mstk`mft`fdr'ansg

Fq`rrehdkcr`mcM`qqnv(+sgdsnm`kbnmbnqcl`qjdqhrKsnmdenqmntm

bk`rrdr0`mc8`mcGsnmdenq`kksgdnsgdqbk`rrdr'rdd@mcdqrnm+087/`+

enq`chrbtrrhnmnesgdbnmrnm`ms+unvdk`mcsnm`kbnmbnqcl`qjdqrenq

d`bgnesgdsdmMfxdla——mmntmbk`rrdr(-

Rhmbdvdg`udentqsnm`konrrhahkhshdrenqsgdsvnchrxkk`ahbmntmr`mc

svnsnm`konrrhahkhshdrenqsgdsnm`klnqogdldrdo`q`shmfsgdl+vdsgtr

g`ud21rdo`q`sd`rrnbh`shudo`ssdqmrvgdmbnlahmhmfsgdsnm`ko`ssdqmr

entmchmsgdenkknvhmfbg`qs9

28
(31) N1 A N2

L+L L L+L

L+LH H L+LH

L+HL L+HL

L+H L+H

Sgd21onrrhakdbnlahm`shnmrnesgdoqdbdchmfo`ssdqmrvdqdehqrs

cds`hkdcenqsgdCrbg`mfk`mft`fdaxG%S'0865981(-Sgdxvdqdsgdm

qd`m`kxydc`bbnqchmfsnu`qhntr`tsnrdfldms`keq`ldvnqjrax@mcdqrnm

'087097/(`mcRsdv`qs'08709007,015(-Sgdo`q`kkdko`ssdqmrenqsgd

Mfxdla——mk`mft`fd`qdrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfbg`qs9

29
'21(Bg`qs@

KnvSnmdBnmbnqcGhfgSnmdBnmbnqc

'bk`rrdr0`mc8('nsgdqbk`rrdr(

Hrnk`shnmMn-@ABCMn-@ABC

2,23%2,230-2222306-22134

2,21-222207-2213

2,12-222108-2211

2,203-222201/-2211

2,2%2,234-22333410-22134

2,25-2233311-2213

2,16-2233212-2211

2,207-22333113-2211

2,1%2,238-2333414-21134

2,20/-233315-2113

2,100-233216-2112

2,2001-2333117-2112

2,20%2,2302-2222318-220023

2,203-22222/-22002

2,104-222120-22001

2,2005-2222021-22001

30
 Sgdoqdbdchmfbg`qshrchuhcdchmsnsvnrdbshnmrcdodmchmftonm

vgdsgdqsgdhmsdqudmhmf`rrnbh`shudbnmbnqcsnmdhrGnqK-Sgd

`rrnbh`shudsnmdo`ssdqmrg`udaddmmtladqdceqnl0sn21sne`bhkhs`sd

k`sdqqdedqdmbdra`bjsnhmchuhct`ko`ssdqmr-Sgdmtladqr`ssgddwsqdld

kdes+ntsrhcdnesgdanwdr+hmchb`sdsgdhrnk`shnmsnmdrnesgdsvnmntmrhm

ptdrshnmvghkdsgdmtladqrhmrhcdsgdanwdrhmchb`sdsgdhqodqstqadc

rtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmr-Sgdb`ohs`kkdssdqr'@sgqntfgC(`ssgdsnoned`bg

bnktlmhmchb`sdsgdentqrxkk`akdrnesgdqdrtkshmf`rrnbh`shudtssdq`mbd-

@sxohb`kdw`lokdne`m`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmvntkcado`ssdqm03-

Hmsgdenkknvhmfogq`rd+sgdoqdehwnesgdehqrsmntmhrsgdgnlnqf`mhb

rxkk`ahbm`r`koqdehwhmchb`sdcnqsgnfq`oghb`kkxgdqdaxsgdkdssdq!m-!

Rhmbdsgdehqrsmntmhreqnlmntmbk`rr8vghbgs`jdr`Ksnmd`rrnbh`shud

lnqogdld+sgdqdrtkshmf`rrnbh`shudogq`rdhr9

(33) nzem + A + lekwoB nLzeLm leLkwoLB "shadow of a spear"

L H L L LH 3 3 3 3

Rhmbdsgdehqrsmntm`anudg`r`qhrhmfsnmdhmhrnk`shnm+hsb`madrddm

sg`ssgdqhrdsnGsnmdg`rchr`ood`qdctmcdqsgdhmektdmbdnesgdonrhsdc

K`rrnbh`shudsnmd-@sxohb`kdw`lokdnesgdr`ldjhmcnesnm`khmotsvhsg

sgddwbdoshnmne`G`rrnbh`shudsnmdvntkcadsnm`ko`ssdqm2/-Hmnqcdq

snsqhffdqsgdG`rrnbh`shudsnmd+vdg`udrdkdbsdc`vnqceqnlmntmbk`rr

4vghbgs`jdransg`.kd∆,.oqdehw`mcGsnmdbnmbnqc'trdcenqsgd
31
`rrnbh`shudsnm`klnqogdld!@!(-@sxohb`kdw`lokdnesghrjhmcnemntm

ogq`rdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(34) letyo + A + lekwoB leLtyoN leJkwoLB "point of a spear"

L H H L LH 3 31 1 3

B`qdetkdw`lhm`shnmnesgdsvnoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrvhkkrgnvsg`s

vgdqd`rsgdqhrhmfsnmdnmsgdehqrsmntmchr`ood`qrbnlokdsdkxtmcdqsgd

hmektdmbdneKsnmdbnmbnqc+hsmnsnmkxqdl`hmrvhsgGsnmdbnmbnqc+ats

hr`bbnlo`mhdcax`bg`mfdnesgdenkknvhmfoqdehweqnlhsrtmcdqkxhmfK

snmdsnsgdGsnmdnesgdonrhsdc`rrnbh`shudlnqogdld-

@r`m`cchshnm`kgdkosnsgdqd`cdq+vdqdod`ssgdoqdbdchmfbg`qs

adknvvghkdbg`mfhmfsgd!hrnk`shnmo`ssdqmr!eqnlsgdhqrtqe`bd

qd`khy`shnmrsnsgdhqtmcdqkxhmfo`ssdqmr-Sgdenkknvhmfbg`qsvhkksgtrad

`m`cchshnm`k`hcctqhmfntqdw`lhm`shnmnesgdu`qhntrsnm`kcdqhu`shnmr-

32
'24(Bg`qsA

KnvSnmdBnmbnqcGhfgSnmdBnmbnqc

'bk`rrdr0`mc8('nsgdqbk`rrdr(

Hrnk`shnmMn-@ABCMn-@ABC

K*K%K*K0-2222306-22134

K*KG1-222207-2213

K*GK2-222108-2211

K*G3-222201/-2211

K*KG%K*K4-22333410-22134

K*KG5-2233311-2213

K*GK6-2233212-2211

K*G7-22333113-2211

K*GK%K*K8-2333414-21134

K*KG0/-233315-2113

K*GK00-233216-2112

K*G01-2333117-2112

K*G%K*K02-2222318-220023

K*KG03-22222/-22002

K*GK04-222120-22001

K*G05-2222021-22001

33
 Vdvhkkadfhmntqdw`lhm`shnmne`rrnbh`shudsnmdo`ssdqmrax

dw`lhmhmfhmcds`hko`ssdqmmn-0-Hmsgdenkknvhmf`tsnrdfldms`k

qdoqdrdms`shnmr+sgdu`qhntrantmc`qhdrvhkkadl`qjdc`renkknvr9

lnqogdldantmc`qhdr`r*+vnqcantmc`qhdr`r"+`mco`trdantmc`qhdr

`r..-@kknvhmfenqduhcdmbdeqnlmdhfganqhmfk`mft`fdrsg`ssgdsnm`k

`rrnbh`shudlnqogdldetmbshnmrfq`ll`shb`kkx`r`oqd,oqdehwnmsgd

rdbnmcmntm'Fhkkhf`m+087195(+sgdtmcdqkxhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmnesnmd

o`ssdqm0hr`radknv9

(36) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L # L + L + L //

Sgdehqrsqtkdsn`rrnbh`sdtmhsrnesgdrxkk`ahb`mcsnm`kshdqrhrsgdsnmd

l`oohmfqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrd`bgrxkk`akdvhsgsgdkdeslnrssnmd

vhsghmsgdr`ldlnqogdld-Sgdrsq`hfgsenqv`qcqdrtksrnesghrfdmdq`k

snmdqtkdnmntqbtqqdmsdw`lokd`qd`radknv9

(37) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L # L + L + L //

Vdmnvltrsonrhs`k`mft`fd,rodbhehbqtkdenqMfxdla——mvghbg

`rrnbh`sdrKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldrsnsgdkdes+`rhmsgdoqdkhlhm`qx

udqrhnmnentqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfqtkd'qduhrdchm'273(adknv(+`rrs`sdc

adknv9

34
(38) Rule 5: Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes
# + +

T + L +

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkd`rrnbh`sdrKsnmdr'mdv`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrrxlankhydc

axc`rgdckhmdr(sg`sl`jdto`mdmshqdlnqogdldsnsgdehqrsrxkk`akdnm

sgdhqkdes-Sgdqtkd`krncdkdsdr'cdkdshnmne`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrrxlankhydc

axsvnrl`kkrk`rgdrnmsgdkhmd(sgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdnesgdmdwssnmd

'rxlankhydcaxS(nmsgdkdes+hesg`ssnmdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdrsgdK

snmdsnm`klnqogdld-Hshrbqtbh`ksg`ssgdoqdbdchmfqtkdnmkx`ookhdr

vgdmsgdKsnmdnbbtqrhm`rxkk`akdvhsgnts`mxrdfldms`kl`sdqh`k-Hm

sgdb`rdnentqehqrssnm`ko`ssdqm+snmdqtkd3`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmd

`rrnbh`shudlnqogdldsnsgdkdes`mccdkdsdrsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdvghbg

v`rnmrxkk`akdA+`radknv9

(39) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L # L + L + L //

Sgdnmkxnsgdqqtkdvghbg`ookhdrsnsghrsnmdo`ssdqmhrsnmdqtkd0+

vghbg`ccrsgdGKsnmdradenqdsgdo`trdantmc`qxfhuhmftrsgdehm`k

cnvmcqhessxohb`knetmcdqkxhmfK*Ko`ssdqmr-Sgddmcqdrtkshrsgd

2,2,2,23eqnlntqbg`qs+`radknv9

35
(40) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L # L + L + L Ø Ø //

H L

3 - 3 - 3 - 3 4

SgntfgsgdKdesv`qccnbjhmfK`rrnbh`shudsnmdcndrmnsl`jd`

rtars`mshudcheedqdmbdhmsghro`ssdqm+nqhmo`ssdqmr1sgqntfg3vghbgtmcdqfn

rhlhk`qcdqhu`shnmr+sg`sr`ldKsnmdhrbqtbh`khmo`ssdqmr4sgqntfg05+vgdqd

hsroqdrdmbdsqhffdqrsgd`ooqnoqh`sdsnmdbg`mfdr-

Vdb`mmnvdw`lhmdsnmdo`ssdqmr4sgqntfg7-Snmdo`ssdqm5+vghbg

hrsxohb`knesghrfqnto+vhkk`ood`q`radknv`esdqsgdkdes,sn,qhfgs

l`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(41) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # L + L + L H //

Mnvsnmdqtkd4cnbjrsgdK`rrnbh`shudsnmdsnsgdkdes'nmsnrxkk`akdA(+`r
adknv9

(42) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # L + L + L H //

Hshrbqtbh`k`anudsg`svgdmsgdK`rrnbh`shudsnmdcnbjrnmsnrxkk`akdA+hs

cndrnotchr`rrnbh`sdsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsg`srxkk`akd-Sgd

36
qd`rnmenqsg`shrsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdekn`shmfGsnmdadsvddmsgdsvnKsnmdr

`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdr`ldrxkk`akd-Snmdqtkd4nmkxcdkdsdrsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmd

nmsgdrxkk`akdsnsgdkdeshesgdsnmd`rrnbh`sdchrhlldch`sdkx`ci`bdmssnsgd

kdesv`qccnbjhmfK-Sgtr+hmo`ssdqmr4sgqntfg7+sgdr`ldekn`shmfGsnmdsg`s

!oqnsdbsr!sgd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdnerxkk`akdAqdl`hmrekn`shmf`mchr

qdronmrhakdenqsgdcnvmrsdoodcm`stqdnesgdK`rrnbh`shudsnmd-Hshrsgtrsgd

ekn`shmfGsnmdnesgdrdo`ssdqmrsg`shrqdronmrhakdenqsgdsnmdfkhcdeqnlkdudk

2'qdftk`qKsnmd(snkdudk3'cnvmrsdoodcKsnmd(+`radknv9

(43) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # L + L + L H //

3 - 3 4 - 4 - 4

Vd`qdmnvhm`onrhshnmsndw`lhmdo`ssdqmr8sgqntfg01-Vdvhkkrdkdbs

snmdo`ssdqm00`rbg`q`bsdqhrshbnesghrfqnto+`mcrs`qshsrcdqhu`shnmvhsgsgd

kdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkdvghbgqdrtksrhmsgdenkknvhmf9

(44) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H L # L + L + H L //

Hmenkknvhmfsgdcdqhu`shnmnesghro`ssdqm+vdltrsrs`sd`fdmdq`k

qdrsqhbshnmnmsgd`ookhb`shnmnesgdsnmdqtkdr-@ksgntfgsgdsnmdqtkdr`qd

enqsgdlnrso`qstmnqcdqdc'dwbdosenqsgdfdmdq`kl`oohmfqtkdvghbg

37
nauhntrkxltrsbnldehqrs`mcsgdknv,kdudkhmsdqoqdshudcnvmrsdoqtkd

vghbgltrsbnldk`rs(+sgdhqnqcdqhmfhm`mxo`qshbtk`qcdqhu`shnmhr

bnmsqnkkdcax`kdes,sn,qhfgsqdrsqhbshnmnmsgd`ookhb`shnmfor each

tone-Vdsgtroqnbddcnmsgdtonalshdqeqnlkdessnqhfgs`mc`rj

ntqrdkudrvgdsgdqd`bgsnmdhmstqmlddsrsgdqdpthqdldmsrenq`mxnesgd

snmdqtkdr-Oqnbddchmfhmsghrl`mmdqenqsgdo`ssdqmhmptdrshnm+sgdehqrs

qtkdsnnodq`sdhrsnmdqtkd2vghbglds`sgdrhydrsgdsnmdrnerxkk`akdA

vghkdjddohmfsgdGsnmd`rrnbh`sdc+`radknv9

(45) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H L # L + L + H L //

Sgdmdwsqtkdsg`snodq`sdrhrsnmdqtkd4vghbgcnbjrsgd`rrnbh`shud

Ksnmdsnrxkk`akdAandcdkdsdrsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdadsvddmrxkk`akdA

`mcsgdGsnmdrhmbdsg`ssnmdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdrsgd`rrnbh`shudK

snmd`ssgdlnldmssg`ssnmdqtkd4nodq`sdr-Hshrsgtrbqtbh`ksg`ssnmd

qtkd2nodq`sdrnmrxkk`akdAadenqdsnmdqtkd4cnbjrsgd`rrnbh`shudK

snmdsgdqd-Hesgdrdsvnqtkdrg`cnodq`sdchmsgdnoonrhsdnqcdq+sgd

`rrnbh`shnmkhmdadsvddmrxkk`akdA`mcsgdGsnmdvntkcg`udvqnmfkx

addmkdeshms`bs-Sgdqdrtksnesnmdqtkd4hrsgdqdenqdsgdenkknvhmf9

38
(46) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # L + L + H L //

Sgdehm`kqtkdsnnodq`sdnmsghro`qshbtk`qo`ssdqmhrsnmdqtkd2+vghbgsghr

shldlds`sgdrhydrsgdsnmdrnerxkk`akdC+`radknv9

(47) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # L + L + H L //

Vhsg`ekn`shmfGoqdbdchmfsgd`rrnbh`sdcKenqrxkk`akdA`mc`ekn`shmfK

oqdbdchmfsgd`rrnbh`sdcGnerxkk`akdC+sghro`ssdqmg`rsvnok`bdrvgdqdsgd

qdfhrsdq,knvdqhmfcnvmrsdoqtkd`ookhdr-Sgdbtltk`shudm`stqdnesgdrd

cnvmrsdorhrrgnvmhmsghro`qshbtk`qo`ssdqmaxsgdehm`kGsnmdadhmf

ognmdshb`kkxqd`khydcnmsgdr`ldohsbgkdudk'2(`rsgdhmhsh`kKsnmd'2(-Sgtr

sgdehm`kqdrtksnentqcdqhu`shnm9

(48) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # L + L + L H //

3 - 4 - 4 - 3

Vdmnvbnldsnsnmdo`ssdqmr02sgqntfg05vghbgoqdrdmstrvhsg`m

tmtrt`kogdmnldmnm-Vdr`v`anudsg`s`mtmcdqkxhmfK*Go`ssdqmhrqd`khydc

nmsgdrtqe`bd`r2,20vgdmhmhrnk`shnm-Hm`rrnbh`shudmntmogq`rdrvgdqdsgd

39
ehqrsmntmg`r`K*Go`ssdqm`mcsgd`rrnbh`shudsnmdhrK+sgdGsnmdhrmnsitrs

lnchehdchmsn`qhrhmfsnmd`rhmhrnk`shnm+atssgdGsnmdhrknrsbnlokdsdkx-Hm

nqcdqsndw`lhmdsghrogdmnldmnm+vdvhkkenkknvsgdcdqhu`shnmnesnmdo`ssdqm

05+vghbg`ood`qr`radknv`esdqsgdnodq`shnmnesgdkdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkd9

(49) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H # L + L + H //

Sgdehqrsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrsnmdqtkd3vghbgenqlr`qhrhmfsnmdnmrxkk`akd
A+`radknv9


(50) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H # L + L + H //

Nmbdsghrqtkdg`rnodq`sdc+vdmddc`mdvqtkdvghbgcdkdsdrbnlokdsdkx

sgdGsnmdnerxkk`akdA-Rhmbdvdvhkketqsgdqqduhrdsghrqtkdhm'06/(adknv+

sgdoqdrdmsudqrhnmnesghrcdkdshnmqtkdhrnmkxoqdkhlhm`qx+`radknv9

(51) Rule 6: Rise-Deletion

# # + +

L H + L +

∂

40
 SgdoqdbdchmfqtkdcdkdsdrsgdGsnmdne`qhrhmfsnmdnmkxhmsgddudmssg`s

hshrhlldch`sdkxenkknvdcax`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdld-Nmdqdrtksnesghrqtkd

hrsg`ssgdsnm`kbnmsq`rsadsvddmsnmdo`ssdqmr0sgqntfg3`mcsgdhqqdrodbshud

bntmsdqo`qsrhm01sgqntfg05hrmdtsq`khydc-Sghrqtkdnodq`sdrnmntqoqdrdms

o`ssdqmsnoqnctbdsgdenkknvhmf9

(52) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H # L + L + H //

Sgdmdwsqtkdsg`snodq`sdrhrsnmdqtkd4vghbgcnbjrsgd`rrnbh`shudKsnmd

snrxkk`akdA-RhmbdsgdGsnmdg`raddmcdkdsdcaxsghrshld+sgd`rrnbh`shnm

khmdadsvddmrxkk`akdA`mcsgdehqrsKsnmdnentqo`ssdqmhr`krncdkdsdc+`r

adknv9

(53) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + # L + L + H //

Sgdehm`krsdonesghro`qshbtk`qo`ssdqmhrenqsnmdqtkd3snbnmrsqtbs`

qhrhmfsnmdnmrxkk`akdC-Sghrsdqlhm`sdrsgdcdqhu`shnm`mcqdrtksrhmsgd

bnqqdbsrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmne2,2,2,20+`radknv9

41
(54) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + # L + L + H //

3 - 3 - 3 - 31

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqdw`lhm`shnmnesgd05`rrnbh`shudmntmsnmd

o`ssdqmrvghbgbnms`hm`mhmsdqudmhmfK`rrnbh`shudsnmd-D`bgnesgd

o`ssdqmrmnschqdbskxdw`lhmdcenkknv`cdqhu`shnm`klnrshcdmshb`ksn

sgnrdcds`hkdc`anud-

Vdmnvlnudnmsnsnmdo`ssdqmr05sgqntfg21+vghbg`qd

bg`q`bsdqhydcax`G`rrnbh`shudsnmdnbbtqqhmfadsvddmsgdsvnmntmr-

VhsgsgdKsnmd`rrnbh`shudo`ssdqmrdw`lhmdc`anud+vdg`c

mdtsq`khy`shnmnebnmsq`rsadsvddmo`ssdqmrvgdqdsgdehqrsvnqcv`r2,23

hmhrnk`shnm`mcbnqqdronmchmfo`ssdqmrvgdqdsgdehqrsvnqcv`r2,20-

MnvvhsgGsnmdbnmbnqc+vdehmcdudmlnqdmdtsq`khy`shnmnebnmsq`rs-

VhsgGsnmdbnmbnqc+`mxo`ssdqmvgdqdsgdrdbnmcvnqcv`r2,1hm

hrnk`shnmmdtsq`khydrhsrsnm`kbnmsq`rsvhsgsgdbnqqdronmchmfo`ssdqm

vgdqdsgdrdbnmcvnqcv`r2,20-Lnqdnudq+sgdrdo`ssdqmrmdtsq`khydsnG

snmd`mcsncnvmrsdoodcGsnmdhmcheedqdmsdmuhqnmldmsr-Hm`cchshnm+

snmdo`ssdqmrvgdqdsgdehqrsvnqcv`r2,23hmhrnk`shnmmdtsq`khydsgdhq

bnmsq`rssghrshldvhsgsgdhqqdrodbshudbntmsdqo`qsrvgdqdsgdehqrsvnqc

42
v`r2,2-Vdvhkkmnvdw`lhmdhmcds`hksgddw`bsb`trdrnesgdrdcheedqdms

b`rdrnemdtsq`khy`shnm-

Ntqehqrsfqntonesnmdo`ssdqmrhr06sgqntfg1/vgdqdsgdehqrsvnqc

g`r`mtmcdqkxhmfK*Ko`ssdqm-Vdvhkkdw`lhmdo`ssdqm08nesghrfqnto

hmcds`hk`rg`uhmf`cdqhu`shnmsxohb`knesgdnsgdqr-Sghro`ssdqm`ood`qr

`radknv`esdqntqkdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(55) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L # H + L + H L //

Hshrhlonqs`mssnmnsdsg`ssgd`anudo`ssdqmg`r`Gsnmd`rrnbh`shud

lnqogdldrdo`q`shmfsgdsvnmntmo`ssdqmr-SghrGsnmd`rrnbh`sdrsnsgd

righthmrsd`cnesnsgdkdes`rvhsgsgdK`rrnbh`shudsnmd-Vdltrs

sgdqdenqdrs`sdsgdoqdkhlhm`qxudqrhnmne`k`mft`fd,rodbhehbqtkd'qduhrdc

hm'212(adknv(vghbg`rrnbh`sdrGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldrsnsgdqhfgs+`r

adknv9

(56) Rule 7: Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes

+ + #

+ H + T

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkd`rrnbh`sdrGsnmdrsg`sl`jdto`mdmshqdlnqogdldsn

sgdehqrsrxkk`akdnmsgdhqqhfgs-Sgdqtkd`krncdkdsdrsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdnesgd

43
hlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfsnmdhesg`ssnmdhr`krn`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdr`ldrxkk`akd-Hs

hrbqtbh`ksg`ssgdoqdbdchmfqtkd`ookhdrnmkxvgdmsgdGsnmdnbbtqrhm`

rxkk`akdvhsgnts`mxrdfldms`kl`sdqh`k-Vgdmsnmdqtkd6`ookhdrsno`ssdqm08+

sgdqdrtkshrsgdenkknvhmf9

(57) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L # H + L + H L //

Rhmbdrxkk`akdBmnvg`r`m`rrnbh`sdcGsnmdenkknvdcax`ekn`shmfK

snmd+hslddsrsgdqdpthqdldmsrnentqlds`sgdrhrqtkdvghbglnudrsgdekn`shmf

Ksnmdnerxkk`akdBhmeqnmsnesgdG`rrnbh`shudsnmd+`radknv9

(58) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L # H + L + H L //

Hshrbqtbh`khmsgdoqdbdchmfcdqhu`shnmsg`ssgdnodq`shnmnesgdsnmd

qtkd6nmrxkk`akdBakdcrxkk`akdCnesgdlds`sgdrhrqtkd-Rhmbdsgd

lds`sgdrhrqtkdqdpthqdrsg`ssgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akdad`rrnbh`sdcvhsg`K

snmd+sgdcnbjhmfnesgdG`rrnbh`shudsnmd`mchsro`q`kkdkcdkdshnmne`m

`rrnbh`shnmkhmdbg`mfdcsgddmuhqnmldmsnerxkk`akdCqdrtkshmfhm`

ekn`shmfKsnmd`ssgddmcnesgdo`ssdqmvghbgg`rmnnardqu`akddeedbs

adenqdo`trd-Sgdekn`shmfKsnmdoqdbdchmfsgd`rrnbh`shudGsnmdhrsgtr

44
sgdnmkxsnmdvghbgsqhffdqrntqqdfhrsdq,knvdqhmfcnvmrsdoqtkd+`r

adknv9

(59) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L # L H + + H L //

3 - 3 - 2 - 2

Ntqmdwsfqntonesnmdo`ssdqmrhr10sgqntfg13-Vdvhkkrdkdbso`ssdqm13

`radhmfbg`q`bsdqhrshbnesghrfqnto`mcenkknvhsrcdqhu`shnmrs`qshmfeqnl

hlldch`sdkx`esdq`ookhb`shnmnesgdkdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkd+vghbgqdrtksrhm

sgdenkknvhmf9

(60) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # H + L + H //

Snmdqtkd6sgdmbnldr`knmf`mccnbjrsgd`rrnbh`shudGsnmdsnsgdqhfgs

`mc!ekn`sr!sgdKsnmdsg`sv`r`kqd`cx`ss`bgdcsnrxkk`akdB+`radknv9

'50(..@*A"*B*C..

// L + L H # H + L + H //

Hsrgntkcadmnshbdcsg`ssgdnodq`shnmnesgdqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldqtkdg`rchr`rrnbh`sdcsgdKsnmdeqnlrxkk`akdB`mcsgdqdaxakdc

rxkk`akdCne`onsdmsh`k`ookhb`shnmnesgdqhrd,enql`shnmqtkd-

45
 @ssghronhms+hshrbqtbh`ksg`sntqlds`sgdrhrqtkdnodq`sdrnmrxkk`akd

Bdudmsgntfgsgdqddwhrsr`ekn`shmfGsnmdadsvddmsgd`rrnbh`sdcK

snmdnerxkk`akdA`mcsgd`rrnbh`shudsnmd-Ntqenqldqqtkd'ehqrsrs`sdchm

'13(`anud(b`mad`kknvdcsnnodq`sdhmsgdoqdrdmscdqhu`shnmvhsg`

rkhfgsqduhrhnmhmsgdqtkd&renqltk`shnm+`radknv9

(62) Rule 3’: Metathesis

# #

L (H) H L

Sgdoqdbdchmfqduhrdclds`sgdrhrqtkd`kknvrenq`mnoshnm`kekn`shmf

Gsnmd'G(+vghbg`kknvrhssn`ookxsnntqoqdrdmso`ssdqmhmsgd

enkknvhmfl`mmdq9

(63) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # H + L + H //

Nmbd`f`hm+vdnmkxg`ud`ekn`shmfKsnmdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgd

`rrnbh`shudGsnmd-Vdsgtrnmkxfdssgd`ookhb`shnmnentqqdfhrsdq,

knvdqhmfcnvmrsdoqtkdnmrxkk`akdB+vghbgxhdkcrsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bd

qd`khy`shnm+`radknv9

46
(64) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # L H + + H //

3 - 3 - 2 - 2

Cdqhu`shnmrrhlhk`qsnsgdoqdbdchmfsvn`qdqdronmrhakdenqsgdsnm`k

mdtsq`khy`shnmduhcdmbdcaxo`ssdqmr08+1/+12`mc13-

Vd`qdmnvoqdo`qdcsng`mckdo`ssdqmr14sgqntfg17nevghbgvdvhkk

rdkdbso`ssdqm16`r`qdoqdrdms`shud-O`ssdqm16hrdrodbh`kkxhmsdqdrshmfhmsg`s

vdg`udsgqddtmcdqkxhmfG,Krdptdmbdrqdk`sdcsnsgqddrtbddchmfrxkk`akdr-

@esdqsgdkdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc+ntqlds`sgdrhrqtkd`ookhdrsn

rxkk`akdA+qdrtkshmfhmsgdenkknvhmf9

(65) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H L # H + L + H L //

Mdws+ntq`rrnbh`shudGsnmdcnbjrsnsgdqhfgs`mc`krnekn`srsgdKsnmd

`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(66) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # H + L + H L //

Hshrbqtbh`k`ssghronhmssg`srxkk`akdBb`mmnstmcdqfnsgdlds`sgdrhrqtkd

adb`trdsgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akdhr`rrnbh`sdcsn`Gsnmd-Rxkk`akdCcndrmns

47
tmcdqfnlds`sgdrhrenqsgdr`ldqd`rnm-Gnvdudq+sgdenqldqkx`rrnbh`sdcK

snmdnerxkk`akdBhrrshkkekn`shmfadenqdsgdGsnmdnerxkk`akdC+vghbgsqhffdqr

sgdrdbnmc`ookhb`shnmnentqqdfhrsdq,knvdqhmfcnvmrsdoqtkd+`rrddmadknv9

(67) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + L H # H + L + H L //

3 - 2 - 2 - 3

Nmbd`f`hm+vdrddsgd`bbtltk`shudm`stqdnesgdcnvmrsdonmsgdehm`kG

snmdvghbghrqd`khydcnmsgdr`ldognmdshbkdudk'2(`rsgdhmhsh`kKsnmd'2(-

Vd`qdmnvqd`cxsndw`lhmdsgdk`rsentqo`ssdqmr-Vdbgnnrdo`ssdqm21

`rbg`q`bsdqhrshbnesghrfqnto-@esdqntqkdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc+

snmdqtkd3bqd`sdr`qhrhmfsnmdnmrxkk`akdA+`radknv9

(68) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H # H + L + H //

@ssghronhms+hshrbqtbh`ksg`sntqqhrd,cdkdshnmqtkdcndrnot`ookx+adb`trd

sgdqhrdhrenkknvdcax`Gsnmdsnm`klnqogdldhmrsd`cne`Ksnmdsnm`k

lnqogdld-Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sd+sgdqdenqd+`rrnbh`sdrsgdG`rrnbh`shudsnmd

snsgdqhfgs`mcekn`srsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsnrxkk`akdB+`radknv9

48
(69) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H # H + L + H //

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdKsnmdnerxkk`akdBsg`shrmnvekn`shmfhrmnslnudc

axntqlds`sgdrhrqtkdadb`trdsgdk`rs`rrnbh`sdcsnmdnesgdoqdbdchmf

rxkk`akd'A(hrmns`Ksnmd-Sghrekn`shmfKsnmdsg`shrmnseqnmsdchrnmbd

`f`hmqdronmrhakdenqsgdcnvmrsdoodcGsnmdnerxkk`akdC+`radknv9

(70) // A + B # + C + D //

// L + H # H + L + H //

3 - 31 - 1 - 2

Hmbnmbktchmfsghrrdbshnm+vdvhkkkhrssgdqtkdrchrbtrrdcrne`q`knmf

vhsg`khf`stqdnmsgdkdesbnmmdbshmfsgnrdqtkdrnqfqntorneqtkdrvgdqd

nqcdqhmfhrbqtbh`k-Ntqbtqqdmskhrsneqtkdr'qduhrdchm'305(adknv(hrsgd

enkknvhmf9

49
 

(71) Rule Ordering

Left-to-Right Mapping Rule (universal)

Rule 1: Final Downglide

Rule 3’: Metathesis

Rule 4: Rise-Formation

Rule 5: Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes

Rule 6: Rise-Deletion

Rule 7: Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes

Rule 2: Downstep (late adjustment rule)

@rhmchb`sdcaxntqkhf`stqdr`anud+hshrmdbdrr`qxnmkxsg`sntq

fdmdq`k'tmhudqr`k(kdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkdoqdbdcd`kknsgdqsnmdqtkdr

`mcsg`sntqk`sd'tmhudqr`k(`citrsldmscnvmrsdoqtkdenkknv`kknsgdqr-

@kksgdnsgdqqtkdrsgtrenql`ancx+rg`qhmfsvnbg`q`bsdqhrshbr-Sgdrd

qtkdr`qdmnsrsqhbskxnqcdqdcvhsgqdrodbssnd`bgnsgdq-Sgdxcnrg`qdsgd

fdmdq`kqdrqhbshnmsg`ssgdqdrtkshmfcdqhu`shnmoqnbddcreqnlkdessnqhfgs+

tone by tone-Rhmbdsgdkdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkd`mcsgdkdes,sn,qhfgs

qdrsqhbshnmnmqtkd`ookhb`shnm`mcsgdcnvmrsdoqtkdlhfgs`kkad

tmhudqr`koqhmbhokdr+bg`q`bsdqhrshbne`kksnmdrxrsdlr+sgdx`qdoqna`akx

adrsqdf`qcdc`ro`qsnetmhudqr`ksnmdsgdnqx`mcsgdqdaxmns`o`qshbtk`q
50
bg`q`bsdqhrshbnesgdMfxdla——msnmdrxrsdl-Sgdqdenqd+nmdnesgd

chrshmbshuded`stqdrnesghro`qshbtk`q`m`kxrhrhrsgdtmnqcdqdcm`stqdne

sgda`rhbsnmdqtkdr+`knmfvhsgsgdhqkdes,sn,qhfgslocal`ookhb`shnm-

51
2.3. Verbs

Sgdoqdrdmschrrdqs`shnmvhkkdw`lhmdsgdu`qhntrjhmcrnesdmrd+

`rodbs`mclncdchrshmbshnmrentmchmsgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fd-Vghkd

bnmbdmsq`shmfoqhl`qhkxtonmbnmrsqtbshnmrhmsgdhmchb`shudlnnc+vd

vhkkenbtrntq`ssdmshnmnmu`qhntrfq`ll`shb`ked`stqdr`mcsgdhqqnkdhm

cdsdqlhmhmfsgdl`mxcheedqdmssnm`ko`ssdqmrentmcnmsgdudqarsdl-Hm

m`lhmfntqudqa`ked`stqdr+vdenkknvGxl`m'087/9124(enqntqsdmrd

ed`stqdr`mcBnlqhd'0865914(enqntq`rodbst`ked`stqdr-Sgdenkknvhmf

dhfgsahm`qxed`stqdr`qdmddcdcsnfdmdq`sdsgda`rhbMfxdla——m

hmchb`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr9

(72) Verbal Features

MODE: [real] (realis/irrealis)

TENSE: [past] (past/non-past)

[fut] (future/non-future)

[rem] (remote/non-remote)

[near] (near/far)

ASPECT: [perf] (perfective/imperfective)

[prog] (progressive/non-progressive)

POLARITY: [neg] (negative/positive)

@rvntkcaddwodbsdcenq`mxk`mft`fdg`uhmfsghrmtladqnea`rhb

52
udqa`kchrshmbshnmr+mns`kknesgdlncd,sdmrd,`rodbs,onk`qhsxbnnbbtqqdmbd

onrrhahkhshdr`qd`bst`kkxqd`khydc-Rhmbd`mxhmchb`shudbnmrsqtbshnmhm

Mfxdla——mg`ransgonrhshud`mcmdf`shudqd`khy`shnmr+vdvhkkhfmnqdenq

sgdlnldmssgdptdrshnmneonk`qhsx-Nmbdsghrhrcnmd+vdb`mrgnvax

ld`mrne`sqddch`fq`lsgdu`qhntrbnnbbtqqdmbdqdrsqhbshnmrsg`s

`bst`kkxdwhrs+`radknv9

(73) Verbs

Realis Irrealis

Past Present Present Future

PRF IMP PRF IMP IMP PRF IMP

Ø PROG Ø PROG Ø PROG Ø PROG

Hm`cchshnmsnsgdodqedbshud'OQE(+hlodqedbshud'HLO(`mc

oqnfqdrrhud'OQNF(l`qjdqr+sgdqddwhrsr`mnakhf`snqxqd`khr

hlodqedbshudl`qjdq'rdd1-2-0-adknv(`mc`mnoshnm`kqd`khroqnfqdrrhud

l`qjdq'rdd1-2-3-adknv(d`bgnevghbgbnlahmdrlnc`k`mc`rodbst`k

ed`stqdrhm`rhmfkdl`qjdq-Nsgdqvhrd+lnrsl`qjdqrhmMfxdla——ml`qj

53
`singleudqa`kb`sdfnqx9lncd+sdmrd+`rodbsoronk`qhsx-Sghrdwhrsdmbd

nerdo`q`sdlnqogdldrsg`s`qdtm`lahftntrkxdhsgdqsdmrd+`rodbsnq

mdf`shnml`qjdqrhrmnssxohb`kne@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr-Ltbglnqdbnllnm

hrsgddwhrsdmbdneu`qhntrlnqogdldrsg`sbnlahmdcheedqdmssdmrd+`rodbs

`mconk`qhsxoqnodqshdrhm`rhmfkdl`qjdq'Vdkldqr+08629232,3(-

Vdb`mqdrs`sdsgdu`qhntrbnnbbtqqdmbdqdrsqhbshnmrrgnvmhmsgd

oqdbdchmfsqddch`fq`laxld`mrnesgdenkknvhmfhlokhb`shnm`k

rs`sdldmsr9

(74) Implicational Statements

If realis, then non-future.

If irrealis, then non-past.

If past, then realis.

If future, then irrealis.

If progressive, then imperfective.

If present perfective, then realis.

If present irrealis, then imperfective.

Sgdrdoqnrdhlokhb`shnm`krs`sdldmsrb`m`krnadqdenqltk`sdctrhmf

ntqahm`qxfq`ll`shb`ked`stqdr`mc`mhlokhb`shnm`k`qqnv!!`r

adknv9

54
(75) Formal Implicational Statements

[+real] [-fut]

[-real] [-past]

[+past] [+real]

[+fut] [-real]

[+prog] [-perf]

+perf

-past [+real]

-fut

-real

-past [-perf]

-fut

Rne`q+vdg`udnmkxqdedqqdcsno`rs+oqdrdms`mcetstqd`rsdlonq`k

chrshmbshnmr-@bst`kkx+hshrhmsdmrdl`qjdqrsg`ssgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fd+khjd

l`mxA`mstk`mft`fdr+hro`qshbtk`qkxqhbg-Snadrodbhehb+Mfxdla——mchuhcdr

ansgo`rs`mcetstqdshldhmsnentqrdo`q`sdrdl`mshbb`sdfnqhdr'sgdbknrdkx

qdk`sdck`mft`fdneCrbg`mf`bst`kkxchuhcdrhmsnehudb`sdfnqhdr+`rodq

S`c`cidt+086490(-Ntqshldrodbsqtlhrsgtrchuhcdctohmsnmhmdcheedqdms

rdbshnmr'hmrsd`cnedkdudm(+`mcvdltrssgdqdenqdtrdentqfq`ll`shb`k

ed`stqdrsnetkkxchrshmfthrgd`bgnesgdrdld`mhmfreqnlsgdnsgdqr-Vd

sgdqdenqdcdehmdsgdmhmdMfxdla——msdmrdr`bbnqchmfsnsgdahm`qxrdl`mshb

ed`stqdbnlahm`shnmrentmchmsgdenkknvhmfs`akd9

55
(76) Tense Features

P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

[past] + + + + - - - - -

[fut] - - - - - + + + +

[rem] + + - - - - - + +

[near] - + - + - + - + -

Sgdoqdbdchmfmhmdsdmrdrhmbktcdentqo`rssdmrdr'hmchb`sdcaxsgd

rxlank!O!(`mcentqetstqdsdmrdr'hmchb`sdcaxsgdrxlank!E!(`rvdkk

`rsgdydqnsdmrd'hmchb`sdcaxsgdrxlank!∂!(vghbgqdedqrsnsgd

oqdrdmslnldms-Gxl`mg`rrgnvmsg`ssgdbknrdkxqdk`sdcCrbg`mf

k`mft`fdl`xtrdltkshokdsdmrdl`qjdqrsnhmchb`sdqdk`shudshld

qdedqdmbd'087/9118(-SgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fd+nmsgdnsgdqg`mc+cndr

mnsrddlsntrdltkshokdsdmrdl`qjdqrsnhmchb`sdqdk`shudshldqdedqdmbd-

@r`qdrtks+sgdenkknvhmfkhrshmchb`sdrsgdentqcdfqddrneqdlnsdmdrr+

ansgo`rs`mcetstqd+eqnlsgdoqdrdmslnldms9

56
 

(77) Tense: Degree of Remoteness

P4 : a long time ago

P3 : some time ago

P2 : yesterday

P1 : earlier today

Ø : present or immediate past (see "aspect")

F1 : later today

F2 : tomorrow

F3 : some time from now

F4 : a long time from now

Sgda`rhbhmchb`shnmnesgdu`qhntrsdmrdrhrcnmdaxld`mrnecheedqdms

!l`qjdqr-!Sgdydqnsdmrdhrhmchb`sdcaxsgd`ardmbdne`mxnudqssdmrd

lnqogdld-Sgdetstqdsdmrdr`qdl`qjdcaxsgdoqdrdmbdneu`qhntr`twhkh`qx

udqar+svnnesgdetstqdsdmrdr`bst`kkxg`uhmf`bgnhbdadsvddmsvncheedqdms

`twhkh`qxudqarsnhmchb`sdsgdr`ldrdl`mshbed`stqdr-Sgqddnesgdo`rssdmrdr

l`jdtrdnenqchm`qxsdmrdl`qjdqrvghkdsgdtmtrt`kO3sdmrdhrhmchb`sdcax

bnlahmhmfl`qjdqrenqO2`mcE3-@kknesgdrdl`qjdqr`mcsgdhqbnqqdronmchmf

snm`kodqstqa`shnmr`qdchrbtrrdchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-2-adknv-

HmoqduhntrvnqjraxG%S+sgdldsgncnknfhb`krsq`sdfx`cnosdcg`r

addmsns`jdsgdsnmdqtkdrcdudknodcsng`mckdsnmdbg`mfdrhmsgdmntm

ogq`rd`mcrddgnve`qsgdxvhkkfnhmdwok`hmhmfsgdsnmdbg`mfdrhmsgd

udqaogq`rd-Sghrr`ldrsq`sdfxg`raddmenkknvdchmntqqdrd`qbg`mc

57
oqdrdms`shnm-@r`qdrtks+vdvhkknmkxoqnonrd`cchshnmrnqlnchehb`shnmr

snsgdqtkdr`kqd`cxcdudknodcenqsgdmntmogq`rd`rqdpthqdcaxsgd

`cchshnm`kc`s`g`uhmfsncnvhsgudqar-

Adenqdadfhmmhmfntqhm,cdosgdw`lhm`shnm+hsvntkcadgdkoetkenqsgd

qd`cdqsng`ud`mhcd`nesgdhmsdqm`krsqtbstqdnesgdudqahsrdke-Rhmbd

sghrhmbktcdru`qhntrsnm`klnqogdldr+vdkhrssgdhmsdqm`krsqtbstqdnesgd

udqa`radknv9

(78) Internal Structure of the Verb

verb (REIM) PT1 vbst (PT2) (I)

vbst V (S)

where: REIM- Realis imperfective prefix

vbst- Verb stem

PT1 - Realis or irrealis polar tones

V - Verb root

S - Verb suffix, toneless /-te/ syllable

PT2 - Irrealis polar tone

I - Imperfective suffix

58
 @rb`madrddmhmsgdoqdbdchmfenqltk`r+nmkxsgdudqaqnns`mc`

oqdbdchmfonk`qsnmdlnqogdld'dhsgdqqd`khrnqhqqd`khr(`qdnakhf`snqhkx

oqdrdmshm`kkudqar-Sgdnoshnm`khsdlr+hmo`qdmsgdrdr+`qdoqdrdmsnmkx

vgdmsgdhqo`qshbtk`qed`stqdrb`kkenqsgdl+vhsgsgddwbdoshnmnesgd

snmdkdrrudqarteehwvgnrdoqdrdmbdhrrodbhehdchmsgdkdwhbnmenqd`bg

`eedbsdcudqa-Sgdonk`qsnmdlnqogdldoqdbdchmfsgdudqarsdlhrnmkx

nakhf`snqxhmsg`ssgdr`ldonrhshnmhrnbbtohdcaxansgqd`khr`mchqqd`khr

onk`qsnmdr+`mcdudqxrdmsdmbdhrdhsgdqqd`khrnqhqqd`khrhmlncd-Sgd

bqtbh`kcheedqdmbdhmsgdrdsvnlnqogdldrhrsg`ssgdqd`khrhrhmrdqsdc

adenqdsgdl`inqhsxnesnmdqtkdrvghkdsgdhqqd`khrhrhmrdqsdcvgdmnmkx

sgdk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdrqdl`hm-Sgdudqxcheedqdmsrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmr

sg`sqdrtks`qdchrbtrrdchmcds`hkhmsgdenkknvhmfrta,rdbshnmr-

59
 

2.3.1. With realis/irrealis tones

Hmsgdhmchb`shudlnnc+sgdqd`qdehudrdo`q`sdonrrhakdbnmrsqtbshnmr

hmunkuhmf`rodbst`k,lnc`k,sxodld`mhmfr-Hshrnmkxhmsgdoqdrdms'ydqn(

sdmrd+gnvdudq+sg`s`kkehudonrrhahkhshdr`qd`bst`kkxodqlhrrhakd+`r

rgnvmhmntqbg`qsadknv'vgdqdsgdehqrsqnvhroqdedbshud`mcsgdk`rs

entqqnvr`qdhlodqedbshud(9

(79) Distribution of Verbal Markers

Markers P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

Ø +Ø + Ø x x x x x x x x x

Ø +N-+-I x x x x x

ne+N-+-I x x x x x

Ø +Ø +-I x x x x x

ne+Ø +-I x x x x x

Hmsgdoqdbdchmfbg`qs+sgd.md.l`qjdqbkd`qkxrhfm`kroqnfqdrrhud

ld`mhmf`mcsgdhlodqedbshududqarteehw'rxlankhydcax!,H!(rhfm`kr

hlodqedbshud`rodbs+atssgdgnlnqf`mhbm`r`kbnmrnm`msudqaoqdehw

60
'rxlankhydcax!M,!(g`r`lnqdu`ftdld`mhmf-Ntqbg`qsrgnvrsg`s

sghrm`r`koqdehwhr`kv`xroqdrdmsvhsgsgdhlodqedbshudrteehwhmo`rs

sdmrdr+atsmdudqoqdrdmshmetstqdsdmrdr-Etqsgdqadknv+vdrg`kk`qftd

sg`ssghrm`r`koqdehwrhfm`kr!qd`khrhlodqedbshud!ld`mhmf-

Ehqrs+vdltrsdw`lhmdlnqdbknrdkxsgdoqdbdchmfbg`qsvghkd

jddohmfhmlhmconrrhakdfq`ll`shb`ked`stqdrsg`sl`xadtrdcsn

fdmdq`sd`kkehudnesgdrdbnmrsqtbshnmr-Rhmbdsgdqd`qdehudbnmrsqtbshnmr+

`mcmnsentq+vdvhkkmddc`lhmhltlne`skd`rssgqdded`stqdr-Hsrddlr

adrssntrdsgdahm`qxed`stqdrZodqe\`mcZoqnf\snfdmdq`sdsgded`stqdr

`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdhqqdrodbshudrdl`mshbehdkcr+odqedbshud.hlodqedbshud

`mcoqnfqdrrhud.mnm,oqnfqdrrhud`rodbs-Sghrkd`udrhmptdrshnmnmkxsgd

k`adk`mcld`mhmfnesgdsghqced`stqd-Vdoqnonrdhmsghrchrrdqs`shnmsgd

ed`stqdZqd`k\'qd`khr.hqqd`khr(snadsgdsghqcahm`qxfq`ll`shb`ked`stqd-

Nmdnesgdqd`rnmrvdcnsghrhrsg`sbdqs`hmeqdptdmssnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgd

udqarsdlbnqqdk`sdghfgkxvhsgetstqdur-mnm,etstqdbnmrsqtbshnmr-Vd

vhkkqdedqsnsgdrdghfgkxeqdptdmssnmdo`ssdqmr`rsgd!qdftk`q!qd`khrnq

hqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmr+enqqd`rnmrsg`svhkkadbnld`oo`qdmsadknv-Sgdrd

qdftk`qrtqe`bdsnmdo`ssdqmr`qd`radknv9

61
 

'7/( Rtqe`bdSnmdr

Kdwhb`ksnmdrQd`khrHqqd`khr

GsnmdudqaqnnsG∫G∫

Ksnmdudqaqnns∫G∫K∫

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chrxkk`ahb(bnldrvhsg`rhmfkdkdwhb`ksnmdnmsgdudqaqnns+`mcsg`ssnmd

hrdhsgdqGnqK-Sgd`bst`krtqe`bdohsbgqd`khy`shnmnmudqaru`qhdr

fqd`skx`mccdodmcr`fqd`scd`knmsgdu`qhntrudqa`ked`stqdrnesgd

bnmrsqtbshnmhmptdrshnm-Sgdoqdbdchmfbg`qsrgnvrsg`stmcdqkxhmfG

`mcKsnmdudqaqnnsr`qd`bst`kkxqd`khydcnmsgdrtqe`bdnmG`mc

cnvmrsdoodcGsnmdrenqlnrsqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr-Enqhqqd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnmr+sgdtmcdqkxhmfG`mcKsnmdnesgdudqaqnnshrtrt`kkx

aq`bjdsdcaxcnvmrsdor+nmdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgdudqaqnns`mcsgd

nsgdqhlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfhs-

Vdb`mmnvqdcnsgdoqdbdchmfsnmdbg`qsnmsnmdchrsqhatshnmvhsg

u`qhntrsdmrd`mc`rodbsl`qjdqr+`radknv9

62
(81) Realis/Irrealis Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

[+perf] x/R x/R x/R x/R x/R I/I I/I I/I I/I

-perf
+real x/R x/x x/x R/R R/R
-prog

-perf
+real R/R R/R R/R R/R x/R
+prog

-perf
-real x/I I/I I/I I/I I/I
-prog

-perf
-real I/I I/I I/I I/I I/I
+prog

63
 Hmsgdoqdbdchmfbg`qs+sgd!Q!rs`mcrenq`qdftk`qqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqm+

sgd!H!enq`qdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqm+`mcsgdrl`kk!w!enqsgnrd

dmuhqnmldmsrvgdqdhmchuhct`klnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrqdrtkshmu`qhntr

hchnrxmbq`shbsnmdo`ssdqmr-Sgdkdssdqadenqdd`bgrk`rghmchb`sdrsgdsnmd

o`ssdqmnesgdonrhshudrdmsdmbdvghkdsgdkdssdq`esdqd`bgrk`rghmchb`sdr

hsrmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qs-Bknrddw`lhm`shnmnesgdodqedbshudonrrhahkhshdr

`anudrgnvrsg`setstqdodqedbshudrs`jdqdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdrvghkdmnm,

etstqdodqedbshudrs`jdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdr'`skd`rshmsgdmdf`shudr(-

Rhmbdvdg`ud`kqd`cx`fqddcsnsgdmddcnesgdahm`qxZqd`k\ed`stqdhm

nqcdqsnchrshmfthrgsgdentqhlodqedbshudo`ssdqmreqnld`bgnsgdq+vd

vhkketqsgdqoqnehseqnlsghrlnudaxdwsdmchmfsgdtrdnesghred`stqdsn

hmbktcdodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgtrsgdl`qjhmfneqd`khrnqhqqd`khr

`rodbsnmodqedbshududqa`kbnmrsqtbshnmrvhkkdm`akdtrsnlnqdd`rhkx

fdmdq`sdsgdoqnodqsnmdrnmudqar-Chuhchmfsgdodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr

to`bbnqchmfsnsgdhqqd`khr'h-d-mnm,etstqd(ur-hqqd`khr'h-d-etstqd(

m`stqd+vd`qd`akdsnrkhfgskxqduhrdntqoqduhntrbg`qs'vhsgsgdcntakd

khmdmnvrdo`q`shmfqd`khreqnlhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr(+`radknv9

64
(82) Revised Realis/Irrealis Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

+perf x/R x/R x/R x/R x/R

+real

-perf
+real x/R x/x x/x R/R R/R
-prog

-perf
+real R/R R/R R/R R/R x/R
+prog

+perf I/I I/I I/I I/I

-real

-perf
-real x/I I/I I/I I/I I/I
-prog

-perf
-real I/I I/I I/I I/I I/I
+prog

65
 

Hsrgntkcadbkd`qkxrs`sdc`ssghrshldsg`ssgdl`inqqd`rnmsg`svd

mddc`sghqcahm`qxed`stqdkhjdZqd`k\hrsnoqdchbssgdnbbtqqdmbdnq

`ardmbdnesgdm`r`koqdehwadenqdsgdudqarsdlhmsgdoqdrdms'nqydqn(

sdmrd-Nmbdvd`qdenqbdcsnonrhsrtbg`ed`stqd+gnvdudq+sgdoqdbdchmf

bg`qsrgnvrsgdr`lded`stqdb`m`krnadtrdetkhmoqdchbshmfsgdu`rs

l`inqhsxne`bst`krtqe`bdsnmdrsg`snbbtqnmsgdudqarsdl-

Vd`qdmnvhm`onrhshnmsnmnshbdrdudq`ksghmfreqnlsgdoqdbdchmf

bg`qs-Ehqrs+`klnrs`kknesgdrl`kk!w!rhmchb`shmfrodbh`klnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkdr`ookxsnonrhshudrdmsdmbdr-RhmbdansgE1`mcE3

`bst`kkxg`udsvnrdo`q`sdbnmrsqtbshnmrd`bg'rdd1-2-2-adknv(+vdb`m

r`xsg`setkkx22ntsne24'nq83odqbdms(nesgdmdf`shudhmchb`shud

bnmrsqtbshnmrs`jdsgdqdftk`q'tmlnchehdc(qd`khrnqhqqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdhq

udqaqnnsr-Sghrodqbdms`fdhrrnldvg`skdrrenqsgdhqonrhshud

bntmsdqo`qsr+vgdqdnmkx14ntsne24'nq60odqbdms(s`jdsgdqdftk`q

qd`khrnqhqqd`khrsnmdr-Sghrrgnvrtrsg`setkkx47ntsne6/'nq72

odqbdms(nesgdonrhshud`mcmdf`shudbnmrsqtbshnmrb`moqdchbssgdhq

rtqe`bdsnmdo`ssdqmsolelynmsgda`rhrnesgdoqdrdmbdnq`ardmbdne

sgdonrhsdcqd`khred`stqd-Sghrhrrtqdkx`mhlonqs`msrhcdadmdehsnesgd

mdbdrrhsxneonrhshmfrtbg`ed`stqd'vghbgvdg`udbgnrdmsnk`adk

!qd`khr.hqqd`khr!(-@mnsgdqrhcdadmdehshrsg`ssghrk`adkhmfhlokhdrsg`ssgd

lnqdeqdptdmsqd`khr`mchqqd`khrsnm`ko`ssdqmr`qdkdrrl`qjdcsg`msgd
66
u`qhntrhchnrxmbq`shbsnm`ko`ssdqmrvghbg`qdpthsdqhfgskxqdf`qcdc`r

kdrreqdptdms`mclnqdl`qjdc-

Hsrgntkc`krnadldmshnmdcsg`ssgdhqqd`khrsnmdl`qjhmfhrltbg

lnqdbnmrhrsdms'h-d-mnssnadlnchehdcaxnsgdqlnqogn,snmnknfhb`k

qtkdr(sg`mhsrqd`khro`qsmdq-Eqnlsgdoqdbdchmfbg`qsnmbd`f`hm+vdb`m

rddsg`setkkx28ntsne3/'nq86-4odqbdms(nesgdhqqd`khrhmchb`shud

bnmrsqtbshnmr`qdqd`khydcvhsgsgdqdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdr-Nmsgdnsgdq

g`mc+nmkx08ntsne2/'nq52odqbdms(nesgdqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr`qd

`bst`kkxqd`khydcognmdshb`kkxvhsgsgdhqqd`khrsnmdr-Sghrhradb`trdsgd

u`qhntrlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrrddlsng`ud`rodbh`k`eehmhsxenqsgd

onrhshudqd`khr'drodbh`kkxonrhshudodqedbshudqd`khr(bnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg

g`oodmsnadsgdlnrseqdptdmskxtrdchmmnql`kdudqxc`xroddbg-Hs

sgdqdenqdrddlrsg`ssgdsxohb`krod`jdqhr`akdsnqdldladqsgdtmtrt`k

snm`ko`ssdqmrnesgdlnrsbnllnmkxtrdcbnmrsqtbshnmroqdbhrdkxadb`trd

sgdx`qdsgdlnrseqdptdmskxronjdm`mcgd`qchmmnql`kudqa`k

hmsdq`bshnm-

@ssghronhms+vdrgntkcrod`jsnsgdrtaidbsnesgdtmcdqkxhmf

rdl`mshbhmenql`shnmb`qqhdcaxntqmdvkxonrhsdcZqd`k\ed`stqd-Hshr

`oo`qdmseqnlsgdoqdbdchmfbg`qsrsg`s`kko`rshmchb`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr

`qd!qd`khr!`mc`kketstqdbnmrsqtbshnmr`qd!hqqd`khr-!Eqnlsghrvdlhfgs

onrstk`sdsg`ssgded`stqdg`rsncnvhsgvgdsgdqsgdoqnonrhshnmbnmudxdc

axsgdbnmrsqtbshnmhr!qd`k!hmsgdrdmrdsg`shshrrnldgnvudqheh`akd`s

67
sgdlnldmsnerod`jhmf-Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdc`ssghronhmssg`sZ*qd`k\+

nq!qd`khr+!cndrmnsld`m!qd`khydc!hmsgdrdmrdsg`srnldsghmfg`r

`bst`kkxbnldsno`rr+rhmbd!qd`khr!`ookhdrsnansgonrhshud`mcmdf`shud

bnmrsqtbshnmr`mcsgddwoqdrrotqonrdne`o`rsmdf`shudqd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnmlhfgsadsn`rrdqssg`ssgdoqnonrhshnmlnrsbdqs`hmkxchcnot

bnldsno`rr-Hshrsgdqdenqdadrssnsghmjnesghred`stqd`rld`mhmf

rnldsghmfkhjd!qd`k+!`mcmns!qd`khydc-!

Rhmbdsgdahm`qxZqd`k\ed`stqd`krndwhrsrhmsgdoqdrdmssdmrd+`mchm

ansghsronrhshud`mcmdf`shudqd`khy`shnmrvgdqdvdb`mbnlo`qdsgd

ld`mhmflnqdbknrdkx+vdvhkkdw`lhmd`bntokdnesgdrdrdmsdmbdrsnfds

`rg`qodqeddkhmfenqsgdrdl`mshbehdkchmchb`sdc-Ntqehqrsrdmsdmbdbntkc

adk`adkkdcsgd!oqdrdmsqd`khroqnfqdrrhud!`mchshrqd`khydc`radknv9

(83) aL neL nzKaБMa mbaLb "he is in the process of cutting meat"

Sgdoqdbdchmfrdmsdmbdg`rsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdhlodqedbshudqd`khr

m`r`koqdehw'rxlankhydcaxsgdtmcdqkhmdc!m!(`mcb`qqhdrsgdrdl`mshb

vdhfgsne`arnktsd`rrtq`mbd-Sghrhrsnadbnmsq`rsdcvhsgsgdenkknvhmf

dw`lokdvghbgbntkcadk`adkkdcsgd!oqdrdmshqqd`khroqnfqdrrhud!9

68
 

(84) aJ neL zKaБMa mbaLb "he is (probably) in the process of

cutting meat"

Sghrk`rsdw`lokdmnsnmkxk`bjrsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdhlodqedbshudqd`khr

m`r`koqdehwnmsgdudqa+hs`krnbnlltmhb`sdrsnsgdkhrsdmdqsg`ssgd

rod`jdqhrmns`arnktsdkxrtqdsg`svg`sgdhrr`xhmfhrsqtd-Sgtr+nmd

bntkcr`xsg`ssgd`ardmbdneqd`khrl`qjhmfhmsghrbnmsdws

bnlltmhb`sdr`bdqs`hmcdfqddnetmbdqs`hmsx-Sghrtmbdqs`hmsxhrmns

tmkhjdsgdtmbdqs`hmsxsg`smdbdrr`qhkx`bbnlo`mhdr`mxoqnmntmbdldms

qdk`shmfsnsgdetstqd-Vdb`msgtrrddsg`ssghrbdqs`hm.tmbdqs`hm

rdl`mshbchrshmbshnmhrpthsdbknrdsnsgdld`mhmfnesgdahm`qxed`stqd

vdbgnnrdsnk`adk!qd`khr.hqqd`khr-!

Hmnqcdqsncdqhudsgdqdftk`qqd`khr`mchqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrtrhmfsgd

snmdqtkdr`kqd`cxcdudknodchmsghrchrrdqs`shnm+ntq`m`kxrhrltrsonrhs

rdudq`ksnm`klnqogdldr+lnrsmns`akxsgqddcheedqdmspolarsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldrvgdqdsgdoqdbhrdm`stqdnesgdsnmdhrcdehmdc`radhmfsgd

dw`bsnoonrhsdnesgdenkknvhmf`rrnbh`sdcsnmd-Ntqehqrsonk`qsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldhmchb`sdrqd`khrlncd`mchshlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdrsgdudqa

qnns-Sgdrdbnmconk`qsnmdsnm`klnqogdldhmchb`sdrhqqd`khrlncd`mc

`krnhlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdrsgdudqaqnns-Sgdbqtbh`kcheedqdmbdadsvddm

sgdrdsvnekn`shmfonk`qsnmdrhrsg`ssgdqd`khrnmdhrhmrdqsdchmsgdsnmd

o`ssdqmbeforesgdsnmdqtkdrnodq`sd+vghkdhsrhqqd`khrbntmsdqo`qshr

69
hmrdqsdcafter-Sgdhqqd`khronk`qsnmdlnqogdldoqdbdchmfsgdudqahr

`krn`bbnlo`mhdcax`rdbnmconk`qsnmdsnm`klnqogdldvghbg

hlldch`sdkxenkknvrsgdudqaqnns-Ansgnesgdrdhqqd`khronk`qsnmdrvhkk

adhmrdqsdcaxsgdr`ldk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd-

Sgdtmtrt`knqcdqhmfnesghrsnm`khmrdqshnmqtkd`esdqsgdnodq`shnmne

lnrsnesgdsnm`kqtkdr'dwbktchmfntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkd(hroqna`akx

qdk`sdcsnsgdqdbdmsghrsnqhb`kcdudknoldmsnesgdrdetstqd'`mcsgdqdenqd

hqqd`khr(sdmrdr-Hme`bs+sgd`twhkh`qxudqarvghbg`qdtrdcsnl`qjetstqd

sdmrdmnvcdrhfm`sdsgdrdl`mshbehdkcneetstqhsxatsrshkkqds`hmsgdhq

fq`ll`shb`krs`str`rudqar-Sgdk`sdhmrdqshnmnesgdrdhqqd`khrsnmdrhr

trdcrnkdkxsnsqhffdqsgd`ooqnoqh`sdcnvmrsdoed`stqdrnmsgdrtqe`bd+

vghbgenqsgda`rhbhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmansgoqdbdcd`mcenkknvsgdudqa

rsdl-Ntqonrhsdctmcdqkxhmfsnmdo`ssdqmr`qdsgdqdenqdsgdenkknvhmf

'vgdqd!O!rxlankhydr`onk`qsnmdvghbgb`mnmkxadjmnvmvgdmsgd

enkknvhmfsnmdhr`krnjmnvm(9

(85) Underlying Tones

Lexical tones Realis Irrealis

H tone verb root L-H-Ø L-H-P

L tone verb root H-L-Ø H-L-P

70
 Sgdoqdbdchmftmcdqkxhmfsnmdo`ssdqmrhmsdq`bsvhsgsgdsnmdqtkdr

`kqd`cxonrhsdcenqsgdmntmogq`rdsnfhudtrntqentql`inqrtqe`bdsnmd

o`ssdqmr-Vdvhkkmnvdw`lhmdd`bgnesgdrdentqa`rhbcdqhu`shnmrhm

stqm-Vdvhkkkhlhsntqrdkudrhmsghrrdbshnmsnsgdkdrrl`qjdcodqedbshud

snmdo`ssdqmr+kd`uhmfsgdlnqdbnlokhb`sdchlodqedbshudo`ssdqmr`mc

tmtrt`ko`ssdqmrenqsgdenkknvhmfrdbshnmr-

Hmsgdqdl`hmcdqnesghrchrrdqs`shnm+vdvhkkbhsdu`qhntrdw`lokdr

eqnlMfxdla——m+khlhshmfntqrdkudr`klnrsdwbktrhudkxsnsgdrtaidbs

oqnmntm.`∆.!gd+!sgdnaidbs.l–a`∆a.!ld`s+!sgdaho`qshsdmdf`shud

lnqogdld.sd∆---v—æ.+`mcsgdenkknvhmfentqudqarsdlr9

(86) Monosyllabic Disyllabic

H tone verb root zaБ "cut" lumte "bite"

L tone verb root gwDБ "grind" limte "reheat"

Sgdehqrsudqasnmdo`ssdqmsg`svdvhkkdw`lhmdhrvhsgsgdO2sdmrd

l`qjdq.k`∆.`mcsgda`rhbqd`khrsnm`ko`ssdqmnm`lnmnrxkk`ahbGsnmd

udqaqnns+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd'mdf`shudrhmbd`kkonrhshud

odqedbshudrdmsdmbdrtmcdqfnrdo`q`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr(9

(87) aL laL teL zaJБ mbaLb wDJ "he did not cut the meat"

3 3 3 1 3 1 (yesterday)

he P3 NEG cut meat NEG

71
 Sgdtmcdqkhmdcvnqchmsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdhrntqlnmnrxkk`ahb

Gsnmdudqaqnnsvghbghrgdqdqd`khydcnm`Gsnmdkdudk'0(-@r

ldmshnmdc`anud+ntq`m`kxrhrcdqhudrsghro`ssdqmaxld`mrne`onk`q

snmdsnm`klnqogdldvghbghrgdqd`KsnmdoqdbdchmfsgdGsnmdnesgd

udqaqnns-Ntqo`ssdqm`ood`qr`radknv`esdqsgdhmhsh`ksnmdl`oohmf

qtkdg`r`rrnbh`sdc'mdv`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrbnmshmthmfsnadrhfm`kdcax

rk`rgdckhmdr(sgdGsnmdnesgdudqaqnnssnsgdrxkk`akdnesgdr`ld

lnqogdld'gdqdl`qjdc`r!U!snrhfm`ksgdudqaqnns(9

(88) # + V #

# L + H #

Vgdmhshrshldhmsgdcdqhu`shnmenqsgdqdftk`qtmnqcdqdcsnmdqtkdr

snnodq`sdeqnlkdessnqhfgsnmsgdsnm`kshdq+ntqsnmdqtkdenq`rrnbh`shmf

Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdldrsnsgdkdes'snmdqtkd4cdrbqhadchmsgdrdbshnm

1-1-1-`anud(nodq`sdr`radknv9

(89) # # + V #

# L + H #

Sgdcnssdckhmdfnhmfsnsgdkdeshmsgdoqdbdchmfqdoqdrdms`shnm

rhfm`krsg`ssghrsnmdhr`rrnbh`sdcsnsgd`ci`bdmsrxkk`akd'#(nmsgdkdes-

Rhmbdsgdvnqcoqdbdchmf`udqa`klnrs`kv`xrdmcrnm`Ksnmd+sghr

72
o`qshbtk`qsnmdrdkcnlg`r`mnardqu`akddeedbs'rddrdbshnm1-2-4-adknv

enqhsrqnkdhmbdqs`hmoqdrdmsmdf`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr(-

Rhmbdansgsnmdrhmntqoqdrdmscdqhu`shnm`qd`rrnbh`sdcsnmdr+ntq

k`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdcndrmns`ookx+kd`uhmfntqkdwhb`kGsnmdsnad

qd`khydcnmsgdohsbgkdudkne'0(+`radknv9

(90) # # + V #

# L + H #

Udqarsdlrnbb`rhnm`kkxg`udsvnrxkk`akdr+trt`kkxctdsnsgd

`cchshnmne`snmdkdrr.,sd.rteehw+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(91) aL laL teL luJmteJ mbaLb wDJ "he did not bite the meat"

3 3 3 1 1 3 1 (yesterday)

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdudqahmsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdhrtmcdqkhmdc+

hmbktchmfhsrsnmdkdrr.,sd.rteehw'rxlankhydcax!R!hmsgdenkknvhmf

qdoqdrdms`shnmr(-Vdsgdqdenqdg`ud`o`ssdqmkhjdsgdenkknvhmf`esdqsgd

snmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(92) # + V + S #

# L + H + #

73
 Hshr`ssghronhmssg`sntqqdftk`qsnmdqtkdrbnldhmsnok`x-Hshr

hlonqs`mssnqdldladqsg`ssgdrdqtkdrnodq`sdlocallynmsgdsnm`kshdq+

sg`shrsnr`xsg`ssgdxnodq`sdnmdsnmd`s`shld'hm`kdes,sn,qhfgs

l`mmdq+`rhmlnrsk`mft`fdr(-Sgdehqrsqtkdsg`s`ookhdrsnntqoqdrdms

o`ssdqmhrsgtrsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdlnqogdldqtkd+`rhmsgd

enkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

(93) # # + V + S #

# L + H + #

Vdldmshnmdc`anudsg`shmntq`m`kxrhr+sgdo`qsneFnkcrlhsg&r

VEBvghbgr`xrsg`sdudqxunvdkltrsad`rrnbh`sdcsn`snmdvntkcad

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74
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entmcsnhsrkdes-SgdqdrtksnesgdVEQnmntqoqdrdmso`ssdqmhrsgtrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(95) # # + V + S #

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vgdmhshrl`qjdcenqsgda`rhbqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqm9

75
(97) aL laL teL gwKDY mbaLb wDJ "he did not pound the meat"

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76
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(102) aL laL teL lKimteJ mbaLb wDJ "he did not reheat the meat"

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77
(103) # + V + S #

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qtkd+`radknv9

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(106) # + V + S #

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78
 Hshrbqtbh`khmsgdoqdrdmscdqhu`shnmsg`ssgdVEQ:nodq`sdrlocally

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79
(108) aL geL zKaY mbMab "he will cut the meat"

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onk`qsnmdsnm`klnqogdldsgtrqdrtksrhmpthsdcheedqdmsrtqe`bd

qd`khy`shnmr-

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`esdqsgdhmhsh`ksnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc'vhsg`b`ohs`k!@!sn

80
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(109) # V # A +

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qtkd+vghbgnodq`sdrsvhbdhmsghro`ssdqm+`radknv9

81
(111) # + V + # A +

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cheedqdmsdmuhqnmldmsr`qdchrbtrrdchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-3-1-adknv-

82
 Hevdehmc`Gsnmdudqarsdlvghbghmbktcdrsgdsnmdkdrr.,sd.rteehw+

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(113) # V + S # A +

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(114) # V + S # A +

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udqarsdl+rnsg`ssgdsnm`klnqogdldr`qdhmrdqsdc`radknv9

83
(115) # + V + S + # A +

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(117) aL geL gwMDY mbMab "he will pound the meat"

3 3 4 5 (later today)

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nmcnvmrsdoodcKsnmdr-Ntqcdqhu`shnmrs`qsrvhsgitrssgdrhlokdsnmdrnesgd

udqaqnns`mcnaidbsoqdehwvghbg`qd`rrnbh`sdcaxsgdfdmdq`ksnmdl`oohmf

84
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(118) # V # A +

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kd`uhmftrvhsgsgdenkknvhmfo`ssdqm9

(119) # + V + # A +

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(120) # + V + # A +

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85
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qdoqdrdms`shnm9

(122) # V + S # A +

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(123) # V + S # A +

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86
'013("*U*R*"@*

# Ø + L + + Ø # L +

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(125) # + V + S + # A +

# H + L + + H # L +

4-4 - 5

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87
2.3.2. With imperfective aspect

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(126) aL nzaJYaL mbaLb "he cuts meat"

3 1 3 3

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nmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq(9

88
(127) # + V + I #

# L + H + L #

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`ci`bdmsrxkk`akd'#(nmhsrkdes-Rhmbdsgdcnvmrsdoqtkdcndrmns`ookxsn

sghro`ssdqm+hshrqd`khydcpthsdrsq`hfgsenqv`qckx+`radknv9

(128) # # + V + I #

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chrxkk`ahbudqarsdlr+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdvhsgsgdsnmdkdrr.,sd.

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(129) aL nd`amteL mbaLb "he bites meat"

3 1 3 3

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udqahmsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdcndrmnsg`ud`knmfunvdk'rxlankhydcax

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kdesvhsg`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdldhmchb`shmfhlodqedbshud`rodbs+`lnqogdld
89
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o`ssdqmsgdqdenqd`ood`qr`radknv`esdqsgdnodq`shnmnentqsnmdl`oohmfqtkd9

(130) # + V + S + #

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adknv9

(131) # # + V + S + #

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(132) # # + V + S + #

# L + H + + L #

Sgdehm`kqtkdsnnodq`sdhrsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdlnqogdld

qtkdvghbgsghrshld`rrnbh`sdrsgdehm`kekn`shmfKsnmdnentqo`ssdqmsn

sgdRrxkk`akd-Sghrr`ldqtkd`krnchr`rrnbh`sdrsgdRrxkk`akdeqnlsgdG

snmdnesgdudqaqnns'hmchb`sdcaxsvnrl`kkrk`rgdrnmsgd`rrnbh`shnm

khmd(+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

90
(133) # # + V + S + #

# L + H + + L #

Rhmbd`kksgdsnmdrhmntqo`ssdqm`qd`rrnbh`sdcsnrnldrxkk`akdnq

nsgdq+sgdcnvmrsdosnmdqtkdcndrmns`ookx`mcvd`qdkdesvhsgsgd

enkknvhmfrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnm9

(134) # # + V + S + #

# L + H + + L #

1 - 3

RvhsbghmfmnvsnudqarvhsgtmcdqkxhmfKkdwhb`ksnmdr+vdg`ud

dw`lokdrkhjdsgdenkknvhmf9

(135) aL ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he pounds meat"

3 2 4 4

Sgdoqdbdchmf'tmcdqkhmdc(udqabnmrhrsrnesgdqd`khr.m,.oqdehw+sgd

udqaqnns`mcsgdhlodqedbshuddbgnunvdkrteehw'.,—.`anudadb`trdne

sgdunvdkpt`khsxnesgdqnnsunvdk(-Hm`cchshnm+vdg`udntqonrhsdc

onk`qsnmdsnm`klnqogdldvghbghr`GsnmdadenqdsgdKsnmdnesgd

enkknvhmfudqaqnns+`rhmntqqdoqdrdms`shnmadknv9

91
(136) # + V + I #

# H + L + L #

Vhsgsghrekn`shmfGsnmd`ssgdadfhmmhmfnentqo`ssdqm+sgdqhfgsv`qc,

cnbjhmfGsnmdlnqogdldqtkd`ookhdr+bg`mfhmfntqo`ssdqmsnsgdenkknvhmf9

(137) # + V + I #

# H + L + L #

Rhmbdsgdudqahr`klnrs`kv`xroqdbdcdcax`rxkk`akd'!#!(`rrnbh`sdcsn`

Ksnmd+ntqoqdrdmso`ssdqmeddcrsgdlds`sgdrhrqtkd`mclds`sgdrhydrsgd

`rrnbh`sdcGsnmd`mcmdvkxekn`shmfKsnmdnesgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd+qdrtkshmf

hmsgdenkknvhmfo`ssdqm9

(138) + # # + V + I #

+ L # H + L + L #

Sghrekn`shmfKsnmdvghbgmnvoqdbdcdr`m`rrnbh`sdcGsnmdhr`eedbsdcax

ntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg'sn1(+qdrtkshmf

hmsgdenkknvhmfrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnm9

(139) # + V + I #

# L H + + L #

2 - 4

92
 @mhcdmshb`ksnmdo`ssdqmb`madentmcnmudqarsdlrvghbg`qd

kdwhb`kkxchrxkk`ahb+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(140) aL ndKimteL mbaLb "he reheats meat"

3 2 4 4

Sgdoqdrdmso`ssdqmcheedqreqnlsgdoqdbdchmfhmsg`ssgdudqarsdlhr

chrxkk`ahb`mcsgdhlodqedbshudrteehwhrsgdqdenqditrs`Ksnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldhmrsd`cne`Ksnmddbgnunvdk-Ntqo`ssdqmsgdqdenqd`ood`qr

`radknv'vhsgsgdKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldenkknvhmfsgdsnmdkdrrR

rxkk`akd(`esdqsgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(141) # + V + S + #

# H + L + + L #

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdekn`shmfGsnmd`ssgdadfhmmhmfnentqo`ssdqm

sqhffdqrsgdqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmdlnqogdldqtkd+vghbgnodq`sdr`r

adknv9

(142) # + V + S + #

# H + L + + L #

Ctdsnsgdsxohb`koqdrdmbdne`Ksnmd`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdoqdbdchmf

rxkk`akd'È#Í(+sgdmdvkxchr`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdhrmnveqnmsdcaxntq

lds`sgdrhrqtkd+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

93
(143) + # # + V + S + #

+ L # H + L + + L #

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdnmsghro`ssdqmhrntqVEQqtkdvghbg

`rrnbh`sdrsgdsnmdkdrrRrxkk`akdsnsgdehqrssnmdnmhsrkdes'vghbghr`G

snmd`ssghronhmshmsgdcdqhu`shnm(+`radknv9

(144) # + V + S + #

# L H + + + L #

RhmbdsgdKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldhrrshkktm`rrnbh`sdc`ssghrlnldms

hmsgdcdqhu`shnm+sgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkd

nodq`sdr-Hs`rrnbh`sdrsgdehm`kKsnmdnentqo`ssdqmsnsgdkdesand

chr`rrnbh`sdrsgdRrxkk`akdeqnlsgdoqdbdchmfGsnmd+`rhmntq

qdoqdrdms`shnmadknv9

(145) # + V + S + #

# L H + + + L #

Sgdehm`ksnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbg`f`hm

knvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg'sn1(`ssgdadfhmmhmfnentqo`ssdqm-

Sghrknvdqdcqdfhrsdqqdl`hmrhmok`bdsgqntfgnts+qdrtkshmfhm`knvdqdc

'sn3(ohsbgkdudkenqsgdKsnmdnesgdehm`krxkk`akd+`radknv9

94
(146) # + V + S + #

# L H + + + L #

2 - 4

Sghrbnmbktcdrntq`m`kxrhrnelnmnrxkk`ahb`mcchrxkk`ahbudqarsdlr

vhsgansgqd`khrlncd`mchlodqedbshud`rodbs-Vdvhkkmnvdw`lhmdsgdhq

o`q`kkdkbnmrsqtbshnmrvhsghqqd`khrlncd-

Stqmhmfntq`ssdmshnmeqnlqd`khrsnhqqd`khrhlodqedbshudr+vdbnld

`bqnrrrdudq`kcdqhu`shnmrvgdqdsgdnqcdqhmfnelnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr

hrbqtbh`k-Sgdehqrsnentqcdqhu`shnmrvhkkbnmbdqmGsnmdlnmnrxkk`ahb

udqaqnnsrentmchmsxohb`khqqd`khrhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr+`rhmsgd

enkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(147) aL geL zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be a meat-cutter"

3 3 2 5 5 (later today)

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdhreqnlsgdE0'snc`xetstqd(sdmrd-Ntq

Dmfkhrgfknrr`ssdlorsnbnmudxsgdetstqdg`ahst`kld`mhmfsg`sg`r

bnldsnad`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdrdhqqd`khrhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgd

'tmcdqkhmdc(udqacndrmnsg`udsgdqd`khrm`r`koqdehw`rchcsgdqd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnmrcdrbqhadcd`qkhdqhmsghrrdbshnm-Sgdudqacndrg`udsgd

dbgnunvdkrteehw+`mcsgdudqaqnnshransgoqdbdcdc`mcenkknvdcax

95
cnvmrsdoodcsnmdr-@bbnqchmfsnntq`m`kxrhr+sghrbnmrsqtbshnmb`mad

qdoqdrdmsdc`radknv`esdqntqsnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(148) # V + I #

# H + L #

Rhmbdmnmdnesgdsnmdqtkdr`ookxsnsghro`ssdqm+sgdmdwsqtkdsn

nodq`sdhrntqlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'47/(adknv(enqhqqd`khrlncd

vghbgnbbtqraftersgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdr-Sghrqtkdhmrdqsrsvnonk`q

snmdsnm`klnqogdldr+`KsnmdadenqdsgdGsnmdnesgdudqarsdl`mc`

GsnmdadenqdsgdKsnmdnesgdhlodqedbshudrteehw+`rqdoqdrdmsdcadknv9

(149) # + V + + I #

# Ø + H + Ø + L #

-[T -[T

L H

Sgdnmkxqtkdvghbg`ookhdr`esdqsghrk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`k

hmrdqshnmqtkdhrsgdk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkd+vghbghmsghrb`rdknvdqrsgdsnm`k

qdfhrsdqsvhbd+ehqrsknvdqhmfsgdGsnmdnmdmnsbgsnohsbgkdudk'1(+sgdm

knvdqhmfsgdKsnmdsvnmnsbgdrsnohsbgkdudk'4(+adb`trdqdfhrsdq,

96
knvdqhmfhrbtltk`shud-Sgdrtqe`bdqdrtkshrsgtrsgdenkknvhmf9

(150) # + V + + I #

# L + H + H + L #

2 - 5

Sghrr`ldsnmdo`ssdqmb`madentmcnmchrxkk`ahbudqarsdlrrtbg`r

sgdnmdvhsgsgdsnmdkdrr.,sd.rteehwhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(151) aL geL lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-biter"

3 3 2 5 5 (later today)

Sghro`ssdqmcheedqreqnlsgdoqdbdchmfhmsg`shsrs`qsrsgdcdqhu`shnm

vhsg`snmdkdrrrteehw`esdqsgdudqaqnns-Sgdhlodqedbshudrteehwhr

k`bjhmfrxkk`ahbbnmsdmshmsgdoqdrdmbdnesghrRrxkk`akdhmrsd`cg`uhmf

sgdmnql`kKsnmddbgnunvdkrddm`anud-Snfdsgdq+sgdrdcheedqdmbdr`qd

qdoqdrdmsdcnmntq`tsnrdfldms`kshdqr`radknv9

(152) # V + S + #

# H + + L #

@esdqsgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`roqnctbdcsgdoqdbdchmfo`ssdqm+sgd

mdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrsgdVEQvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdsnmdkdrrRrxkk`akdsn

97
sgdGsnmdnesgdudqa-Sgdqdrtkshrsgdenkknvhmf9

(153) # V + S + #

# H + + L #

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkd

vghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmdnesgdhlodqedbshudrteehwsnsgdRrxkk`akdvghkd

chr`rrnbh`shmfsg`srxkk`akdeqnlsgdGsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(154) # V + S + #

# H + + L #

Hshrbqtbh`ksg`shshrnmkxmnv+`ssghrshldhmsgdcdqhu`shnm+sg`sntq

k`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'47/(adknv(hmrdqsrsvnonk`qsnmd

hqqd`khrlnqogdldr+nmdadenqd`mcnmd`esdqsgdudqarsdl'vghbg

bnmrhrsrnerxkk`akdrU`mcRsnfdsgdq(+`radknv9

(155) # + V + S + + #

# Ø + H + + Ø + L #

-[T -[T

L H

98
 Rhmbd`kksgdnsgdqsnm`kqtkdrg`ud`kqd`cxnodq`sdc+sgdnmkxqtkd

vghbg`eedbsrsghro`ssdqmhrsgdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnm`k

qdfhrsdqsvhbd+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

(156) # + V + S + + #

# L + H + + H + L #

2 - 5

Vdvhkkmnvrvhsbgsndw`lhmhmfsgdqdftk`qsnmdo`ssdqmrvghbg

nbbtqvgdmKsnmdudqarsdlr`qdl`qjdcenqhqqd`khrlncd`mc

hlodqedbshud`rodbs+`rhmsgddw`lokdvhsg`kdwhb`klnmnrxkk`ahbqnns

adknv9

(157) aL geL gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be a meat-pounder"

3 3 4 5 5 (later today)

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdknnjrkhjdsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmnmbd

sgdhmhsh`ksnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(158) # V + I #

# L + L #

Rhmbdmnmdnesgdsnmdqtkdr`ookxsnsghro`ssdqm+sgdmdwsqtkdsn

nodq`sdhrsgdk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbghmrdqsrsvnonk`qsnmd

snm`klnqogdldr+`GsnmdadenqdsgdKsnmdnesgdudqaqnns`mc`mnsgdq
99
GsnmdadenqdsgdKsnmdnesgdhlodqedbshudrteehw+`radknv9

(159) # + V + + I #

# Ø + L + Ø + L #

-[T -[T

H H

Sgdnmkxqdl`hmhmfqtkdvghbgl`x`ookxsnsghro`ssdqmhrntqk`sd

cnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqsvhbd-Rhmbdsghrknvdqhmf

nesgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqhrbtltk`shud+sgdKsnmdhrehqrsknvdqdcsnohsbg

kdudk'3(`mc`rdbnmcshldsnohsbgkdudk'4(+`radknv9

(160) # + V + + I #

# H + L + H + L #

4 - 5

Sghrr`ldsnmdo`ssdqmb`m`krnadrddmvhsgKsnmdudqaqnnsrvghbg

g`udchrxkk`ahbrsdlr`rsgdqdrtksnesgd`cchshnmnesgdsnmdkdrrudqa

rteehw+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(161) aL geL lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-reheater"

3 3 4 5 5 (later today)

100
 Rhmbdsghrudqarsdlg`rsgdkdwhb`kkxsnmdkdrr.,sd.rxkk`akd+hs`ood`qr

`radknv`esdqsgdhmhsh`ksnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(162) # V + S + #

# L + + L #

Sgdmdwsqtkdsn`ookxsnsghro`ssdqmhrsgdVEQvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgd

snmdkdrrRrxkk`akdsnsgdKsnmdnesgdudqaqnns-Sgdqdrtkshrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(163) # V + S + #

# L + + L #

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmdnesgdhlodqedbshudrteehwsn

sgdRrxkk`akdvghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsg`srxkk`akdeqnlsgdKsnmd

oqduhntrkx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(164) # V + S + #

# L + + L #

Nmbd`f`hm+hshrbqtbh`ksg`sntqk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdhmrdqsr

sgdsvnonk`qsnmdsnm`klnqogdldrhmchb`shmf`mnql`khqqd`khrsnm`k

o`ssdqmnmkx`ssghrk`sdonhmshmsgdcdqhu`shnm+`rrgnvmadknv9

101
(165) # + V + S + + #

# Ø + L + + Ø + L #

-[T -[T

H H

Sgdehqrsonk`qsnmdsnm`klnqogdldhrgdqdqd`khydc`r`Gsnmd

oqdbdchmfsgdKsnmdnesgdudqaqnns-Sgdrdbnmconk`qsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldhrhmrdqsdchlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfsgdsnmdkdrrRrxkk`akdnesgd

udqarsdlatsoqdbdchmfsgdKsnmdnesgdhlodqedbshudrteehw-Rhmbd`kk

sgdnsgdqsnm`kqtkdrg`ud`kqd`cxnodq`sdc+sgdnmkxqtkdvghbgl`xrshkk

`eedbsntqo`ssdqmhrsgdk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgnmbd`f`hmknvdqrsgd

snm`kqdfhrsdqsvhbd+`rrddmhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

(166) # + V + S + + #

# H + L + + H + L #

4 - 5

Sgdoqdbdchmfsvnrdbshnmrg`udrgnvmsgdtmcdqkxhmfcdqhu`shnmrne

vg`srg`kkadqdedqqdcsn`rsgd!qdftk`q!nq!dwodbsdc!snmdrenqqd`khr

`mchqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr'k`adkdc!Q!enqqd`khr`mc!H!enqhqqd`khrhmntq

snmdo`ssdqmbg`qs`ssgdadfhmmhmfnerdbshnm1-2-1-`anud(-@mx

102
cduh`shnmreqnlsgdrdQ`mcHo`ssdqmr`qdbnmrhcdqdclnqdl`qjdc-Sgdrd

tmtrt`ksnm`ko`ssdqmr`qd`kv`xrsgdqdrtksnernldrodbhehblnqogn,

snmnmknfhb`kqtkd+`mcsgdx`qdd`bgchrbtrrdchmcds`hkhmsgdhqstqmhmsgd

enkknvhmfrdbshnm-

103
 

2.3.3. With tense markers

Sgdenkknvhmfbg`qs'rdd'71(`anud(hrqdod`sdcadknvsndm`akdsgd

qd`cdqsnqdldladqvghbgudqa`kbnmrsqtbshnmrs`jdmnql`kqd`khr'Q(nq

hqqd`khr'H(snmdo`ssdqmr`mcvghbgs`jdsgdhqnvmhchnrxmbq`shbsnmd

o`ssdqmr'k`adkkdc!w!hmsgdbg`qs(9

(167) Revised Realis/Irrealis Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

+perf x/R x/R x/R x/R x/R

+real

-perf
+real x/R x/x x/x R/R R/R
-prog

-perf
+real R/R R/R R/R R/R x/R
+prog

+perf I/I I/I I/I I/I

-real

-perf
-real x/I I/I I/I I/I I/I
-prog

-perf
-real I/I I/I I/I I/I I/I
+prog

104
 Sgdoqdbdchmfsvnrdbshnmrnesghrchrrdqs`shnmg`uddw`lhmdchm

cds`hksgdsnm`kcdqhu`shnmrne`kksgdmnql`kqd`khr`mchqqd`khrsnmd

o`ssdqmr-Hshrmnvsgds`rjnesgdoqdrdmsrdbshnmsndw`lhmd`rvdkksgd

u`qhntrhchnrxmbq`shbsnmdo`ssdqmr'rxlankhydcaxw&rhmsgdoqdbdchmf

bg`qs(-Sgdqd`cdqhrqdedqqdcsn@oodmchwAenqlnqdcds`hkdcbg`qsr

vghbgrgnvsgd`bst`krtqe`bdsnmdrqd`khydcnmG`mcKsnmdudqaqnnsr

enq`kksgdrdbnmrsqtbshnmr+vgdsgdqsgdxbnldeqnlqdftk`qqd`khrnq

hqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrnq`qdsgdqdrtksnesgdhchnrxmbq`shbqtkdrchrbtrrdc

hmsghrrdbshnm-D`bgnesgdtmhptdsnmdo`ssdqmrhmchb`sdchmsgdbg`qs`qd

fdmdq`sdcaxrdo`q`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr+`kknevghbg`qd

enql`khydchmbg`osdq3adknv-Ntqoqdrdmshmsdqdrsvhkkadsns`jdsgd

qdrtksrnesgdrdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr`mcenkknvsgdhqoqnfqdrr

sgqntfgntssgdhqcdqhu`shnmrtmshksgdhqqdrodbshudognmdshbqd`khy`shnmr`qd

`bghdudc-

Vdvhkkadfhmntqdw`lhm`shnmnesgdrdqtkdraxknnjhmf`ssgnrd

`rrnbh`sdcvhsgodqedbshud`rodbs-Sgdoqdbdchmfbg`qsbkd`qkxrgnvrsg`s

Mfxdla——m`kv`xrqd`khydr`mnm,etstqdhmchb`shudrdmsdmbdnm

rnldsghmfnsgdqsg`msgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdrvgdmdudqsg`srdmsdmbdhr

ansgodqedbshud`mcpositive-Sgtrvd`kv`xrg`udsgdrl`kkw&rsnsgd

kdesnesgdrk`rgl`qj`anudenqsgdonrhshudodqedbshudrdmsdmbdr+dudm

sgntfgsgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudrdmsdmbdrsnsgdqhfgsnesgdrk`rgl`qj

105
`kv`xrg`udsgdmnql`kqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqm'Q(-

Rhmbdsgdrdmnm,etstqdonrhshudodqedbshudhmchb`shudrdmsdmbdr`qd

`lnmfsgdlnrseqdptdmskxtrdchmsgdbntqrdnedudqxc`xudqa`k

hmsdq`bshnm+hshr`oo`qdmssg`sMfxdla——mrod`jdqr`qd`akdsnqdldladq

`mcqdoqnctbdsgdtmhptdsnm`ko`ssdqmrsg`s`qdrodbh`ksnsgdonrhshud

odqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmned`bgsdmrd-Sgdrdtmtrt`ksnm`ko`ssdqmr`qdmns

nmkxlnqdghfgkxl`qjdcsg`msgdqdftk`qqd`khro`ssdqmr+sgdx`qdlnrs

khjdkx`krnnenkcdqghrsnqhb`kuhms`fd-Sgdrdnkcdqo`ssdqmr`qdsgdqdenqd

l`hms`hmdcsnc`xnmkxhmghfgkxqdrsqhbsdcfq`ll`shb`kdmuhqnmldmsr-

Sgdehqrsodqedbshudonrhshudmnm,etstqdsnmdo`ssdqmsg`svdrg`kk

dw`lhmdhrsg`snesgdO1sdmrd+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(168) aL kaL zaLY mbaLb "he cut the meat"

3 3 3 3 (yesterday)

Sgd`amnql`ksnm`kbg`q`bsdqhrshbnesgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdhrsg`ssgd

udqaqnnsvghbgg`r`mtmcdqkxhmfkdwhb`kGsnmdhrqd`khydcognmdshb`kkx

nm`Ksnmd'ohsbgkdudk2(-Sgdnmkxsnmdqtkdsndkhlhm`sdGsnmdr

bnlokdsdkx'hsb`mmnsitrsadchr`rrnbh`sdc`rsgdmhsvntkccnvmrsdosgd

enkknvhmfKsnmd(hrntqqhrd,cdkdshnmqtkd-Vdg`udsgdqdenqdonrhsdc`

lnqogdldbnms`hmhmfansg`K`mc`onk`qsnmdoqdbdchmfsgdudqarsdl

106
vhsgsgdKsnmdadhmf`rrnbh`sdcsnbothsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akdandsgd

oqdbdchmfrxkk`akd-Rhmbdvdonrhssghrlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'452(

adknv(snnodq`sdadenqdntqsnmdqtkdr+ntqoqdrdmsGsnmdudqaqnns

vntkcknnj`radknv`esdqnodq`shnmnesgdl`oohmfqtkd`mcsgdO1

onrhshudodqedbshudhmchb`shudlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'vhsg!#!sn

hmchb`sdsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfrxkk`akd(9

(169) # # + V #

# Ø L + H #

Hshrbqtbh`ksg`ssgdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbghmrdqsrsghr

`cchshnm`kKsnmdhmsgdqd`khrsnmdlnqogdldadenqdsgdudqarsdl`krn

cq`vrsgdsvnmdv`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrrgnvm`anud-Sgdrdbnmcsnmdnesgd

lnqogdldhr`bst`kkxsgdqd`khronk`qsnmdatshshrqd`khydc`r`Ksnmd

`anudhmnqcdqsnadnoonrhsdnesgdenkknvhmfGsnmd'nesgdudqaqnns(-Hs

hrmnvbqtbh`ksg`ssgdoqdbdchmfo`ssdqmeddcrntqqhrd,cdkdshnmqtkd+

vghbghsb`mcnhevdrkhfgskxqduhrdsgdqtkd'ehqrsrs`sdchm'40(`anud(+

`radknv9

107
(170) Rule 6’: Rise-Deletion
# #

L (T) H / L

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdcheedqreqnlhsroqduhntrudqrhnmaxsgd`cchshnmne

`mnoshnm`kekn`shmfsnmd'S(`mcsgde`bssg`ssgdqtkdmnv`ookhdr

vgdmdudqsgdmdwssnmdhr`Ksnmd-Sgd`cchshnmnesgdekn`shmfsnmd'S(hr

`qduhrhnmsg`shrrhlhk`qsnsgdqduhrhnmnentqlds`sgdrhrqtkd'rdd'51(

`anud(vghbg`kknvdcenq`m`cchshnm`kekn`shmfGsnmd-@cchmfsgd

rxkk`akd@enqsgdKsnmdmntmbk`rroqdehwnesgdenkknvhmfnaidbsvghbg

sqhffdqrsgdqduhrdcqhrd,cdkdshnmqtkd+ntqo`ssdqmhrbg`mfdchmsnsgd

enkknvhmf9

(171) # # + V # A +

# L L + H # L +

Rhmbdsgdcnvmrsdoqtkdcndrmns`ookxsnsghro`ssdqmhmhsroqdrdms

enql+ntqrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhrpthsdrsq`hfgsenqv`qc+`radknv9

108
(172) # # + V #

# L L + #

Rtbg`Ksnmdqd`khy`shnmne`mtmcdqkxhmfGsnmdudqaqnnsb`m`krn

nbbtqhesgdudqarsdlhrchrxkk`ahb+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(173) aL kaL luLmteL mbaLb "he bit the meat"

3 3 3 3 3 (yesterday)

@cchmfsgdrxkk`akdRsnhmchb`sdntqsnmdkdrr.,sd.udqarteehw+ntq

o`ssdqm`ood`qr`radknv`esdq`ookhb`shnmneansgsgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkd

`mcntqO1onrhshudodqedbshudlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd9

(174) # # + V + S #

# Ø L + H + #

Nmbd`f`hm+vdrgnvsgdKsnmdoqdehwnesgdenkknvhmfnaidbsvghbg

sqhffdqrsgdqduhrdcqhrd,cdkdshnmqtkd+cdkdshmfsgdGsnmdhmsgdo`ssdqmhm

sgdenkknvhmfl`mmdq9

109
(175) # # + V + S # A +

# L L + H + # L +

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqVEQqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdsnmdkdrr

Rrxkk`akdsnsgdehqrssnmdnmhsrkdes-Sgdqdrtkshrsgdenkknvhmf9

(176) # # + V + S #

# L L + + #

Vhsgd`bgrxkk`akdmnv`rrnbh`sdcsnnmdKsnmd+sgdognmdshb

qd`khy`shnmhrpthsdrsq`hfgsenqv`qc+`radknv9

(177) # # + V + S #

# L L + + #

3 -3

Rvhsbghmfmnvsnudqaqnnsrvhsgkdwhb`kKsnmdr+vdehmc

lnmnrxkk`ahbdw`lokdrkhjdsgdenkknvhmf9

(178) aL kaL gwTDY mbaLb "he ground the meat"

3 3 34 4 (yesterday)

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrgnvrsg`stmcdqkxhmfKsnmdudqaqnnsr`qd

110
qd`khydcognmdshb`kkxnm`knv,cnvmrsdoodc,knvsnmd'fkhcdeqnlohsbg

kdudk2sn3nmsgdtmcdqkhmdcudqaqnns`anud(-@cchmfsgdr`ldbnlokdw

K`mconk`qsnmdsnm`klnqogdldsg`svdchcvhsgsgdGsnmdudqaqnnsr

`anudqdrtksrhmsgdenkknvhmf`esdqansgsgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkd`mcsgd

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`khmrdqshnmqtkdg`udnodq`sdc9

(179) # # + V #

# Ø H + L #

RhmbdsgdudqaqnnssnmdhrKgdqd+sgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfonk`q

snmdhrqd`khydc`r`Gsnmd-Rhmbdsgdqd`qdmnrhmfkd,snmdsnm`k

lnqogdldrsneddcntqkdesv`qc,`mcqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfqtkdr+sgdmdws

qtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdq

nmdmnsbg'eqnl2sn3(adb`trdnesgdekn`shmfGsnmdoqdbdchmfsgd

`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd+`radknv9

(180) # # + V #

# L H + L #

3 4

Rhmbdsgdudqarsdlhrlnmnrxkk`ahb+ansgsgdsnmdkdudkr2`mc3`qd

qd`khydcnmsgdr`ldrxkk`akd`anud-

111
 Sgdrdr`ldsvnkdudkr`qdqd`khydcnmrdo`q`sdrxkk`akdrvgdmdudqsgd

udqarsdlhrchrxkk`ahb+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(181) aL kaL l`bmtMe mbaLb "he reheated the meat"

3 3 3 4 4 (yesterday)

Hmsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokd+sgdcnvmrsdo'snkdudk3(nbbtqradsvddm

sgdehqrsrxkk`akdnesgdtmcdqkhmdcudqa`mcsgdkdwhb`kkxsnmdkdrrrxkk`akd

.,sd.-Sgdcdqhu`shnmnesghrsnmdo`ssdqmhrrhlhk`qsnsgdk`rsvhsgsgd

`cchshnmnesgdRrxkk`akdentmcadknv9

(182) # # + V + S #

# Ø H + L + #

@ssghronhms+ntqVEQqtkdnodq`sdr+`rrnbh`shmfsgdsnmdkdrrrxkk`akd

RsnsgdKsnmdnesgdudqaqnns-Bqtbh`kkx+gnvdudq+sghrr`ldVEQqtkd

`krnchr`rrnbh`sdrsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd'U(eqnlsg`sr`ldKsnmd`rhm

sgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

(183) # # + V + S #

# L H + L + #

Hsltrsadonhmsdcntssg`sntqoqdkhlhm`qxudqrhnmnesgdVEQqtkd

112
'rdd'83(`anud(vntkc`rrnbh`sdsgdsnmdkdrrRrxkk`akdsnsgdKsnmdnm

hsrkdes+atshsvntkcmnschr`rrnbh`sdsg`sKsnmdeqnlrxkk`akdU+`rvd

g`udhmchb`sdcltrss`jdok`bd-VdltrssgdqdenqdqduhrdntqVEQqtkdsn

chr`rrnbh`sdsgdsnmdbgnrdmax`enqldqkxsnmdkdrrrxkk`akdeqnlnsgdq

rxkk`akdroqnuhcdcsg`ssgnrdnsgdqrxkk`akdr`qd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsnxds

`mnsgdqsnmd-Sgdqtkdnauhntrkxcndrmnsv`mssnbqd`sdnsgdqsnmdkdrr

rxkk`akdrhmsgdoqnbdrrne`rrnbh`shmfdwhrshmfsnmdkdrrrxkk`akdr-Sgd

qdrtksnentqlnchehdcVEQqtkdltrsadsg`svgdmdudq`snmdkdrr

rxkk`akd!atlorhmsn!`rxkk`akdvhsg`bnlokdw'h-d-lnqdsg`mnmd(snmd+

sgdbnlokdwsnmdhraqnjdmcnvmhmsnhsrbnmrshstdmso`qsr+d`bgo`qsadhmf

kdesvhsghsrqdrodbshud`rrnbh`sdcrxkk`akd-VdsgdqdenqdqduhrdntqVEQ

'ehqrsrs`sdchm'83(`anud(+`radknv9

(184) Rule 8’: Well-formedness Rule (WFR)

(#) + # +

(T) T + +

Condition: When a toneless syllable associates to the

first tone on its left, it only disassociates
that tone from another syllable if that syllable
is already associated to yet another tone.

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`svgdmdudq`snmdkdrrrxkk`akdhrentmc'hmsgdkdes,

sn,qhfgs`ookhb`shnmnesgdsnmdqtkdr(+hshr`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdehqrssnmd

entmcnmhsrkdes+chr`rrnbh`shmf`rvdkksg`sr`ldsnmdeqnl`mxnsgdq

113
rxkk`akdrvhsgvghbghslhfgs`kqd`cxad`rrnbh`sdchesgnrdrxkk`akdr

vntkcqds`hmxds`mnsgdqsnmd-

NmbdsgdqduhrdcVEQqtkdg`rnodq`sdc+sgdnmkxnsgdqqtkdsn`eedbs

ntqo`ssdqmhrsgdk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdqnmd

mnsbgadsvddmsgdsvnrxkk`akdr+`radknv9

(185) # # + V + S #

# L H + L + #

3 - 4

SgdrdbnmcodqedbshudO2onrhshudmnm,etstqdsnmdo`ssdqmsg`svdrg`kk

dw`lhmdhrsg`snesgdsdmrd+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(186) aL laL zaPY mbaLb "he cut the meat”

3 3 13 3

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdg`r`G,Ke`kkhmfsnmdnmhsrtmcdqkhmdcudqa

qnns-Sghrjhmcne`rtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhr`bbnlokhrgdcaxhmrdqshmf`m

associatedKsnmd`esdqsgdudqarsdl+`snmdmnshmrdqsdctmshk`esdqsgd

nodq`shnmnentqmnql`ksnmdl`oohmfqtkdvghbgqdrtksrhmsgdenkknvhmf9

114
 

(187) # + V #

# L + H #

Hshrnmkx`esdqsgdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc+atsadenqdsgdatkjnentq

snmdqtkdrnodq`sd+sg`sntqtmhptdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdhmrdqsr`Ksnmd

hlldch`sdkx`esdqsgdudqarsdlhesgdrdmsdmbdhronrhshudodqedbshudO2'rdd

'451(adknv(-Sgdqdrtksnesghrqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(188) # + V + #

# L + H + Ø #

Hshrbqtbh`ksg`ssgd`cchshnm`kKsnmdhr`ccdc`esdqsgdudqarsdl`mchr

`rrnbh`sdcby the same rulesnsgdk`rsrxkk`akdnesgdr`ldudqarsdl-

Vgdmhsbnldrshldenqntqmnql`ksnmdqtkdrsnnodq`sd+sgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfK

snmdlnqogdldqtkd`rrnbh`sdrsgdqd`khronk`qsnmd'KsnmdadenqdsgdGsnmdne

sgdudqaqnns(snsgdehqrsrxkk`akd'#(oqdbdchmfsgdudqa+`radknv9

(189) # # + V + #

# L + H + L #

Rhmbdntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdcndrmns`ookxsnsghro`qshbtk`qo`ssdqm'`kksgd

snmdradhmf`rrnbh`sdc(+sgdrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhrpthsdrsq`hfgsenqv`qc+`r

115
adknv9

(190) # # + V + #

# L + H + L #

1 3

Sgdr`ldjhmcneo`ssdqmb`madqd`khydcnmchrxkk`ahbudqarsdlr+`r

hmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(191) aL laL luJmteL mbaLb "he bit the meat"

3 3 1 3 3

@cchmfsgdrxkk`akdRsnhmchb`sdntqsnmdkdrr.,sd.udqarteehw+ntq

o`ssdqm`ood`qr`radknv`esdq`ookhb`shnmnesgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkd9

(192) # + V + S #

# L + H + #

Nmbd`f`hm+`esdqsgdl`oohmfqtkdatsadenqdsgdnsgdqsnmdqtkdr+sgd

O2onrhshudodqedbshudlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdhmrdqsr`Ksnmd`esdqsgd

udqarsdland`rrnbh`sdrsg`sKsnmdsnsgdk`rsrxkk`akdnesgdudqarsdl

'hmsghrb`rd+sgdRrxkk`akd(+`radknv9

116
 

(193) # + V + S + #

# L + H + + Ø #

Vdmnvbnldsnntqmnql`ksnmdqtkdr-Sgdnmkxqtkdsn`ookxsnsghr

o`qshbtk`qcdqhu`shnmhrsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdlnqogdldqtkdvghbg

nmbd`f`hmnodq`sdr`radknv9

(194) # # + V + S + #

# L + H + + L #

Tmshkmnv+vdg`udrddmsg`sntqVEQqtkdg`r`kv`xr`ookhdcsnsgd

snmdkdrrRrxkk`akdvgdmdudqhsg`raddmoqdrdms-Gnvdudq+hmsgdoqdrdms

cdqhu`shnm+sgdRrxkk`akdg`r`kqd`cxaddm`rrnbh`sdcvhsg`snmdaxntq

O2qtkd+`mcsgdVEQcndrmns`ookx-Rhmbdsgdk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdcndr

mns`ookxdhsgdq+sgdehm`krtqe`bdqdrtkshrsgdenkknvhmf9

(195) # # + V + S + #

# L + H + + L #

1 - 3

Vdvhkkmnvdw`lhmdo`q`kkdkO2onrhshudodqedbshuddw`lokdrvgdqd

sgdudqaqnnsg`r`kdwhb`kKsnmd+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9
117
(196) aL laL gwQDY mbaLb "he ground the meat"

3 3 24 4

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrgnvrsg`stmcdqkxhmfKsnmdudqaqnnsr`qd

qd`khydcognmdshb`kkxnm`cnvmrsdoodc,ghfg,knvsnmdfkhcd'eqnlohsbg

kdudk1sn3nmsgdtmcdqkhmdcudqa`anud(-Rs`qshmfvhsgsgdr`ldqd`khr

onk`qsnmd'qd`khydc`r`GsnmdadenqdsgdKsnmdnesgdudqaqnns(+sgd

o`ssdqm`ood`qr`radknv`esdqntqsnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(197) # + V #

# H + L #

Nmbd`f`hm+`esdqntql`oohmfqtkdatsadenqdsgdnsgdqsnmdqtkdr+sgd

O2lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdnodq`sdroqnctbhmfsgdenkknvhmf9

(198) # + V + #

# H + L + Ø #

Vgdmhsbnldrshldenqntqmnql`ksnmdqtkdrsnnodq`sd+sgdehqrsqtkd

snnodq`sd`rvdfneqnlkdessnqhfgshrsgdqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmd

lnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdqd`khronk`qsnmd'G(snsgdudqaqnns

rxkk`akdvghkd`krnchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdehqrsKsnmdsnhsrqhfgs+`radknv9

118
(199) # + V + #

# H + L + L #

Sgde`bssg`ssgdoqdbdchmfqtkdchr`rrnbh`sdcsgdKsnmdnesgdudqa

qnnseddcrntqlds`sgdrhrqtkdadenqdsgdtrt`k`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd+vghbg

lds`sgdrhydrsgdG`mcKsnmdr`radknv9

(200) # # + V + #

L # H + L + L #

Sgdehm`ksnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdnmsgdoqdrdmscdqhu`shnmhrntqk`sd

cnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg'sn1(`ssgd

adfhmmhmfnesgdudqaqnns+`radknv9

(201) # + V + #

# L H + + L #

2 4

Sgdr`ldjhmcneo`ssdqmb`madqd`khydcnmchrxkk`ahbudqarsdlr+`r

hmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(202) aL laL lKimteL mbaLb "he reheated the meat"

3 3 2 4 4

119
 @cchmfsgdrxkk`akdRsnhmchb`sdntqsnmdkdrr.,sd.udqarteehw+ntqo`ssdqm

`ood`qr`radknv`esdq`ookhb`shnmnesgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkd9

(203) # + V + S #

# H + L + #

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdmdwsqtkdsn`ookxhrsgdO2onrhshudodqedbshudlnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbg`f`hmhmrdqsr`Ksnmd`esdqsgdudqarsdland`rrnbh`sdr

sg`sKsnmdsnsgdk`rsrxkk`akdnesg`srsdl+`radknv9

(204) # + V + S + #

# H + L + + Ø #

Nmbdvdbnldsnntqmnql`ksnmdqtkdr+sgdehqrsqtkdsn`ookxhrsgd

qhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmdlnqogdldqtkdvghbgansg`rrnbh`sdrsgdGsnmdsn

sgdudqaqnns`mcchr`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(205) # + V + S + #

# H + L + + L #

Sgdqdrtksnesghrqtkd`f`hmeddcrntqlds`sgdrhrqtkdvghbg

lds`sgdrhydrsgdKsnmdenqldqkx`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdudqaqnns`mcsgdG

120
snmdeqnlsgdqd`khronk`qsnmd+`kknesghradenqdsgdmnql`kKsnmd

`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akd'#(+`radknv9

(206) # # + V + S + #

L # H + L + + L #

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdVEQqtkdsg`sg`rtrt`kkx`ookhdcsnrxkk`akdRcndr

mns`ookxrhmbdsgdRrxkk`akdhr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsn`snmd-Sgdk`sd

cnvmrsdoqtkdhrsgdnmkxnsgdqsnmdqtkdsn`ookxsnsghro`ssdqm`mchs

knvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg'sgdGsnmdfnhmfsnkdudk1(nmsgd

udqaqnns+vhsghsrbnmshmthmfdeedbsadhmfmnshbdcaxsgdknvdqhmfnesgd

enqldqkxsnmdkdrrudqarteehw`krnnmdmnsbg'Ksnmdfnhmfsnkdudk3(+`r

adknv9

(207) # + V + S + #

# L H + + + L #

2 - 4

Vdmnvstqmsnrdudq`knsgdqtmtrt`ksnmdo`ssdqmr-Sgdehqrsnesgdrd

o`ssdqmrhrtmtrt`kenqsgqddrdo`q`sdqd`rnmr-Ehqrs+sgdmnql`ksnmd

bnmsq`rsadsvddmG`mcKsnmdudqaqnnsrhrmdtsq`khydc-Rdbnmc+sgdO/

bnmrsqtbshnm'ydqnsdmrdvhsgodqedbshud`rodbstrdcsnhmchb`sdhlldch`sd

o`rsshldld`mhmf(hrsgdnmkxbnmrsqtbshnmvgdqd`udqaqnnshrqd`khydc

121
nm`qhrhmfsnmdfkhcd-Sghqc+sgdnaidbshrcnvmrsdoodckhjd`mhqqd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnmdudmsgntfgsgdO/hrcdehmhsdkxqd`khr-Sgdenkknvhmf

dw`lokdrhmbktcdlnmnrxkk`ahbG`mcKsnmdudqaqnnsrqdrodbshudkx9

(208) aL zaNY mbMab "he (just) cut the meat"

3 31 4

aL gwDNY mbMab "he (just) pounded the meat"

3 31 4

Sgdjdxsnsgdcdqhu`shnmneO/bnmrsqtbshnmrhrsg`ssgdudqahr`kv`xr

hlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdcax`Ksnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqbkhshbvghbg`rrnbh`sdr

snsgdqhfgssnsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd-Vghkdsgdoqnbdrrhrcdrbqhadchm

cds`hkhmrdbshnm1-3-0-adknv+vdvhkkrgnv`m`aaqduh`sdcudqrhnmnesgd

cdqhu`shnmgdqdsnitrshexsgdsnm`kmdtsq`khy`shnmnesgdrdbnmrsqtbshnmr-

Sgdmnql`ko`ssdqmenq`qd`khrudqaqnnsvntkc`ood`q`radknv'vhsg!O!

rxlankhyhmfsgdekn`shmfqd`khronk`qsnmd`mcsgd!S!rxlankhyhmfdhsgdq`

GnqKsnmd(`esdqsgdekn`shmfrtaidbsl`qjdqsnmdhr`rrnbh`sdcax`

rodbh`klnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'454(adknv(snsgdudqaqnns'U(+`r

adknv9

(209) + # + V #

+ L # P + T #

Sgdbqtbh`klnldmsg`rmnv`qqhudc-Sgdonk`qsnmdhrsq`oodcadsvddmsvn

122
`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrrnhsmust`rrnbh`sdsnsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akdnmhsrqhfgs

adb`trdsgdVEBoqnghahsrmdv`rrnbh`shnmkhmdreqnlbqnrrhmfnkckhmdr-Sgd

qtkdvghbgnodq`sdrhrsgtrdhsgdqsgdkdesv`qc,'rdd'27(`anud(nqqhfgsv`qc,

cnbjhmf'rdd'45(`anud(snmdqtkdr-Sgdcheedqdmbdadsvddmsgdsvnsnmdqtkdr

vhkkadduhcdmsonlyaxsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrvghbgsgdqdrodbshudqtkdrcdkdsd+

nmdnmsgdkdes`mcsgdnsgdqnmsgdqhfgs+`rrgnvmadknv9

(210) + # + V #

+ L # L/H + H/L #

SgdqdrtkshmfrsqtbstqdrenqansgG`mcKsnmdudqarxhdkcsgdr`ldKG

qhrhmfsnmd+sgntfgsgdsnmdrhmunkudchmsgdqhrdg`udcheedqdmslnqognknfhb`k

nqhfhmr-Sgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmrgnvransgsgdtmcdqkxhmfGsnmdudqa

qnnso`ssdqm'hmrnkhckhmdr+qdekdbsdchmsgdehqrsqnvnemtladqradknv(`mcsgd

tmcdqkxhmfKsnmdudqaqnnso`ssdqm'hmc`rgdckhmdr+qdekdbsdchmsgdrdbnmcqnv

nemtladqrdudmetqsgdqadknv(9

(211) + # + V #

+ L # L/H + H/L #

- 3 1 -

- 3 1 -

Sgdoqdbdchmfo`ssdqm`mchsr`bbnlo`mxhmfcdqhu`shnmadbnldrnldvg`s

123
lnqdtmtrt`kvgdmsgdudqarsdlhrchrxkk`ahb+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfsvn

dw`lokdr9

(212) aL luLmteN mbMab "he (just) bit the meat"

3 3 31 4

aL l`bmteN mbMab "he (just) reheated the meat"

3 3 31 4

Sgdcdqhu`shnmrs`qsrnts`rsgdoqdbdchmfnmdchcvhsgsgd`cchshnmne`

snmdkdrrudqarteehw'R(nmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq+`radknv9

(213) + # + V + S #

+ L # P + T + #

Nmbdsgdrtaidbsl`qjdqsnmdg`raddm`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd

axrodbh`klnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'454(adknv(+`r`anud+sgdonk`qsnmdhr

enqbdcsn`rrnbh`sdvhsgsgdudqaqnns+chr`rrnbh`shmfkhmdrsnhsrkdes`mcqhfgshm

sgdb`rdneK`mcGsnmdrqdrodbshudkx+`radknv9

(214) + # + V + S #

+ L # L/H + H/L + #

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqqduhrdcVEQ'rdd'073(`anud(vghbg

`rrnbh`sdrsgdsnmdkdrrRrxkk`akdsnsgdGsnmdnmhsrqhfgs+`krnchr`rrnbh`shmf

124
sgdrdGsnmdreqnlsgdrxkk`akdrsg`ssgdxvdqd`rrnbh`sdcsn+`radknv9

(215) + # + V + S #

+ L # L/H + H/L + #

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(216) + # + V + S #

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- 3 -31 -

- 3 -3 1 -

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125
(217) aL kaLa nzMaY mbaLb "he was a meat-cutter"

3 3 4 4 (yesterday)

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3 3 4 4 (yesterday)

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l`qjdqhmrsd`cnesgdudqarsdl-@ltbgk`sdqqtkdvntkcodqenqlsgd

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126
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(218) # + V #

# P + T #

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(219) # V #

# (T) T #

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(220) # V #

# (T) T #

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127
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(221) # V #

# H L #

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(222) aL kaLa ndMumteL mbaLb "he was a meat-biter"

3 3 4 4 (yesterday)

aL kaLa ndMimteL mbaLb "he was a meat-reheater"

3 3 4 4 (yesterday)

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128
(223) # + V + S #

# P + T + #

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oqdbdchmfcdqhu`shnmnmkxhmsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdsnmdkdrrRrxkk`akd-Sghr

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sgdbntqrdnesgdsnmdqtkdraxntqqduhrdcVEQqtkd+kd`uhmf`o`ssdqmkhjdsgd

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(224) # V + S #

# (T) T + #

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(225) # V + S #

# (T) T + #

H L

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129
(226) # V + S #

# H L + #

4-4

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rdudq`kqd`rnmrsnonrhssg`ssgdx`qdl`qjdctmcdqkxhmfkxenqqd`khrlncd-

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(227) Realis Irrealis Tones

- positive perfective P4.

- positive non-progressive imperfective P4.

- positive realis progressive imperfective zero.

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130
 

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3 3 2 5 5

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3 31 3 1 3 3 1

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qd`khrlncdhrqd`khydcnmkxnmsgdmdf`shudrdmsdmbdvghkdsgdmnql`kG

snmdvhsgcnvmrsdoradenqd`mc`esdqhrqd`khydcnmsgdudqaqnnsnesgd

onrhshudrdmsdmbd-Vdoqnonrdsng`mckdsgdsgqddbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg

adg`udhmsghrl`mmdqaxld`mrne`md`qkxlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd

vghbgbg`mfdrsgdZ*qd`k\ed`stqdsnZ,qd`k\'rdd'438(adknv(-Sghrqtkd

vntkcg`udsnenkknvnsgdqlnqognknfhb`kqtkdrkhjdsgdrodbhehb`shnmne

sgdqd`khrhlodqedbshudgnlnqf`mhbm`r`kbnmrnm`sudqaoqdehw+xds

oqdbdcdsgdrodbhehb`shnmnesgdqd`khronk`qsnmd-Sgdsnm`kcdqhu`shnm

vntkcsgdmoqnbddchm`mhcdmshb`kl`mmdqsno`ssdqmrvghbgg`c`m

tmcdqkxhmfZ,qd`k\ed`stqd+`rrgnvmhmsgdoqduhntrsvnrdbshnmr-

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onrhshudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhqqd`khroqdrdms'ydqn(bnmrsqtbshnm+sgdnmkxshld

sg`s`mtmcdqkxhmfhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmhrdudqqd`khydcnm`mxsghmfats

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131
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3 4 4 4

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(230) # V + + I #

# H + Ø + L #

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lnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrntqekn`shmfKsnmdsnsgdUrxkk`akd

vghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdGsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

132
 

(231) # V + + I #

# H + L + L #

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nesgdekn`shmfGsnmd+`radknv9

(232) # V + + I #

# H + L + L #

4 - 4

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(233) aL lMumteL mbaLb "he is biting the meat"

3 4 4 4

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snm`klnqogdldbetweensgdU`mcsnmdkdrrRrxkk`akdrnesgdudqarsdl+

vdg`udsgdenkknvhmfqdrtks`esdqnodq`shnmnesgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkd

'qdldladqhmfsg`ssgdhlodqedbshud'H(rxkk`akdcqnorntshmsgdoqdrdmbd

nesgdsnmdkdrrRrxkk`akd(9

133
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# H + Ø + + L #

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VEQsnmdqtkd`bsr`r`mnql`ksnmdqtkdvhsgqhfgs,sn,kdes`ookhb`shnmnmsgd

snm`kshdq-Hshrnmkxadb`trdnesgdrdsvne`bsnqrsg`ssgdKsnmdsnm`klnqogdld

qdl`hmrtm`rrnbh`sdc`ssgdshldnesgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdld

qtkd+vghbgnmbd`f`hmnodq`sdr`radknv9

(235) # V + + S + #

# H + L + + L #

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(236) # V + + S + #

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134
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(237) # V + + S + #

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(238) # V + + S + #

# H + L + + L #

4 - 4

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qd`khy`shnmneGsnmdudqarfhudm`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdldhlldch`sdkx

enkknvhmfsgdUrxkk`akd-Rtbgrs`hfgsenqv`qcqdrtksr`qd`krnonrrhakd

vhsgsgdtmcdqkxhmfKsnmdudqaqnnsr+`rvhsgsgdlnmnrxkk`ahbqnnshm

sgdenkknvhmfdw`lokd9

(239) aL gwDLYDL mbaLb "he is pounding the meat"

3 3 3 3

135
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`esdqsgdnodq`shnmnesgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkd9

(240) # V + + I #

# L + Ø + L #

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snsgdUrxkk`akdvghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd-

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(241) # V + + I #

# L + L + L #

3 - 3

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136
(242) aL l`bmteL mbaLb "he is reheating the meat"

3 3 3 3

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(243) # V + + S + #

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(244) # V + + S + #

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(245) # V + + S + #

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137
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(246) # V + + S + #

# L + L + + L #

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(247) # V + + S + #

# L + L + + L #

3 - 3

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138
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(248) aL neN tMe zaJY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t cut the meat"

3 31 4 2 4 2 (earlier today)

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3 31 4 3 5 3 (earlier today)

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sdmrdl`qjdqr'vgdqd!L!hrtrdcsnrxlankhydsgdO0o`rssdmrdl`qjdq

nmsgdrdfldms`kshdq(9

(249) Today Past Tense Marker

# M #

# L H L #

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139
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(250) # M # N #

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cdkdsdrsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdvghbgbnmmdbsrsghrsnmdsnsgdl`qjdq'L(+`r

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(251) # M # N #

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140
(252) # M # N #

# L H H # L #

3 1 - 4

Mnvsg`svdg`udrddm`rsq`hfgsenqv`qccdqhu`shnmhmunkuhmfsgdO0

sdmrd+vd`qdhm`onrhshnmsndw`lhmdsgdlnqdhmsdqdrshmfdw`lokdr

vgdqdsgdO0l`qjdqchqdbskxoqdbdcdr`udqaqnnsl`qjdcenqqd`khrlncd+

`rhmsgdenkknvhmfonrhshudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshuddw`lokdr9

(253) aL neN zKaYaL mbaLb "he didn’t cut the meat"

3 31 2 4 4 (earlier today)

aL neN gwVDYDL mbaLb "he didn’t pound the meat"

3 31 3 5 5 (earlier today)

Sgdsnmdrhmenbtrhmsgdmdwssvncdqhu`shnmr`qdsgdcnvmrsdoodcG

snmdnmsgd'tmcdqkhmdc(Gsnmdudqaqnns`mcsgddouble-downstepped

H tonenmsgd'tmcdqkhmdc(Ksnmdudqaqnns-Sgntfgsgdcntakd,

cnvmrsdoodcsnmdhrpthsdq`qd+vdrg`kkdw`lhmdsgdehqrsrdmsdmbdnesgd

oqdbdchmfdw`lokdsnfds`eddkhmfnesgde`bsnqrhmunkudc-Sgd

`tsnrdfldms`krsqtbstqdenqsgdehqrsrdmsdmbdvntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdq

sgdqd`khronk`qsnmdg`raddmhmrdqsdc`mcsgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`r

`ookhdc9

141
 

(254) # M # + V + I #

# L H L # L + H + L #

Sgdehqrssnmdqtkdsn`ookxsnsghro`ssdqmhrntqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmd

snm`klnqogdldqtkd+vghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdekn`shmfKsnmdsnsgdehqrsrxkk`akdnm

hsrkdes`mcchr`rrnbh`sdrsgdehqrsnesgdsgd`ci`bdms`rrnbh`sdcsnmdr`kqd`cx

entmcsgdqd+`radknv9

(255) # M # + V + I #

# L H L # L + H + L #

Hshrnmkxmnv+`esdqsgdsnmdqtkdrg`udnodq`sdc+sg`sntqk`sdlnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'470(adknv(cdkdsdr`mxekn`shmfsnmdrhmsdqm`ksnsgd

l`qjdq+bg`mfdrsgdehm`kKsnmdhmsn`onk`qsnmd'vghbgg`oodmrsnrs`xKhm

sghro`ssdqmadb`trdnesgdenkknvhmfGsnmd(+`mcchr`rrnbh`sdrsg`sonk`qsnmd

eqnlhsrrxkk`akd'L(+`radknv9

(256) # M # + V + I #

# L H L # L + H + L #

Ø -[T

142
 Sgdnmkxqtkdvghbgrshkk`ookhdrsnntqo`ssdqmhrntqk`sdcnvmrsdo

qtkd+vghbgknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbgvgdqdsgdnmdekn`shmfK

snmdqdl`hmr+`radknv9

(257) # M # + V + I #

# L H # L + H + L #

3 1 - 2 4

Vdb`mmnvdw`lhmdsgdo`q`kkdkO0bnmrsqtbshnmvgdqdtmcdqkxhmfK

snmdudqaqnnsr`qdqd`khydcnmsgdrtqe`bd`rdouble-downstepped H

snmdr-Sgdrdb`rdrnecntakd,cnvmrsdoodcGsnmdrcdqhudeqnlKsnmd

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lnqogdldqtkd-Sghrqtkd`rrnbh`sdrsgdekn`shmfGsnmdsnsgdehqrs

rxkk`akdnmhsrqhfgs`mcchr`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmdentmcsgdqd+`rhmsgd

enkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

(258) # M # + V + I #

# L H L # H + L + L #

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tmcdqkxhmfO0sdmrdl`qjdq'L(dmcrhm`m`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdsg`ssgd

lds`sgdrhrqtkdhr`akdsnnodq`sd+qdrtkshmfhmsgdenkknvhmf9

143
(259) # M # + V + I #

# L H L # H + L + L #

Mnvsg`ssgdlds`sgdrhrqtkdg`rnodq`sdc+ntqk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd

bg`mfdrsg`soqdbdchmfbnmchshnmhmf`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdsn`onk`qsnmd',√S(`mc

chr`rrnbh`sdrsghrsnmdeqnlsgdsdmrdl`qjdq'L(-Hshrbqtbh`k`ssghronhmssg`s

onk`qsnmdrhmMfxdla——m`qd`kv`xrcdsdqlhmdcsnadsgdnoonrhsdnesgd

hlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfassociatedsnmd+notne`mxhmsdqldch`sdekn`shmf

snmdr-Hmsgdo`ssdqmtmcdqdw`lhm`shnm+sgdonk`qsnmdsgtradbnldr`ekn`shmf

Ksnmdadb`trdsgdudqaqnnshr`rrnbh`sdcsn`Gsnmd`ssghronhmshmsgd

cdqhu`shnm+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

(260) # M # + V + I #

# L H L # L H + + L #

-[T

Vdmnvg`udtwoekn`shmfKsnmdroqdbdchmfsgd`rrnbh`sdcGsnmdnesgd

udqaqnns-@bbnqchmfsnntq`m`kxrhr+hshroqdbhrdkxsghrltkshokhbhsxneekn`shmf

snmdrsg`shrsgdb`trdnesgdo`q`kkdkltkshokhbhsxnecnvmrsdo-Hmnqcdqsn

144
b`ostqdsghrqdk`shnmrghoadsvddmsgdmtladqneekn`shmfonk`qsnmdr`mcsgd

mtladqneohsbgkdudkrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqhrknvdqdc+vdltrsqduhrdntq

cnvmrsdoqtkd'rs`sdcehqrshmoqdkhlhm`qxenqlhm'07(`anud(+`radknv9

(261) Rule 2’: Downstep

+ਫ pitch

(-[T)ਫ [T

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rsdor'`ccnmdohsbgkdudkenqd`bgrsdoknvdqdc(`rsgdmtladq'ਫ(ne

ekn`shmfonk`qsnmdr',√S(vghbgoqdbdcd`fhudm`rrnbh`sdcsnmd'√S(-

Sghrqtkdknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqsvnmnsbgdrhmsgdoqdrdmscdqhu`shnm+`

knvdqhmfsg`shrudqhehdcaxnardquhmfsg`ssgdohsbgkdudknesgdehm`kK

snmdhr'4(hmsgdrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmrgnvmadknv9

(262) # M # + V + I #

# L H L # L H + + L #

3 1 - 3 - 5 -

Mnvsg`svdg`uddw`lhmdcsgd!qdftk`q!adg`uhnqnesgdO0sdmrd

l`qjdq+vd`qdqd`cxsndw`lhmdsgdrodbh`ksnm`koqnodqshdrnesgdO0

onrhshudodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnm-SgdO0positive perfective

145
rdmsdmbdr+hmbnmsq`rssnnsgdqO0bnmrsqtbshnmr+bnms`hmansgsgdsnm`k

oqnodqshdr`mchmsdqudmhmfm`r`koqdehwsg`shrbg`q`bsdqhrshbneo`q`kkdkO/

bnmrdbtshudrdmsdmbdr-NtqO0onrhshudodqedbshudrdmsdmbdr`qdsgd

enkknvhmf9

(263) aL neN nzKaY mbMab "he cut the meat"

3 31 2 5 (earlier today)

aL neN ngwMDY mbMab "he ground the meat"

3 31 4 5 (earlier today)

Gxl`m'0860(chrbtrrdrsgdbnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnmbnllnmsn

Fq`rrehdkcrA`mstk`mft`fdr`mcsgdhmsdqudmhmfm`r`kbnmrnm`msvghbg

nbbtqradsvddmsgdsvnudqarhmqd`khrbnmrdbtshudbnmrsqtbshnmr-SgdO/

bnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdo`q`kkdksnsgdO0bnmrsqtbshnmr

rddm`anud`krnmdtsq`khydsgdsnm`kbnmsq`rsadsvddmsgd'tmcdqkhmdc(

ehqrsudqarhm`bnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnm+`radknv'trhmfsgdGsnmd

udqa.bvnæœ.!snbnldcnvm!`mcsgdKsnmdudqa.oxt∆.!snfnto!(9

(264) aL cwoNB nzKaY mbMab "he came down and cut the meat"

3 31 2 5

aL pyuN ngwMDY mbMab "he went up and ground the meat"

3 31 4 5

146
 

 Nmdv`xnecdqhuhmfntqrodbh`kO0rdmsdmbdrhritrssng`ud`m

d`qkxqtkdvghbgbnmudqsrsgdO0l`qjdqhmsn`O/udqahm`bnmrdbtshud

udqabnmrsqtbshnm-Rhmbdsgdudqa`mcsgdl`qjdqvntkcmnsg`udsgdr`ld

kdwhb`ksnmdr+gnvdudq+vdvhkkbgnnrd`rhlokdqldsgnc-Vdvhkkonrhs`

qtkdvghbglnudrsgdekn`shmfqd`khronk`qsnmd'O(eqnladenqdsgdudqasn

`esdqsgdudqaonlyhmsgdb`rdneO0onrhshudodqedbshudrdmsdmbdr-Sghr

qtkd'rdd'453(adknv(vntkcnodq`sd`radknv'vhsg`Ksnmdudqaqnns`r

`mdw`lokd(`esdqsgdmnql`ksnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`cnodq`sdc9

(265) n-

# M # Ø + V # A +

# L H L # H + L Ø # L +

-[T

Sgdr`ldlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbglnudrsgdonk`qsnmd`esdqsgd

udqaqnnssnmd`krnhmrdqsr`m`r`kbnmrnm`msoqdehw'rxlankhydcax`knvdqb`rd

!m!adb`trdhsb`mmns`rrnbh`sdsn`snmd(`rrnqsne`qdrtloshudl`qjdq+

l`qjhmfsgdonrhshnmhmsgdogq`rdeqnlvghbgsgdonk`qsnmdv`rlnudc-Nmbd

sgdonk`qsnmdg`raddmlnudc+hsb`madrodbhehdc`radhmfnenoonrhsdpt`khsx

nesgdhlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfsnmd+hmsghrb`rd`GsnmdadenqdsgdKsnmdnesgd

naidbsoqdehw'@(+`radknv9

147
(266) # M # n- + V + # A +

# L H L # + L + -[T # L +

@esdqsgdsnmdqtkdrg`udnodq`sdc+`k`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd

'470(adknv(bg`mfdrsgdk`rs`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdnesgdO0sdmrdl`qjdq

'L(sn`onk`qsnmd',√S(vghbgadbnldr`GsnmdadenqdsgdenkknvhmfK

snmd`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdudqaqnns'U(+`mchschr`rrnbh`sdrsg`ssnmdeqnlhsr

rxkk`akd+`radknv9

(267) # M # n- + V + # A +

# L H L # + L + H # L +

-[T

Sgdehm`kqtkdsnnodq`sdhmsghrcdqhu`shnmhrntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkd

vghbgnodq`sdrsvhbd-Ehqrs+hsknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg

oqdbdchmfsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd'U(+sgdm`rdbnmcmnsbgoqdbdchmfsgd

naidbsoqdehwrxkk`akd'@(+`rhmsgdrtqe`bdqdoqdrdms`shnmadknv9

148
(268) # M # n- + V + # A +

# L H H # + L + H # L +

3 1 - 4 - 5

Sgdrodbh`kqtkdvghbglnudcsgdqd`khronk`qsnmd`esdqsgdudqaqnns

hmsghrbnmrsqtbshnmv`rsgdqdaxqdronmrhakdenqsgdcnvmrsdoadenqd`mc

`esdq`Ksnmdnmsgdudqaqnnshmrsd`cnesgdlnqd!qdftk`q!cntakd,

cnvmrsdoodcGsnmdrenqKsnmdudqaqnnsrhmO0bnmrsqtbshnmr-

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqrdbshnmnmrodbh`klnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvghbg

lnchexsgdsnmdrnmudqarsdlr`v`xeqnlsgddwodbsdcqd`khr`mchqqd`khr

snmdo`ssdqmrcdrbqhadchmsgdoqduhntrsvnrdbshnmr-Sgdqtkdrchrbtrrdc

hmenql`kkxhmsghrrdbshnm`qdenql`kkxrs`sdchmrdbshnm3-/-adknv-

149
2.3.4. With progressive aspect markers

Svnrdo`q`sdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqrnbbtqhmMfxdla——m9sgdmnql`k

.md∆.`mcsgdqd`khr.rrdæ∫.-Sgdrdsvnl`qjdqrnbb`rhnm`kkxtmcdqfnsnm`k

odqstqa`shnmr-Vdvhkkqduhrdadknvntqe`lhkh`qsdmrd.lncdsnm`kbg`qssn

enbtrnmsgdsnm`kqd`khy`shnmneoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqr-Rhmbdnmkxsgnrd

bnmrsqtbshnmrl`qjdcenqZ*oqnf\`qddkhfhakdenq`oqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq+

ntqbg`qsenqsgdl`qjdq.md∆.bnms`hmrnmkxsvnqnvr+nmdenqqd`khr`mc

nmdenqhqqd`khr+`radknv9

(269) Progressive /ne</ Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

-perf
+real L/L HL/L HL/L HL/L L/L
+prog

-perf
-real L/’L L/L L/L L/L L/L
+prog

@rrtlhmfsg`s`rhmfkdKsnmdhrsgdtmcdqkxhmfkdwhb`ksnmdne.md∆.+

vdb`me`bsnqntssgdqdftk`qKsnmdqd`khy`shnmr+kd`uhmfnmkxsgd

nbbtqqdmbdrnerodbh`kodqstqadcsnmdr+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfqduhrdcbg`qs9

150
 

(270) Progressive /ne</ Perturbed Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

-perf
+real HL/ HL/ HL/
+prog

-perf
-real /’L
+prog

Dwok`hmhmfsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdGKcnvmfkhcdrnmsgd.md∆.l`qjdqhr

mnspthsd`rrhlokd`rhslhfgsrddleqnldw`lhmhmfsgdoqdbdchmfbg`qs-

Sgdqd`rnmsg`shshrlnqdbnlokhb`sdcsg`mitrsonrhshmfsgd`cchshnmne

`m`rrnbh`sdcGsnmdhmsgdb`rdneo`rsoqnfqdrrhudonrhshudrdmsdmbdrhr

sg`s`rhlhk`q`rrnbh`sdcGsnmdnbbtqrhmsgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudrdmsdmbdr

dwbdossghrshldhshr`rrnbh`sdcsnsgddmcnesgdMDFl`qjdq'tmcdqkhmdc

hmsgdenkknvhmfO2dw`lokdr(9

(271) aL laL neP nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was cutting the meat"

3 3 13 1 3 3

aL laL teN neL nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting the meat"

3 3 31 3 1 3 3 1

RhmbdsgdMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.hlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdrsgdoqnfqdrrhud

l`qjdq.md∆.+hsrddlrsg`shmmnm,etstqdrdmsdmbdrvhsghlodqedbshud

`rodbs+`Gsnmdlnqogdldhr`ccdcadsvddmsgdMDF.sd∆.`mcsgd

151
oqnfqdrrhud.md∆.-Rhmbdsghronrhshnmhrsgdr`ld`rsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhud

.rrdæ∫.cdrbqhadcadknv+`mcsghrqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqb`mbnnbbtq

vhsgsgdMDF.sd∆.`mc.nqsgdoqnfqdrrhud.md∆.atshsneverg`rsghr

`cchshnm`kGsnmdlnqogdldhmsgdr`ldrdmsdmbd+sghrGsnmdlnqogdld

ltrsadknb`sdchmsgdr`ldonrhshnm`rsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhud.rrdæ∫.+`mc

nmkxnmdnesgd!lnqogdldr!hmsg`sonrhshnmb`mnbbtqhm`mxnmd

rdmsdmbd-

Hm`cchshnmsn`lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbgvhkkhmrdqs`Gsnmd

vnqcadsvddm.sd∆.`mc.md∆.hmsgd`ardmbdne.rrdæ∫.'`mchmsgd`ardmbdne

`etstqdl`qjdqkhjdsgd.k`æù.trdcsnrhfm`kO3sdmrd(+rdo`q`sdlnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvhkkg`udsnadonrhsdcsn`rrnbh`sdsghrsnmdvhsgsgd

.md∆.hmonrhshudrdmsdmbdr`mcvhsgsgd.sd∆.hmmdf`shudrdmsdmbdr-Rhmbd

sgdoqnfqdrrhud.md∆.hrhmenbtrhmsghrrdbshnm+vdonrhssgdenkknvhmf

qdoqdrdms`shnmne`onrhshudo`rssdmrdvhsghlodqedbshud`rodbs'vhsgsgd

rxlank!O!trdcsnrhfm`ksgdfdmdq`kpqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.md∆.nmsgd

rxkk`ahbshdq(9

(272) # P # + V + I #

# L # L + H + L #

Sgdehqrslnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'45/(adknv(snnodq`sdqdk`shud

snoqnfqdrrhudl`qjhmfvntkc`ccntqGsnmdsnm`kvnqcadenqdsgd

oqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq+`rrgnvmadknv9

152
(273) # # P # + V + I #

# Ø # L # L + H + L #

@rdo`q`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'456(adknv(vntkcsgdmbnld

`knmf`mc`rrnbh`sdsgdGsnmdsnm`kvnqc'hmsgd`ardmbdnesgdMDF.sd∆.(sn

sgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'O(+`radknv9

(274) # # P # + V + I #

# H # L # L + H + L #

Ehm`kkx+sgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdrvhkkbnldhmsnok`x`mcsgdonk`qsnmdqd`khr

oqdehwnmsgdudqaqnns+vghbghr`KsnmdadenqdsgdGsnmdnesgdkdwhb`kudqa+

vhkk`rrnbh`sdsnsgdkdesaxntqkdesv`qc`rrnbh`shmfsnm`klnqogdldqtkdvghkd

`krnchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdr`ldrxkk`akd'O(+`r

adknv9

(275) # # P # + V + I #

# H # L # L + H + L #

Rhmbdsgdekn`shmfKsnmdadenqdsgd`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdcndrmnssqhffdqntq

qdfhrsdq,knvdqhmfcnvmrsdoqtkd+mnnsgdqqtkdnodq`sdrnmntqo`ssdqm`mcsgd

rtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhrbnqqdbs+`radknv9

153
(276) # # P # + V + I #

# H # L # L + H + L #

1 3 - 1 - 3

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqknnj`ssgdonrhshudo`rsrdmsdmbdrvgdqdntq

onrhsdcGsnmdsnm`kvnqc`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdqhfgs-O`q`kkdkmdf`shud

rdmsdmbdrvgdqdsgdr`ldGsnmdsnm`kvnqc`rrnbh`sdrsnsgdkdes`qd

cdrbqhadchmcds`hkhmsgdenkknvhmfrdbshnm-

Sgdnmdqdl`hmhmftmtrt`ksnm`ko`ssdqmnmsgdfdmdq`koqnfqdrrhud

l`qjdq.md∆.hrvgdmhshrqd`khydcnm`cnvmrsdoodcKsnmdhmmdf`shud

oqdrdmshqqd`khroqnfqdrrhudrdmsdmbdr-@bst`kkx+sgdoqnbdrrhrrkhfgskx

lnqdbnlokhb`sdcsg`mitrssgdhmrdqshnmne`mtmdwodbsdccnvmrsdo

ed`stqd+`rsgdenkknvhmfonrhshud`mcqdrodbshudmdf`shuddw`lokdrrgnv9

(277) aN neL zKaYMa mbaLb "he is probably cutting meat"

31 3 2 5 5

aL teL nMe zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he probably isn’t cutting meat"

3 3 4 3 6 6 4

Rdudq`ksghmfrrgntkcadmnshbdchmsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdr-Ehqrs+sgd

onrhshudrdmsdmbdhrtmtrt`khmsg`shsbnms`hmr`KGqhrhmfsnmdnmsgd

'tmcdqkhmdc(rtaidbsoqnmntm-Sgdmdf`shudrdmsdmbdhrtmtrt`khmsg`shs

154
bnms`hmr`mtmdwodbsdccnvmrsdonmsgdoqnfqdrrhud.md∆.-Vg`shr

drodbh`kkxhmsdqdrshmfhrsg`sansgsgdrdb`rdrmddcsng`ud`m`cchshnm`kG

snmdsnm`kvnqconrhsdcadsvddmsgdMDF.sd∆.`mcsgdoqnfqdrrhud.md∆.+

dw`bskxkhjdsgdtmtrt`kqd`khrrdmsdmbdrdw`lhmdc`anud-Gnvdudq+

sgntfgsgdsnm`kvnqcl`xadsgdr`ld`mchmsgdr`ldonrhshnm+sgdsnmd

qd`bsrpthsdcheedqdmskxhmsgdrdhqqd`khrrdmsdmbdrsg`mhmsgdhqqdftk`q

qd`khrrdmsdmbdrdw`lhmdc`anud-

Adfhmmhmfvhsgsgdonrhshuddw`lokd'`mctrhmfsgdrxlank!R!sn

hmchb`sdsgdrtaidbsoqnmntmnmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq(+ntqqdoqdrdms`shnm

vntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdqsgdkdwhb`kdmsqhdr`mcsgdsnmdl`oohmfqtkd9

(278) # S # P # V + I #

# L # L # H + L #

Hevdmnvhmrdqssgdr`ldGsnmdsnm`kvnqchlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf

sgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.md∆.+ntqo`ssdqmadbnldrsgdenkknvhmf9

(279) # S # # P # V + I #

# L # Ø # L # H + L #

Hsltrsmnvadrsqdrrdcsg`svdmddc`lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbg

`rrnbh`sdrsghrGsnmdsnm`kvnqcsnsgdkdeshmsghrhqqd`khrrdmsdmbd+oqdbhrdkx

155
sgdoppositechqdbshnmsg`svdr`vhs`rrnbh`sdchmonrhshudqd`khrrdmsdmbdr

`anud-Sghr`rrnbh`shnmsnsgdkdes`krns`jdrok`bdvhsgntschr`rrnbh`shmfsgd

snmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcnmsgdrxkk`akdentmc+`radknv9

(280) # S # # P # V + I #

# L # H # L # H + L #

@ssghronhms+ntqmnql`ksnm`kqtkdrehmcmnsghmfsnnodq`sdnm`mc`k`sd

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'47/(adknv(hmrdqsrsvnekn`shmfonk`qsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldr+nmdadenqd`mc`mnsgdq`esdqsgdudqaqnns+`radknv9

(281) # S # # P # + V + + I #

# L # H # L # Ø + H + Ø + L #

-[T -[T

L H

Rhmbdvdmnvg`udsvnok`bdrvgdqdekn`shmfsnmdroqdbdcdsgdhqnoonrhsd

`rrnbh`sdcsnmdr+ntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdhrsqhffdqdcsvhbd+knvdqhmfsgdsnm`k

qdfhrsdqnmdmnsbgd`bgshld-Sghrknvdqhmfqdrtksrhmsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bd

qd`khy`shnm+`rrgnvmadknv9


156
 

(282) # S # # P # + V + + I #

# L # H # L # L + H + H + L #

3 1 - 3 - 2 - 5

Sgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shuddw`lokdr`qdrkhfgskxlnqdbnlokhb`sdc-Ntq

a`rhbbnmrsqtbshnmhmbktchmfkdwhb`kdmsqhdr`ood`qr`radknv`esdqntq

kdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(283) # S # N # P # V + I #

# L # L # L # H + L #

Nmbd`f`hm+ntqGsnmdsnm`kvnqchrhmrdqsdcadsvddmsgdmdf`shud

l`qjdq'M(`mcsgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'O(+`radknv9

(284) # S # N # # P # V + I #

# L # L # Ø # L # H + L #

Mnvhmo`q`kkdkqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr+rtbg`Gsnmdsnm`kvnqcv`r

`rrnbh`sdcaxlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdsnsgdMDFl`qjdqnmhsrkdes-Hm

sgdrdo`q`kkdkirqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr+gnvdudq+sgdekn`shmfGsnmdhrkdes

tm`rrnbh`sdc-Hm`cchshnm+sgdqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmdsnm`klnqogdld

qtkdvghbglhfgsaddwodbsdcsn`ookxsnsghrekn`shmfGsnmdlnrs
157
cdehmhsdkxcndrnot`ookx-Hs`ood`qrsg`sntqqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmd

snm`klnqogdldqtkdvhkknmkxnodq`sd`bqnrrlnqogdldantmc`qhdr`mc

mns`bqnrrsgdrsqnmfdqvnqcantmc`qxsg`svdg`udonrhsdcgdqd-

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdnmsgdcdqhu`shnmhmenbtrhrntqk`sdhqqd`khr

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbghmrdqsrsvnekn`shmfonk`qsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldr+nmdadenqd`mc`mnsgdq`esdqsgdudqaqnns+`radknv9

(285) # S # N # # P # + V + + I #

# L # L # H # L # Ø + H + Ø + L #

-[T -[T

L H

Ntqo`ssdqmmnvbnms`hmrsgqddekn`shmfsnmdr+d`bgnesgdloqdbdchmf`m

`rrnbh`sdcsnmdnenoonrhsdpt`khsx-Sgdrdekn`shmfsnmdrsgdqdenqdsqhffdqntq

qdfhrsdq,knvdqhmfcnvmrsdoqtkdsgqddrdo`q`sdshldr+knvdqhmfsgdqdfhrsdqnmd

mnsbgd`bgshldvghbgxhdkcrsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmrgnvmadknv9

(286) # S # N # # P # + V + + I #

# L # L # H # L # L + H + H + L #

3 - 3 - 4 - 3 - 6

158
 Sghrbnmbktcdrntq`m`kxrhrnesgnrdbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbglnchex

sgdmnql`kkdwhb`kKsnmdentmcnmsgdfdmdq`koqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq

.md∆.-Mnvvdb`mdw`lhmdsgd`ksdqm`shudoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqhmqd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnmr+.rrdæ∫.+vghbgb`mdhsgdqqdok`bdnqnbbtqvhsgsgd

qdftk`qoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.md∆.-Gnvdudq+rhmbd.rrdæ∫.hrqd`khr+hs

b`mnmkxnbbtqhmqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr+`mcvdsgdqdenqdg`udnmkx`

rhmfkdqd`khrqnvhmsgdenkknvhmfbg`qs9

(287) Realis Progressive /sse=d/ Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø Futures

-perf
+real H’/H’ H’/H’ H’/H’ H’/H’ ’H/H’
+prog

@rrtlhmfsg`ssgdqdftk`qtmodqstqadcsnm`ko`ssdqmneZrrdæ∫\hr`G

snmdenkknvdcax`cnvmrsdoed`stqd+vdb`me`bsnqntssgnrdo`ssdqmr

kd`uhmfnmkxnmddwbdoshnm`ko`ssdqm'sgdonrhshudoqdrdmsoqnfqdrrhud(hm

vghbgsgdsnmdg`raddmodqstqadc'cnvmrsdoadenqdsgdGsnmd(+`rhmsgd

enkknvhmfbg`qs9

159


'177(Qd`khrOqnfqdrrhud.rrdæ∫.OdqstqadcSnmdChrsqhatshnm

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø Futures

-perf
+real ’H/
+prog

Hmsgdoqdbdchmfrdbshnm+ctqhmfntqchrbtrrhnmnesgdtmtrt`kO0sdmrd

l`qjdqvghbg`krnhrqd`khydcvhsg`Gsnmdenkknvdcax`cnvmrsdoodc

snmd+vdr`vsg`s`bnlokdw`m`kxrhrv`rmdbdrr`qx+onrhshmfansg`m

tmcdqkxhmfl`qjdqand`k`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbglnchehdr

sg`sl`qjdq-Sgdkdwhb`kdmsqxenqsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqvhkk

sgdqdenqdadsgdenkknvhmf'vhsgsgdrxlank!Q!hmchb`shmfsgdl`qjdqnm

sgdrxkk`ahbshdq(9

(289) Realis Progressive Marker

# R #

# H L #

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdsnmdrnesghrbnlokdwl`qjdq`qd`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgd

rxkk`akdhmsgdkdwhb`kdmsqxrhmbdntqsnmdl`oohmfqtkdvntkcmns

`rrnbh`sdansgsnmdrvhsgsgdr`ldrxkk`akdnmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq-Axld`mr

nerhlhk`qcdqhu`shnmr+sgdoqdbdchmfl`qjdq`knmfvhsghsr`rrnbh`sdc

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdqdrtkshmsgdenkknvhmfrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmr+

160
hmbktchmfsgdq`qd'tmcdqkhmdc(cntakd,cnvmrsdoodcGsnmdnmsgdudqa

qnns9

(290) aL laL sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb "he isn’t cutting the meat"

3 3 1 2 4 4

aL laL sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb "he isn’t pounding the meat"

3 3 1 3 5 5

Sgdehqrsdw`lokd`anudrgnvrsgdcnvmrsdo`esdqsgdqd`khr

oqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqadhmfqd`khydcnmsgdudqaqnns-Sgdrdbnmcdw`lokd

rgnvrsgdr`ldkdwhb`kcnvmrsdocntakhmftovhsg`cdqhudccnvmrsdonm

`m'tmcdqkhmdc(Ksnmdudqaqnnssnoqnctbd`cntakd,cnvmrsdoodcGsnmd-

Sgdqd`khsxsg`shshrhme`bs`cntakd,cnvmrsdoodcGsnmd`mcmns`

mnql`kKsnmdhrrgnvmaxsgdognmdshbkdudk'4(nesgdenkknvhmfKsnmd

udqarteehw-Ntqqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq`mchsrenkknvhmf'tmcdqkhmdc(

udqaqnns`anudvntkcadfhmsgdhqcdqhu`shnm`radknv9

(291) # R # + V + I #

# H L # H + L + L #

@ssghrshld+oqnbddchmfeqnlkdessnqhfgsenqntqmnql`ksnmdqtkdr+

sgdGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldvntkccnbjsnsgdqhfgsvghkdchr`rrnbh`shmf

sgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdudqaqnns+`radknv9

161
(292) # R # + V + I #

# H L # H + L + L #

Rhmbdntqqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'Q(dmcrvhsg`m`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd`s

sghronhmshmsgdcdqhu`shnm+sgdmnvchr`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdeqnlsgdudqaqnns

rxkk`akd'U(hreqnmsdcaxsgdlds`sgdrhrqtkd+`radknv9

(293) # R # + V + I #

# H L # H + L + L #

Hshr`ssghronhmssg`sntqk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdnodq`sdrnmsgdqd`khr

oqnfqdrrhudrxkk`akd'R(+bg`mfhmfsgdehm`k`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdsn`onk`qsnmd`mc

chr`rrnbh`shmfsghronk`qsnmdeqnlsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudrxkk`akd-Nmbd`f`hm+

sgdonk`qsnmd',√S(adbnldr`Ksnmdrhmbdhshrrodbhehdc`radhmfnoonrhsdne

sgdehqrsassociatedsnmdnmhsrqhfgs-Sghrlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdsgtr

`bbnlokhrgdrsgdenkknvhmf9

(294) # R # + V + I #

# H L # L H + + L #

-[T

162
 Nmbd`f`hm+vdg`udtwoekn`shmfKsnmdroqdbdchmf`m`rrnbh`sdcG

snmd-Sghrhrbg`mfdcaxntqqduhrdccnvmrsdoqtkdhmsn`double,

cnvmrsdo'nmdenqd`bgekn`shmfonk`qsnmd(vghbgknvdqrsgdsnm`k

qdfhrsdqtwomnsbgdrhlldch`sdkxadenqdsgdGsnmd`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdudqa

qnns-Sgdrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhrsgdqdenqdsgdenkknvhmf9

(295) # R # + V + I #

# H L # L H + + L #

1 - 3 - 5

Hsrgntkcadmnshbdcsg`sansgsgdrxkk`akdrqd`khydcnmohsbgkdudk'0(

`mc'2(`anud`qdhighsnmdr+`mnardqu`shnmbnmehqldcaxsgdenkknvhmf

Ksnmdadhmfqd`khydcnmohsbgkdudk'4(-SgdrdbnmcnesgdGsnmdrhrsgtr

cntakd,cnvmrsdoodc+`ogdmnldmnm`bghdudchmMfxdla——mnmkxaxsgd

q`qdbn,nbbtqqdmbdnesvnekn`shmfrhlhk`qsnmdroqdbdchmf`m`rrnbh`sdc

snmdnenoonrhsdpt`khsx-Ekn`shmfsnmdrnertbgpt`khsxnmkxbnld

snfdsgdqhlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfdhsgdqnesvnfq`ll`shb`kl`qjdqr9sgdO0

sdmrdl`qjdqnqsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq-Sgdrd`qdoqdbhrdkxsgdsvn

l`qjdqrvghbgtmcdqfnsgdk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbgbg`mfdr`

ehm`k`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdhmsn`ekn`shmfonk`qsnmd-

Mnvsg`svdg`udrddmsgdtmtrt`kbg`q`bsdqne!mnql`k!qd`khr

oqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr+vd`qdoqdo`qdcsndw`lhmdsgdnmdb`rdvgdqd

sgddwodbsdcsnmdr`qdetqsgdqbg`mfdc+m`ldkxhmsgdonrhshudoqdrdms

163
oqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnm+rgnvmsnfdsgdqvhsghsrsnm`kkx!qdftk`q!

mdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsadknv9


(296) aJ ssKe nzaJYaL mbaLb "he is cutting the meat"

1 2 2 4 4

aL teL sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t cutting the meat"

3 3 1 2 4 4 2

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrb`m`krnqdbdhud`m`cchshnm`koqnfqdrrhud

.md∆.vhsgntsbg`mfhmfsgdld`mhmfnesgdrdmsdmbdr-Hmsghrb`rd+sgd

tmtrt`ksnmdrnmsgdrtaidbs`mcqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqqdl`hm

odqstqadc+dudmsgntfgsgdl`qjdqhrenkknvdcax`Ksnmd+`radknv9

(297) aJ ssKe neL nzaJYaL mbaLb (same glosses as above)

1 2 4 2 4 4

aL teL sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ

3 3 1 4 2 4 4 2

Sgdtmtrt`ksnm`kodqstqa`shnmhmsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrhrsg`ssgd

rtaidbsnesgdonrhshudrdmsdmbdadbnldr`Gsnmd`mcsgdcnvmrsdo

mnql`kkx`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqprecedessg`s

l`qjdqhmrsd`cneenkknvhmfhs-Hsvntkc`ood`qsg`ssghrhchnrxmbq`shb

ed`stqdnesgdMfxdla——mudqa`kogq`rdb`madrsadg`mckdc

164
rxmbgqnmhb`kkxaxonrhshmf`m`cchshnm`klnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd-Sgd

hmotssnrtbg`qtkdvntkcadrdmsdmbdrvhsgsgdenkknvhmfjhmcne

tmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqd9

(298) # S # R # + V + I #

# L # H L # L + H + L #

Sgdnmkxsnmdqtkdsn`ookxsnsghrrsqtbstqdhrsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfK

snmdsnm`klnqgodldqtkd+vghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdekn`shmfKsnmdsnsgdehqrs

rxkk`akd'Q(nmhsrkdesvghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgd'K(snmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdc

sgdqd+`radknv9

(299) # S # R # + V + I #

# L # H L # L + H + L #

Mdws+aftersgdsnmdqtkdrg`udnodq`sdc+vdvntkconrhs`k`sd

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'457(adknv(vghbgvntkccdkdsdbnlokdsdkx

sgdrtaidbsoqnmntm&rsnmd'K(+qd`rrnbh`sdsgdGsnmdnesgdqd`khr

oqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'Q(snsgdmnvsnmdkdrrrtaidbsoqnmntm'R(+`mc

bnmudqssgdehm`k`rrnbh`sdcsnmdnesgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'Q(sn`

Gsnmd+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

165
(300) # S # R # + V + I #

# L # H L # L + H + L #

Ø -[T

Sgdo`ssdqmhmptdrshnmhrmnvqd`khydcvhsgsgdtmtrt`krtqe`bd

o`ssdqmnesghro`qshbtk`qbnmrsqtbshnm+vhsgsgdcnvmrsdoed`stqd

oqdbdchmfhmrsd`cneenkknvhmfsgdsnmdnmsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudrxkk`akd

'R(+`radknv9

(301) # S # R # + V + I #

# # H L # H + H + L #

1- 2 - 2 - 4 -

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqrdbshnmnmsgdhchnrxmbq`shbsnm`kodqstqa`shnmr

sg`snbb`rhnm`kkxrgnvtovhsgdhsgdqnentqsvnoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqr-

166
 

2.3.5. With negative markers

Svnrdo`q`sdmdf`shudl`qjdqrnbbtqhmMfxdla——m9sgdmnql`k.sd∆.

l`qjdq`mcsgdtmtrt`konrhshudqd`khrodqedbshudydqn'O/(mdf`shud

l`qjdq.j`∆.-RhmbdsgdO/.j`∆.nmkxnbbtqrhmnmdbnmrsqtbshnmhmvghbghsr

rtqe`bdsnmdhr`kv`xrK+vd`rrtldsghrKsnmdsnadhsrtmcdqkxhmf

kdwhb`ksnmd`mccnmnsmddcsndw`lhmd`mxsnm`kodqstqa`shnmr-Sgd.sd∆.

mdf`shud+nmsgdnsgdqg`mc+nbb`rhnm`kkxtmcdqfndr`bg`mfdnehsrsnmd

adenqdhshrqd`khydcnmsgdrtqe`bd-Sgd`bst`krtqe`bdsnmdrnesgd.sd∆.

'`mc.j`∆.hmo`qdmsgdrdr(l`qjdqr`qdrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfbg`qs9

167
(302) Negative /te</ (/ka</) Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

+perf L L L L (L)
+real

-perf
+real L L L LH LH
-prog

-perf
+real L LH LH LH LH
+prog

+perf LH L L L
-real

-perf
-real L LH L L L
-prog

-perf
-real L LH L L L
+prog

168
 @rrtlhmfsg`s`rhmfkdKsnmdhrsgdtmcdqkxhmfkdwhb`ksnmdne.sd∆.+vd

b`me`bsnqntssgdqdftk`qKsnmdqd`khy`shnmrkd`uhmfnmkxsgdnbbtqqdmbdr

nerodbh`kodqstqadcsnmdrnmsghrl`qjdq+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfqduhrdc

bg`qs9

(303) Negative /te</ Perturbed Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

-perf
+real LH LH
-prog

-perf
+real LH LH LH LH
+prog

+perf LH
-real

-perf
-real LH
-prog

-perf
-real LH
+prog

169
 Rdudq`knesgdodqstqadcsnmdrnmMDFl`qjdqr`qdsgdqdrtksnesgdG

snmdsnm`kvnqcchrbtrrdchmsgdoqduhntrrdbshnm-Sgda`rhrenqonrhshmf

rtbg`snm`kvnqc`qdonrhshud.mdf`shudo`hqrkhjdsgdenkknvhmf9

(304) aL laL neP nduJmteL mbaLb "he bit the meat"

3 3 13 1 3 3 (yesterday)

aL laL teN neL nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t bite the meat"

3 3 31 3 1 3 3 1 (yesterday)

Rhmbdvdb`mrgnveqnll`mxnsgdqdw`lokdrsg`ssgdtmcdqkxhmf

kdwhb`ksnmdrnmansgsgdMDF.sd∆.`mcoqnfqdrrhud.md∆.l`qjdqr`qd

cdehmhsdkxK+sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrrddlsnbnms`hm`ekn`shmfGsnmd

adsvddmsgdMDF`mcoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqrvghbgcnbjrnmsnsgddmcne

sgdMDF.sd∆.vgdmhshroqdrdmsatsnmsnsgdoqnfqdrrhud.md∆.vgdmsgd

MDFhr`ardms-Sgtr+ansgsgdtmcdqkhmdcGKe`kkhmfsnmdhmsgdonrhshud

rdmsdmbd+`mcsgdtmcdqkhmdcKGqhrhmfsnmdhmhsrmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qs

qdrtkseqnlsgdr`ldtmcdqkxhmfsnmd-RhmbdsgdGKe`kkhmfsnmdv`r

chrbtrrdchmcds`hkhmsgdoqduhntrrdbshnm+vdvhkkdw`lhmdgdqdnmkxsgd

KGqhrhmfsnmdvghbghrqd`khydcnmsgdMDFl`qjdq-

Adenqddw`lhmhmfhmcds`hksgdcdqhu`shnmnertbg`odqstqadcqhrhmf

snmd+hsrchrsqhatshnmrgntkcadldmshnmdc-@rrddmeqnlsgdoqdbdchmf

bg`qs+lnrsnesgdKGqhrhmfsnmdrbntkcadoqdchbsdcaxonrhshmf`Gsnmd

snm`kvnqcenkknvhmfsgdMDFl`qjdqenqallqd`khrhlodqedbshud

170
rdmsdmbdrexceptsgnrdvghbgg`ud`m'hqqd`khr(etstqdl`qjdq'h-d-O3(nq

`qtkdvghbglnchehdrsgdudqasnmdr'h-d-O1`mcO2mnm,oqnfqdrrhud

hlodqedbshudr+cdrbqhadchmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud(-Rtbg`qtkdvntkcs`jd

b`qdne`kksgdKGqhrhmfsnmdrhmqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmrhmntqbg`qs-

Vdb`mmnvdw`lhmdsgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdmdf`shudrdmsdmbdhmsgd

oqdbdchmfdw`lokd-Hsrtmcdqkxhmfkdwhb`krsqtbstqdvntkc`ood`q`radknv9

(305) # N # P # + V + S + #

# L # L # L + H + + L #

Rhmbdsgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdsnmdrnmsgdudqag`r`kqd`cxaddmchrbtrrdchm

cds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-1-`anud+vdenbtrgdqdtonmsgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdsnmdrne

sgdMDFl`qjdq'M(`mcsgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'O(-Sgdehqrsrsdohrsgd

hmrdqshnmaxlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdne`Gsnmdsnm`kvnqcadsvddmsgdrdsvn

l`qjdqr+`rchrbtrrdchmsgdoqdbdchmfrdbshnm`mc`rrgnvmadknv9

(306) # N # # P # + V + S + #

# L # Ø # L # L + H + + L #

RhmbdsgdMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.hroqdrdmshmsghrrdmsdmbd+`rdo`q`sdlnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkd`rrnbh`sdrsgdGsnmdnesgdsnm`kvnqcsnsgdMDFrxkk`akd'M(

nmhsrkdes+`radknv9

171
(307) # N # # P # + V + S + #

# L # H # L # L + H + + L #

Sgdmdwssvnqtkdrsnnodq`sd`qdsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdqd`khronk`qsnmdoqdbdchmfsgdudqaqnns

'U(+vghbghr`KsnmdadenqdsgdGsnmdnesghrqnns+snsgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq

nmhsrkdes+vghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`mcsgd

VEQvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdsnmdkdrrrxkk`akd'R(snsgdehqrssnmdnmhsrkdes+`r

adknv9

(308) # N # # P # + V + S + #

# L # H # L # L + H + + L #

Sgdehm`kqtkdsnnodq`sdnmsghrcdqhu`shnmhrntqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmd

snm`klnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdehm`kekn`shmfKsnmdsnsgdRrxkk`akd

vghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdGsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd-Sghrehm`kbg`mfd

qdrtksrhmsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnm+`radknv9

(309) # N # # P # + V + S + #

# L # H # L # L + H + + L #

3 1 - 3 - 1 - 3

172
 Sgdoqdbdchmfcdqhu`shnmhrbg`q`bsdqhrshbne`kksgdKGqhrhmfsnmdr

vghbgnbbtqnmsgdMDFl`qjdqhmqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgdbg`qs`ssgd

adfhmmhmfnesghrrdbshnm`krnrgnvdcsg`stmtrt`kKGqhrhmfsnmdr`krn

nbbtqqdchmirqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr+snadrodbhehb+hmE0etstqd

bnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgdenkknvhmfo`hqneE0rdmsdmbdrrgnvrsg`ssgdqhrhmf

snmdhrmnsb`trdcaxsgdr`ldGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldadb`trdsgd

onrhshudrdmsdmbdcndrnotg`ud`GKe`kkhmfsnmdnmsgdoqnfqdrrhud.md∆.9

(310) aL geL neL zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be cutting the meat"

3 3 3 2 5 5 (later today)

aL teN ngeL neL zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he won’t be cutting the meat"

3 31 3 3 2 5 5 3 (later today)

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrrgnvsgdoqdrdmbdne`m'tmcdqkhmdc(KG

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173
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sgdetstqdl`qjdqnmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq(beforesgdqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(311) # N # F # P #

# L # L # L #

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adknv9

(312) n-

# N # Ø + F # P #

# L # Ø + L # L #

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bnmrsqtbshnm+sgdrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhrrsq`hfgsenqv`qc+`radknv9

174
(313) # N # n- + F # P #

# L # H + L # L #

3 1 - 3 - 3

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176
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rteehwnmsgddmcnesgdmntmogq`rd-Sgtrsgd`rrnbh`shudsnmdg`r`

rsqnmfdqfq`ll`shb`kantmc`qxsnhsrkdesvghkdsgdrtaidbsl`qjdqsnmd

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cdqhu`shnmr+vdvhkkknnj`ssgdsvnbg`q`bsdqhrshbdw`lokdrrgnvmadknv9

(314) aLmbuLY kaL zaLY mbaLb "the deaf-man-(1) cut the meat"

3 3 3 3 3 (yesterday)

meLpuNY kaP zaLY mbaLb "the deaf-men-(2) cut the meat"

3 31 13 3 3 (yesterday)

177
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b`rdne`rtaidbseqnlmntmbk`rr0+`mcsgdsnmdnmsgdenkknvhmfsdmrd

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178
oqdehw+rxkk`akd!A!sgdmntmqnns+sgdsnm`klnqogdldsgdrtaidbsl`qjdq

bnmbnqcsnmd`mcrxkk`akd!S!sgdsdmrdl`qjdq(9

(315) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + H + L ¶ L #

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antmc`qx-@rvdrg`kkrddhmsghrrdbshnm`mcsgdmdws+sgdonrhshmfne`

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l`sdqh`k-

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!A!enqmntmqnns`mc!S!enqsdmrdl`qjdq(snsgdkdeslnrssnmdin the

same morpheme+`radknv9

(316) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + H + L ¶ L #

Sgdehqrsqdftk`qsnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdnmsghrbnmrsqtbshnmhrsgdqhrd,

179
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snrxkk`akd@`krnsnrxkk`akdA+bqd`shmf`qhrhmfsnmdnmrxkk`akdA+`radknv9

(317) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + H + L ¶ L #

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`anud(rhmbdsgdqhrdhrenkknvdcax`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdld-Sgdqhrd,cdkdshnm

qtkdcdkdsdrbnlokdsdkxsgdGsnmd`rrnbh`sdcvhsgrxkk`akdA+`radknv9

(318) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + H + L ¶ L #

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkd

'rdd'27(`anud(vghbgmnsnmkxcnbjrsgdKsnmdnesgdsnm`klnqogdldsn

rxkk`akdA+ats`krnchr`rrnbh`sdrsgdr`ldrxkk`akdeqnlsgdnsgdqKsnmd

`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(319) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + + L ¶ L #

Rhmbdmnekn`shmfsnmdrqdl`hm`ssghrrs`fdnentqcdqhu`shnm+mdhsgdqnesgd

cnvmrsdoqtkdrhrsqhffdqdc+`mcsgdrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhrsgdenkknvhmf9

180
(320) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + + L ¶ L #

3 - 3 - 3 -

Sgdoqdbdchmfcdqhu`shnmg`raddmudqxrhlhk`qsnsg`senq`rrnbh`shudmntm

o`ssdqmrk2sgqntfgk5cdrbqhadchmrdbshnm1-1-1-`anud+vgdqdsgdGsnmdne`

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nmsnsgdo`q`kkdkb`rdvgdqd`rtaidbsmntmvhsgsgdr`ldtmcdqkxhmfK*G

snm`krsqtbstqdhrenkknvdcax`Gbnmbnqcsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdq-Rtbg`

cdqhu`shnmvntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdqsgdnodq`shnmnentqkdes,sn,qhfgssnm`k

l`oohmfqtkd9

(321) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + H + H ¶ L #

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vghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmdnerxkk`akd@`krnsnrxkk`akdA+`radknv9

(322) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + H + H ¶ L #

@ssghronhms+ntqqhrd,cdkdshnmqtkdcndrmnsnodq`sd+rhmbdsgdKG

qhrhmfsnmdhrenkknvdcax`Gsnmdsnm`klnqogdldhmrsd`cne`Ksnmd-

181
Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmdsnm`klnqogdld

qtkdvghbgltrsadrkhfgskxlnchehdcsnmnschr`rrnbh`sdsgdmdwsrxkk`akd

'S`anud(eqnl`mxsnmdrhshr`rrnbh`sdcvhsg-Sghrhrcnmdaxkhlhshmf

sgdchr`rrnbh`shnmsnb`rdrvgdqdsgdhmsdqudmhmfantmc`qxhrmnrsqnmfdq

sg`m`vnqcantmc`qx+`rhmntqqduhrdcqtkd'ehqrsenqltk`sdchm'45(

`anud(+`rqdrs`sdcadknv9

(323) Rule 7’: Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes

+ + #

+ H + T

Condition: association line deleted only if boundary

between H and T tones is weaker than a

phrase boundary (¶).

Hsrgntkcadmnsdc`ssghronhmssg`s`ksdqm`sdld`mr`qdonrrhakdsn

`bbnlokhrgsgdr`lddeedbs`rsgdbnmchshnmsg`svdg`ud`ccdcsnsgd

oqdbdchmfqtkd-@mcdqrnm'0870973(oqnonrdcsg`sbdqs`hmqtkdrvntkc

nodq`sdhesgdrxkk`akdv`rZ*MBO\+`mntmbk`rroqdehw-Rsdv`qs

'08709004(oqnonrdcsnkhlhsrnldqtkdraxchrshmfthrghmfadsvddm!rnkhc!

`mc!ekthc!rxkk`akdr-Ansgnesgdrd`ksdqm`shudr`ssdlossnb`ostqdsgd

nardqu`shnmsg`srnldsnmdqtkdrsdmcsn`ookxnmkxsnqnnsrxkk`akdr`mc

mdudqsn`eehwdr-Vghkdrtbg`rnktshnmlhfgs`krnadsgdadrsenq

182
Mfxdla——m+vdg`udbgnrdmsnkhlhsntqqtkdrsnadhmfqdrsqhbsdcax

antmc`qxogdmnldm``rltbg`ronrrhakdhmnqcdqsn`unhcsgdtrdne

fq`ll`shb`khmenql`shnmhmnsgdqvhrdognmnknfhb`kqtkdr-

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ntqoqdrdmscdqhu`shnmax`rrnbh`shmfsgdGsnmdsnsgdkdesatsnot

cdkdshmfsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmd`kqd`cx`ss`bgdcsnrxkk`akdSrhmbdsgd

ogq`rdantmc`qx'ï(rdo`q`sdrsgdsvnsnmdr-Sgdsnmdqtkdsgtrnodq`sdr

`radknv9

(324) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + H + H ¶ L #

Nmbd`f`hm+mdhsgdqnentqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdr`ookhdrsnsghr

o`qshbtk`qo`ssdqm+`mcsgdrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(325) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + H + H ¶ L #

3 -3 1 - 1 3 -

Vdg`udrgnvm`anudsg`smntmrvhsgtmcdqkxhmfK*Gsnm`ko`ssdqmr

knrdsgdhqtrt`kKGqhrhmfsnmdrvgdmsgdmntmhr`rtaidbseqnldhsgdq

mntmbk`rrknq8+atssgdxbqd`sd`GKe`kkhmfsnmdnmsgdmdwsrxkk`akdhe

sgdmntmrbnldreqnl`mxnsgdqnesgdsdmmntmbk`rrdr-Vdrgnvdcgnv

onrhshmf`bnmbnqcsnmdsnm`klnqogdldrteehwdcsnsgdrtaidbsmntm

183
ogq`rdoqnctbdrsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bdcdqhu`shnmr-

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enkknvhmfdw`lokdr+vgdqdsgdrtaidbsmntmrg`ud`mtmcdqkxhmfK*K

snm`ko`ssdqm+oqnudsg`ssghrhrmnssgdb`rd9

(326) eLncuLm kaL zaLY mbaLb "the heron-(9) cut the meat"

3 3 3 3 3 (yesterday)

meLncuLm kaP zaLY mbaLb "the herons-(4) cut the meat"

3 3 13 3 3 (yesterday)

Sgdrtaidbshmsgdoqdbdchmfrdmsdmbdrhr`mntmathksnmsgdqnnsenq

sgdahqcvghbghrb`kkdc`!gdqnm!.bt∆l.-Sghrmntmqnnsadknmfrsnmntm

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8oqdehw.'d∆(M,.'vgdqdsgdunvdk!d!hrnmkxoqnmntmbdc`ssgdadfhmmhmf

nerdmsdmbdr(+`mchsenqlrhsroktq`kaxoqdehwhmfsgdbk`rr3oqdehw

.ld∆M,.-Sgdqd`rnmvdg`udrdkdbsdcsghro`qshbtk`qmntmhrsg`smntm

bk`rr8g`rKsnmdbnmbnqcvghkdmntmbk`rr3g`rGsnmdbnmbnqc-Sgtr+

vhsgsgdr`ldmntmqnns+vdb`mdw`lhmdansgbnmbnqconrrhahkhshdr-

Hmcddc+`rntqdw`lokdrrgnv+vgdmsgdb`rdnesgdbk`rr3mntmhr

rtaidbs+sgdenkknvhmf'tmcdqkhmdc(sdmrdl`qjdq.j`∆.g`rhsrsnmd

odqstqadceqnlsgdmnql`kKsnmdsn`GKe`kkhmfsnmd-Sghrodqstqa`shnm
184
hrsgdqdrtksnesgdGbnmbnqcsnmdsg`svdonrhsdc`r`rtaidbsl`qjdqnm

sgddmcnesgdrtaidbsmntmogq`rd-Sgdtmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqdnesghr

bnmrsqtbshnm`ood`qr`radknv`esdqsgdkdes,sn,qhfgsl`oohmfqtkdg`r

nodq`sdc9

(327) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + L + H ¶ L #

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snmdsnm`klnqogdldrsnsgdkdes+atscndrmnschr`rrnbh`sdsgdmdwssnmd

snsgdkdesvgdmsgdhmsdqudmhmfantmc`qxhr`ogq`rdantmc`qx+`radknv9

(328) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + L + H ¶ L #

Rhmbdmdhsgdqnesgdk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdr`ookhdrsnsghro`ssdqm+ntq

cdqhu`shnmhrqd`khydcrs`hfgsenqv`qckx`radknv9

(329) // A + B + ¶ T #

// L + L + H ¶ L #

3 - 3 - 1 3 -

185
 Vdg`uddw`lhmdc`anudu`qhntrcdqhu`shnmrvghbglnshu`sdonrhshmf

`bnmbnqcsnmd`rsgdrtaidbsl`qjdqenqo`rssdmrdrdmsdmbdrvhsgetkk

mntmr`rrtaidbsr-Vdvhkkmnvs`jd`knnj`srdmsdmbdrvhsgoqnmntmr`r

rtaidbsr-SgdMfxdla——moqnmntmrenq`mhl`sdnaidbsreqnlmntmbk`rrdr

0`mc1hmrtaidbsonrhshnm`qdsgdenkknvhmf9

(330) Subject Pronouns

Singular Plural Long forms

/Nf/ "I" /peJg/ "we(exclusive)" /meLB/ "I"

/pDJgD/ "we(inclusive dual)"

/peJge/ "we(inclusive plural)"

/DL/ "you(sg.)" /p`g/ "you(pl.)" /guL/ "you(sg.)"

/aL/ "he/she/it" /pDJ/ "they" /pDJb/ "they"

U`qhntrnardqu`shnmrrgntkcadl`cd`antssgdoqdbdchmfrtaidbs

oqnmntmrhmkhfgsneo`q`kkdkrsgdxg`udvhsgmntmbk`rrdr0`mc1-Hmlnrs

A`mstk`mft`fdr+mntmbk`rrdr0`mc1lnrsnesdmhmchb`sdrhmftk`q`mc

oktq`kgtl`mmntmrqdrodbshudkx-Hm`cchshnm+sgdbnmbnqcsnmdenqbk`rr0

hrKsnmdvghkdenqbk`rr1hshrGsnmd-Sgdbnmrnm`msbnmbnqcenq

Mfxdla——mmntmrhr.v.enqbk`rr0`mc.o.enqbk`rr1-Sgdo`q`kkdkr

adsvddmsgdrdsxohb`kmntmbk`rrdkdldmsr`mcsgdhqqdrodbshudrtaidbs

186
oqnmntmrvntkcrddlsn`qftdrsqnmfkxenqsgdoqnmntmradhmf`skd`rs

o`qsh`kkxcdqhudceqnlmntmbk`rroqdehwdr-Ehqrs+`kksgdrhmftk`qrtaidbs

oqnmntmr`qdKsnmd-Hm`cchshnm+`kksgdoktq`krtaidbsoqnmntmr`qdG

snmd`mcadfhmvhsgsgdbnmrnm`ms.o.-Dudmsgd!knmfenql!rtaidbs

oqnmntmr+vgnrddw`bsbnmchshnmhmfe`bsnq`mccdqhudcrdl`mshbenqbdg`r

xdssnadchrbnudqdc+`krnenkknvsgdrdr`ldo`q`kkdkrvhsgmntmbk`rr

ogdmnldm`-

Sgdqd`rnmvdg`udaqntfgstosgdsnohbnertaidbsoqnmntmr`mcsgdhq

mntmbk`rro`q`kkdkrhrsg`ssgdrtaidbsoqnmntmrs`jd`bnmbnqcsnmd`r

rtaidbsl`qjdqitrskhjdetkkmntmr-Gnvdudq+vg`shrtmtrt`khrsg`s`kk

sgdrtaidbsoqnmntmr`bskhjdrhmftk`qbk`rr0mntmr'hms`jhmf`Ksnmd

bnmbnqcsnmd`rrtaidbsl`qjdq(dwbdossgdsghqcodqrnmoktq`koqnmntmr

.o—æ.`mc.o—æa.vghbg`bskhjdoktq`kbk`rr1mntmr'hms`jhmf`Gbnmbnqc

snmd`rrtaidbsl`qjdq(+`rdwdlokhehdcaxsgdenkknvhmfrdmsdmbdr9

(331) pDJgDL kaL zaLY mbaLb "you-and-I-(1) cut the meat"

1 3 3 3 3 (yesterday)

pDJ kaP zaLY mbaLb "they-(2) cut the meat"

1 13 3 3 (yesterday)

@rrddmenqmntmr`anud+sgdKsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqenkknvhmf.o—æf—.cnbjr

snsgdleft`mclnchehdrsgd'tmcdqkhmdc(dbgnunvdknesgdrtaidbsoqnmntm+

vghkdsgdGsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqenkknvhmf.o—æ.cnbjrsnsgdright`mcbg`mfdr

sgdKsnmdsdmrdl`qjdq.j`∆.hmsn`GKe`kkhmfsnmd-Sgtr+sgntfg`kksgdeqnydm
187
oktq`koqnmntmrrddlsng`qjdma`bjsnsgdhqbk`rr1nqhfhmraxrs`qshmfvhsgZo\

`mcg`uhmf`Gsnmd+nmkxsgdsghqcodqrnmoktq`koqnmntmr`bst`kkxadg`udkhjd

bk`rr1mntmrhmo`rssdmrdrdmsdmbdr-Sgde`bssg`ssgdoqnmntmr`krng`udmddc

ne`enkknvhmfbnmbnqcsnmdhmcdodmcdmskxlnshu`sdrntqonrhshmfrtbg`snmdnm

sgda`rhrnertaidbsmntmadg`uhnq-

G`uhmfdw`lhmdcsgdbnmbnqcsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqmddcdchmo`rssdmrd

rdmsdmbdr+vdmnvlnudnmsndw`lhmdsgdlnqdbnlokhb`sdcrtaidbsl`qjdq

mddcdchmetstqdsdmrdrdmsdmbdr-Sgddw`lokdrsg`svdvhkkdw`lhmd`qdsgd

enkknvhmf9

(332) aLmbuLБ tKo zKaY mbMab "the deaf-man-(1) will cut the meat"

3 3 2 3 6 (tomorrow)

aLmbuLБ lMu zKaY mbMab "the deaf-man-(1) will cut the meat"

3 3 4 3 6

meLpu
S Y toJ zKaY mbMab "the deaf-men-(2) will cut the meat"

3 312 2 3 6 (tomorrow)

meLpu
S Y luL zKaY mbMab "the deaf-men-(2) will cut the meat"

3 312 4 3 6

meLncuLm tKo zKaY mbMab "the herons-(4) will cut the meat"

3 3 2 3 6 (tomorrow)

meLncuLm lMu zKaY mbMab "the herons-(4) will cut the meat"

3 3 4 3 6

188
 SgdoqdbdchmfrdmsdmbdrrgnvsgqddcheedqdmsmntmrvhsgG`mcKsnmd

etstqd`twhkh`qxudqar-Sgde`bssg`ssgdmnql`kKGqhrhmfsnmdbqd`sdcnm

sgdmntm!cd`e,l`m,'0(!hrmnsqd`khydc`qftdrenqsgdoqdrdmbdnesgd

r`ldKbnmbnqcsnmd`rrtaidbsl`qjdqvhsgKbnmbnqcsnmdbk`rrdr'0`mc

8(-Vdvhkk`krnonrhssgdo`q`kkdkGbnmbnqcsnmd`rrtaidbsl`qjdqvhsg

sgdnsgdqbk`rrdr+sgntfgsghrsnmdcndrtmtrt`ksghmfr-Ehqrs+vgdmhs

enkknvrmntmrvghbgdmcnm`m`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd+khjdsgd!gdqnmr,'3(!

`anud+sgdGsnmdcqnorntsbnlokdsdkx-

Ltbglnqdcheehbtkssncdqhud`qdsgdtmtrt`k'tmcdqkhmdc(qhrhmf,

cnvmrsdoodc,ghfgsnmdrvghbgnmkxnbbtqvgdm`qhrhmfsnmdhrbqd`sdc

adenqd`m`twhkh`qxudqahm`etstqdbnmrsqtbshnm-Sgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdrd

tmtrt`ksnmdrvntkcadfhmvhsg`rsqtbstqdkhjdsgdenkknvhmf`esdqsgd

kdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc'vhsg!E!qdoqdrdmshmfsgd

`twhkh`qxudqatrdcsnhmchb`sdetstqdshld(9

(333) // A + B + ¶ F #

// L + H + H ¶ T #

Mnv+beforesgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdrnodq`sd+vdmddc`rodbh`k'q`sgdq

`cgnb(hchnrxmbq`shblnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'46/(adknv(vghbg

s`jdrsgdGsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdq`mchmrdqsrsgdGsnmdhlldch`sdkxadenqd

189
sgd`twhkh`qxudqasnmdinsidesgd`twhkh`qxl`qjdq+`rrnbh`shmfsghrG

snmda`bjsnsgdk`rsrxkk`akdnesgdrtaidbsmntmogq`rd+`mc`kksghronly

vgdmsgdoqdbdchmfmntmogq`rdg`r`ehm`k`rrnbh`sdcGsnmd-Sghr

hchnrxmbq`shblnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdoqnctbdrsgdenkknvhmfdeedbs9

(334) // A + B + ¶ F #

// L + H + H ¶ T #

Vgdmsgdqdftk`qsnmdqtkdrnodq`sd+ntqqhrd,enql`shnmqtkd`rrnbh`sdr

sgdKsnmdnerxkk`akd@`krnsnrxkk`akdA+`radknv9

(335) // A + B + ¶ F #

// L + H + ¶ H T #

Sgdbqtbh`ko`qsnentqcdqhu`shnmmnv`qqhudrvgdmntqmnql`kk`sd

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdhmrdqsr`mhqqd`khrpolarsnmdhlldch`sdkx

adenqdsgd`twhkh`qxudqal`qjhmfetstqdsdmrd-Rhmbd+axsghrshld+sgd

`twhkh`qxudqag`rsgdodqstqadcGrtaidbsl`qjdqsnmd`rhsrqhfgslnrs

snmd+sgdonk`qsnmdvghbghrhmrdqsdchr`kv`xr`Ksnmd+`radknv9

190


(336) // A + B + ¶ + F #

// L + H + ¶ Ø + H T #

-[T

Rhmbdsgdnmkxqtkdrkdessnnodq`sd`qdntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdr+sgdnmkx

qdl`hmhmfbg`mfdhrsg`ssgdekn`shmfKsnmdknvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg

adenqdsgdenkknvhmf`rrnbh`sdcGsnmd-SgdenkknvhmfGsnmdhrgnvdudq

`rrnbh`sdca`bjsnsgdk`rsrxkk`akdnesgdmntmogq`rd+oqnctbhmfrdmsdmbdrvhsg

sgdmnql`k!hqqd`khr!cnvmrsdoed`stqdmnsqd`khydcnmsgd`twhkh`qxudqa+atsnm

sgdoqdbdchmfmntmqnns+`radknv'vgdqdsgdehqrsqnvnemtladqrhrenq`etstqd

`twhkh`qxudqa'E(vhsgtmcdqkxhmfGsnmd`mcsgdrdbnmcqnvenq`rhlhk`qudqa

vhsgtmcdqkxhmfKsnmd(9

(337) // A + B + ¶ + F #

// L + H + ¶ L + H T #

3 -3 1 2-2 -

3 -3 1 2-4 -

Ntqtmtrt`klnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdsgtrfhudrqhrdsnsgdnmkx

nbbtqqdmbdrnesgdtmtrt`kqhrhmf,cnvmrsdoodc,ghfgsnmd+vgdqdetkkx

191
threesnmdr`qd`rrnbh`sdcsn`rhmfkdrxkk`akd'A(-Snsgd`tsgnq&r

oqdrdmsjmnvkdcfd+sghrtmtrt`kqtkdhrsgdnmkxld`mrneg`uhmf`mx

sgqdd,snmdcrxkk`akdhmsgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fd-

Mnvsg`svdg`uddw`lhmdcsgdadg`uhnqnesgdbnmbnqcsnmdrtaidbs

l`qjdqrhmo`rs`mcetstqdbnmrsqtbshnmr+vd`qdqd`cxsnknnj`sydqn

sdmrdbnmrsqtbshnmrvgdqdd`bgbnmrsqtbshnmg`rhsrnvmjhmcnertaidbs

l`qjhmf-Sgdnmkxnmdnesgdydqnsdmrdbnmrsqtbshnmrsntrd`bnmbnqc

snmd`r`rtaidbsl`qjdqhrsgdmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnm

rgnvmadknv9

(338) aLmbuLY zMaYaL mbaLb "the deaf-man-(1) is cutting meat"

3 3 4 4 4

aLmbuLY gwDLYDL mbaLb "the deaf-man-(1) is pounding meat"

3 3 3 3 3

meLpuNY z`æYMa mbaLb "the deaf-men-(2) are cutting meat"

3 31 1 4 4

meLpuNY gwDJYDL mbaLb "the deaf-men-(2) are pounding meat"

3 31 1 3 3

Sgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrrgnvsg`ssgdonrhsdcKbnmbnqcsnmdrtaidbs

l`qjdqenqbk`rr0'`mc8(mntmrcnbjrsnsgdkdes`esdqqhrd,cdkdshnmg`r

dkhlhm`sdcsgdGsnmdeqnlsgdmnql`kKGqhrhmfsnmdmnql`kkxentmcnmsgd

mntmqnns.otæù.!akhmc,l`m-!Sgdk`rssvndw`lokdrrgnvsg`ssgdonrhsdcG

bnmbnqcsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdq`krncnbjrsnsgdqhfgs`rvhsgsgdo`rssdmrd
192
dw`lokdrchrbtrrdcd`qkhdq`anud-Vhsgsgdydqnsdmrdgnvdudq+sghrGsnmd

rtaidbsl`qjdqmnsnmkx`rrnbh`sdrchqdbskxnmsnsgdudqaqnns+hsqd`rrnbh`sdrsgd

snmdnesgdudqaqnnssnsgdhlodqedbshudrteehwnesgdudqa-Sgdtmcdqkxhmf

o`ssdqmenqsgdudqarhmsgdrdbnmrsqtbshnmrbnms`hmr`m`cchshnm`kKsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldhlldch`sdkxfollowingsgdudqaqnns+`rchrbtrrdchmrdbshnm1-2-2-

`anud-Vd`ccsnsgdudqabnmrsqtbshnm`mntmvhsgtmcdqkxhmfK*Go`ssdqm

`mcsgdonrhsdcGbnmbnqcsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdq+`rrddmadknv`esdqsgdkdes,sn,

qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(339) // A + B + ¶ V + + I #

// L + H + H ¶ T + L + L #

Adenqdsgdqdftk`qsnmdqtkdrnodq`sd+`mhchnrxmbq`shblnqogn,snmnknfhb`k

qtkd'rdd'462(adknv(`rrnbh`sdrsgdGbnmbnqcsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqsnsgdudqa

qnns'U(`mcqd`rrnbh`sdrsgdudqaqnnssnmd'S(snsgdmdwsrxkk`akdnmhsrqhfgs

'H(+`radknv9

(340) // A + B + ¶ V + + I #

// L + H + H ¶ T + L + L #

Sgdehqrsnesgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdrsnnodq`sdhrsgdqhrd,enql`shnmsnmdqtkd

vghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmdnesgdmntmbk`rroqdehw'@(snsgdmntmqnns'A(+`r

adknv9

193
 

(341) // A + B + ¶ V + + I #

// L + H + H ¶ T + L + L #

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrsgdleftv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldqtkdvghbg`bst`kkxhmsghrb`rd`rrnbh`sdrsnsgdright+rhmbd

hshrbnmehmdcaxsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdnesgdudqasnmd'S(nmhsrkdes`mc

sgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdnesgdhlodqedbshudrteehwrxkk`akd'H(nmhsrqhfgs-

RhmbdntqVEBr`xrsg`s`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrb`mmnsbqnrr+sgdmdvkhmdltrs

fnsnsgdrxkk`akdnmsgdqhfgs+sgntfgsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfqtkdcndr

cdkdsdsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdnmhsrkdes`rhmlnqdmnql`k`ookhb`shnmr-Rn+

sgdKsnmdnesgdsnm`klnqogdld`rrnbh`sdrsnsgdhlodqedbshudrteehw'H(

vghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdudqasnmd'S(`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(342) // A + B + ¶ V + + I #

// L + H + H ¶ T + L + L #

Sgdqd`khy`shnmnesgdrtqe`bdsnmdnmrxkk`akdHmnvcdodmcrtonmsgd

m`stqdnesgdudqaqnnssnmd+vgdsgdqsghrsnmdqd`bgdrsgddmcnesgd

cdqhu`shnm`r`ekn`shmfGnq`ekn`shmfKsnmd-Hesgdsnmdhr`ekn`shmfG

snmdadenqdsgd`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd+hsb`trdrntqcnvmrsdoqtkdsnknvdqsgd

snmdqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg+`rrgnvmhmsgdehqrsqnvnertqe`bdsnmdmtladqr

adknv-Hesgdsnmd'S(hr`Ksnmd+sgdcnvmrsdoqtkdhrmnssqhffdqdc+`mc

194
sgdehm`krxkk`akdhrmnscnvmrsdoodc+`rrgnvmhmsgdrdbnmcqnvne

rtqe`bdsnmdmtladqradknv9

(343) // A + B + ¶ V + + I #

// L + H + H ¶ T + L + L #

3 -3 1 - 1 4 -

3 -3 1 - 1 3 -

Sgdtmtrt`kKGqhrhmfsnmdnmsgdudqaqnnshmsgdonrhshudodqedbshud

bnmrsqtbshnmnesgdydqnsdmrd'O/(v`rrgnvmhmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud-

Sgdqdvdldmshnmdcgnvsgdtmtrt`krightward`rrnbh`shnmne`low

snmdrtaidbsl`qjdqv`rbqtbh`ksnsgdcdqhu`shnm-Vdvhkkmnvfhud

`cchshnm`kdw`lokdrvhsgetkkmntmrhmsgdrtaidbsonrhshnm`mcsgdmrgnv

gnvsgdtmtrt`kqhfgsv`qc`rrnbh`shmfKsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqqdrtksrhm

mdtsq`khy`shnmnesgdsnm`kbnmsq`rsadsvddmG`mcKsnmdudqaqnnsr-Ntq

bg`q`bsdqhrshbrdmsdmbdr`qdsgdenkknvhmf9

(344) aLmbuNY zaNY mbMab "the deaf-man just cut the meat"

3 31 31 4

meLpuNY gwDNY mbMab "the deaf-men just pounded the meat"

3 31 31 4

Vdvhkkrgnvsgdcdqhu`shnmned`bgrdmsdmbdhmstqmrhmbd+sgntfgsgdx

g`udqdl`qj`akxrhlhk`qtmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqdr+sgdhqcdqhu`shnmr`qdpthsd

195
chudqfdms-SgdehqrsO/rdmsdmbd`anudvntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdqsgdkdes,sn,

qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`cnodq`sdc9

(345) // A + B ¶ + V #

// L + H ¶ L + H #

Adenqd`mxmnql`ksnmdqtkdb`mnodq`sd+`lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd

'460(adknv(`ccr`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdld`mc`rrnbh`sdrhs`kksgdv`xsnsgd

udqaqnnsrxkk`akd'U(+`radknv9

(346) // A + B + ¶ + V #

// L + H + Ø ¶ L + H #

Sgdehqrssnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqqhrd,enql`shnmqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgd

Ksnmdnerxkk`akd@snrxkk`akdA`rvdkk+`radknv9

(347) // A + B + ¶ + V #

// L + H + L ¶ L + H #

Sgdmdwssnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqmnql`kkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdKonk`qsnmdhmsghrb`rdsnsgdqhfgsvghkd

chr`rrnbh`shmfsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsnrxkk`akd'U(+`radknv9

196
(348) // A + B + ¶ + V #

// L + H + L ¶ L + H #

Sgdnmkxqtkdvghbgqdl`hmrsnnodq`sdhr`k`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd

'rdd'465(adknv(vghbghmrdqsr`ekn`shmfonk`qsnmd'`m',√S(vghbgadbnldr`

Gsnmdadenqd`Ksnmd(`esdqsgdudqahmO/bnmrsqtbshnmr+`radknv'vgdqd

rxkk`akd!B!rs`mcrenqsgdKsnmdnaidbsmntmbk`rroqdehw(9

(349) // A + B + ¶ + V + ¶ C +

// L + H + L ¶ L + H + Ø ¶ L +

-[T

Ntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbghlldch`sdkx

adenqdsgdKsnmdnesgdnaidbsoqdehw'B(+qdrtkshmfhmsgdoqnodqrtqe`bd

qd`khy`shnm+`radknv9

(350) // A + B + ¶ + V + ¶ C +

// L + H + L ¶ L + H + H ¶ L +

3 -3 1 - 3 1 - 4 -

Sgdo`q`kkdkO/bnmrsqtbshnmvhsg`Ksnmdudqaqnnsadfhmrhsr

197
cdqhu`shnmvhsgsgdkdes,sn,qhfgs`rrnbh`shnmqtkd+`radknv9

(351) // A + B ¶ + V #

// L + H ¶ H + L #

Nmbd`f`hm+adenqdsgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdrb`mnodq`sd+ntqrodbh`kO/

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'460(adknv(hmrdqsr`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdld`mc

`rrnbh`sdrhs`kksgdv`xsnsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd'U(nmhsrqhfgs+`radknv9

(352) // A + B + ¶ + V #

// L + H + Ø ¶ H + L #

Sgdehqrsqdftk`qsnmdqtkdsn`ookxhrntqqhrd,enql`shnmqtkdvghbg

`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmdnerxkk`akd@`krnsnrxkk`akdA+`radknv9

(353) // A + B + ¶ + V #

// L + H + L ¶ H + L #

Sgdmdwsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmdsnm`klnqogdld

qtkdvghbgcnbjrsgdGsnmdqd`khrlnqogdldsnsgdudqaqnnsnmhsrqhfgsvghkd

chr`rrnbh`shmfsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

198
 

(354) // A + B + ¶ + V #

// L + H + L ¶ H + L #

Hsb`mmnvadrddmaxbnlo`qhmfsghrcdqhu`shnmvhsgsgdoqdbdchmf

nmdsg`ssgdmdtsq`khy`shnmnesgdudqaqnnssn`KGqhrhmfsnmdhraqntfgs

`antsaxsgdKsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdq!sq`oohmf!sgdonk`qsnmdadsvddm

hsrdke`mcsgdudqaqnnssnmd-Vgdmsgdkdesv`qc,nqqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmf

snmdqtkdr`ookx+sgdonk`qsnmdmustcnbjsnsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akdnmhsr

qhfgsrhmbdsncnnsgdqvhrdvntkcmdbdrrhs`sdbqnrrhmf`rrnbh`shnmkhmdr-Hs

hrsgdkdesv`qc,`mcqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfsnmdqtkdr9s`rjhmsghr

dmuhqnmldmssnchr`rrnbh`sd`snmdnmsgdkdesnqqhfgsqdrodbshudkx-Hshr

sghrchr`rrnbh`shnmehqrsnmdv`x`mcsgdmsgdnsgdqsg`sqdrtksrhmsgd

mdtsq`khy`shnmneG`mcKsnmdudqaqnnsrhmO/bnmrsqtbshnmr-

Bnmshmthmfnmsnehmhrgsgdoqdrdmscdqhu`shnm+`ekn`shmfonk`qsnmd

',√S(hrhmrdqsdc`esdqsgdudqahmO/bnmrsqtbshnmr'rdd'465(adknv(+`rhm

sgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

199
 

(355) // A + B + ¶ + V + ¶ C +

// L + H + L ¶ H + L + Ø ¶ L +

-[T

Nmbd`f`hmntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg

nmkxvgdmhsfdsrsnsgdnaidbsoqdehw-Sgdqdrtkshmfrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhr

dw`bskxsgdr`ld`rsgdoqdbdchmfcdqhu`shnm+even thoughsgdK`mcG

snmdr`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdr`ldUrxkk`akd`qdeqnlcheedqdmstmcdqkxhmf

lnqogdldrsg`msgdk`rsbnmrsqtbshnm-Sgdehm`krsdohmsghrcdqhu`shnm

qdrtksrhmsgdenkknvhmfrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnm9

(356) // A + B + ¶ + V + ¶ C +

// L + H + L ¶ H + L + H ¶ L +

3 -3 1 - 3 1 - 4 -

@mnsgdqydqnsdmrdbnmrsqtbshnmvghbgtshkhydr`Ksnmdsnm`k

lnqogdld`rrtaidbsl`qjdqhrsgdqd`khrmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud

vghbghrtrdcsnbnmudxg`ahst`kld`mhmf+`rhmsgddw`lokdradknv9

200
(357) pDP ngwKDYDL mbaLb "they-(2) pound meat"

13 2 4 4

meLncuLm nzaJYaL mbaLb "the herons-(4) cut meat"

3 3 1 3 3

Sgdcheedqdmbdvhsgsgdbnmrsqtbshnmr`anudhrsg`s`Ksnmdrtaidbs

l`qjdqhrhmrdqsdcax`lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'461(adknv(`mc

`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdlefthmrsd`cnesnsgdright`rvhsgsgdO/

bnmrsqtbshnmrchrbtrrdchlldch`sdkx`anud-Vdvhkkdw`lhmdsgd

cdqhu`shnmnesgddw`lokdvhsgsgdsghqcodqrnmoktq`koqnmntm.o—æ.!sgdx+!

vghbg`ood`qr`radknv`esdqsgdkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`r

nodq`sdc'vhsgsgdrxlank!O!snhmchb`sdsgdoqnmntmnmsgdrxkk`ahb

shdq(9

(358) // P ¶ + V + I #

// H ¶ H + L + L #

Nmbd`f`hm+adenqdsgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdrnodq`sd+`lnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'461(adknv(hmrdqsr`Ksnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqhmsghr

bnmrsqtbshnm`mc`rrnbh`sdrhssnsgdehqrsrxkk`akdnmhsrkdes+vhsgnts

chr`rrnbh`shmfsg`srxkk`akdeqnl`mxnsgdqsnmdr+`radknv9

201


(359) // P + ¶ + V + I #

// H + Ø ¶ H + L + L #

Sgdehqrssnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkdvghbgs`jdr

sgdGsnmdnesgdqd`khronk`qsnmd`mc`rrnbh`sdrhssnsgdqhfgsvghkd

chr`rrnbh`shmfsgdsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(360) // P + ¶ + V + I #

// H + L ¶ H + L + L #

Sghrhmstqmeddcrntqlds`sgdrhrqtkdvghbgeqnmsrsgdmnvchr`rrnbh`sdcK

snmdvghbgb`ldeqnlsgdudqaqnnslnqogdld+`rhmsgdenkknvhmf

qdoqdrdms`shnm9

(361) // P + ¶ + V + I #

// H + L ¶ H + L + L #

Sgdehm`kqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnm`k

qdfhrsdqnmdmnsbgadenqdsgdGsnmd`rrnbh`sdvhsgsgdudqaqnns'U(+xhdkchmf

sgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnm+`radknv9

202
(362) // P + ¶ + V + I #

// H + L ¶ L H + + L #

1 3 - 2 - 4 -

Vditrsr`vvg`sg`oodmrsn`mnql`kGsnmdvgdm`Ksnmdrtaidbs

l`qjdqhr`rrnbh`sdcsnhsax`lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd-Nmdtmtrt`ksnmd

o`ssdqmbqd`sdcaxsghrqtkdnbbtqrvgdmtmcdqkxhmfK*Gmntmr'vghbg

trt`kkx`qdqd`khydcvhsg`KGqhrhmfsnmdnmsgdhqqnnsr(nbbtq`rrtaidbsr

adenqdrtbg`Kbnmbnqcsnmd+`radknv9

(363) aLmbuPY nzaJYaL mbaLb "the deaf-man-(1) cuts meat"

3 13 1 3 3

meLpuPY ngwKDYDL mbaLb "the deaf-men-(2) cut meat"

3 13 2 4 4

Vdvhkkdw`lhmdsgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdKsnmdudqaqnnsrdmsdmbdsnrdd

gnvsgdnqcdqhmfnesghro`qshbtk`qlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdadenqdsgd

mnql`ksnmdqtkdrakddcrsgdqhrd,enql`shnmqtkd-Ntqtmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqd

vntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdqsgdkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`r

nodq`sdc9

(364) // A + B ¶ + V + I #

// L + H ¶ H + L + L #

203
 Nmbd`f`hm+`lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'461(adknv(enqmnm,

oqnfqdrrhudqd`khrhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmrhmsgdydqnsdmrdhmrdqsr`K

snmdrtaidbsl`qjdq`mc`rrnbh`sdrhssnsgdehqrsrxkk`akdnmhsrkdesvghkd

notcdkdshmf`rrnbh`shnmkhmdr`kqd`cx`ss`bgdcsnsg`srxkk`akd'A(-Sghr

qtkdltrsnodq`sdadenqdsgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdr+`mcoqnctbdrsgd

enkknvhmfqdrtks9

(365) // A + B + ¶ + V + I #

// L + H + L ¶ H + L + L #

Hshrbqtbh`ksg`smnv+vgdmsgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdrrb`msgdrsqtbstqd

eqnlkdessnqhfgs+sgdqhrd,enql`shnmqtkdcannotnodq`sdadb`trdrxkk`akd

Ahr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsnsvncheedqdmssnmdr-Sgdehqrssnmdqtkdsn

nodq`sdhrsgtrsgdGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdG

snmdnesgdonk`qqd`khrl`qjdqsnsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akdnmhsrqhfgs

chr`rrnbh`shmf`ssgdr`ldshldsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akdeqnlsgdsnmd

`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(366) // A + B + ¶ + V + I #

// L + H + L ¶ H + L + L #

Sghrhmstqmeddcrntqlds`sgdrhrqtkdvghbgeqnmsrsgdKsnmdsg`sg`r

itrsaddmchr`rrnbh`sdc+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

204
(367) // A + B + ¶ + V + I #

// L + H + L ¶ H + L + L #

Sgdk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdhrnmbd`f`hmsqhffdqdcaxsghrmnveqnmsdc

ekn`shmfKsnmd+qdrtkshmfhm`knvdqhmfnesgdsnmdqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbgnm

sgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd+`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

(368) // A + B + ¶ + V + I #

// L + H + L ¶ L H + + L #

3 - 1 3 - 2 - 4 -

Sghrakddchmfnesgdqhrd,enql`shnmqtkdjddorsgdMfxdla——m

k`mft`fdeqnl`bpthqhmf`sgqdd,snmdc'202(snmdfkhcdnmsgdrtqe`bd-

Sgdoqdbdchmfcdqhu`shnmrvdqdsgdk`rsnesgdydqnsdmrdbnmrsqtbshnmr

vghbgs`jd`Ksnmdrtaidbsl`qjdq-Sgdnmkxydqnsdmrdbnmrsqtbshnm

vghbgrshkkqdpthqdrdw`lhm`shnmhrsgdoqnfqdrrhudhqqd`khrhlodqedbshud

vghbgs`jdr`Gsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsnsgdkdes+`rb`m

adrddmhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

205
(369) aN neL zKaYMa mbaLb "he-(1) is probably cutting meat"

31 3 2 5 5

meLpuNY neL zKaYMa mbaLb "the blind-men-(2) are probably

3 31 3 2 5 5 cutting meat"

eLncuNm neL gwMDYMD mbaLb "the heron-(9) is probably

3 31 3 4 5 5 pounding meat"

Dw`lhmhmfaqhdekxsgdk`rsdw`lokdbhsdc`anud+hsrtmcdqkxhmf

rsqtbstqdvntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdqsgdkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkd

g`rnodq`sdc'vhsgsgdrxlank!O!qdoqdrdmshmfsgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq

.md∆.nmsgdrxkk`akhbshdq(9

(370) // A + B ¶ P #

// L + L ¶ L #

Sgdnmkxlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'468(adknv(sn`eedbssghr

bnmrsqtbshnmhrnmdvghbghmrdqsr`Gsnmdsnm`klnqogdld`rrtaidbs

l`qjdq`mc`rrnbh`sdrhssnsgdehqrsrxkk`akdnmhsrkdesvhsgnts

chr`rrnbh`shmf`mxsnmdr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`mcsghrnmkxenq

oqnfqdrrhudhqqd`khrhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmrhmsgdydqnsdmrd-Sgd

qdrtkshmfbg`mfdr`qdrgnvmadknv9

206
(371) // A + B + ¶ P #

// L + L + Ø ¶ L #

Rhmbdmdhsgdqnentqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdrhrsqhffdqdcaxsghronqshnmne

ntqbnmrsqtbshnm+sgdrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhrpthsdrsq`hfgsenqv`qc+`r

adknv9

(372) // A + B + ¶ P #

// L + L + H ¶ L #

3 - 3 1 - 3 -

Sghrdmcrntqrdbshnmnmsgdu`qh`shnmrnesgdrtaidbsl`qjdqvhsgsgd

u`qhntrsdmrdr+`rodbsr`mclncdrnesgdhmchb`shudlnnc-Sgdenkknvhmf

rdbshnmvhkkdw`lhmdrhlhk`qhmsdq`bshnmvhsgsgdudqa`kbnmrsqtbshnm+

sgntfghsvhkkadadsvddmsgdudqa`mchsrenkknvhmfnaidbsr-

207
2.4.2. Between object and verb

Itrs`r`rtaidbsl`qjdqnbbtqr`ssgditmbstqdne`rtaidbsvhsgsgd

enkknvhmfudqaogq`rd+rnsnn`mnaidbsl`qjdqnbbtqr`ssgditmbstqdne`

udqavhsghsrenkknvhmfnaidbs-Khjdsgdl`inqhsxnertaidbsl`qjdqrvghbg

u`qhdc`bbnqchmfsnsgdmntmbk`rrnesgdrtaidbs+ntqnmdtmhptdnaidbs

l`qjdq`krnu`qhdr`bbnqchmfsnsgdmntmbk`rrnesgdnaidbs-Vghkdsgd

rtaidbsl`qjdqv`rnesdmitrssgdbnmbnqcsnmdlnqogdld+sgdnaidbs

l`qjdqg`r`cheedqdmsu`qh`shnm+sgntfghssnnhrfnudqmdcaxsgdmntm

bk`rrnesgdgd`cmntm-Sgdnaidbsl`qjdqhmMfxdla——mg`rsvna`rhb

rg`odr+`rrtll`qhydchmsgdenkknvhmfbg`qs9

(373) Object Marker Variants

Form Classes Prefixes

/ J-/ 2,4,5,6 leL-/meL-/meLN-

/Ø/ 3,8,9,10 (eL-)/(eL)N-

1 and 7 (aL-)/(aL)N-

Sgdoqdbdchmfbg`qskhrsrsgdsvncheedqdmsenqlrnesgdnaidbsl`qjdq

`knmfvhsgsgqddcheedqdmsfqntornemntmbk`rrdr`mcsgdhqqdrodbshud

mntmbk`rroqdehwdr'sgdenqlrhmo`qdmsgdrdrnmkxadhmfnoshnm`kkx

onrrhakd`ssgdadfhmmhmfnerdmsdmbdr(-Hsb`madrddmsg`sd`bgu`qh`ms

enqlnesgdnaidbsl`qjdqhr`rrnbh`sdcvhsg`cheedqdmstypenemntm

208
bk`rroqdehw-HshrnmkxnaidbsrvhsgetkkBU'M(oqdehwdrsg`ss`jdsgd

ekn`shmfGsnmdnaidbsl`qjdqoqdehw-Sgdrdbnmcenqlhr`ydqn

lnqogdld'nqsgd`ardmbdne`l`qjdq(vghbghroqdrdms'nq`ardms(enq

`kksgdnsgdqmntmbk`rrdr+sgnrdsg`s`skd`rsnoshnm`kkxb`mrs`qsvhsg`

unvdk-Vdg`udchuhcdcsghrk`rsfqntonemntmbk`rrdrtohmsnsvn

rtafqntoradb`trdnesgdhqdwsqdldkxchudqfdmsadg`uhnq-Sgdehqrs

rtafqntobnms`hmrsgdentqmntmbk`rrdrvgnrdoqdehw`skd`rsnoshnm`kkx

adfhmrvhsgsgdunvdk!d-!Sgdrdoqdehwdrknrdsgdhqrxkk`ahbhsxhmnaidbs

onrhshnm+`oqnbdrrsg`sb`qqhdrvhsghsbdqs`hmsnm`kodqstqa`shnmr-Sgd

nsgdqrtafqntohmbktcdrsgdsvnmntmbk`rrdrvgnrdoqdehwdr`skd`rs

noshnm`kkxadfhmvhsgsgdunvdk!`-!Sgdrdoqdehwdrcnmnsknrdsgdhq

rxkk`ahbhsxhmnaidbsonrhshnm+atshmrsd`csgdx`qd`ss`bgdcsnsgd

oqdbdchmfvnqcax`qtkdneunvdk`rrhlhk`shnm+`qtkdvghbgqdrtksrhm

bdqs`hmq`sgdqtmbnllnmsnm`kodqstqa`shnmr-Sgdqd`cdqvgnhrhmsdqdrsdc

hmsgdu`qhntrbnmbnqcoqnodqshdrnesgdMfxdla——mmntmbk`rrrxrsdl

b`mehmc`cchshnm`khmenql`shnmhm@mcdqrnm'087/`(-

Vdvhkkadfhmntqdw`lhm`shnmnesgdu`qh`msnaidbsl`qjdqenqlr

vhsgsgdydqnl`qjdqbg`q`bsdqhrshbnemntmbk`rrdr2+7+8`mc0/-Sgd

nmkxnaidbseqnmsgdrdbk`rrdrsg`sg`raddmtrdchmsgdoqdrdms

chrrdqs`shnmntsrhcdnesghrrdbshnmhrsgdmntm.l–a`∆a.!ld`s-!Sghr

o`qshbtk`qmntmhreqnlmntmbk`rr8hmsgdrhmftk`q`mcv`rohbjdc`rsgd

o`q`chflnaidbsoqdbhrdkxadb`trdhscndrmnsetqsgdqbnlokhb`sdsgd

209
`kqd`cxbnlokhb`sdcsnm`kcdqhu`shnmrax`cchmfdwsq`snmdr`mcrxkk`akdr-

Vdfhudsgdenkknvhmfentqrdmsdmbdr`r`a`rdo`q`chfl+adb`trdd`bgne

sgdentqnaidbsmntmr'`kkeqnlmntmbk`rr8(hrqd`khydcnmsgdr`ldsnmd

sg`shsg`rvgdmhsnbbtqrhmhrnk`shnm9

(374) aL kaL zaLY mbTag "he cut the kolanut"

3 3 3 34 (yesterday)

aL kaL zaLY mbaLb "he cut the meat"

3 3 3 3 (yesterday)

aL kaL zaLY mbKim "he cut the forest"

3 3 3 2 (yesterday)

aL kaL zaLY nzsoN "he cut the cloth"

3 3 3 31 (yesterday)

Sgntfg`kknesgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdr`qdpthsdrsq`hfgsenqv`qc+vd

vhkkdw`lhmdsgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdk`rsdw`lokdsnrddsgdshlhmf`mc

deedbsnesgdcdrxkk`ahehb`shnmnesgdgnlnqf`mhbm`r`koqdehw.M,.nmsgd

naidbsmntm-Sgdtmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqdnesg`sdw`lokdhmbktcdr`sdmrd

l`qjdq'S(+`qd`khronk`qsnmdlnqogdld'Kadenqd`Gsnmdqnns(+`udqa

qnns'U(`mc`mnaidbs'oqdehw!@!`mcqnns!A!(vghbg`ood`q`radknv

`esdqsgdkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

210
(375) # T # + V ¶ A + B //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H //

Nmbd`f`hm+vdg`udonrhsdcsgddwhrsdmbdne`ogq`rdantmc`xl`qjdq'ï(

adsvddmsgdudqa`kbnmrshstdmsr`mcsgdenkknvhmfnaidbsmntmogq`rd-Sghr

ogq`rdl`qjdqvhkkadrhfmhehb`mshmqduhrhmf`mnsgdqnentqsnm`klnqogdld

cnbjhmfqtkdr+dw`lhmdcetqsgdqadknv-

Sgdehqrsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kcdrxkk`ahehb`shnmqtkd

'rdd'462(adknv(vghbgnlhsrsgdrxkk`ahbrs`strnesgdmntmbk`rroqdehwenq

mntmreqnlbk`rrdr2+7+8`mc0/vgdmsgdmntmhr`mnaidbs-Sghrqtkdcdkdsdr

rxkk`akd@vghkdkd`uhmfadghmc`ekn`shmfKsnmd+`radknv9

(376) Ø

# T # + V ¶ A + B //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H //

@mnsgdqlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'cdrbqhadchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-2-

`anud(nodq`sdrnmkxnmonrhshudO1odqedbshudrdmsdmbdrkhjdsgdnmdhmenbtr

gdqd-Hs'rdd'452(adknv(hmrdqsr`rodbh`kKsnmdinsidesgdonk`qqd`khrsnmd

lnqogdld`mc`rrnbh`sdrsghrKsnmdansgsnsgdkdes`mcsnsgdqhfgs+`radknv9

211


(377) # T # + V ¶ + B //

# L # Ø L + H ¶ L + H //

Nmbdntqqdftk`qsnmdqtkdradfhmsnnodq`sd+sgdqhrhmfsnmdvghbgv`r

bqd`sdcnmsgdudqaqnns'U(eddcrntqqhrd,cdkdshnmqtkdvghbgnodq`sdr`r

adknv9

(378) # T # + V ¶ + B //

# L # L L + H ¶ L + H //

Sgdmdwssnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdmnvekn`shmfKsnmdeqnlsgdnaidbsoqdehw

snsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd'U(vghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdr`ldrxkk`akdeqnlsgdK

snmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(379) # T # + V ¶ + B //

# L # L L + ¶ L + H //

Sghrhmstqmeddcrntqqhrd,enql`shnmqtkdrhmbdansgsgdK`mcGsnmdnesgd

naidbsqdl`hmhmsgdr`ldvnqc`mc`qd`rrnbh`sdcsnsvnrdo`q`sdrxkk`akdr

212
'dudmhenmdnesgnrdrxkk`akdrhrhm`oqdbdchmfogq`rd(-Sghrqhrd,enql`shnmqtkd

xhdkcrsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bdrsqtbstqdrhmbdmdhsgdqnesgdcnvmrsdoqtkdr`ookhdrsn

sghrrsqtbstqd+qdrtkshmfhmsgdenkknvhmf9

(380) # T # + V ¶ + B //

# L # L L + ¶ L + H //

- 3 - 3 -3 1

Sgdoqdbdchmfo`q`chfl`mccdqhu`shnm`qdbg`q`bsdqhrshbnenaidbsrvhsgnts

`mnudqsnaidbsl`qjdqvghbgenkknvudqarvghbgdmcnm`Ksnmd'hmbktchmfsgd

Ksnmdrteehwnehlodqedbshud`rodbs(-Ansgsgdo`q`chfl`mccdqhu`shnmbg`mfd

rhfmhehb`mskxvgdmsgdnaidbshroqdbdcdcax`udqavghbgdmcrnm`Gsnmd-Sgd

enkknvhmfo`q`chflnesgdr`ldnaidbsrhm`mdf`shudO1odqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnm

hrdrodbh`kkxqdud`khmf9

(381) aL kaL teL zaJY mbaLg wDJ "he didn’t cut the kolanut"

3 3 3 1 3 1 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL zaJY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t cut the meat"

3 3 3 1 3 1 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL zaJY mbKim wKD "he didn’t cut the forest"

3 3 3 1 2 3 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL zaJY nzsKo wDJ "he didn’t cut the cloth"

3 3 3 1 2 2 (yesterday)

213
 Sgdsnmdodqstqa`shnmrsg`svdrg`kkdw`lhmdhmcds`hk`qdsgdsvn

cdqhu`shnmrvghbgfhudqhrdsnsvntmcdqkhmdcvnqcr`anud+`ehm`kmdf`shud

bkhshb.v—æ.vghbghrqd`khydcvhsg`cnvmrsdoed`stqd`mcntqK*Gmntmvgnrd

qnnshrtrt`kkxqd`khydcnm`KGqhrhmfsnmdatshrqd`khydcgdqdnm`

cnvmrsdoodcGsnmd-Vdvhkkdw`lhmdsgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdK*Gnaidbsmntm

ehqrs+hsro`ssdqm`ood`qhmf`radknv`esdqsgdnodq`shnmnesgdkdes,sn,qhfgssnmd

l`oohmfqtkd'vhsgsgdbnllnmaho`qshsdMDFlnqogdld.sd∆---v—æ.adhmf

rxlankhydcax!M!`mc!V!nmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq(9

(382) # N # + V ¶ A + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H # H //

Sgdehqrsqtkdsn`eedbssghrrsqtbstqdhrsgdmntmcdrxkk`ahehb`shnmqtkdvghbg

nmbd`f`hmrkd`udradghmc`ekn`shmfKsnmdvghkdcdkdshmfsgdmntmbk`rroqdehw

nmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq'@(+`radknv9

(383) Ø

# N # + V ¶ A + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H # H //

Sgdmdwssnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdhrsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdld

qtkdvghbgrddlrsng`udsvnrdo`q`sddmuhqnmldmsrhmvghbgsncnhsrvnqj+

`rrnbh`shmfansgsgdqd`khronk`qKsnmd`mcsgdnaidbsoqdehwKsnmdsnsgd

214
`ci`bdmsrxkk`akdrnmsgdhqkdes-Hme`bs+sgdqtkdnmkxnodq`sdrnmsgdKqd`khr

onk`qsnmd-Vdsgdqdenqdmddcrnldkhlhshmfbnmchshnmnmsgdnodq`shnmnesghr

qtkdvghbgvhkkaknbjhsr`ookhb`shnmvgdmdudqhsvntkcbqnrr`ogq`rdantmc`qx

'ï(sn`rrnbh`sdvhsg`rxkk`akd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsn`mhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf

Gsnmd-Vdsgdqdenqdlnchexntqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfsnmdqtkd'sgdoqdkhlhm`qx

enqltk`shnmv`roqdrdmsdchm'27(`anud(+`radknv9

(384) Rule 5’: Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes

# + +

T + L +

Condition: This rule shall not operate if it would

associate the floating L tone across a phrase
boundary to a syllable already associated
with an immediately preceding H tone.

Sghrqtkd`rmnvlnchehdc`ookhdrnmkxsnsgdqd`khrKsnmdonk`qsnmd

nesgdbtqqdmso`ssdqmtmcdqdw`lhm`shnm-Vgdmhs`ookhdr+hsg`rsgd

enkknvhmfqdrtks9

(385) # N # + V ¶ + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H # H //

215
 Rhmbdsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfqtkdhraknbjdceqnl`ookxhmfhmsghr

bnmrsqtbshnm+sgdKsnmdkdesekn`shmfadenqdsgdGsnmdnesgdnaidbsmntm

qnnssqhffdqrntqcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg

`ssg`sonhms-Sgdqdrtkshmfrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhr9

(386) # N # + V ¶ + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H # H //

- 3 - 1 - 2 - 2

Vghkdsgdoqdbdchmfcdqhu`shnmdmcdcvhsgrdmsdmbdehm`knaidbs`mc

MDFbkhshbqd`khydcnmcnvmsdoodcG'1(enkknvdcax`G'`krnqd`khydc

nmsgdmnvknvdqsnmdkdudk(+sgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnmvhkkdw`lhmd

naidbsrvhsgtmcdqkxhmfK*GKsnmdo`ssdqmrvghbgqdrtkshm`rdmsdmbd

sg`sdmcrhmtwocnvmrsdoodcGsnmdr+qd`khydcnmsnmdkdudkr'1(`mc'2(

qdrodbshudkx-Sghrcdqhu`shnmrs`qsrvhsg`mtmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqdvghbg

`ood`qr`radknv`esdqsgdhmhsh`kkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`r

nodq`sdc9

(387) # N # + V ¶ A + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H L # H //

Sgdehqrsqtkdsnlnchexsghrrsqtbstqdhrsgdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`k

cdrxkk`ahehb`shnmqtkdvghbgjddorsgdKsnmdnesgdnaidbsoqdehwats

cdkdsdrsgdrxkk`ahbrs`mchmfnesgdm`r`kbnmrnm`ms'@(+`radknv9

216
(388) Ø

# N # + V ¶ A + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H L # H //

Mdws+ntqlnchehdckdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkd`ookhdr

nmkxsnsgdKsnmdnesgdqd`khronk`qsnmdlnqogdld`mcmnssnsgdrsq`mcdcK

snmdnesgdnaidbsmntmoqdehwrhmbdsg`svntkcld`mbqnrrhmf`ogq`rdantmc`qx

sn`rxkk`akd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcvhsg`mhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfGsnmd-Sgd

qdrtkshrsgdqdenqdsgdenkknvhmf9

(389) # N # + V ¶ + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H L # H //

Mnv+bqtbh`kkx+sgdlds`sgdrhrqtkdcndrmns`ookxsnrxkk`akdAadb`trdsg`s

qtkdnmkx`ookhdrvgdmsgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akdhr`rrnbh`sdcsn`Ksnmd-Rhmbdsgd

lds`sgdrhrqtkdcndrmns`ookx+ntqcnvmrsdoqtkdhr`kknvdcsn`ookxsvhbd+

knvdqhmfsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbgnmrxkk`akdA`mc`rdbnmcmnsbgnm

rxkk`akdV+qdrtkshmfhmsgdenkknvhmf9

(390) # N # + V ¶ + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ L + H L # H //

- 3 - 1 - 2 - 3

217
 Sghrbnmbktcdrntqdw`lhm`shnmnemntmrvghbgs`jd`ydqnnaidbsl`qjdqhm

qd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr-

Sgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdrdr`ldnaidbsrvgdmsgdxnbbtqhlldch`sdkx

enkknvhmf`mhqqd`khrodqedbshududqaqnnshrrkhfgskxcheedqdms+`rsgdenkknvhmf

E2o`q`chflrtffdrsr9

(391) aL lMu zKaY mbUag "he will cut the kolanut"

3 4 3 67

aL lMu zKaY mbMab "he will cut the meat"

3 4 3 6

aL lMu zKaY mbKim "he will cut the forest"

3 4 3 4

aL lMu zKaY nzsKo "he will cut the cloth"

3 4 3 4

Sgdnaidbsrhmsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrtmhenqlkxadfhmvhsgcnvmrsdo-Dudm

sgdnaidbsvhsgtmcdqkxhmfK,Ksnmdvgnrdqnnshrtrt`kkxqd`khydcnm`knv,

cnvmrsdo,knvsnmdadenqdo`trdhroqdbdcdcaxxds`rdbnmccnvmrsdonmnmd

hmchuhct`krxkk`akd-Vdr`vhmrdbshnm1-2-3-`anudsg`sGsnmdrxkk`akdrb`mad

cntakd,cnvmrsdoodcnm`rhmfkdrxkk`akd+atssgdsvnmnsbgcqnohmsnm`k

qdfhrsdqv`rl`cdhmnmdrsdo-Gdqd+vhsgsvncnvmrsdornmsgdr`ldrxkk`akd

vhsgKsnmdr+sgdsvnmnsbgcqnohrjdosrdo`q`sdqdrtkshmfhm`snmdfkhcd'56

`anud(-

218
 Adb`trdsgdtmcdqkxhmfK,Gsnmdnaidbs'tmcdqkhmdc`anud(hr`f`hm

qd`khydcnm`cnvmrsdoodcGsnmd+vdvhkkrdkdbssg`so`qshbtk`qrdmsdmbd

`rbg`q`bsdqhrshbnesgdfqnto+`mcdw`lhmdhsrcdqhu`shnmvhsgrodbh`k

`ssdmshnmsnsgddeedbsnesgdhmrdqshnmnesgdhqqd`khronk`qsnmd-Sghr

o`qshbtk`qrdmsdmbdg`r`mtmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqdkhjdsgdenkknvhmf`esdqsgd

kdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(392) # F # V ¶ A + B //

# L # H ¶ L + H //

@rtrt`k+sgdehqrslnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdsnnodq`sdhrsgdcdrxkk`ahehb`shnm

qtkd'rdd'462(adknv(vghbgcdkdsdrsgdrxkk`ahbhsxnesgdnaidbsm`r`koqdehw

'@(+qdrtkshmfhmsgdenkknvhmf9

(393) Ø

# F # V ¶ A + B //

# L # H ¶ L + H //

Rhmbdsgdrsq`mcdcKsnmdeqnlsgdnaidbsoqdehwhroqdbdcdcax`ogq`rd

antmc`qx'ï(`mc`rxkk`akd`rrnbhsdcsn`mhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfGsnmd+sgd

kdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdlnqogdldqtkdcndrmns`ookxsnsghrbnmrsqtbshnm-

@esdqsgdsnmdqtkdrg`udg`csgdhqbg`mbdsn`ookx+`k`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`k

qtkdhmrdqsrsgqddrdo`q`sdonk`qsnmdr'k`adkkdc!,√S!hmsgdqdoqdrdms`shnm

219
adknvitrssnrgnvsgdhqonrhshnmadenqd`mc`esdqd`bg!udqa!hmbktchmfsgd

`twhkh`qxudqa'k`adkkdc!E!(vghbghrtrdcsnl`qjetstqdshld(-Sgdr`ldqtkd

cdkdsdr`mxekn`shmfsnmdadenqdsgdnaidbsmntmqnns+`radknv9

(394) # + F # + V + ¶ + B //

# Ø + L # Ø + H + Ø ¶ L + H //

-[T -[T -[T Ø

Sgdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbghmrdqsrsgdrdonk`qsnmdr`r`l`qjne

hqqd`khrlncdltrscdehmdsgdm`stqdned`bgonk`qsnmdsnadsgdoppositene

sgdehqrsassociatedsnmdvghbghlldch`sdkxenkknvr-Rhmbdsgdnaidbsoqdehw

snmdhrcdkdsdchmsghrdmuhqnmldmshehshrekn`shmf+d`bgnesgdonk`q',√S(snmdr

b`mmnvd`rhkxadrodbhehdc+`radknv9

(395) # + F # + V + ¶ + B //

# -[T + L # -[T + H + -[T ¶ + H //

H L L

Sghrkd`udr`onk`qekn`shmfsnmdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgqdd`rrnbh`sdc

snmdr+vghbgsqhffdqrntqcnvmrsdoqtkdsgqddrdo`q`sdshldr+knvdqhmfsgdsnm`k

qdfhrsdqnmdmnsbgd`bgshld+`radknv9

220
(396) # + F # + V + ¶ + B //

# H + L # L + H + L ¶ + H //

- 4 - 3 - 4

Adb`trdnesgdsgqddrdo`q`sdqdfhrsdqknvdqhmfr+sgdGsnmd`ssgddmcnesgd

oqdbdchmfrdmsdmbdhrqd`khydcognmdshb`kkxnmohsbgkdudk'3(hmrsd`cneohsbg

kdudk'0(-

@mdudmfqd`sdqmtladqnecnvmrsdornbbtqvgdmsgdoqdbdchmfo`q`chflhr

l`cdmdf`shud+`rsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdrhkktrsq`sd9

(397) aL teL lMu zKaY mbMag wDJ "he won’t cut the kolanut"

3 3 4 3 6 4

aL teL lMu zKaY mbMab wDJ "he won’t cut the meat"

3 3 4 3 6 4

aL teL lMu zKaY mbKim wKD "he won’t cut the forest"

3 3 4 3 4 5

aL teL lMu zKaY nzsKo wDJ "he won’t cut the cloth"

3 3 4 3 4 4

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdnaidbsmntmqnnsr`qd`kkqd`khydcnmcnvmrsdoodcsnmdr+`

e`bsvghbgonhmsrsnsgdhmektdmbdne`m`ci`bdmsekn`shmfonk`qsnmd-Enqsghr

o`q`chfl+vdrg`kknmkxdw`lhmdsgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdrdmsdmbdbnms`hmhmfsgd

'tmcdqkhmdc(cnvmrsdoodcGsnmdnmsgdmdf`shudbkhshb.v—æ.-Sghro`qshbtk`q

221
rdmsdmbd`ood`qr`radknv`esdqsgdkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(398) # F # V ¶ A + B # W //

# L # H ¶ L + H L # H //

Sgdehqrsqtkdsnlnchexsghrrsqtbstqdhrntqcdrxkk`ahehb`shnmqtkd

vghbgnmbd`f`hmcdkdsdrsgdrxkk`ahbrs`strnesgdnaidbsmntmbk`rr

oqdehw+`radknv9

(399) Ø

# F # V ¶ A + B # W //

# L # H ¶ L + H L # H //

@ssghronhms+sgdqdftk`qsnmdqtkdr`qd`kknvdcsnnodq`sd+atsmnmd`qd

`ookhb`akd-Sgdrsq`mcdcKsnmdeqnlsgdnaidbsoqdehwhrmns`rrnbh`sdcsnhsr

kdesaxsgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkdadb`trdhshroqdbdcdc

ax`ogq`rdantmc`qx'ï(`mc`rxkk`akd`rrnbh`sdcsn`mhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf

Gsnmd-Khjdvhrd+sgdlds`sgdrhrqtkde`hkrsneqnmssgdKsnmdnesgdnaidbsqnns

'A(adb`trdsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf`rrnbh`sdcsnmdhr`Gsnmd-Sgdmdws

qtkdsnnodq`sdhrsgtrsgdk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbghmrdqsronk`qsnmdr

',√S(hlldch`sdkxadenqd`mc`esdq`kk!udqar!hmhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr+cdkdshmf

`ssgdr`ldshldsgdrsq`mcdcKsnmdnesgdnaidbsoqdehw+`radknv9

222
(400) # + F # + V + ¶ + B # W //

# Ø + L # Ø + H + Ø ¶ L + H L # H //

-[T -[T -[T Ø

Sgdonk`qsnmdr`qdmnvcdsdqlhmdcsnadnoonrhsdhmm`stqdsnsgdhq

enkknvhmf`ci`bdmssnmdrnmsgdsnm`kshdq-Sgdrdonk`qsnmdrsgtrsqhffdqsgd

qdfhrsdq,knvdqhmfcnvmrsdoqtkdsgqddshldr-Sgdr`ldqtkdhrsqhffdqdcnmd

`cchshnm`kshldaxsgdekn`shmfKsnmdnerxkk`akdAvghbgv`rmnslds`sgdrhydc

hmsghrdmuhqnmldms-Sgdognmdshbqd`khy`shnmnesgdrdmsdmbd,ehm`kGsnmdhr

sgtrentqmnsbgdrknvdq'ohsbgkdudk4hmrsd`cne0(+`radknv9

(401) # + F # + V + ¶ + B # W //

# -[T + L # -[T + H + -[T ¶ + H L # H //

H L L

- 4 - 3 - 4 - 5

Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdcgdqdsg`ssgdcnvmrsdoodcGsnmdqd`khydcnmsgd

rdmsdmbd,ehm`kmdf`shudbkhshb.v—æ.`anudnbbtqrhmitrssgddmuhqnmldmsvgdqd

vdg`udbnldsnadkhdudsg`ssgdmnql`klds`sgdrhrqtkdhraknbjdceqnl

nodq`shmfnmsgdoqdbdchmfmntmqnns`mcsghrhrrsqnmfhmcdodmcdmslnshu`shnm

enqsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdehm`kekn`shmfKsnmdhmsgdtmcdqkxhmfkdwhb`krsqtbstqdne
223
rtbgmntmr-Hs`krnkdmcr`cchshnm`khmcdodmcdmslnshu`shnmsnsgdoqdrdms

rsqtbstqdnentqlds`sgdrhrqtkdvghbgcndrmnsnodq`sdhmitrssgnrd

dmuhqnmldmsrvgdqdhshrmnsmddcdc-

Svn`cchshnm`kbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbgaxlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkddmctovhsg

`onk`qsnmdsnm`klnqogdlditrsadenqdsgdnaidbs'khjdsgdhqqd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnmrrgnvm`anud(+`qdsgdO/`mcO0qd`khronrhshudodqedbshud

rdmsdmbdr-Vdr`vhmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anudsg`ssgdO0onrhshudodqedbshud

bnmrsqtbshnmv`roqna`akxlncdkdcnmsgdO/bnmrdbtshudbnmrsqtbshnm+rnsghr

rhlhk`qhsxnenaidbsl`qjhmfhrmnsrtqoqhrhmf-@sxohb`kO/bnmrsqtbshnmvntkc

`ood`q`radknv9

(402) aL zaNY mbUag "he just cut the kolanut"

3 31 45

aL zaNY mbMab "he just cut the meat"

3 31 4

aL zaNY mbKim "he just cut the forest"

3 31 2

aL zaNY nzsKo "he just cut the cloth"

3 31 2

Nmbdsgdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'465(adknv(hmrdqsrsgdO/onk`qsnmd

`esdqsgdudqaqnns+hsrcdqhu`shnmoqnbddcrltbgkhjdsgdhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr
224
vditrsdw`lhmdc+qdrtkshmfhmcnvmrsdoodcrtqe`bdsnmdrenq`kknentq

tmcdqkxhmfmntmsnm`ko`ssdqmr-

Vdmnvkd`udadghmcsgdgnlnqf`mhbm`r`kmntmbk`rroqdehwdr`mcstqmsn

snsgnrdbk`rrdrvghbgs`jd`etkkBU'M(oqdehw-Vdvhkkbgnrdsgdmntmrne

bk`rr4vgnrdoqdehwhr.kd∆,.`rqdoqdrdms`shudnesghrfqnto-@qdoqdrdms`shud

o`q`chflvhsgmntmreqnlsgdentqsnmdo`ssdqmrvntkcadsgdenkknvhmf9

(403) aL kaL teL zaJY leJpfoLm wDJ "he didn’t cut the stomach"

3 3 3 1 1 3 1 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL zaJY leJpfoL wDJ "he didn’t cut the kolanut"

3 3 3 1 1 3 1 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL zaJY leJpfKC wKD "he didn’t cut the garbage"

3 3 3 1 1 2 3 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL zaJY leJkwFKe wDJ "he didn’t cut the bamboo"

3 3 3 1 1 2 2 (yesterday)

Sgdlnrsmnshbd`akdsnmdodqstqa`shnmhmsgdoqdbdchmfo`q`chflhr

sg`s`kknesgdnaidbsrvgnrdKsnmdmntmbk`rroqdehw.kd∆,.hrmnql`kkx

qd`khydcnm`Ksnmdhmhrnk`shnm`mchmrtaidbsonrhshnmhrgdqdqd`khydcnm

`odqstqadcGsnmd-Hshroqdbhrdkxsghrodqstqa`shnmenq`kkmntmrvgnrd

oqdehwdrg`udrhlhk`qrxkk`akdrsqtbstqdsg`sg`rlnshu`sdcntqonrhshmf`

225
Gsnmdnaidbsl`qjdqoqdehwvghbgoqdbdcdrsgdnaidbsmntmbk`rroqdehw

hm`kkrtbgbnmrsqtbshnmr-

Nmbd`f`hm+vdvhkkdw`lhmdhmcds`hksgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdrdmsdmbd

vgdqdvdehmcsgd'tmcdqkhmdc(cnvmrsdoodcGsnmdnmsgdrdmsdmbd,ehm`k

mdf`shudbkhshb.v—æ.-Rhmbdsgdnaidbshmsghrrdmsdmbdg`r`mtmcdqkxhmf

K*GKsnmdo`ssdqm+ntqtmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqdvntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdq

sgdkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc9

(404) # N # + V ¶ + A + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ H + L + H L # H //

Rhmbdsgdmntmbk`rroqdehwhmsghrb`rdhr`etkkBU'B(rxkk`akd'@(+hs

cndrmnstmcdqfnntqcdrxkk`ahehb`shnmqtkd`rchcsgdrxkk`ahbm`r`k

bnmrnm`msrvghbgl`qjdcsgdmntmbk`rrdrchrbtrrdc`anud-Sgdqdenqd+

sgdehqrssnmdqtkdsn`ookxsnsghrrsqtbstqdhrntqkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmd

snm`klnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdKsnmdnesgdqd`khronk`qsnmd

lnqogdldsnsgdMDFl`qjdqrxkk`akd'M(vghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdKsnmd

`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(405) # N # + V ¶ + A + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ H + L + H L # H //

Sgdmdwssnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdhrsgdqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdrsgdGsnmdnaidbsl`qjdqlnqogdldsn
226
sgdenkknvhmfmntmbk`rroqdehw'@(vghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdKsnmd

`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(406) # N # + V ¶ + A + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ H + L + H L # H //

Mnetqsgdqsnmdqtkdrnodq`sdnmsghro`ssdqm-Sgdlds`sgdrhrqtkdhr

aknbjdc`ssvnok`bdr-Hsb`mmnsnodq`sdnmdhsgdqrxkk`akd@nqAadb`trd

hmd`bgb`rdsg`srxkk`akdhroqdbdcdcax`rxkk`akd`rrnbh`sdcsn`Gsnmd-

Ansgsgdekn`shmfKsnmdr`qdkdesvgdqdsgdxnqhfhm`sdc`mcd`bgnmd

sqhffdqrsgdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg+

qdrtkshmfhmsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmrgnvmadknv9

(407) # N # + V ¶ + A + B # W //

# L # L + H ¶ H + L + H L # H //

- 3 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 3

Hsrgntkcadmnshbdcsg`ssgdekn`shmfGsnmdnaidbsl`qjdqcdrbqhadc

`anudltrsg`udsgdogq`rdantmc`qxnmhsrkdesadb`trdhehsv`rnmhsr

qhfgs+sgdkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkdvntkc`rrnbh`sd

sgdGsnmdsnsgdnaidbsoqdehwatsvntkcmnschr`rrnbh`sdsgdsnmd`kqd`cx

`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`snmdsg`shrbqtbh`kenqntqcnvmrsdoqtkdr-Sgtr+sgd

ekn`shmfGsnmdnaidbsl`qjdqhrcdehmhsdkx`oqd,oqdehwnmsgdnaidbs-

227
 Sgdehm`ku`qh`shnmnesgdnaidbsl`qjdqhrmns`s`kkbkd`q`ssgd

oqdrdmslnldms-Vdvhkkonrhs+a`rdcnmsgdc`s``sg`mc+sg`smntm

bk`rrdr0`mc6cnmnsg`ud`mnaidbsl`qjdqoqdrdms-Vdonrhs+enqsgd

lnldmssg`ssgdtmtrt`ked`stqdrnesgdenkknvhmfo`q`chflnebk`rr6

mntmrhmsgdnaidbsonrhshnmhritrssgdqdrtksnesgdm`stqd`mcshlhmfne

ntqunvdk`rrhlhk`shnmqtkd-Sgdtmtrt`kbg`q`bsdqnesgdenkknvhmf

dw`lokdrhrnmkxok`hmvgdmnmdqdldladqrsg`ssgdrdrdmsdmbdr`qd

odqedbshud+`mcsgtrcnmnsg`ud`mxudqarteehwnmsgdtmcdqkxhmfkdudk-

Ntqtmtrt`ko`q`chfl9

(408) aL kaL teL gwKDYDJ twF`Y

b wDJ "he didn’t pound the cane"

3 3 3 2 2 4 2 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL gwKDYDJ ffoL wDJ "he didn’t pound the leaf"

3 3 3 2 2 4 2 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL gwKDYDJ kKaB wKD "he didn’t pound the plate"

3 3 3 2 2 3 4 (yesterday)

aL kaL teL gwKDYDJ tyoN wDJ "he didn’t pound the tree"

3 3 3 2 2 42 2 (yesterday)

Sgdtmtrt`km`stqdnesgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrb`madrtll`qhydc

tmcdqsgdenkknvhmfl`hmonhmsr9

228
(409) A) presence of an echo vowel suffix on the verb in a

perfective construction.

B) a H tone on that suffix.

C) the negative clitic /wDJ/ is downstepped after

nouns with underlying L+HL tones.

D) nouns with underlying L+H tones are realized on

LH rising tones which they only have when the L

tone of the prefix is associated to some syllable.

Vdoqnonrdsg`s`kknesgdrdbg`q`bsdqhrshbr`qdsgdqdrtksnesgdk`sd

nqcdqhmfne`unvdk`rrhlhk`shnmqtkd'rdd'475(adknv(vghbgs`jdr`mxunvdk

sg`sadfhmr`vnqc+`ss`bgdrhssnsgddmcnesgdoqdbdchmfvnqc+`rrhlhk`sdrhssn

sgdunvdkpt`khsxnesgdoqdbdchmfunvdk+andqd`rrnbh`sdrhssnsgdoqdbdchmf

snmd-Vdvhkkdw`lhmdhmcds`hksgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdk`rsdw`lokdrgnvm`anud

hmnqcdqsnrddvgxrtbg`qtkdnqcdqdc`esdqsgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdrb`mg`ud

rtbg`mtmtrt`kdeedbs-Ntqtmcdqkxhmfrsqtbstqdvntkc`ood`q`radknv`esdq

sgdkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdc'vdvhkkk`adksgdnaidbsmntm

bk`rroqdehwknvdqb`rd!`!hmsghrcdqhu`shnmrhmbdhsqdoqdrdmsr`unvdkvghbg

vhkktmcdqfn`rdfldms`k`rrhlhk`shnm(9

(410) # N # + V ¶ a + B # W //

# L # H + L ¶ L + H # H //

229
 Rhmbdsgdcdrxkk`ahehb`shnmqtkdcndrmns`ookxsnsgdrdnaidbsoqdehwdr+sgd

ehqrsqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqqhfgsv`qc,cnbjhmfGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkdvghbg

`rrnbh`sdrsgdekn`shmfGqd`khronk`qsnmdsnsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akdnmhsrqhfgs

vghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdKsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`radknv9

(411) # N # + V ¶ a + B # W //

# L # H + L ¶ L + H # H //

Sghrhmstqmeddcrntqlds`sgdrhrqtkdvghbgeqnmsrsgdmnvrsq`mcdcKsnmd

vghbgb`ldeqnlsgdudqaqnns+`radknv9

(412) # N # + V ¶ a + B # W //

# L # H + L ¶ L + H # H //

Sgdmdwssnmdqtkdsnnodq`sdhrntqqhrd,enql`shnmqtkdvghbgenqlr`KG

qhrhmfsnmdnmrxkk`akdAax`rrnbh`shmfsg`srxkk`akdsnsgdoqdbdchmfKsnmd

mntmbk`rroqdehw+`radknv9

(413) # N # + V ¶ a + B # W //

# L # L H + ¶ L + H # H //

Mnv+`esdq`kksgdqdftk`qsnmdqtkdrg`udnodq`sdc+vdbnldsnsgdbqtbh`k

lnldmshmsgdcdqhu`shnm-Sgntfgntqc`s`nmunvdk`rrhlhk`shnmhrmns

230
nudqvgdklhmf+mnsghmfsgdqdrgnvrntqenkknvhmfqtkdsnade`krd-Vdsgdqdenqd

sdms`shudkxoqnonrdsg`s`rhmfkdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkd'rdd'465(adknv(

nodq`sdnm`kkvnqc,hmhsh`kunvdkrvghbg`qdmns`krnrdmsdmbd,hmhsh`k`mc`ss`bg

sgdlsnsgdoqdbdchmfvnqc'`r`rteehw(-Sgdqtkdvntkc`krn`rrhlhk`sdsgd

unvdksnsgdunvdkpt`khsxentmchmsgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akd-@mc+bqtbh`kkx+sghr

k`sdqtkdvntkc`krnchr`rrnbh`sdsgdunvdkeqnlhsroqduhntrkx`rrnbh`sdcsnmdr

`mcqd`rrnbh`sdhssnsgdk`rssnmdnesgdoqdbdchmfvnqc-@kksghrhrrgnvmhmsgd

enkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnm9

(414)

# N # + V D ¶ a + B # W //

# L # L H + ¶ L + H # H //

Sgdnmkxqdl`hmhmfqtkdsn`eedbssghrrsqtbstqdhrntqcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbg

knvdqrsgdsnmdqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbghlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgdudqaqnns+

qdrtkshmfhmsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmentmcadknv9

(415) # N # + V + D ¶ + B # W //

# L # L H + + ¶ L + H # H //

- 3 - 2-2 - 4 2 - 2

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqdw`lhm`shnmnesnmdbg`mfdrctdsnsgdoqdrdmbd

nq`ardmbdne`mnaidbsl`qjdqadsvddmudqa`mcnaidbs-

231
1-4-Nudq`kkQtkdNqcdqhmf

Sgdu`qhntrsnmdqtkdrmddcdchmMfxdla——mg`udaddmcdudknodc

nudqsgdbntqrdnesgdoqdbdchmfsgqddrdbshnmr91-1-nmqtkdrmddcdchm

nqcdqsng`mckdmntmogq`rdr+1-2-nm`cchshnm`kqtkdrmddcdcsng`mckd

udqaogq`rdr+`mcehm`kkx1-3-nmsvnqdrsqhbshnmrnmntqsnm`klnqogdld

cnbjhmfqtkdrvgdmrtaidbsr+udqar`mcnaidbsrbnldhmbnms`bs-Sgd

oqdrdmsrdbshnmvhkkbnkkdbs`kksgdrdqtkdrhmsnnmdok`bdrnsgdqd`cdqb`m

fds`mnudq`kkhcd`nesgddmshqdsnm`krxrsdl-Sgdqd`cdqhrqdedqqdcsn

@oodmchw@enq`qdrs`sdldmsnesgdehm`ksnmdqtkdrvhsgitrssgdhq

enql`khydcrs`sdldmsr-Sghrrdbshnmvhkkchrbtrrhmoqnrdsgdu`qhntrsnmd

qtkdrvghbgg`udaddmcdudknodc-

Sgdehqrsrsdosnrddhmfsgdvgnkdrxrsdlhrsnrdd`khrsne`kksgdsnmd

qtkdr`knmfvhsg`chrbtrrhnmnesgdhqnqcdqhmf-Sgdsnmdqtkdrhm

Mfxdla——mg`udaddmchuhcdchmsnsgqddrdo`q`sdfqntor-Bqtbh`kkx+`kkne

sgdsnmdqtkdr`qdtmnqcdqdcvhsghmsgdhqqdrodbshudfqnto+d`bgfqnto

nodq`shmfnm`kdes,sn,qhfgsoqhmbhokd-Sgdd`qkxfqntobnms`hmritrsntq

kdes,sn,qhfgssnmdl`oohmfqtkd+vghbgu`qhntrvqhsdqrg`udonrhsdcsnad`

tmhudqr`k-Sgdrdbnmc`mcl`inqfqntobnms`hmrntq!qdftk`q!snmdqtkdr

vghbgnodq`sdvgdmdudqsgdhqbnmchshnmr`qdldslnuhmfsgqntfgsgd

rsqtbstqdon the tonal tiereqnlkdessnqhfgs-Sgdk`sdfqnto

bnms`hmritrsntqk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdvghbghrqdronmrhakdnmkxenqxhdkchmf

232
sgdbnqqdbsognmdshbqd`khy`shnmeqnlsgdqdrsnesgdcdqhu`shnm-Vdmnv

fhud`mtoc`sdcbg`qs'eqnl'60(`anud(+vghbgkhrsrsgdu`qhntrqtkdrhm

d`bgnesgdhqfqntor+rdo`q`sdceqnld`bgnsgdqaxu`qhntrlnqogn,

snmnknfhb`k!fq`ll`shb`k!qtkdr+`radknv9

(416) Rule Ordering

(Morpheme Spelling Rules)

Left-to-Right Mapping Rule (universal)

(Early Morpho-tonological Rules)

Rule 1 : Final Downglide

Rule 3’: Metathesis
Rule 4 : Rise-Formation
Rule 5’: Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes
Rule 6’: Rise-Deletion
Rule 7’: Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes
Rule 8’: Well-formedness Rule (WFR)

(Late Morpho-tonological Rules)

Rule 2’: Downstep (late adjustment rule)

233
 Hsrgntkcadrsqdrrdcsg`s`o`qseqnlsgde`bssg`ssgdl`oohmfqtkdhr

udqxd`qkx`mcsgdcnvmrsdoqtkdudqxk`sd+sgdqdrsnesgdsnmdqtkdr`qd

bnlokdsdkxtmnqcdqdcvhsgqdrodbssnd`bgnsgdq-Sgdx`qdnqcdqdchmd`bg

cdqhu`shnmrhlokxaxsgdknb`koqhmbhokdneoqnbddchmfeqnlkdessnqhfgsnm

sgdsnm`kshdq`mc`kknvhmfd`bgqtkdsn`ookxvgdmdudqhsrbnmchshnmr`qd

lds-

Vdvhkkmnvqdrs`sdd`bgnesgdenql`khydcudqrhnmrnesgdsnmdqtkdr

hmsgdnqcdqsg`ssgdxvdqdchrbtrrdchmsgdsdws'`mcvhsg`qdedqdmbd

a`bjsnhsrnqhfhm`kok`bdhmsgdsdws(-Vdvhkkenkknvd`bgqtkdvhsg`

aqhdertll`qxnevg`ssgdqtkd`bbnlokhrgdr-Rs`qshmfvhsgsgdqtkdrvd

cdudknodcenqsgdmntmogq`rd+ntqehqrsqtkdv`r9

(417) Rule 1: Final Downglide (see (16) above)

L Ø Ø / //

H L

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkd`ccransg`G`mcKsnmd`esdq`mxrhmfkd

`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdvghbghlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdro`trd+`mc`rrnbh`sdrsgd

k`rsKsnmda`bjsnsgdr`ldrxkk`akd-Vdmdwsneedqdc`oqdkhlhm`qx

udqrhnmnentqcnvmrsdoqtkd+`radknv9

234
(418) Rule 2: Downstep (see (18) above)

+1 pitch

-[T [T

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdhr`k`sd`citrsldmsqtkdvghbgknvdqrsgdsnmd

qdfhrsdqnmdmnsbg'`mhmbqd`rdmtldqhb`kkxld`mr`knvdqohsbgkdudk(

vgdmdudq`m`rrnbh`sdcsnmdhrhlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdcax`ekn`shmfsnmdne

noonrhsdbg`q`bsdq-Hsrgntkcadmnsdcsg`ssghrqtkdhransgbtltk`shud`mc

odqrdudq`shud-Nmbd`cnvmrsdoqtkdhrsqhffdqdc+hsknvdqrallenkknvhmf

snmdrnmdohsbgkdudktmshkhsqd`bgdrsgdmdwso`trd-Vgdmlnqdsg`mnmd

cnvmrsdonbbtqradsvddmsvno`trdr+sgdxjddoknvdqhmfsgdohsbg

qdfhrsdq`cchshnm`kmnsbgdr-Sgdnqdshb`kkxrod`jhmf+sgdqdhrmnkhlhssnsgd

mtladqnecnvmrsdorvghbglhfgss`jdok`bdadsvddmsvno`trdr-

Oq`bshb`kkxrod`jhmf+vgdmsgdohsbgqdfhrsdqfdsrsnnknv+`esdqrdudmsn

sdmknvdqhmfr+sgdMfxdla——mrod`jdqvhkko`trd'`mcqdrdsghrohsbg

kdudk(`ssgdmdwsl`inqfq`ll`shb`kantmc`qx-@qtkdvghbg`kv`xreddcr

sghrcnvmrsdoqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

235
 

(419) Rule 3: Metathesis (see (24) above)

# #

L H L

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdv`r`oqdkhlhm`qxenqltk`shnmnentqlds`sgdrhr

qtkd-Sghrqtkdqdudqrdcsgdnqcdqne`m`rrnbh`sdcGsnmd`mc`enkknvhmf

Ksnmdvgdmdudqsgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akdv`r`rrnbh`sdcsn`Ksnmd-Sghr

qtkdv`rbqtbh`khmeddchmfntqcnvmrsdoqtkd`ssgdqhfgsok`bdhmntq

snm`ko`ssdqmr-Ntqmdwsqtkdv`r9

(420) Rule 4: Rise-Formation (see (29) above)

# #

# L H #

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdbqd`sdr`KGqhrhmfsnmdax`rrnbh`shmf`mx`kqd`cx

`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdsnsgdmdwsrxkk`akdhesg`srxkk`akdhr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdc

sn`rhmfkdGsnmdoqnuhchmfsg`sansgsnmdr`qd`ci`bdms`mcbnms`hmdchm

sgdr`ldvnqc-Ntqmdwsqtkdv`r9

236
(421) Rule 5: Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes (see (38)

above)
# + +

T + L +

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdv`r`md`qkxudqrhnmnentqqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdc

'cnbjdc(`mx'ekn`shmf(Ksnmdhm`lnqogdldvhsgntsrxkk`ahbbnmsdmssn

sgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfrxkk`akdvghkdchr`rrnbh`shmfsg`srxkk`akdeqnl

sgdsnmdhsv`r`rrnbh`sdcsn+hesg`ssnmdv`r`ci`bdmssnsgdmdvkx

`rrnbh`sdcKsnmd-Ntqmdwsqtkdv`r9

(422) Rule 6: Rise-Deletion (see (51) above)

# # + +

L H + L +

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdv`r`md`qkxudqrhnmnentqqtkdvghbgcdkdsdcsgd

Gsnmdne`mxrxkk`akdvghbgg`c`KGsnmdqhrd`rrnbh`sdcvhsghs

oqnuhcdcsg`ssgdKsnmdnesg`sqhrdv`r`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsnsgd

237
oqdbdchmfrxkk`akd`mcsg`ssgdrxkk`akdvhsgsgdqhrdv`rhlldch`sdkx

enkknvdcax`lnqogdldbnms`hmhmfmnsghmfats`rhmfkdKsnmd-Ntqmdws

qtkdv`r9

(423) Rule 7: Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes (see (56)

above)

+ + #

+ H + T

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdv`r`md`qkxudqrhnmnentqqtkdvghbg`rrnbh`sdc

'cnbjdc(`mx'ekn`shmf(Gsnmdvghbgl`cdto`mdmshqdlnqogdldsnsgd

hlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfrxkk`akd`mccdkdsdcsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdeqnlsg`s

rxkk`akdsn`mxsnmdvghbghlldch`sdkxenkknvdcsgdmdvkx`rrnbh`sdcG

snmd-Ntqmdwsqtkdv`r9

(424) Rule 3’: Metathesis (see (62) above)

# #

L (H) H L

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdv`rntqqduhrdclds`sgdrhrqtkdvghbg`ccdcsgd

onrrhahkhsxne`ekn`shmfGsnmdadenqdsgdrxkk`akdtmcdqfnhmfsgdbg`mfd-

Sgdqtkdmnvbg`mfdcsgdnqcdqne`m`rrnbh`sdcGsnmd`mc`enkknvhmf

ekn`shmfKsnmdoqnuhcdcsg`ssgdoqduhntrrxkk`akdhr`rrnbh`sdcsn`K

238
snmd`mc`kknvhmfenqsgdoqdrdmbdne`rhmfkdekn`shmfGsnmdadsvddmsgd

svn`ci`bdmsrxkk`akdr-Sgdqduhrhnmnesghrqtkdv`rsgdk`rsrsdohmntq

cdudknoldmsnesnmdqtkdrmddcdcsng`mckdsgdsnmdbg`mfdrenq

chrxkk`ahbmntmrhmmntmogq`rdr-

Nmdnesgdl`hm`hlrnesghrchrrdqs`shnmv`rsnrddhesgdsnmdqtkdr

mddcdchmMfxdla——mmntmogq`rdrvdqdrteehbhdmshm`mcnesgdlrdkudr

sng`mckd`kknesgdsnmdbg`mfdrentmchmudqaogq`rdr-Vghkdvdentmc

sg`ssgdmntmogq`rdsnmdqtkdrg`mckdcsgdu`rsl`inqhsxneudqa`ksnmd

odqstqa`shnmr+vdchcmddcsncdudknonmdmdvsnmdqtkd-Sghrsnmdqtkd+

sgdVEQ+v`rnmdo`qsnesgdVEBvghbgmddcdcsnadqdrs`sdc`mcfhudm

sgdrs`strne`mtmnqcdqdcsnmdqtkd-Rs`sdcehqrshmhsroqdkhlhm`qxenql9

(425) Rule 8: Well-formedness Rule (WFR) (see (94) above)

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`svgdmdudq`snmdkdrrrxkk`akdhrentmc'hmsgdkdes,

sn,qhfgs`ookhb`shnmnesgdsnmdqtkdr(+hshr`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdehqrssnmd

entmcsnhsrkdes-Mdws+hsv`rentmcsg`svdmddcdcsnqduhrdsgdqhrd,

239
cdkdshnmqtkd+vghbgv`rqdrs`sdc`radknv9

(426) Rule 6’: Rise-Deletion (see (170) above)

# #

L (T) H / L

Sgdoqdbdchmfqduhrdcqtkd`kknvrenqsgdoqdrdmbdne`ekn`shmfsnmd

adsvddmntqsvnrxkk`akdrvgdqdqhrd,cdkdshnms`jdrok`bd`mc`kknvrsg`s

sgdqhrdltrsnmkxadenkknvdcax`enkknvhmfKsnmdhmrsd`cne`Ksnmd

snm`klnqogdld-SgdqtkdmnvcdkdsdrsgdGsnmdne`mxrxkk`akdvhsg`

KGqhrhmfsnmdvgdmdudqsgdKsnmdhr`rrnbh`sdcsn`oqdbdchmfrxkk`akd

`mcsgdqhrhmfsnmdhrhlldch`sdkxenkknvdcax`Ksnmddudmhe`ekn`shmf

snmdnbbtqradsvddmsgdK`mcGsnmdnesgdqhrd-Mdws+vdchrbnudqdc

qd`rnmsnetqsgdqbnmlokhb`sdntqVEQ+`mcvdqdrs`sdchshmhsrehm`k

enql`radknv9

240
 

'316(Rule 8’: Well-formedness Rule (WFR)'rdd'073(`anud(

'#(*#*


(T) T + +

Condition: When a toneless syllable associates to the

first tone on its left, it only disassociates

that tone from another syllable if that syllable

is already associated to yet another tone.

Sghrqtkd`rrnbh`sdr`mxsnmdkdrrrxkk`akdsnsgdehqrssnmdentmcnmhsr

kdesvghkdchr`rrnbh`shmf`rvdkksg`sr`ldsnmdeqnl`mxnsgdqrxkk`akdr

vhsgvghbghslhfgs`kqd`cxad`rrnbh`sdcrnknmf`rsgnrdrxkk`akdrvntkc

qds`hmxds`mnsgdqsnmd-Ntqmdwsrsdov`rsnqduhrdntqcnvmrsdoqtkdhm

nqcdqsn`kknvenqcntakdcnvmrsdoohmfnesgdsnm`kqdfhrsdq+`radknv9

(428) Rule 2’: Downstep (see (261) above)

+ਫ pitch

(-[T)ਫ [T

241
 This rule says that the tone register is lowered the

same number of steps (add one pitch level for each step

lowered) as the number (ਫ) of floating polar (-[) tones (T)

which precede a given associated tone ([T).

Sghrv`rsgdk`rsnesgdsnmdqtkdr`mcqduhrhnmrnesnmdqtkdrvghbg

v`rmddcdcsng`mckd`kknentqc`s`nmudqaogq`rdr'oqdrdmsdchmsgd

enkknvhmfbg`osdq(-Adenqdkd`uhmf`rhcdsgdptdrshnmne`cchshnm`ksnmd

qtkdr`mcsgdhqdw`bsenql+sgdhmsdq`bshnmnemntmogq`rdrvhsgudqa

ogq`rdr`mcudqarvhsgnaidbsrv`rdw`lhmdcvhsgrodbh`k`ssdmshnmsn

snm`kogdmnldm`-Hsv`rentmcsg`smnmdvsnmdqtkdrvdqdmddcdc+ats

sg`sd`bgnentqqtkdrvghbgcnbjrsnm`klnqogdldrg`csng`ud`ccdc

qdrsqhbshnmrvghbghmd`bgb`rdqdedqqdcsnsgdoqdrdmbdne`mhmsdqudmhmf

ogq`rdantmc`qx-Sgdehqrsnesgdrdqtkdrsnadqduhrdcv`rntqqhfgsv`qc,

cnbjhmfGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldqtkd+vghbgv`rehm`kkxenql`khydc`r

adknv9

242
 

(429) Rule 7’: Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes (see

(323) above)
+ + #

+ H + T

Condition: association line deleted only if boundary

between H and T tones is weaker than a

phrase boundary (¶).

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkd`rrnbh`sdrsgdGsnmdne`lnqogdldbnmrhrshmfne

mnsghmfdkrdsnsgdehqrsrxkk`akdnmhsrqhfgs+atsvhkkmnschr`rrnbh`sdsg`s

rxkk`akdeqnlsgdsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqdhesgdmdvkx`rrnbh`sdcG

snmdg`csnbqnrr`ogq`rdantmc`qxsnehmcsgdrxkk`akd-Ntqehm`kqduhrhnm

ne`snmdqtkdenqsgdo`q`kkdkkdesv`qc,cnbjhmfKsnmdsnm`klnqogdld

qtkdv`renql`khydc`radknv9

243
 

(430) Rule 5’: Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes (see

(384) above)
# + +

T + L +

Condition: This rule shall not operate if it would

associate the floating L tone across a phrase

boundary to a syllable already associated

with an immediately preceding H tone.

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdbnmshmtdrsn`rrnbh`sd`Ksnmdvghbgl`jdrto`m

dmshqdlnqogdldsnsgdehqrsrxkk`akdnmhsrkdesvghkdchrr`rrnbh`shmfsgd

snmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+dwbdoshesgdmdvkx`rrnbh`sdcsnmdltrs

bqnrr`ogq`rdantmc`qxsnehmc`rxkk`akd`mcsgdhlldch`sdkxoqduhntr

snmd`rrnbh`sdcsnsg`srxkk`akdhr`Gsnmd-

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqrtll`qxnesgdcdudknoldmsnentqsnmdqtkdr`mc

sgdo`qsnesgdfq`ll`q'mntmogq`rd+udqaogq`rd+rtaidbsnqnaidbs

l`qjdq(vghbgmdbdrrhs`sdcsgdhqenqltk`shnmnqqduhrhnm-Hsrgntkcad

ldmshnmdcsg`smns`kknesgd`cchshnm`kudqac`s`bntkcg`udaddmg`mckdc

vhsgntsonrhshmfrdudq`klnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvghbgs`jd

fq`ll`shb`khmenql`shnmhmsn`bbntmsvgdmcdbhchmfvgdsgdqsn`ookx-

Sgdrdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr`qdenql`khydchmbg`osdq3adknv-Sgd

dhfgsotqdkxsnm`kqtkdritrsdk`anq`sdccnmnsmddc`mxfq`ll`shb`k

244
hmenql`shnmhmsgdhqenqltk`shnm-Sgdxnodq`sdvgdmdudqsgdhqbnmchshnmr

`qdldsnmsgdsnm`k`mcrxkk`ahbshdqr`knmd-

245
 

CHAPTER 3

2-/ UdqaO`q`chflr

Sgdoqdrdmsbg`osdqoqdrdmsrsgdu`qhntro`q`chflrnesdmrd+`rodbs+

lncd`mconk`qhsxhmsgdMfxdla——mhmchb`shudl`hmbk`trd-Hshrsghrc`s`

vghbgg`raddmsgdbdmsdqnentqhmudrshf`shnmhmsnsnm`kogdmnldm`hm

sgdudqaogq`rd-

Sgdu`qhntrudqao`q`chflroqdrdmsdchmsghrbg`osdqvhkkad

nqf`mhydc`bbnqchmfsnntqbg`qs'ehqrsoqdrdmsdchm'71(`anud(vghbg

rgnvrvgdsgdqd`bgbnmrsqtbshnm&rsnmdrnmsgdudqarsdl`qdsgnrdnesgd

qdftk`qqd`khr'Q(+nqqdftk`qhqqd`khr'H(nqrnldtmtrt`khchnrxmbq`shb'w(

qd`khy`shnm+`radknv9

246
(431) Revised Realis/Irrealis Tone Distribution

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

+perf x/R x/R x/R x/R x/R

+real

-perf

+real x/R x/x x/x R/R R/R

-prog

-perf

+real R/R R/R R/R R/R x/R

+prog

+perf I/I I/I I/I I/I

-real

-perf

-real x/I I/I I/I I/I I/I

-prog

-perf

-real I/I I/I I/I I/I I/I

+prog

247
 Vdvhkkoqdrdmssgdhmchuhct`ko`q`chflrenqd`bgnesgdmhmdsdmrdr

hmsgdbg`qseqnlkdessnqhfgs+`mcdw`lhmhmfd`bgnesgdbnmrsqtbshnmr

onrrhakdhmd`bgsdmrdeqnlsnosnanssnlhmd`bgbnktlm-@rhm`

oqduhntrqdedqdmbdsnsghrr`ldbg`qs+!Q!qdedqrsnqdftk`qqd`khrsnmd

o`ssdqmr+!H!snqdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmr+`mc!w!snhchnrxmbq`shbsnmd

o`ssdqmrnmsgdudqa-Sgdkdssdqsnsgdkdesned`bgrk`rghmchb`sdrsgdsnmd

o`ssdqmnesgdonrhshudbnmrsqtbshnmvghkdsgdkdssdqsnsgdqhfgsned`bg

rk`rghmchb`sdrhsrmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qs-

Ctdsnsgddwsqdldkxeqdptdmsnbbtqqdmbdnesvnsnmdo`ssdqmr+`mc

ctdsnsgdbnmsq`rsadsvddmsgdrdsvno`ssdqmrbnqqdk`shmfvhsg`rdl`mshb

bnmsq`rsadsvddmqd`khr`mchqqd`khrlncd+sgdrdsvno`ssdqmrg`udaddm

cdsdqlhmdcsnadlnqda`rhbsg`mu`qhntrhchnrxmbq`shbo`ssdqmr`mcsgdx

g`udsgdqdenqdaddmk`adkdc!qdftk`q-!Sgdenkknvhmfbg`qsfhudrsgd

surfaceqd`khy`shnmrnesgdqdftk`qqd`khr`mchqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgd

udqarsdl9

(432) Surface Tones

Lexical tones Realis Irrealis

H tone verb root H dHd

L tone verb root dH dLd

Sgdoqdbdchmfbg`qsrgnvrsg`sqdftk`qsnm`ko`ssdqmrenqudqarsdlr

hmqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr`qdGsnmdeqnl`mtmcdqkxhmfGsnmdudqaqnns`mc

248
cnvmrsdoodcGsnmdeqnl`mtmcdqkxhmfKsnmdudqaqnns-Hmqdftk`q

hqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrgnvdudq+sgdtmcdqkxhmfsnmdnmsgdudqaqnnshr

lnchehdcaxsgd`cchshnmnesvncnvmrsdoed`stqdr'∫(+nmdoqdbdchmf`mc

nmdenkknvhmfsgdudqarsdl-Sgdu`qhntrcdqhu`shnmrsg`soqnctbdsgdrd

rtqe`bdrsqtbstqdr`qdcdrbqhadchmcds`hkhmrdbshnmr1-2-0-`mc1-2-1-

`anud-Bnmrsqtbshnmrvghbgbnms`hmhchnrxmbq`shbsnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgd

udqar`qdchrbtrrdchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud-Ctqhmfsgdqdrsne

sghrbg`osdq+sgdu`qhntrudqao`q`chflrvhkkadoqdrdmsdcvhsgnmkx`

vnqc`rsnsgdhqqdftk`qnqhchnrxmbq`shbsnm`kadg`uhnq-Sgdqd`cdq

hmsdqdrsdchmsgdhm,cdosgcdqhu`shnmned`bgo`ssdqmhrqdedqqdcsnsgd

`ooqnoqh`sdrdbshnmr`anud-

HmMfxdla——m+sgda`rhbhmchb`shnmnesgdu`qhntrsdmrdrhrcnmdax

ld`mrnecheedqdms!l`qjdqr-!Sgdydqnsdmrdhrhmchb`sdcaxsgd`ardmbd

ne`mxnudqssdmrdlnqogdld-Lnrsnesgdetstqdsdmrdr`qdl`qjdcaxsgd

oqdrdmbdneu`qhntr`twhkh`qxudqar'rddrdbshnm2-6-adknv(+svnnesgd

etstqdsdmrdr`bst`kkxg`uhmf`bgnhbdadsvddmsvncheedqdms`twhkh`qx

udqarsnhmchb`sdsgdr`ldrdl`mshbed`stqdr-Sgqddnesgdo`rssdmrdr

l`jdtrdnenqchm`qxsdmrdl`qjdqrvghkdsgdtmtrt`kO3sdmrdhr

hmchb`sdcaxbnlahmhmfl`qjdqrenqO2`mcE3-Sgdmhmdsdmrdrnentq

oqduhntrbg`qs`qdl`qjdcaxsgdenkknvhmflnqogdldr9

249
 

(433) Tense Markers

P4 : /laL/ + /laJY/

P3 : /laL/

P2 : /kaL/

P1 : /neNd/

Zero : /Ø/

F1 : /geL/

F2 : /toJ/ or /gyoL/

F3 : /luL/

F4 : /laJY/ or /foJ/

Sgdentqudqarsdlrvghbgvhkkenqlsgda`rhrenqd`bgudqao`q`chfl`qd

sgdenkknvhmf9

(434) Verb Stems

Monosyllabic Disyllabic

H tone verb root zaY "cut" lumte "bite"

L tone verb root gwDY "grind" limte "reheat"

Sgdnsgdqvnqcrentmchmsgdenkknvhmfo`q`chflrhmbktcdsgd

enkknvhmfrtaidbs+naidbs`mcfq`ll`shb`kl`qjdqr9

250
 

'324(NsgdqVnqcr

.`∆.!gd!'rtaidbs(

.l–a`∆a.!ld`s!'naidbs(

.md∆.!oqnfqdrrhud`rodbs!

.rrdæ∫.!qd`khroqnfqdrrhud!

.j`∆---v—æ.!oqdrdmsodqedbshudmdf`shud!

.sd∆---v—æ.!nsgdqmdf`shud!

Enqbnmrsqtbshnmrl`qjdcenqqd`khrlncd+oqnfqdrrhud`rodbsl`xad

l`qjdcaxeither.md∆.`knmd+.rrdæ∫.`knmd+nqansgnesgdlsnfdsgdq-

Sgdrdsgqddbnmrsqtbshnmrvhkkadoqdrdmsdchmsgdnqcdqrgnvm`anud+

sgntfgsgdcheedqdmbdradsvddmbnmrsqtbshnmrl`jdrmncheedqdmbdhmsgdhq

ld`mhmf-

Sgdl`hml`qjdqnemdf`shnmhmsgdhmchb`shudlnnchrsgdaho`qshsd

lnqogdld.sd∆---v—æ.vhsgsgd.sd∆.onrhshnmdc`esdqsgdo`rssdmrdl`qjdqr

`mcadenqdsgdOQNFl`qjdqvghkdsgd.v—æ.hr`bkhshbsg`snbbtqr`ssgd

dmcnesgdbk`trd-SgdO/'hlldch`sdo`rsodqedbshud(hrsgdnmkxdwbdoshnm

snsgdfdmdq`kmdf`shudl`qjhmfvgdmhss`jdrhsrnvmaho`qshsdMDF

l`qjdq.j`∆---v—æ.-

Sgdu`qhntrhmchb`shududqao`q`chflr`qdmnvoqdrdmsdcadfhmmhmf

vhsgsgdqdlnsdo`rs`mcoqnfqdrrhmfsnsgdqdlnsdetstqd-

251
2-0-QdlnsdO`rsO39.k`∆.*.k`æù.

Sgdqdlnsdo`rssdmrdhrenqldcaxbnlahmhmfsgdo`rssdmrdl`qjdq

.k`∆.neO2vhsg`m`twhkh`qxudqa.k`æù.vghbghr`krnnmdnesgd`ksdqm`shud

enqlrtrdcsnhmchb`sdsgdE3sdmrd'sgdnsgdq`ksdqm`shud+.enæ.b`mmnsad

trdcvhsg.k`∆.snhmchb`sdO3shld(-Sgdenkknvhmfonrhshudodqedbshud

bnmrstbshnmr`qdhmsdqdrshmfhmsg`s'sgntfg`kkO3rdmsdmbdr`qd

tmcdqkxhmfkxqd`khr(sgdxg`udsgdqdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgd

l`hmudqar-SgdO3odqedbshudr+ansgonrhshud`mcmdf`shud+`qd`krn

tmtrt`khmsg`ssgdxg`ud`m`r`koqdehwnmsgdl`hmudqaqnns-Sghrm`r`k

oqdehw`ood`qrsnadsgdoqdehwvghbgl`qjrbnmrdbtshududqarhmqd`khr

bnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgdqd`rnmnmdehmcrhsvhsgO3Õradb`trd

sgdE3.k`æù.bnmshmtdrsnetmbshnm`r`m`twhkh`qxudqa-Vg`shrtmtrt`khr

sg`s+sgntfgsgd.k`æù.nbbtqrvhsgqd`khrsnmdr`mchrenkknvdcaxsgdqd`khr

bnmrdbtshudm`r`koqdehw+sgdl`hmudqaqnnsrhmonrhshudbnmrsqtbshnmr

g`udirqd`khrsnmdr-Sgdcdqhu`shnmnesgdenkknvhmfonrhshudrdmsdmbdrhr

chrbtrrdchmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud-Vdmnvrgnvsgdonrhshudodqedbshud

o`q`chfl9

252
 

(436) P4 positive perfective:

aL laL laJY nzKaY mbMab "he cut the meat"(a long time ago)

aL laL laJY ngwMDY mbMab "he pounded the meat"

aL laL laJY ndKumteJ mbMab "he bit the meat"

aL laL laJY ndMim

b teL mbMab "he reheated the meat"

Sgntfgsgdmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsr`krng`udsgdbnmrdbtshudm`r`koqdehwnm

sgdl`hmudqa+sgdxg`udqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrhmrsd`cnesgdtmtrt`k

o`ssdqmrrddm`anud-Qdldladqhmfsg`ssgdMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.bnlldr`esdqo`rs

sdmrdl`qjdqrkhjd.k`∆.atsadenqd`twhkh`qxudqarkhjd.k`æù.+sgdmdf`shud

o`q`chflhr`radknv9

(437) P4 negative perfective:

aL laL teL laJY nzaJY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t cut the meat"

aL laL teL laJY ngwKDY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t pound the meat"

aL laL teL laJY nduJmteJ mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t bite the meat"

aL laL teL laJY ndKimteJ mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t reheat the meat"

Sgdu`qhntrhlodqedbshud`ksdqm`shudr`qdenqldcax`cchmf`Ksnmd

unvdkrteehwsnsgdudqaqnns-Sghrhlodqedbshudunvdks`jdrnmsgdunvdk

pt`khsxnesgdqnnsunvdkvhsglnmnrxkk`ahbudqarsdlr`mccqnornts

bnlokdsdkxvhsgchrxkk`ahbudqarsdlr-Sgtrenqchrxkk`ahbudqar+hshrnmkx

sgdsnmdnmsgdrdbnmcrxkk`akd'trt`kkx`.,sd.rteehw`rhmntqdw`lokdr(

253
vghbghmchb`sdrsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdhlodqedbshud`rodbs-Sgdmnm,

oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud`rodbshrtrdcvhsgo`rssdmrdrsnhmchb`sdsg`s

sgd`bsnqtrdcsnadhmunkudchm`bdqs`hmg`ahst`k`bshnmvghbg'hlokhdc(

gdmnknmfdqcndr-

Sgdonrhshudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudo`q`chflkhrsdcadknvtmcdqfndrsgd

r`ldhchnrxmbq`shbsnmdbg`mfdr`rsgdonrhshudodqedbshudo`q`chfl

etqsgdq`anud9

(438) P4 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL laL laJY nzKaYMa mbaLb "he was a meat-cutter"(a long time ago)

aL laL laJY ngwMDYMD mbaLb "he was a meat-pounder"

aL laL laJY ndKumtMe mbaLb "he was a meat-biter"

aL laL laJY ndMimtMe mbaLb "he was a meat-reheater"

Sgdmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsrnesgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrnmbd`f`hm

qdstqmsnsgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgdudqar+`rvdr`vvhsgsgd

odqedbshudmdf`shudr`anud-Sgdmdf`shudo`q`chfl9

(439) P4 negative non-progressive imperfective:

aL laL teL laJY nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t a meat-cutter"

aL laL teL laJY ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t a meat-pounder"

aL laL teL laJY nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t a meat-biter"

aL laL teL laJY ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t a meat-reheater"

254
 SgdO3oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudr`qdbnlokdsdkxqdftk`q+ansg

rdfldms`kkx`mcsnm`kkx-Sgdxcnmnss`jdhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgdhq

udqaqnnsr`rhmsgdo`q`kkdkonrhshudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudbntmsdqo`qsrnesgd

oqdbdchmfrdbshnm-Hmrsd`c+sgdxg`udsgdhqdwodbsdcqd`khrsnmdr-Sgdnmkx

tmtrt`ke`bsnqhrsg`ssgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.rrdæ∫.hrmnsonrrhakd

vhsgsgdO3sdmrd`rvhsgnsgdqo`rssdmrdr-Sghrhrlnrskhjdkxctdsnsgd

oqdrdmbdnesgdirqd`khrE3l`qjdq.k`æù.hmsgdlhcckdne`qd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnm-Hmrsd`cnesgqddo`q`kkdkfq`ll`shb`kbnmrsqtbshnmr+vd

sgdqdenqdehmcnmkxsgdbnmrsqtbshnmvhsgsgdfdmdq`koqnfqdrrhud.md∆.+`r

adknv9

(440) P4 positive progressive imperfective:

aL laL laJY neL nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat"

(a long time ago)

aL laL laJY neL ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

aL laL laJY neL nduJmteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

aL laL laJY neL ndKimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

Sgdmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsr`qd`krnqd`khydcnmsgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdr+

`rhmsgdenkknvhmfo`q`chfl9

255
 

'330(O3mdf`shudoqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

`∆k`∆sd∆k`æùmd∆my`æù`∆la`∆av—æ!gdv`rm&sbtsshmfld`s!

`∆k`∆sd∆k`æùmd∆ngw@ABA∆la`∆av—æ!gdv`rm&sontmchmfld`s!

`∆k`∆sd∆k`æùmd∆mctælsd∆la`∆av—æ!gdv`rm&sahshmfld`s!

`∆k`∆sd∆k`æùmd∆nd@imte∆ la`∆av—æ!gdv`rm&sqdgd`shmfld`s!

SghrbnmbktcdrntqrdbshnmnmsgdonrrhakdO3bnmrsqtbshnmr+entqne

rhwnevghbgg`udaddmqd`khydcnmqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdr-

256
2-1-Chrs`msO`rsO29.k`∆.

Khjdl`mxA`mstk`mft`fdr+Mfxdla——mtrdrsgdbnllnmA`msto`rs

sdmrdlnqogdld.k`∆.-Khjd`kko`rsodqedbshudonrhshudbnmrsqtbshnmr+sgdO2

g`r`mhchnrxmbq`shbsnmdo`ssdqmvgnrdcdqhu`shnmg`raddmcdrbqhadchm

cds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud-Sgdqdrtkshmfrtqe`bdo`q`chflhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(442) P3 positive perfective:

aL laL zaPY mbaLb "he cut the meat" (some time ago)

aL laL gwQDY mbaLb "he pounded the meat"

aL laL luJmteL mbaLb "he bit the meat"

aL laL lKimteL mbaLb "he reheated the meat"

Sgdmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsrnesgdO2odqedbshud`qdbnlokdsdkxqdftk`q+

`kv`xrs`jhmfsgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdudqaqnns+`radknv9

(443) P3 negative perfective:

aL laL teL zaJY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t cut the meat"

aL laL teL gwKDY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t pound the meat"

aL laL teL luJmteJ mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t bite the meat"

aL laL teL lKimteJ mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t reheat the meat"

257
 The P3 (and P2) tenses with non-progressive

imperfective aspect are unusual in that both positive and

negative paradigms undergo an identical modification. In

section 2.3.3. above, we posited that all of these

constructions undergo a transformation which takes the L

tone echo vowel imperfective suffix from the verb root and

affixes it instead to the tense marker (see (559) below). A

later morpho-tonological rule would apply to the tones of

the verb stems, resulting in tonal neutralization between H

and L tone verbs, as in the positive P3 examples below:

(444) P3 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL laLa nzMaY mbaLb "he was a meat-cutter" (some time ago)

aL laLa ngwMDY mbaLb "he was a meat-pounder"

aL laLa ndMumteL mbaLb "he was a meat-biter"

aL laLa ndMimteL mbaLb "he was a meat-reheater"

Sgdmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsrsnsgdoqdbdchmfrdmsdmbdr`krntmcdqfnsgd

r`ldsq`mredqnesgddbgnunvdksnsgdsdmrdl`qjdq`mcsgdsnm`k

mdtsq`khy`shnmsncnvmrsdoodcKsnmdrnmsgdudqarsdlr+`radknv9

258
 

'334(O2mdf`shudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

`∆k`∆`sd∆nzMaYla`∆av—æ!gdv`rm&s`ld`s,btssdq!

`∆k`∆`sd∆ngwMDYla`∆av—æ!gdv`rm&s`ld`s,ontmcdq!

`∆k`∆`sd∆ndMumte∆la`∆av—æ!gdv`rm&s`ld`s,ahsdq!

`∆k`∆`sd∆ndMimteLla`∆av—æ!gdv`rm&s`ld`s,qdgd`sdq!


LnuhmfnmsnsgdO2oqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr+sgdx`kkb`qqxsgd

qdftk`qqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdudqarsdlr-Sgdqd`qdu`qhntrlnchehb`shnmr

`mctmtrt`ko`ssdqmr`r`qdrtksnesgdsnmdrnesgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqr

sgdlrdkudr+gnvdudq+`mcsgdhqcdqhu`shnmr`qdcdrbqhadchmcds`hkhm

rdbshnm1-2-3-`anud-Vgdmsgdqdftk`qoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.md∆.hroqdrdms+

sgdl`qjdqbg`mfdrsn`qhrhmfsnmdhmonrhshudbnmrsqtbshnmr+`rhmsgd

enkknvhmfo`q`chfl9

SgdO2`mcO1oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudrdmsdmbdrs`jdsgddwodbsdc

qd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgdudqaqnns+atssgdOQNFl`qjdqhrqd`khydcnm

`G,Ke`kkhmfsnmdhmrsd`cnesgda`rhbKsnmd+`radknv9

(446) P3 positive progressive imperfective:

aL laL neP nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat"(some time ago)

aL laL neP ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

aL laL neP nduJmteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

aL laL neP ndKimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

259
 The negative counterparts to the preceding sentences

have the unusual H tone attached to the end of the /teL/

NEG marker instead of at the beginning of the progressive

marker. The derivation of these sentences is discussed in

detail in section 2.3.5. above. Our paradigm is realized as

below:

(447) P3 negative progressive imperfective:

aL laL teN neL nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

aL laL teN neL ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL laL teN neL nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL laL teN neL ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

Rhmbd`kko`rssdmrdr`qdqd`khrlncd+sgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq

.rrdæ∫.b`mnoshnm`kkxs`jdsgdok`bdnesgdqdftk`qoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqrddm

`anud-Sgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqhrsnm`kkxqdftk`qvhsgsgddwbdoshnm

sg`ssgdcnvmrsdoenkknvhmfsgdl`qjdqhr`bst`kkxqd`khydcnmsgd

enkknvhmfudqaqnns+adbnlhmfsgdtmtrt`kdouble downstephmsgd

b`rdneKsnmdudqar-Sgdcdqhu`shnmnertbgtmtrt`ko`ssdqmrhrcdrbqhadc

hmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-3-`anud-Sgdqdrtkshmfrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmhr`r

adknv9

260
 

'337(O2onrhshudoqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

`∆k`∆rrdænzKaYa∆la`∆a!gdv`rbtsshmfld`s!'rnldshld`fn(

`∆k`∆rrdængwVDYD∆la`∆a!gdv`rontmchmfld`s!

`∆k`∆rrdændKumte∆la`∆a!gdv`rahshmfld`s!

`∆k`∆rrdændVimte∆la`∆a!gdv`rqdgd`shmfld`s!


Rhmbdsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.rrdæ∫.enkknvrsgdMDFl`qjdq

.sd∆.+sgdcntakdcnvmrsdohr`krnentmcnmsgdudqaqnnsrhmsgdo`q`kkdk

mdf`shudo`q`chfl+`radknv9

(449) P3 negative progressive imperfective:

aL laL teL sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

aL laL teL sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL laL teL sseJ ndKumteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL laL teL sseJ ndVimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

Sgntfgnmdb`mrhfm`ko`rsoqnfqdrrhudld`mhmfaxtrhmfdhsgdqsgd

qdftk`qoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.md∆.nqsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.rrdæ∫.+

nmdb`m`krnbnlahmdansgl`qjdqrhmsgdr`ldbnmrsqtbshnmsgntfgsgd

a`rhbo`rsoqnfqdrrhudld`mhmfqdl`hmrtmbg`mfdc-Vgdmansg

oqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqr`qdoqdrdmshmsgdr`ldbnmrsqtbshnm+sgdsnmdr`qd

bnlokdsdkxqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdrsgqntfgnts+`rhmsgdonrhshudo`q`chfl

adknv9

261
 

'34/(O2onrhshudoqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

`∆k`∆rrdænMemy`æù`∆la`∆a!gdv`rbtsshmfld`s!'rnldshld`fn(

`∆k`∆rrdænMengwKDYDLla`∆a!gdv`rontmchmfld`s!

`∆k`∆rrdænMemctælsd∆la`∆a!gdv`rahshmfld`s!

`∆k`∆rrdænMendKimteLla`∆a!gdv`rqdgd`shmfld`s!

@rb`madrddm`anud+sgd.rrdæ∫.l`qjdqoqdbdcdrsgd.md∆.l`qjdqvgdm

ansg`qdoqdrdms-Ansgnesgdrdl`qjdqr`krnenkknvsgdMDF.sd∆.l`qjdq

vgdmdudq`kksgqdd`qdoqdrdms+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfo`q`chfl9

(451) P3 negative progressive imperfective:

aL laL teL sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

aL laL teL sseJ nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL laL teL sseJ nMe nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL laL teL sseJ nMe ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqdw`lhm`shnmnesgdO2sdmrd+`mcvdb`mlnudnm

snsgdqdl`qj`akxrhlhk`qbnmrsqtbshnmr`mcbg`mfdrnesgdO1sdmrd-

262
2-2-Xdrsdqc`xO`rsO19.j`∆.

@rhmsgdO2sdmrd+sgdxdrsdqc`xo`rssdmrdtrdr`mnsgdqnesgd

bnllnmA`msto`rssdmrdl`qjdqr.j`∆.-Khjd`kko`rsodqedbshudonrhshud

bnmrsqtbshnmr+sgdO1`krng`rhsrnvmhchnrxmbq`shbsnmdo`ssdqm'vgnrd

cdqhu`shnmg`raddmcdrbqhadchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud(-Sgd

qdrtkshmfrtqe`bdo`q`chflhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(452) P2 positive perfective:

aL kaL zaLY mbaLb "he cut the meat" (yesterday)

aL kaL gwTDY mbaLb "he pounded the meat"

aL kaL luLmteL mbaLb "he bit the meat"

aL kaL l`bmtMe mbaLb "he reheated the meat"

Sgdmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsrnesgdO1odqedbshud`qdbnlokdsdkxqdftk`q+

`kv`xradhmfqd`khydcnmsgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdudqaqnnsr+`rhm

sgdenkknvhmfo`q`chfl9

(453) P2 negative perfective:

aL kaL teL zaJY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t cut the meat"

aL kaL teL gwKDY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t pound the meat"

aL kaL teL luJmteJ mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t bite the meat"

aL kaL teL lKimteJ mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t reheat the meat"

263
 SgdO1mnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmrtmcdqfnsgdr`ld

tmtrt`kbg`mfdrqdedqqdcsnenqO2Õmsgdoqdbdchmfrdbshnm-Sgdonrhshud

o`q`chflhrqd`khydc`radknv9

(454) P2 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL kaLa nzMaY mbaLb "he was a meat-cutter" (yesterday)

aL kaLa ngwMDY mbaLb "he was a meat-pounder"

aL kaLa ndMumteL mbaLb "he was a meat-biter"

aL kaLa ndMimteL mbaLb "he was a meat-reheater"

Sgdsq`mredqnesgdhlodqedbshudrteehwsnsgdsdmrdl`qjdq`mcsgd

mdtsq`khyhmfbg`mfdrnmsgdudqaqnnssnmdr`qd`krnentmchmsgdo`q`kkdk

mdf`shuddw`lokdrfhudmadknv9

(455) P2 negative non-progressive imperfective:

aL kaLa teL nzMaY mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t a meat-cutter"

aL kaLa teL ngwMDY mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t a meat-pounder"

aL kaLa teL ndMumteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t a meat-biter"

aL kaLa teL ndMimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t a meat-reheater"

SgdO1oqnfqdrrhud`krng`rsgqddcheedqdmsbnmrsqtbshnmrsg`sg`udsgd

r`ldhcdmshb`kld`mhmf+`rvhsglnrsqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgdonrhshud

oqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmrvhsg.md∆.rg`qdvhsgsgdO2sdmrdsgdtmtrt`k

264
qd`khy`shnmnesg`sl`qjdqnm`G,Ke`kkhmfsnmd+dudmsgntfgsgdudqar

g`udsgdhqqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdr+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfo`q`chfl9

(456) P2 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kaL neP nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat" (yesterday)

aL kaL neP ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

aL kaL neP nduJmteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

aL kaL neP ndKimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

Sgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shuddw`lokdr`krnrg`qdvhsgsgdO2sdmrdsgd

qd`khy`shnmnesgdtmtrt`kK,GqhrhmfsnmdnmsgdMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.+`r

adknv9

(457) P2 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kaL teN neL nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

aL kaL teN neL ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL kaL teN neL nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL kaL teN neL ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

SgdO1oqnfqdrrhudrdmsdmbdr`krnrg`qdsgdoqnodqsxneadhmf`akdsn

rvhsbgsnsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.rrdæ∫.+vghkdl`hms`hmhmfsgdr`ld

oqnfqdrrhudld`mhmf+`rhmntqonrhshudo`q`chfladknv9

265
(458) P2 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kaL sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat"(yesterday)

aL kaL sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

aL kaL sseJ ndKumteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

aL kaL sseJ ndVimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

Sgdtmtrt`knbbtqqdmbdnecntakdcnvmsdoodcGsnmdrnmsgdudqaqnnsrhr

`krnentmchmsgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudo`q`chflrgnvmadknv9

(459) P2 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kaL teL sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

aL kaL teL sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL kaL teL sseJ ndKumteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL kaL teL sseJ ndVimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdsvnoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqrb`madbnlahmdchm`rhmfkd

oqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnm+sghrshldvhsgsgdcnvmrsdoenkknvhmfsgd.rrdæ∫.

l`qjdqadhmfqd`khydcnmsgdenkknvhmf.md∆.l`qjdqhmrsd`cnenmsgdudqaqnns+

`radknv9

(460) P2 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kaL sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat"(yesterday)

aL kaL sseJ nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

aL kaL sseJ nMe nduJmteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

aL kaL sseJ nMe ndKimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

266
 Sgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudrdmsdmbdr`krn`qdqd`khydcvhsgsgdqdftk`q

qd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgdudqar+`radknv9

(461) P2 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kaL teL sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

aL kaL teL sseJ nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL kaL teL sseJ nMe nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL kaL teL sseJ nMe ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqdw`lhm`shnmnesgdO1sdmrd+vghbgg`raddm

qdl`qj`akxo`q`kkdksnbnmrsqtbshnmrnesgdO2sdmrd-Vdmnvlnudnmsn

sgdO0o`rssdmrd-

267
2-3-Snc`xO`rsO09.md¿∫.

Sgdsnc`xo`rssdmrdhrl`qjdcaxsgdsnm`kkxbnlokdwsdmrdl`qjdq

.md¿∫.hmsgdodqedbshud`rodbs-Onrhshudodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr`qd

hcdmshb`ksnO/bnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnmrvhsgsgdsdmrdl`qjdq

etmbshnmhmf`rsgdehqrsudqa-Sgdhcdmshb`kO0bnmrsqtbshnmrhmbktcdsgd

snmdo`ssdqmnmsgd.md.!`twhkh`qxudqa!`mcsgdoqdrdmbdnesgd

bnmrdbtshudl`qjdq.M,.nmsgdrdbnmc!l`hm!udqa-Gnvdudq+b`qdetk

dw`lhm`shnmnesgdo`q`kkdkO0MDFbnmrsqtbshnmrrgnvrsg`ssgd.md¿∫.

cndrmns`kv`xrg`udsgdbnmrdbtshudl`qjdqvghbgkd`crnmdsnr`xsg`s

sgd.md¿∫.mnknmfdqetmbshnmr`r`udqahm`bnmrdbtshudbnmrsqtbshnmats

g`rmnvadbnld`eqnydml`qjdq-SgdO0onrhshudodqedbshudr'vgnrdO/

bg`q`bsdqhrshbr`qdcdqhudchmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud(`qdqd`khydc`radknv9

(462) P1 positive perfective:

aL neN nzKaY mbMab "he cut the meat" (earlier today)

aL neN ngwMDY mbMab "he pounded the meat"

aL neN ndKumteJ mbMab "he bit the meat"

aL neN ndMimteL mbMab "he reheated the meat"

Vghkdsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdrg`udsgdO/bnmrdbtshudsnmdrnmsgd

udqar`mcnaidbsr`rvdkk`rsgdoqdrdmbdne`gnlnqf`mhbm`r`koqdehw

'vghbgbntkcadqdf`qcdc`rsgdbnmrdbtshudl`qjdql`qjhmfsgdrdbnmc
268
nesvnbnmrdbtshududqar(+mnmdnesgdrdbg`q`bsdqhrshbr`qdentmcvhsgsgd

o`q`kkdkmdf`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr-Hmrsd`csgd!l`hmudqa!hrqd`khydcnm

qdftk`qqd`khrsnmdr`mcsgdm`r`k'bnmrdbtshud>(oqdehwhrlhrrhmf-Sghr

rgnvrsg`s+`ksgntfgsgdO0sdmrdl`qjdqtmcntasdckxcdudknodc

ghrsnqhb`kkxeqnl`udqahm`O/bnmrdbtshudbnmrsqtbshnm+sgdenqldqudqa

g`rmnvadbnldeqnydmhmenql`mcs`jdmto`ehwdconrhshnmoqdbdchmf

sgdMDFl`qjdq'vgdqdsqtdudqarmdudqnbbtq(-Sgdbqtbh`kmdf`shud

o`q`chflhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(463) P1 negative perfective:

aL neN tMe zaJY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t cut the meat"

aL neN tMe gwKDY mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t pound the meat"

aL neN tMe luJmteJ mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t bite the meat"

aL neN tMe lKimteJ mbaLb wDJ "he didn’t reheat the meat"

Nmdnesgdtmtrt`ked`stqdrnesgdMfxdla——mudqa`krxrsdlnbbtqrhm

O0mnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr+vgdqdsgqddrdo`q`sd

l`qjdqrl`xnbbtqhmsgdonrhshnmnesgdsdmrdl`qjdq-Sgdehqrsnesgdrd

l`qjdqrhrsgdmnql`k'odqedbshud(O0l`qjdq.md¿∫.vghbghredkssnad

rkhfgskxptdrshnm`akd'rxlankhydcaxsgdptdrshnml`qj(hmsgdenkknvhmf

o`q`chfl-Sgdsnmdrnmsgdudqa`qdmnvsgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdr`ksgntfg

sgdx`qdlnchehdcax`m`cchshnm`kcnvmrsdovghbgenkknvrsgdsdmrd

l`qjdq-SghrqdrtksrhmsgdcntakdcnvmrsdoodcGsnmdrnmtmcdqkxhmfK

269
snmdudqaqnnsr+`rhmntqdw`lokdradknv9

(464) P1 positive non-progressive imperfective:

? aL neN nzKaYaL mbaLb "he was meat-cutting" (earlier today)

? aL neN ngwVDY
J DL mbaLb "he was meat-pounding"

? aL neN ndKumteL mbaLb "he was meat-biting"

? aL neN ndVimteL mbaLb "he was meat-reheating"

Sgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdudqarhrlnqdd`rhkxrddmhmsgd

o`q`kkdkMDFo`q`chflvgdqdsgdcnvmrsdoeqnlsgdsdmrdl`qjdqhr

qd`khydcnmsgdenkknvhmfMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.-SgdqhrhmfsnmdnmsgdMDF

l`qjdqhrtmtrt`k`mchrcdqhudchmrdbshnm1-2-4-`anud-Sgdqdrtkshmf

o`q`chflhrnmbd`f`hmbnmrhcdqdcaxMfxdla——mrod`jdqrsnadne

ptdrshnm`akdrs`str+`rl`qjdcaxptdrshnml`qjradknv9

(465) P1 negative non-progressive imperfective:

? aL neN tOe nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-cutting"

? aL neN tOe ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-pounding"

? aL neN tOe nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-biting"

? aL neN tOe ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-reheating"

Adb`trdsgdoqdbdchmfsvno`q`chflr`qdneptdrshnm`akd

fq`ll`shb`khsxenqqd`rnmrsg`svhkknmkxadcdrbqhadck`sdqadknv+sgdqd

dwhrsr`qtkdvghbg`kknvrsgdsdmrdl`qjdqsnadbg`mfdcsndhsgdq.kOD.nq

270
.kMe.+fhuhmfetkkxfq`ll`shb`kbnmrstbshnmr-Sgdudqarhmsgdrd

bnmrsqtbshnmr`qd`kv`xrqd`khydcnmsgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdr+`rhmsgd

enkknvhmfsvno`q`chflr'vghbgg`udhcdmshb`kld`mhmf(9

(466) P1 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL kOD nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was meat-cutting" (earlier today)

aL kOD ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was meat-pounding"

aL kOD nduJmteL mbaLb "he was meat-biting"

aL kOD ndKimteL mbaLb "he was meat-reheating"

(467) P1 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL kMe nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was meat-cutting" (earlier today)

aL kMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was meat-pounding"

aL kMe nduJmteL mbaLb "he was meat-biting"

aL kMe ndKimteL mbaLb "he was meat-reheating"

Rhmbdsgdcnvmrsdoed`stqdnesgdrdsvn`ksdqm`shudO0l`qjdqr

oqdbdcdrsgdl`qjdq+hshrd`rhdqsnmnshbdsg`ssgdudqasnmdr`qdqdftk`q

enqqd`khrlncd-Hmsgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudo`q`chfl+sgdtmtrt`kqhrhmfsnmd

nmsgdMDFl`qjdqhrnmbdlnqdoqdrdms+`radknv9

271
 

'357(O0mdf`shudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

aL kOD teN nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-cutting"

aL kOD teN ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-pounding"

aL kOD teN nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-biting"

aL kOD teN ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-reheating"

'358(O0mdf`shudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

aL kMe teN nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-cutting"

aL kMe teN ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-pounding"

aL kMe teN nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-biting"

aL kMe teN ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t meat-reheating"



VdmnvbnldsnsgdO0oqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr-Hs`ood`qrsg`ssgd

hcdmshb`krdfldms`krg`od.md.neansgsgdOQNFl`qjdq`mcsgdO0sdmrd

l`qjdqg`rlnshu`sdc`qdrsqhbshnm`f`hmrsansgnesgdrdl`qjdqrnbbtqqhmfhm

sgdr`ldbnmrsqtbshnm-Sgdenkknvhmfonrhshud`mcmdf`shudo`q`chflr`qd

sgdqdenqdtmfq`ll`shb`khmsgdroddbgne`ctksr'sgdhqtmfq`ll`shb`khsxadhmf

l`qjdcaxsgd!*!hmeqnmsned`bgrdmsdmbd(9

(470) P1 positive progressive imperfective:

+ aL neN nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat"(earlier today)

+ aL neN nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

+ aL neN nMe nduJmteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

+ aL neN nMe ndKimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

272
(471) P1 negative progressive imperfective:

+ aL neN tMe neP nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

+ aL neN tMe neP ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

+ aL neN tMe neP nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

+ aL neN tMe neP ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

Sgntfgsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdr`qdtmfq`ll`shb`khm`ctksroddbg+

bghkcqdmvgng`udmnsxdsl`rsdqdcsgdk`mft`fdvhkktssdqrtbg

rdmsdmbdr-@ctksrg`udmnsqntakdtmcdqrs`mchmfsgdld`mhmfhmsdmcdc+

`mcvhkkbnqqdbssgdbghkcaxrtarshstshmf`bnmrstbshnmvhsgdhsgdq.kOD.nq

.kMe.qdok`bhmfsgdO0.md¿∫.-Enqsgdrdqd`rnmr+vdonrhsrtbg`qdok`bhud

sq`mrenql`shnmvghbghrnakhf`snqxvgdmdudqO0rdmsdmbdr`qd

oqnfqdrrhud+`mcnoshnm`kvgdmdudqsgdx`qdmnm,oqnfqdrrhud

hlodqedbshud-Sgdqdrtkshmfoqnfqdrrhudo`q`chflrg`udqdftk`qqd`khr

snmdrnmsgdudqar+`radknv9

(472) P1 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kOD neL nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat"(earlier today)

aL kOD neL ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

aL kOD neL nduJmteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

aL kOD neL ndKimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

273
(473) P1 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kMe neP nzaJYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat"(earlier today)

aL kMe neP ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

aL kMe neP nduJmteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

aL kMe neP ndKimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

Sgdmdf`shudo`q`chflrvghbg`qdo`q`kkdksnsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdr`krn

s`jdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgdudqar+atssgdxg`udtmtrt`kG,Ksnmd

fkhcdrnmsgdOQNFl`qjdq.md∆.-Sgdcdqhu`shnmnesghrrodbh`ke`kkhmfsnmdfkhcd

hrchrbtrrdchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-3-`anud-Ntqsvnfq`ll`shb`koqnfqdrrhud

o`q`chflr`qdsgdqdenqd`radknv9

(474) P1 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kOD teL neP nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

aL kOD teL neP ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL kOD teL neP nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL kOD teL neP ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

(475) P1 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kMe teL neP nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

aL kMe teL neP ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL kMe teL neP nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL kMe teL neP ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

274
 SgdO0sdmrdl`qjdq.md¿∫.b`mmnsbnnbbtqvhsgsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhud

'QDOQ(l`qjdq.rrdæ∫.itrs`rhsbntkcmnsbnnbbtqvhsgsgdfdmdq`kOQNF

l`qjdq.md∆.-Vdb`mgnvdudqehmcQDOQl`qjdqvhsgsgd`ksdqm`shudO0

l`qjdqr.kOD.nq.kMe.+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfo`q`chflr9

(476) P1 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kOD sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb "he was cutting meat"(earlier today)

aL kOD sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb "he was pounding meat"

aL kOD sseJ ndKumteL mbaLb "he was biting meat"

aL kOD sseJ ndVimteL mbaLb "he was reheating meat"

(477) P1 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kOD sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb (same glosses as above)

aL kOD sseJ nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb

aL kOD sseJ nMe nduJmteL mbaLb

aL kOD sseJ nMe ndKimteL mbaLb

(478) P1 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kMe sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb (same glosses as above)

aL kMe sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb

aL kMe sseJ ndKumteL mbaLb

aL kMe sseJ ndVimteL mbaLb

275
(479) P1 positive progressive imperfective:

aL kMe sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb (same glosses as above)

aL kMe sseJ nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb

aL kMe sseJ nMe nduJmteL mbaLb

aL kMe sseJ nMe ndKimteL mbaLb

As can be seen above, the REPR marker can signal

progressive meaning on its own or in combination with the

regular PROG marker. The NEG parallels also carry the realis

tones on the verbs, and are realized just like their positive

counterparts with the exception of the addition of the bipartite

negative morpheme /teL...wDJ/, with the /teL/ immediately preceding

the REPR marker /sseJd/, as in the paradigms below:



(480) P1 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kOD teL sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t cutting meat"

(earlier today)

aL kOD teL sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t pounding meat"

aL kOD teL sseJ ndKumteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t biting meat"

aL kOD teL sseJ ndVimteL mbaLb wDJ "he wasn’t reheating meat"

(481) P1 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kOD teL sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ (same glosses as above)

aL kOD teL sseJ nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ

aL kOD teL sseJ nMe nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ

aL kOD teL sseJ nMe ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ

276
(482) P1 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kMe teL sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb wDJ (same glosses as above)

aL kMe teL sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb wDJ

aL kMe teL sseJ ndKumteL mbaLb wDJ

aL kMe teL sseJ ndVimteL mbaLb wDJ

(483) P1 negative progressive imperfective:

aL kMe teL sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ (same glosses as above)

aL kMe teL sseJ nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ

aL kMe teL sseJ nMe nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ

aL kMe teL sseJ nMe ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ

SghrbnmbktcdrntqrdbshnmnmsgdO0o`rssdmrd+`sdmrdvghbgqdrtksr

hmrdudq`kcheedqdmsrtqe`bdrsqtbstqdrenqhcdmshb`ktmcdqkxhmf

fq`ll`shb`k`mcrdl`mshbed`stqdr-

277
2-4-YdqnO/`mcOQDR9.∂.

Sgdydqnsdmrdg`rehudcheedqdmsjhmcrnebnmrsqtbshnmrhmrsd`cneitrs

sgqddkhjdsgdnsgdqsdmrdr-TrhmfO/snhmchb`sdsgdydqnodqedbshud`mc

OQDRsnhmchb`sdsgdu`qhntrydqnhlodqedbshud'!oqdrdms!(bnmrsqtbshnmr+

sgdenkknvhmfehudonrrhahkhshdr`qdentmchmsgdMfxdla——mydqnsdmrd9

(484) Zero Tense

realis perfective (P0)

realis non-progressive imperfective (PRES)

realis progressive imperfective (PRES)

irrealis non-progressive imperfective (PRES)

irrealis progressive imperfective (PRES)

Sgdehqrsbnmrsqtbshnmvghbgvdvhkkdw`lhmdhrsgdqd`khrodqedbshud

u`qh`shnmnesgdydqnsdmrd'O/(-Sghrbnmrsqtbshnmhrtrdcsnhmchb`sd

`bshnmrvghbgsnnjok`bdhmsgdhlldch`sdo`rsats`qdbnlokdsd`ssgd

oqdrdmslnldms-@rvhsgnsgdq!o`rs!sdmrdr+sgdsnmdo`ssdqmneO/Õr

hchnrxmbq`shbhmhsronrhshudqd`khy`shnmrxdsbnlokdsdkxqdftk`qhmhsr

mdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsr-Sgdu`qhntrsnm`kcdqhu`shnmrvghbgqdrtkshmsgd

snm`kmdtsq`khy`shnmneG`mcKsnmdudqaqnnsr`mcsgdhqqd`khy`shnmnm`m

tmtrt`kqhrhmfsnmd`qdcdrbqhadchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud-Sgd

278
qdrtkshmfonrhshudo`q`chflhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(485) P0 positive realis perfective:

aL zaNY mbMab "he has just cut the meat"

aL gwDNY mbMab "he has just pounded the meat"

aL luLmteN mbMab "he has just bitten the meat"

aL l`bmteN mbMab "he has just reheated the meat"

Vghkdsgdmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsrsnsgdoqdbdchmfo`q`chfl`qd`kk

qd`khydcnmsgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdudqar+sgdx`qdpthsdtmtrt`khm

sg`ssgdxtshkhydsgdhqnvmtmhptdaho`qshsdMDFl`qjdq.j`∆---v—æ.+`r

adknv9

(486) P0 negative realis perfective:

aL kaL zaJY mbaLb wDJ "he hasn’t just cut the meat"

aL kaL gwKDY mbaLb wDJ "he hasn’t just pounded the meat"

aL kaL luJmteJ mbaLb wDJ "he hasn’t just bitten the meat"

aL kaL lKimteJ mbaLb wDJ "he hasn’t just reheated the meat"

SgdO/mdf`shudhr`krntmhptdhmsg`shs`knmd`kknvrsgdeqnmshmfne

sgdnaidbssn`onrhshnmadsvddmsdmrdl`qjdq`mcudqa-Sghreqnmshmfne

sgdnaidbskd`udrsgdudqahlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgdehm`kMDFbkhshb.v—æ.

`mcsghrbkhshbqdctbdrsn`ogq`rd,ehm`kunvdkhmsgdb`rdnelnmnrxkk`ahb

udqaqnnsr`mchscqnornts`ksnfdsgdqhmsgdb`rdnechrxkk`ahbudqaqnnsr-

279
Sgdbnmrsqtbshnmr`qdsnm`kkxqdftk`qdwbdosenqsgdhmsqnctbshnmnesgd

cnvmrsdoed`stqdadenqdsgdKsnmdnesgdeqnmsdcnaidbs'`snm`ked`stqd

sg`shrmncntashmsqnctbdcaxsgdr`ldqtkdsg`seqnmsrsgdnaidbs(+`r

adknv9

(487) P0 negative realis perfective with object fronted:

aL kaL mbMab zaJYaJ "he hasn’t just cut the meat"

aL kaL mbMab gwKDYDJ "he hasn’t just pounded the meat"

aL kaL mbMab luJmteJ "he hasn’t just bitten the meat"

aL kaL mbMab lKimteJ "he hasn’t just reheated the meat"

Vdb`mmnvstqmeqnlsgdodqedbshudO/bnmrsqtbshnmrsnsgdhlodqedbshud

OQDRbnmrsqtbshnmrnesgdydqnsdmrd-Sgdehqrsbnmrsqtbshnmvdvhkkrgnvhrsgd

mnm,oqnfqdrrhudqd`khroqdrdmssdmrd-Hsg`rsgdtrt`kg`ahst`kld`mhmfnemnm,

oqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr`mcsgdsnmdrnmsgdudqar`qdsgdbnlokdsdkxqdftk`q

snmdrenqqd`khrlncdvhsgsgdhlodqedbshudrteehwcdrbqhadchmrdbshnm1-2-1-

`anud-Sgdqdrtkshmfonrhshudo`q`chflhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(488) PRES positive realis non-progressive imperfective:

aL nzaJYaL mbaLb "he cuts meat"

aL ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he pounds meat"

aL nduJmteL mbaLb "he bites meat"

aL ndKimteL mbaLb "he reheats meat"

280
 Vghkdsgdmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsrsnsgdoqdbdchmfonrhshudrdmsdmbdr

`krng`udsgdqdftk`qqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdudqar+sgdx`krng`udtmtrt`k

qhrhmfsnmdrnmsgdMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.'vgnrdcdqhu`shnmhrcdrbqhadchm

rdbshnm1-2-4-`anud(+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfo`q`chfl9

(489) PRES negative realis non-progressive imperfective:

aL teN nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t a meat-cutter"

aL teN ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t a meat-pounder"

aL teN nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t a meat-biter"

aL teN ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t a meat-reheater"

Sgdehm`kqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmrsnadcds`hkdcgdqdvhkkadsgd

oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudu`qh`msrvhsgsgdydqnsdmrd-@rvhsgnsgdqqd`khr

oqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr+sgdqddwhrssgqdd`ksdqm`shudrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmr

snhmchb`sdsgdr`ldqd`khroqnfqdrrhudld`mhmf-Vdvhkkadfhmax

dw`lhmhmfsgdonrhshudo`q`chfltrhmfitrssgdqdftk`q.md∆.oqnfqdrrhud

l`qjdq-Sghrbnmrsqtbshnmg`r`mhchnrxmbq`shbsnmdo`ssdqmnmsgdudqar

vghbghrcdqhudchmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud-Sgdqdrtkshmfo`q`chflhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

281
 

'38/(OQDRonrhshudqd`khroqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

aL neL nzKaYMa mbaLb "he is in the process of cutting meat"

aL neL ngwMDYMD mbaLb "he is in the process of pounding meat"

aL neL ndKumtMe mbaLb "he is in the process of biting meat"

aL neL nd`amtMe mbaLb "he is in the process of reheating meat"



Vghkdsgdoqdbdchmfonrhshudo`q`chflr`vtmcdqkxhmfqd`khrlncd

udqarqd`khydcnmhqqd`khrudqasnmdo`ssdqmr+sgdenkknvhmfmdf`shud

o`q`chfll`hms`hmrsgdqdftk`qqd`khrudqasnmdrnmsgdrtqe`bd-Nmbd

`f`hm+gnvdudq+sgd.sd∆.MDFl`qjdqhrqd`khydcnm`qhrhmfsnmd+`r

adknv9

(491) PRES negative realis progressive imperfective:

aL teN neL nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t cutting meat"

aL teN neL ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t pounding meat"

aL teN neL nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t biting meat"

aL teN neL ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t reheating meat"

Sgdr`ldjhmcneoqnfqdrrhudld`mhmfb`madrhfm`kkdcax

rtarshstshmfsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhud'QDOQ(l`qjdq.rrdæ∫.enqsgdqdftk`q

oqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.md∆.-VgdmsgdQDOQl`qjdqhrtrdcvhsgsgdoqdrdms

sdmrd+sgdudqarqds`hmsgdhqdwodbsdcqd`khrsnmdl`qjhmfatssgdcnvmrsdo

nesgd.rrdæ∫.l`qjdqhrrghesdcsnsgdkdes`mcsgdrtaidbsoqnmntmhrfhudm

282
`Gqdok`bhudsnmd+`rcdrbqhadchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-3-`anud-Sgd

qdrtkshmfonrhshudo`q`chflhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(492) PRES positive realis progressive imperfective:

aJ ssKe nzaJYaL mbaLb "he is in the process of cutting meat"

aJ ssKe ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he is in the process of pounding meat"

aJ ssKe nduJmteL mbaLb "he is in the process of biting meat"

aJ ssKe ndKimteL mbaLb "he is in the process of reheating meat"

@rb`madrddmeqnlsgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shuddw`lokdradknv+sgd

mdf`shudbnmrsqtbshnm`krng`rmnql`kqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdudqarsgntfgsgd

cnvmrsdonesgdoqdbdchmf.rrdæ∫.l`qjdqhr`krn`ccdcsnhs-Sgdrtaidbs

oqnmntmqdl`hmrvhsghsrmnql`kKsnmd`mcsgdvgnkdbnmrsqtbshnmhr

sgdqdenqdbnlokdsdkxqdftk`q+`radknv9

(493) PRES negative realis progressive imperfective:

aL teL sseJ nzKaYaL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t cutting meat"

aL teL sseJ ngwVDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t pounding meat"

aL teL sseJ ndKumteL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t biting meat"

aL teL sseJ ndVimteL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t reheating meat"

Sgdehm`kv`xnerhfm`kkhmfoqnfqdrrhudld`mhmfvhsgsgdqd`khrydqn

sdmrdhraxbnlahmhmfoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqr.md∆.`mc.rrdæ∫.hmsn`rhmfkd

bnmrsqtbshnm-Vgdmsghrg`oodmrhmonrhshudrdmsdmbdr+sgdr`ldtmtrt`k

283
eqnmshmfnesgdcnvmrsdoed`stqdnesgd.rrdæ∫.l`qjdq`mcsgdrtaidbssnmd

adhmfqdok`bdcax`Gsnmd`rnbbtqdchmsgdo`q`kkdkbnmrsqtbshnmr

vhsgnts.md∆.`krns`jdok`bdgdqd-Sgdqdrtkshmfonrhshudo`q`chflhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(494) PRES positive realis progressive imperfective:

aJ ssKe neL nzaJYaL mbaLb "he is cutting meat"

aJ ssKe neL ngwKDYDL mbaLb "he is pounding meat"

aJ ssKe neL nduJmteL mbaLb "he is biting meat"

aJ ssKe neL ndKimteL mbaLb "he is reheating meat"

Sgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudrdmsdmbdrnmbd`f`hmrgnvnmkxsgdqdftk`q

snmdrdwodbsdcnesgdlnqogdldrhmunkudchm`qd`khrbnmrsqtbshnm+`r

adknv9

(495) PRES negative realis progressive imperfective:

aL teL sseJ nMe nzaJYaL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t cutting meat"

aL teL sseJ nMe ngwKDYDL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t pounding meat"

aL teL sseJ nMe nduJmteL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t biting meat"

aL teL sseJ nMe ndKimteL mbaLb wDJ "he isn’t reheating meat"

Sgdoqdbdchmfo`q`chflbnmbktcdrntqdw`lhm`shnmneqd`khrudqa

bnmrsqtbshnmr-Vdmnvrvhsbgsnhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmrvgdqdsgd

mnshbd`akdcheedqdmbdrvhkkadcheedqdmssnmdo`ssdqmrnmsgdudqar'vhsg

284
cnvmrsdoansgoqdbdchmf`mcenkknvhmfsgdudqaqnnshmqdftk`qhqqd`khr

snmdo`ssdqmr(`mcsgd`ardmbdnesgdqd`khrhlodqedbshudm`r`koqdehwnm

sgdudqahmhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr-

Sgdehqrshqqd`khro`ssdqmrsg`svdvhkkknnj`s`qdsgdmnm,oqnfqdrrhud

hqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmrnesgdydqnsdmrd-Sghrbnmrsqtbshnmhrmnsqd`khydc

nmsgdqdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrvgdmhshronrhshud+atsg`rhsrnvm

tmhptdsnm`ko`ssdqmcdrbqhadchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-2-`anud-Sgd

qdrtkshmfrtqe`bdrsqtbstqdhrghfgkxtmtrt`khmsg`stmcdqkxhmfGsnmd

udqar`qdqd`khydcnm`knvdqohsbgkdudksg`mtmcdqkxhmfKsnmdudqar+`r

adknv9

(496) PRES positive irrealis non-progressive imperfective:

aL zMaYaL mbaLb "he is cutting the meat"

aL gwDLYDL mbaLb "he is pounding the meat"

aL lMumteL mbaLb "he is biting the meat"

aL l`bmteL mbaLb "he is reheating the meat"

Sgdhqqd`khrmnm,oqnfqdrrhudmdf`shuddw`lokdrnesgdoqdrdmssdmrd

`qdtmtrt`khm`cheedqdmsv`x-Vghkdsgdudqaqnnsr`qdqd`khydcnmsgd

qdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmrhmsgdmdf`shudo`q`chfl+sgdmnql`k

hlodqedbshudrteehwg`raddmbnlokdsdkxdkhlhm`sdckd`uhmfsgdcnvmrsdo

vghbgenkknvrsgdudqaqnnssnnmkxnbbtqnmsgdenkknvhmfnaidbs-Rtbg`

rteehwcdkdshnmqtkdvntkcmnql`kkxmdtsq`khydrtbg`bnmrsqtbshnmvhsg`

285
o`q`kkdkodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnm+atsgdqdhshronrrhakdsnl`hms`hmsgd

bnmsq`rshmsg`ssghrs`jdrok`bdhmitrssgddmuhqnmldmsvgdqdsgdo`q`kkdk

O/MDFg`rhsrnvmtmhptdmdf`shudl`qjdq.j`∆---v—æ.cdrbqhadcetqsgdq

`anudhmsghrrdbshnm-Sgdqdrtkshmfrsqtbstqdhrsgdnmkxnmdsgdqdenqd

vghbgl`hms`hmrhsrhlodqedbshudld`mhmfhmsgd`ardmbdnesgd

hlodqedbshududqarteehw+`rsgdenkknvhmfo`q`chflrgnvr9

(497) PRES negative irrealis non-progressive imperfective:

aL teL zKaY mbMab wDJ "he isn’t cutting meat"

aL teL gwMDY mbMab wDJ "he isn’t pounding meat"

aL teL lKumteJ mbMab wDJ "he isn’t biting meat"

aL teL lMimteL mbMab wDJ "he isn’t reheating meat"

Sgdoqnfqdrrhudhqqd`khru`qh`msnesgdoqdrdmssdmrdg`rsgdqdftk`q

hqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmnmsgdudqaqnnsrats`mtmtrt`kKGqhrhmfsnmdnm

sgdrtaidbsoqnmntm-Sgdcdqhu`shnmnesghrqhrhmfsnmdhrchrbtrrdchm

rdbshnm1-2-3-`anud-Sgdrdl`mshbenqbdnesgdrdoqnfqdrrhudhqqd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnmrhrsg`ssgdrod`jdqadkhdudrghroqnonrhshnmsnadsqtdatsgd

hrmns`arnktsdkxrtqd-Sgdonrhshuddw`lokdr`qd9

286
 

'387(OQDRonrhshudhqqd`khroqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

aN neL zKaYMa mbaLb "he is probably cutting meat"

aN neL gwMDYMD mbaLb "he is probably pounding meat"

aN neL lKumtMe mbaLb "he is probably biting meat"

aN neL lMimtMe mbaLb "he is probably reheating meat"



Sgdo`q`kkdkhqqd`khroqnfqdrrhudmdf`shudrdmsdmbdrcnmnsg`udsgd

tmtrt`kKGqhrhmfsnmdnmsgdrtaidbsoqnmntm+atshmrsd`c`mtmtrt`k

cnvmrsdoed`stqdadenqdsgdoqnfqdrrhud.md∆.l`qjdq-Sgdcdqhu`shnmne

sghrcnvmrsdoed`stqd`mchsrqdk`shnmsnsgdKGqhrhmfsnmdnesgdonrhshud

rdmsdmbdrhrchrbtrrdchmcds`hkhmrdbshnm1-2-3-`anud-Ntqmdf`shud

o`q`chflhr9

(499) PRES negative irrealis progressive imperfective:

aL teL nMe zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he probably isn’t cutting meat"

aL teL nMe gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he probably isn’t pounding meat"

aL teL nMe lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he probably isn’t biting meat"

aL teL nMe lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he probably isn’t reheating meat"

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqrdbshnmnmsgdydqnsdmrdvgdqdansgo`q`kkdkqd`khr

`mchqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr`qdentmc-Sgdenkknvhmfetstqdsdmrdrvhkk`kk

adtmcdqkxhmfkxhqqd`khr`mc`kkbnlokdsdkxqdftk`qhmsgdhqudqasnmdrhm

sg`ssgdxvhkkadqd`khydcnmsgdqdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmr-

287
2-5-Snc`xEtstqdE09.fd∆.

Sgdehqrsnentqetstqdsdmrdrhrcheedqdmseqnl`kksgdnsgdqetstqd

sdmrdrhmsg`ssgdlnqogdld.fd∆.`bsrsnm`kkxkhjd`l`qjdqvghkdsgdnsgdq

etstqdlnqogdldr`bskhjdudqarhmbnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgd

bqtbh`kcheedqdmbdadsvddm`l`qjdq`mc`udqahmhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmrhr

sgd`ardmbdnqoqdrdmbdnecnvmrsdoadenqdsgdvnqchmptdrshnm-Rhmbd

.fd∆.hrsgdnmkxetstqdlnqogdldmnssnadlnchehdcaxcnvmrsdo+hshr

`krnsgdnmkxnmdvghbghrmnsfq`ll`shb`kkxrshkk`udqa+`rhmsgd

enkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

(500) F1 positive perfective:

aL geL zKaY mbMab "he will cut the meat" (later today)

aL geL gwMDY mbMab "he will pound the meat"

aL geL lKumteJ mbMab "he will bite the meat"

aL geL lMimteL mbMab "he will reheat the meat"

Itrs`rsgdonrhshudo`q`chfl`anudv`rqd`khydcnmqdftk`qhqqd`khr

snmdo`ssdqmr+rnsnnenq`kkudqarhmmdf`shudetstqdbnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgd

o`q`kkdkE0mdf`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr`qdpthsdtmtrt`kgnvdudqhmsg`ssgdx

bnms`hm`m`r`koqdehw`ss`bgdcsnsgdetstqdl`qjdq`mc`snmd

odqstqa`shnmnmsgdoqdbdchmfMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.eqnl`Ksnmdsn`qhrhmf

snmd-Sgdcdqhu`shnmenqsgdrdbnmrsqtbshnmrhrchrbtrrdchmcds`hkhm

288
rdbshnm1-2-4-`anud-Sgdqdrtkshmfrtqe`bdo`q`chflhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(501) F1 negative perfective:

aL teN ngeL zKaY mbMab wDJ "he will not cut the meat"

aL teN ngeL gwMDY mbMab wDJ "he will not pound the meat"

aL teN ngeL lKumteJ mbMab wDJ "he will not bite the meat"

aL teN ngeL lMimteL mbMab wDJ "he will not reheat the meat"

Rvhsbghmfmnvsnsgdmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmrne

sgdE0sdmrd+vdmnshbdsg`ssgdsnmdrnmsgdudqar`qdsgdqdftk`qhqqd`khr

snmdo`ssdqmr-Rhfmhehb`mskx+sgdqd`khrhlodqedbshudm`r`koqdehwnmsgd

udqahr`kv`xr`ardmsvhsgetstqdbnmrsqtbshnmradb`trdetstqd

bnmrsqtbshnmr`qd`kv`xrhqqd`khrhmlncd-Sgntfgsgdm`r`khr`ardms+sgd

bnmrsqtbshnmrrshkkbnmudxsgdr`ldg`ahst`kld`mhmf`rsgdhqo`rsqd`khr

bntmsdqo`qsr-Sgdqdrtkshmfonrhshudo`q`chflhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(502) F1 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL geL zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be meat-cutting"(later today)

aL geL gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be meat-pounding"

aL geL lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be meat-biting"

aL geL lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be meat-reheating"

289
 Once again, the parallel negative paradigm finds the

unusual rising tone on the NEG marker and the equally

unusual nasal prefix on the F1 marker, as below:

(503) F1 negative non-progressive imperfective:

aL teN ngeL zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-cutting"

aL teN ngeL gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-pounding"

aL teN ngeL lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-biting"

aL teN ngeL lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-reheating"

LnuhmfnmsnoqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmrvhsgsgdE0sdmrd+`kksgdsnmdr

`qdbnlokdsdkxqdftk`qenqhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr+hmbktchmfsgdKsnmdnm

sgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.md∆.+`radknv9

(504) F1 positive progressive imperfective:

aL geL neL zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be cutting meat"(later today)

aL geL neL gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be pounding meat"

aL geL neL lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be biting meat"

aL geL neL lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be reheating meat"

Nmbd`f`hm+sgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudo`q`chflbnms`hmrsgdtmtrt`kqhrhmf

snmdnmsgdMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.`mcsgdtmtrt`km`r`koqdehwadenqdsgdE0

sdmrdl`qjdq.fd∆.+`radknv9

290
 

'4/4(E0mdf`shudoqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

`∆sd¿mfd∆md∆zKaYMala`∆av—æ!gdvhkkmnsadbtsshmfld`s!

`∆sd¿mfd∆md∆gwMDYMDla`∆av—æ!gdvhkkmnsadontmchmfld`s!

`∆sd¿mfd∆md∆lKumtMela`∆av—æ!gdvhkkmnsadahshmfld`s!

`∆sd¿mfd∆md∆lMimtMela`∆av—æ!gdvhkkmnsadqdgd`shmfld`s!

291
2-6-SnlnqqnvEtstqdE19.snæ.nq.fxn∆.

Sgdqdrsnesgdetstqdbnmrsqtbshnmr`kktrdudqarhmbnmrdbtshududqa

bnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgdm`stqdnesgdbnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnmrhm

A`lhkdjdk`mft`fdrv`rehqrscds`hkdcaxGxl`mvgnrgnvdcsg`s

bnmrdbtshududqarcheedqeqnlrdqh`kudqarhmsg`ssgdx`qdrdo`q`sdcax`

bnmrdbtshududqal`qjdqvghbghrsgdgnlnqf`mhbm`r`koqdehwhmlnrs

A`lhkdjdk`mft`fdr'086092/(-@sqtdbnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnmhm

Mfxdla——mmnsnmkxbnms`hmrsvn`ci`bdmsudqar'sgdehqrsudqa`klnrs

`kv`xradhmf`udqanelnshnm(`mcsgdhmsdqudmhmfgnlnqf`mhbm`r`k

bnmrnm`msoqdehw+hshr`krnl`qjdcaxltkshokdcnvmrsdoed`stqdr+nmd

oqdbdchmf+nmdrdo`q`shmf`mcnmdenkknvhmfsgdo`hqneudqar+`rhmsgd

enkknvhmfsxohb`kdw`lokdr9

(506) F1 positive perfective with two consecutive verbs:

aL geL cwKoB zKaY mbMab "he will come down and cut the meat"

aL geL cwKoB gwMDY mbMab "he will come down and pound the meat"

aL geL pyMu zKaY mbMab "he will go up and cut the meat"

aL geL pyMu gwMDY mbMab "he will go up and pound the meat"

Hmsgdoqdbdchmfdw`lokdr+sgdsvn'tmcdqkhmdc(lnshnmudqarvghbg

`qdsgdehqrsudqarhmntqbnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnm`qd.bvnæœ.!sn

bnldcnvm!`mc.oxt∆.!snfnto-!SgdrdsvnG`mcKsnmdudqarvdqd

292
oqdbdcdcaxcnvmrsdovgdmok`bdc`ssgdadfhmmhmfnebnmrdbtshududqa

bnmrsqtbshnmr-SgdE1sdmrd`krng`r`G`mc`Ksnmdudqavghbgb`m

hmchb`sdetstqdshldvgdmok`bdchmrtbg`bnmrsqtbshnm-Vdvhkkqdedqsn

rtbgudqar`r!`twhkh`qxudqar!adb`trdsgntfgsgdxrshkketmbshnm

fq`ll`shb`kkx`rudqar+sgdxg`udknrssgdhqnqhfhm`kudqa`kld`mhmf`mc+

hmbnmrdbtshudbnmrsqtbshnmrkhjdsgdenkknvhmf+sgdxnmkxrhfm`ketstqd

shld-Ntqehqrssvnonrhshudo`q`chflr`qd`renkknvr9

(507) F2 positive perfective:

aL tKo zKaY mbMab "he will cut the meat" (tomorrow)

aL tKo gwMDY mbMab "he will pound the meat"

aL tKo lKumteJ mbMab "he will bite the meat"

(508) F2 positive perfective:

aL gyMo zKaY mbMab "he will cut the meat" (tomorrow)

aL gyMo gwMDY mbMab "he will pound the meat"

aL gyMo lKumteJ mbMab "he will bite the meat"

aL gyMo lMimteL mbMab "he will reheat the meat"

Bknrdbnlo`qhrnmnesgdoqdbdchmfsvno`q`chflrvhsgsgdnmd

oqdbdchmfsgdlvhkkrgnvsgdqd`cdqsg`ssgdE1sdmrdhrl`qjdcaxdhsgdq

nesgd`twhkh`qxudqar.snæ.nq.fxn∆.hm`bnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnm-Sgd

mdf`shudo`q`chflro`q`kkdksnsgdoqdbdchmf`qd`radknv9

293
 

'4/8(E1mdf`shudodqedbshud9

aL teL tKo zKaY mbMab wDJ "he will not cut the meat"

aL teL tKo gwMDY mbMab wDJ "he will not pound the meat"

aL teL tKo lKumteJ mbMab wDJ "he will not bite the meat"

aL teL tKo lMimteL mbMab wDJ "he will not reheat the meat"


(510) F2 negative perfective:

aL teL gyMo zKaY mbMab wDJ "he will not cut the meat"

aL teL gyMo gwMDY mbMab wDJ "he will not pound the meat"

aL teL gyMo lKumteJ mbMab wDJ "he will not bite the meat"

aL teL gyMo lMimteL mbMab wDJ "he will not reheat the meat"

SgdE1sdmrdb`m`krntrddhsgdq.snæ.nq.fxn∆.vhsgsgdhlodqedbshud

udqarteehwsnenqlmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr+`rvhsg

sgdo`hqneonrhshudo`q`chflradknv9

(511) F2 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL tKo zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be a meat-cutter" (tomorrow)

aL tKo gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be a meat-pounder"

aL tKo lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-biter"

aL tKo lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-reheater"

294
(512) F2 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL gyMo zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be a meat-cutter"(tomorrow)

aL gyMo gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be a meat-pounder"

aL gyMo lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-biter"

aL gyMo lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-reheater"

Sgdmdf`shudo`q`chflr`qd`rqdftk`q`rsgdhqonrhshudbntmsdqo`qsr+

`rrgnvmaxsgdsvnadknv9

(513) F2 negative non-progressive imperfective:

aL teL tKo zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-cutting"

aL teL tKo gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-pounding"

aL teL tKo lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-biting"

aL teL tKo lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-reheating"

(514) F2 negative non-progressive imperfective:

aL teL gyMo zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-cutting"

aL teL gyMo gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-pounding"

aL teL gyMo lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-biting"

aL teL gyMo lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-reheating"

Lnuhmfnmsnsgdoqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr+svnrdo`q`sdo`q`chflr

`qd`krnonrrhakdvhsgsgdr`ldE1ld`mhmf+`rhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

295
 

'404(E1onrhshudoqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

`∆tKomd∆zKaYMala`∆a!gdvhkkadbtsshmfld`s!'snlnqqnv(

`∆tKomd∆gwMDYMDla`∆a!gdvhkkadontmchmfld`s!

`∆tKomd∆lKumtMela`∆a!gdvhkkadahshmfld`s!

`∆tKomd∆lMimtMela`∆a!gdvhkkadqdgd`shmfld`s!


'405(E1onrhshudoqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

`∆gyMomd∆zKaYMala`∆a!gdvhkkadbtsshmfld`s!'snlnqqnv(

`∆gyMomd∆gwMDYMDla`∆a!gdvhkkadontmchmfld`s!

`∆gyMomd∆lKumtMela`∆a!gdvhkkadahshmfld`s!

`∆gyMomd∆lMimtMela`∆a!gdvhkkadqdgd`shmfld`s!


Sgdo`q`kkdkE1mdf`shudoqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr`krng`udsgd

noshnmnedhsgdq.snæ.nq.fxn∆.snhmchb`sdsnlnqqnvetstqdshld+`rhmsgd

svnenkknvhmfonrhshudo`q`chflr9

(517) F2 negative progressive imperfective:

aL teL tKo neL zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be cutting meat"

aL teL tKo neL gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be pounding meat"

aL teL tKo neL lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be biting meat"

aL teL tKo neL lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be reheating meat"

296
(518) F2 negative progressive imperfective:

aL teL gyMo neL zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be cutting meat"

aL teL gyMo neL gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be pounding meat"

aL teL gyMo neL lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be biting meat"

aL teL gyMo neL lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be reheating meat"

Sghrdmcrntqrdbshnmnmsgdsnlnqqnvetstqdsdmrd`mcsgdsvn

o`q`kkdkbnmrsqtbshnmrsg`sl`x`ksdqm`shudkxaddloknxdcsgqntfgntssg`s

sdmrd-

297
2-7-Chrs`msEtstqdE29.kt∆.

Sgdchrs`msetstqdhrl`qjdchmMfxdla——maxsgd`twhkh`qxudqa.kt∆.

hm`bnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnm-Hsrsnm`koqnodqshdr`qd`kv`xr

bnlokdsdkxqdftk`qenqhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmr`mcvdrg`kksgdqdenqd

oqdrdmssgdo`q`kkdkonrhshud`mcmdf`shudo`q`chflr`ro`hqr+`rvhsgntq

odqedbshuddw`lokdradknv9

(519) F3 positive perfective:

aL lMu zKaY mbMab "he will cut the meat"(some time from now)

aL lMu gwMDY mbMab "he will pound the meat"

aL lMu lKumteJ mbMab "he will bite the meat"

aL lMu lMimteL mbMab "he will reheat the meat"

(520) F3 negative perfective:

aL teL lMu zKaY mbMab wDJ "he will not cut the meat"

aL teL lMu gwMDY mbMab wDJ "he will not pound the meat"

aL teL lMu lKumteJ mbMab wDJ "he will not bite the meat"

aL teL lMu lMimteL mbMab wDJ "he will not reheat the meat"

Lnuhmfnmsnsgdmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr+sgdE2

sdmrdhrbnlokdsdkxqdftk`qenqdw`lokdrvhsghqqd`khrlncd+`radknv9

298
 

'410(E2onrhshudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

aL lMu zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be a meat-cutter"

aL lMu gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be a meat-pounder"

aL lMu lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-biter"

aL lMu lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-reheater"



'411(E2mdf`shudmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud9

aL teL lMu zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-cutting"

aL teL lMu gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-pounding"

aL teL lMu lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-biting"

aL teL lMu lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-reheating"



Vdmnvlnudnmsnsgdo`q`kkdkoqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr+vghbg

`kknvnmkxsgdmnql`koqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq.md∆.adb`trdsgdx`qdl`qjdc

enqhqqd`khrlncd-@kksgdsnmdr`qdbnlokdsdkxqdftk`q`rrgnvmhmsgd

enkknvhmfo`q`chflo`hq9

(523) F3 positive progressive imperfective:

aL lMu neL zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be cutting meat"

aL lMu neL gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be pounding meat"

aL lMu neL lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be biting meat"

aL lMu neL lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be reheating meat"

299
(524) F3 negative progressive imperfective:

aL teL lMu neL zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be cutting meat"

aL teL lMu neL gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be pounding meat"

aL teL lMu neL lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be biting meat"

aL teL lMu neL lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be reheating meat"

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqrdbshnmnmsgdchrs`msetstqdsdmrdvgdqdsgd

`twhkh`qxudqa.kt∆.hm`bnmrdbtshudhqqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmhr`kv`xrqd`khydc

nmqdftk`qhqqd`khrsnmdo`ssdqmr-

300
2-8-QdlnsdEtstqdE39.k`æù.nq.enæ.

Sgdqdlnsdetstqdsdmrdb`madrhfm`kkdcaxsvncheedqdmsGsnmd

`twhkh`qxudqar+.k`æù.`mc.enæ.+hm`bnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnm+`rhmsgd

onrhshudodqedbshudo`q`chflradknv9

(525) F4 positive perfective:

aL lKaY zKaY mbMab "he will cut the meat"(a long time from now)

aL lKaY gwMDY mbMab "he will pound the meat"

aL lKaY lKumteJ mbMab "he will bite the meat"

aL lKaY lMimteL mbMab "he will reheat the meat"

(526) F4 positive perfective:

aL fKo zKaY mbMab "he will cut the meat"(a long time from now)

aL fKo gwMDY mbMab "he will pound the meat"

aL fKo lKumteJ mbMab "he will bite the meat"

aL fKo lMimteL mbMab "he will reheat the meat"

Sgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudo`q`chflr`qd`krnbnlokdsdkxqdftk`qenq

hqqd`khrlncd+`radknv9

301
 

'416(E3mdf`shudodqedbshud9

aL teL lKaY zKaY mbMab wDJ "he will not cut the meat"

aL teL lKaY gwMDY mbMab wDJ "he will not pound the meat"

aL teL lKaY lKumteJ mbMab wDJ "he will not bite the meat"

aL teL lKaY lMimteL mbMab wDJ "he will not reheat the meat"


(528) F4 negative perfective:

aL teL fKo zKaY mbMab wDJ "he will not cut the meat"

aL teL fKo gwMDY mbMab wDJ "he will not pound the meat"

aL teL fKo lKumteJ mbMab wDJ "he will not bite the meat"

aL teL fKo lMimteL mbMab wDJ "he will not reheat the meat"

Rvhsbghmfsnmnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmr+sgdE3sdmrd

bnmshmtdrsnodqlhsansg`twhkh`qxudqar`retstqdlnqogdldrhm

bnmmdbshnmvhsgsgdudqarteehwvghbgl`qjrhlodqedbshud`rodbs+`r

adknv9

(529) F4 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL lKaY zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be a meat-cutter"

aL lKaY gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be a meat-pounder"

aL lKaY lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-biter"

aL lKaY lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-reheater"

302
(530) F4 positive non-progressive imperfective:

aL fKo zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be a meat-cutter"

aL fKo gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be a meat-pounder"

aL fKo lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-biter"

aL fKo lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be a meat-reheater"

Sgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudo`q`chflr`qd`krnsnm`kkxqdftk`qhmbktchmfsgd

hqqd`khrsnmdrnmsgdudqar+`radknv9

(531) F4 negative non-progressive imperfective:

aL teL lKaY zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-cutting"

aL teL lKaY gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-pounding"

aL teL lKaY lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-biting"

aL teL lKaY lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-reheating"

(532) F4 negative non-progressive imperfective:

aL teL fKo zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-cutting"

aL teL fKo gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-pounding"

aL teL fKo lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-biting"

aL teL fKo lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be meat-reheating"

Ntqehm`ko`q`chflrvhkkqdedqsnsgdoqnfqdrrhud`rodbshm

bnlahm`shnmvhsgsgdE3sdmrd+`rhmsgdsvnonrhshudo`q`chflradknv9

303
(533) F4 positive progressive imperfective:

aL lKaY neL zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be cutting meat"

aL lKaY neL gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be pounding meat"

aL lKaY neL lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be biting meat"

aL lKaY neL lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be reheating meat"

(534) F4 positive progressive imperfective:

aL fKo neL zKaYMa mbaLb "he will be cutting meat"

aL fKo neL gwMDYMD mbaLb "he will be pounding meat"

aL fKo neL lKumtMe mbaLb "he will be biting meat"

aL fKo neL lMimtMe mbaLb "he will be reheating meat"

Sgdo`q`kkdkmdf`shudo`q`chflr`qd`krnsnm`kkxqdftk`qenqhqqd`khr
bnmrsqtbshnmr+`radknv9

(535) F4 negative progressive imperfective:

aL teL lKaY neL zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be cutting meat"

aL teL lKaY neL gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be pounding meat"

aL teL lKaY neL lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be biting meat"

aL teL lKaY neL lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be reheating meat"

(536) F4 negative progressive imperfective:

aL teL fKo neL zKaYMa mbaLb wDJ "he will not be cutting meat"

aL teL fKo neL gwMDYMD mbaLb wDJ "he will not be pounding meat"

aL teL fKo neL lKumtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be biting meat"

aL teL fKo neL lMimtMe mbaLb wDJ "he will not be reheating meat"

304
 Sghrbnmbktcdrntqrta,rdbshnmnmsgdE3sdmrd`rvdkk`rntqdmshqd

rdbshnmnmsgdhmchb`shudbnmrsqtbshnmhmMfxdla——ml`hmbk`trdr-

305
 CHAPTER 4

3-/-LnqogdldQtkdr

Ctqhmfsgdbntqrdnesghrchrrdqs`shnm+vdg`udchrbtrrdcl`mx

lnqognknfhb`k`mclnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr`rvdkk`rsgdsnmdqtkdr

vghbgvdqdntql`inqenbtr-Hmsghrrdbshnm+vdvhkkenql`khydsgd

lnqognknfhb`k`mclnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrmdbdrr`qxenq`kksgd

dw`lokdreqnlsgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fdsg`sg`udaddmbhsdc`anud-

Vdr`vhmrdbshnm1-2-4-`anud`rtll`qxnesgdsnmdqtkdrmddcdchm

sgdMfxdla——mk`mft`fd-Hm`cchshnmsnsgdl`hmancxnetmnqcdqdcqtkdr+

sgdqddwhrsitrsnmdd`qkxsnmdl`oohmfqtkd`mcsvnk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkdr-

D`bgnesgdqdrtkshmfsgqddanchdrnesnmdqtkdrhroqdbdcdcaxu`qhntr

lnqognknfhb`k`mclnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr-Vdchrbtrradknvsgdsgqdd

anchdrnesgdrdlnqognknfhb`k`mclnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr+bhshmfenq

d`bgqtkdansg`onrrhakdenql`khrl`mc`oqnrdqdmchshnmnehsrdeedbsr-

Sgdehqrsfqntonelnqognknfhb`kqtkdr`qdsgnrdvghbgprecedesgdsnmd

l`oohmfqtkd-@kksgdrdmsdmbdroqdrdmsdchmsghrchrrdqs`shnm`qd

hmchb`shud`mcsq`mrhshud+vhsgvnqcr`mcogq`rdrnqcdqdc`radknv9

(537) Sentence Structure:

SNP (T) (NEG) (RP) (P) V ONP (W)

306
 Sgdoqdbdchmfenqltk`rgnvrsg`ssgdrdmsdmbdrhmntqc`s``qd

qd`khydcadfhmmhmfvhsg`rtaidbsmntmogq`rd'RMO(+enkknvdcax`m

noshnm`ksdmrdl`qjdq'S(+`mnoshnm`kmdf`shudl`qjdq'MDF(+`m

noshnm`kqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'QO(+`mnoshnm`koqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq

'O(+`udqa+`mnaidbsmntmogq`rd'mnsnoshnm`khmntqc`s`(+`mc`m

noshnm`krdmsdmbd,ehm`kmdf`shudbkhshb.v—æ.'rxlankhydc`r!V!(-

Sghrnqcdqhmfnertaidbsradenqdudqar`mcnaidbsrhrbdqs`hmkxsgdb`rd

enq`kksgdc`s`hmsghrchrrdqs`shnm`mclnrskhjdkxsgdb`rdenq`kk

rdmsdmbdrhmMfxdla——m-VghkdMfxdla——mb`mnbb`rhnm`kkxeqnms`m

naidbshmeqnmsnesgdudqa+`klnrs`kksgddw`lokdrhmsghrchrrdqs`shnm

enkknvsgdnudqvgdklhmfo`ssdqmneudqaadenqdnaidbs-Sgdqdenqd+hm

sxonknfhb`ksdqlr+Mfxdla——mhrlnrscdehmhsdkx`mRUNk`mft`fd+`mc`

e`hqkxqhfhcRUNk`mft`fd`ssg`s-Vghkdsgdnoshnm`kl`qjdqrd`bgg`ud

u`qhntrqdrsqhbshnmrnmsgdhqnbbtqqdmbd+hsrgntkcadqdl`qjdcsg`ssgd

mdf`shudlnqogdldrhmsghrchrrdqs`shnm`qd`kv`xraho`qshsd`mc

chrbnmshmtntr+vhsgsgdl`hml`qjdqnemdf`shnmhlldch`sdkxenkknvhmf

sgdsdmrdl`qjdq`mcsgdehm`kmdf`shudbkhshb`kv`xr`bbnlo`mxhmfhs`s

sgddmcnesgdrdmsdmbd-Sgdkhlhsdcmtladqnertaidbsmntmogq`rdrhm

ntqc`s`g`udsgdenkknvhmfrsqtbstqd9

307


'427(RtaidbsMntmOgq`rdRsqtbstqd9

M'@BSM(

RL

Oqn

Sgdoqdbdchmfenqltk`rgnvrsg`srtaidbsmntmogq`rdr`qdqd`khydc

axdhsgdq`mntm'M(enkknvdcax`mnoshnm`k`rrnbh`shudbnmbnqcsnmd

'@BS(`mc`rdbnmcmntmnqax`oqnmntm+d`bgnesgdrdbgnhbdr

nbbtqqhmfadenqd`ehm`krtaidbsl`qjdq'RL(-Vghkdmntmogq`rdrvdqd

mnssgdl`hmenbtrnesghrchrrdqs`shnm+vdchccdudknontqa`rhbsnm`k

qtkdrnmsgdrtqe`bdsnm`kqd`khy`shnmrnemntmrhmhrnk`shnm`mchm

`rrnbh`shudmntmogq`rdr'rddrdbshnm1-1-`anud(-Hmrdbshnm1-3-0-`krn

`anud+vdchrbtrrdcansgsgdqd`khy`shnmnertaidbsoqnmntmr`mcsgd

m`stqd`mcadg`uhnqnesgdhqrtaidbsl`qjdqrvghbgrdo`q`sdsgdleqnl

sgdenkknvhmfudqaogq`rdr-Sgdu`qhdsxnemntmogq`rdl`sdqh`kvd

dw`lhmdchmsgdnaidbsonrhshnmv`rltbglnqdkhlhsdc+`rrgnvmadknv9

(539) Object Noun Phrase Structure:

OM N

Sgdoqdbdchmfenqltk`rs`sdrsg`snaidbsmntmogq`rdrvdqdqd`khydc

ax`mnaidbsl`qjdq'NL(oqdbdchmf`rhmfkdmntm'M(-Vghkdsghr

chrrdqs`shnmg`rkhlhsdchsrdkesnnaidbsmntmogq`rdrvghbgnmkxbnms`hm`

308
rhmfkdmntm+hshrnebntqrdonrrhakdsng`udmntmogq`rdrvghbgbnms`hm

`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmrnqoqnmntmr-Ntqehqrslnqognknfhb`kqtkdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(540) Normal Subject Marker Rule:

+T
[past
+SM -[fut
Ø +SMCT /
+T +verb
-past x -real
-fut -perf
-prog

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`ssgdrtaidbsl`qjdq'RL(hrqd`khydc`r`rtaidbs

l`qjdqbnmbnqcsnmd'RLBS(hm`kko`rs`mcetstqdsdmrdrdmsdmbdr'ydqn

sdmrdadhmfsgdnmkxsdmrdvgdqdZo`rs\`mcZets\ed`stqdr`qdhcdmshb`k(-

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdhr`krnsqhffdqdcenqsgdydqnsdmrd+atsnmkxenq

bnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdl`qjdcenqhqqd`khrlncdvhsghlodqedbshud`mc

mnm,oqnfqdrrhud`rodbsr-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(541) Noun Rule:

N NCP NR

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`ssgdmntm'M(hrqd`khydc`r`mntmbk`rroqdehw

'MBO(enkknvdcax`mntmqnns'MQ(-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdrodkkrntssgdsdm

mntmbk`rroqdehwdrneMfxdla——m'@mcdqrnm+087/`927(+vhsgsgd

309
o`qdmsgdrdrdmbknrhmfsgnrdunvdkrnmsgdrdfldms`kshdqvghbg`qd

noshnm`k`ssgdadfhmmhmfne`rdmsdmbd9

(542) Noun Class Prefix Syllabic Rule:

+NCP +NR
Ø /(a)N-/ / +C1

+NCP +NR
/me-/ / +C2

+NCP +NR
/(e)N-/ / +C3

+NCP +NR
/meN-/ / +C4

+NCP +NR
/le-/ / +C5

+NCP +NR
/me-/ / +C6

+NCP +NR
/(a)-/ / +C7

+NCP +NR
/(e)-/ / +C8

+NCP +NR
/(e)N-/ / +C9

+NCP +NR
/(e)N-/ / +C10

310
 Sghrqtkdrodbhehdrsgdrdfldms`kl`sdqh`kentmcnmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq

enqsgdmntmbk`rroqdehwhmd`bgnesgdsdmbk`rrdr'rxlankhydcax`

b`osh`k!B!vhsg`mtladq(-Sgdsnmd`rrhfmdcsnd`bgnesgdrdoqdehwdrhr

rodbhehdcaxsgdenkknvhmfqtkd9

(543) Noun Class Prefix Tone Rule:

[+NCP]
+ # +
Ø L /
+ +

Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`mxrxkk`akdnmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq'#(vghbghr`mntm

bk`rroqdehwZ*MBO\hrfhudm`Ksnmdhmsgdr`ldlnqogdldnmsgdsnm`k

shdq-Rhmbdsghrqtkdoqdbdcdrsgdsnm`kl`oohmfqtkd+sghrqtkdcndrmns

rodbhexsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdvghbgsg`sqtkdvhkk`ccadsvddmsgdsvnshdqr-

Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdcsg`ssgd`bst`kmntmqnnsr'MQ(`mcsgdoqnmntmr

'Oqn(vntkcadrodkkdcntsadsgdkdwhbnmadenqd`mxnesgdrdoqdrdmsqtkdr

`qd`kknvdcsnnodq`sd-Sgdqd`cdqhmsdqdrsdchm`rl`kkk4//,vnqcEqdmbg,

Mfxdla——mkdwhbnmhrqdedqqdcsn@mcdqrnm'087/a(-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

311


(544) Concord Tone Rule:

+NR [+...CT]
+C1 + +
Ø L / +C9
+ ____ +

[+...CT]
+ +
H /
+ ____ +

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`s`mxbnmbnqcsnmdl`qjdq'---BS(hretqsgdq

rodbhehdc`r`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdldenkknvhmfmntmbk`rrqnnsr'MQ(

eqnlbk`rrdr0`mc8+`mc`r`Gsnmdsnm`klnqogdldenkknvhmfmntm

qnnsreqnlnsgdqbk`rrdr-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(545) Object Marker Rule:

[+OM] +NCP
¶ + +C2
Ø H / +C4
¶ + +C5
+C6

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`ssgdnaidbsl`qjdqhr`cchshnm`kkxrodbhehdc`r`G

snmdsnm`klnqogdldoqdbdchmfnaidbsoqdehwdr'MBO(eqnlmntmbk`rrdr

1+3+4nq5-

Sgdoqdbdchmfqtkdrg`udg`mckdcsgdnudq`kkrdmsdmbdrsqtbstqd`mc

sgdmntmogq`rdhmrne`q`rsgdx`qdcdudknodchmsghrchrrdqs`shnm-Vdmnv

lnudnmsnsgdl`mxcheedqdmsdkdldmsrvghbgqdk`sdsnsgdudqa`k

312
l`qjhmfne`rdmsdmbd-Ntqehqrssvnqtkdrg`mckd`kksgd`cchshnm`k

rdfldms`kl`sdqh`kmdbdrr`qxhmmdf`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgdenkknvhmf

qtkdrodbhehdrsgdm`stqdnesgdrdmsdmbd,ehm`kMDFbkhshb9

(546) Negative Clitic Rule:

+ wD // +W
Ø / +neg
+ H //

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`sntqrdmsdmbd,ehm`kMDFbkhshb'V(hretqsgdq

rodbhehdc`r.v—.nmsgdrdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq`mc`rhmfkdGsnmdnmsgd

snm`kshdq-Nmbd`f`hm+sgdtmhsrrodbhehdcnmsgdsvnshdqr`qdmns

`rrnbh`sdcax`m`rrnbh`shnmkhmdaxsghrqtkd`rsghrqtkdoqdbdcdrsgd

fdmdq`ksnmdl`oohmfqtkdvghbg`bbnlokhrgdrsgds`rj-Ntqmdwsqtkdhr9

(547) Negative Marker Rule:

# ka # +T +NEG +verb
Ø / -past +perf
# L # -fut

# te # +NEG
/
# L #

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`ssgdmdf`shudl`qjdq'MDF(hr`cchshnm`kkx

rodbhehdc`r`.j`.hmO/bnmrsqtbshnmr`mc`r`.sd.hm`kknsgdq

bnmsqtbshnmr+d`bgnesgdrdl`qjdqr`krnbnmrhrshmfne`rhmfkd

tm`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdnmsgdsnm`kshdq-

313
 Vdvhkkmnvdw`lhmdsgdqtkdrmddcdcsnbnmudxsgdrdl`mshbbnmbdos

nesdmrd-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdretqsgdqrodbhexsgdrxkk`ahb`mcsnm`kbnmsdms

nesdmrdl`qjdqr`mc`twhkh`qxudqar`bbnqchmfsnsgdhqsdlonq`ked`stqdr-

Vdadfhmvhsgsgdlnrsqdlnsdo`rssdmrd`mcvnqjntqv`xsnsgdlnrs

qdlnsdetstqdsdmrd-Rhmbdsgdqtkdenqsgdqdlnsdo`rssdmrd'O3(l`qjdq

`bst`kkxbg`mfdrnmdnesgdfq`ll`shb`ked`stqdrhmnqcdqsneddcsgdqtkd

enqsgdchrs`mso`rssdmrd'O2(l`qjdq+`kkqtkdrqdedqqhmfsnsgdnqhfhm`kO3

ed`stqdrltrsoqdbdcdsgdl`qjdqqtkd-Hm`cchshnm+sgdqtkdvghbg

rodbhehdrntqm`r`koqdehwenqhlodqedbshudqd`khrbnmrsqtbshnmrltrs

oqdbdcdsgdbg`mfhmfnesgdqd`khred`stqdeqnl!*!sn!,-!Ntqmdwsqtkd

hrsgdqdenqdsgdenkknvhmf9

(548) Imperfective Realis Prefix Rule:

+verb
Ø /N-/ / +real
-perf

Sghrqtkd`ccr`gnlnqf`mhbm`r`kbnmrnm`msoqdehwnmsnsgd

adfhmmhmfnesgdudqarsdlhesg`srsdlhransgqd`khrlncd`mc

hlodqedbshud`rodbs-Hsrgntkcadmnshbdcsg`ssgd`ccdcl`sdqh`kv`r

rs`sdc`r.M,.snhlokxsg`ssghroqdehwhrnotrxkk`ahb+h-d-hsb`mmns

`rrnbh`sdsn`mxsnmd+'hmbnmsq`rssnlnrsgnlnqf`mhbm`r`kbnmrsnm`ms

oqdehwdrhmMfxdla——m(-Mnvsg`ssgdhlodqedbshudqd`khroqdehwg`raddm

rodbhehdc+vd`qdeqddsnbg`mfdsgdqd`khred`stqdenqsgnrdbnmrsqtbshnmr

314
vghbgdmctovhsghqqd`khrsnmdrhmrsd`cneqd`khrnmdr-Ntqmdwsqtkdhr

sgtrsgdenkknvhmf9

(549) Realis Irrealis Rule:

+T +verb
+past -prog
+rem -neg
[+real] [-real] / -near

+T +verb
-past +prog
-fut -neg

Sghrqtkdbg`mfdrsgded`stqdZ*qd`k\snZ,qd`k\enqsgqddjhmcrne

bnmrsqtbshnmr9O3onrhshudodqedbshudr+O3onrhshudmnm,oqnfqdrrhud

hlodqedbshudr'ansgnesgdoqdbdchmfadhmfZ,oqnf\(+`mcydqnonrhshud

oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshudr-Sghrqtkdsgdqdenqdakddcrsgdqd`khronk`qsnmd

qtkd`mceddcrsgdhqqd`khronk`qsnmdqtkd-

Vd`qdmnvqd`cxsndw`lhmdntqsdmrdl`qjdqqtkdr+sgdehqrsne

vghbgg`mckdrsgdbnlokhb`sdcO3bnmrsqtbshnm+`radknv9

(550) Remote Past Tense Marker Rule: (P4)

+T
# laY # +past
[-near] [+near]... / +rem
# H # x [+verb]

315
 Sghrqtkdbg`mfdrsgdZmd`q\ed`stqdeqnl!,!sn!*!`mc`ccr`m

`cchshnm`kGsnmdl`qjdq.k`ù.hlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgdudqaqnns

vgdmdudqsgdsdmrdl`qjdq'S(hrl`qjdcenqO3sdmrd-Sgdbg`mfhmfne

sgded`stqdsgdqdaxeddcrntqmdwsqtkdvghbghrsgdenkknvhmf9

(551) Distant Past Tense Marker Rule: (P3)

+T
# la # +past
Ø / +rem
# L # +near

SghrqtkdrodbhehdrsgdO2sdmrdl`qjdqsnbnmrhrsne.k`.nmsgd

rdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq`mc`Ksnmdnmsgdsnm`kshdq-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(552) Yesterday Past Tense Marker Rule: (P2)

+T
# ka # +past
Ø / -rem
# L # -near

SghrqtkdrodbhehdrsgdO1sdmrdl`qjdqsnbnmrhrsne.j`.nmsgd

rdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq`mc`Ksnmdnmsgdsnm`kshdq-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

316
(553) Today Past Tense Marker Rule: (P1)

# ne # +T
+past
Ø / -rem
+near
# L H L #

SghrqtkdrodbhehdrsgdO0sdmrdl`qjdqsnbnmrhrsne.md.nmsgd

rdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq`mcK+G`mccnvmrsdo'C(ed`stqdrnmsgdsnm`k

shdq-Rhmbdsghrl`qjdqmddcrsgdKGqhrhmfsnmdfkhcdsnad`kv`xr

oqdrdms+sgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdreqnlsgdrdfldms`kshdq`qdcq`vmhmaxsgd

oqdbdchmflnqognknfhb`kqtkd`mc`qdmnskdessnsgdk`sdqsnmdl`oohmf

qtkd+vghbgvntkcvqnmfkx`rrnbh`sdnmkxsgdehqrssnmdnesghrlnqogdld

snsgdrxkk`ahb.md.-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(554) Today Future Tense Marker Rule: (F1)

+T
# ge # +fut
Ø / -rem x [+verb]
# L # +near

Sghrqtkdrodbhehdrsg`ssgdE0sdmrdl`qjdqbnmrhrsrne.fd.nmsgd

rdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq`mc`rhmfkdKsnmdnmsgdsnm`kshdq+`mcsgdx`qd

hmrdqsdchlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgdudqa-Sghrhrsgdnmkxetstqdsdmrd

l`qjdqsg`scndrmnshsrdkeadbnld`m`twhkh`qxudqahm`bnmrdbtshududqa

bnmrsqtbshnm+`r`kksgdenkknvhmfsdmrdl`qjdqrcn-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

317
 

'444(SnlnqqnvEtstqdSdmrdL`qjdqQtkd9'E1(

[+verb]
# to #

# H # +T
+fut
Ø / -rem x [+verb]
-near
[+verb]
# gyo #

# L #

Sghrqtkd`ccrdhsgdqnesvn`twhkh`qxudqarsnrhfmhexsgd`bshnmvhkk

s`jdok`bdsnlnqqnv-Sgdehqrsnesgdrd`twhkh`qxudqar'nqcdqdc

hlldch`sdkxadenqdsgdl`hmudqahm`bnmrdbtshududqabnmrsqtbshnm(

bnmrhrsrne.sn.nmsgdrdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq`mc`Gsnmdnmsgdsnm`k

shdq+vghkdsgdrdbnmcbnmrhrsrne.fxn.nmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq`mc`Ksnmdnm

sgdsnm`kshdq-Rhmbdansgnesgdrdl`qjdqr`qdk`adkkdc!Z*udqa\+!

vghbgdudqnmdhrbgnrdmhrk`sdqfhudm`cnvmrsdoed`stqdaxld`mrnesgd

qtkdenqhqqd`khrlncd-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrrhlhk`q+`radknv9

(556) Distant Future Tense Marker Rule: (F3)

[+verb] +T
# lu # +fut
Ø / +rem x [+verb]
# L # +near

Sghrqtkdrodbhehdrsg`ssgdshldrhfmhehdcaxchrs`mssdmrded`stqdrhr

qd`khydcax`cchmfhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgdl`hmudqa`m`twhkh`qxudqa

318
vghbgbnmrhrsrne.kt.nmsgdrdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq`mc`Ksnmdnmsgd

snm`kshdq-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(557) Remote Future Tense Marker Rule: (F4)

[+verb]
# laY #

# H # +T
+fut
Ø / +rem x [+verb]
-near
[+verb]
# fo #

# H #

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`ssgdlnrsqdlnsdetstqdshldqdedqdmbdhrhmchb`sdc

axsgd`cchshnmnedhsgdqnesvn`twhkh`qxudqarhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgd

l`hmudqa-Sgdehqrsnesgdrd`twhkh`qxudqarbnmrhrsrne.k`ù.nmsgd

rdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdqvghkdsgdrdbnmcbnmrhrsrne.en.-Vghbgdudqudqa

hrbgnrdmhr`bbnlo`mhdcax`rhmfkdGsnmdnmsgdsnm`kshdq-@rvhsg`kk

sgdnsgdqhqqd`khr`twhkh`qxudqar+`cnvmrsdoed`stqdhr`ccdcaxntqk`sd

hqqd`khrlncdqtkd-Sghrbnmbktcdrsgd`cchshnm`krodbhehb`shnmnentq

cheedqdmssdmrded`stqdr-

Sgdmdwsqtkdrvghbgvdvhkkenql`khyd`qdsgnrdcd`khmfvhsgsgd

hmsdqm`krsqtbstqdnesgdudqa-Sgdehqrsnesgdrdqtkdrhrsgdenkknvhmf9

319
 
'447(Qd`khrOqdehwQtkd9

+verb
+real
# + $ #
Ø -[T /
# + [T #

Sghrqtkd`ccr`ekn`shmfonk`qsnmd',√S(snm`koqdehwhlldch`sdkx

adenqd`mxqd`khrudqarsdl-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(559) Imperfective Suffix Rule:

+T +verb
+past -perf
+ EV # [rem -prog
Ø / [near
+ L #

+verb
-perf
+ # + te + #
L /
+ T + + #

+verb
-perf
+ EV # + # +
/
+ L # + T +

Sghrqtkdrodbhehdrsg`ssgdhlodqedbshududqarteehwvhkkad`ccdcsn

sgddmcne`udqarsdldwbdosenqO1`mcO2mnm,oqnfqdrrhudhlodqedbshud

bnmrsqtbshnmrvgdqdhshr`ss`bgdcsnsgdsdmrdl`qjdqZ*S\-Sgdrteehw

bnmrhrsrne`Ksnmddbgnunvdk'DU(dwbdoshlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfsgd

320
snmdkdrrrteehw.,sd.vgdqdhsbnmrhrsrne`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdld-Ntq

mdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(560) Realis Progressive Marker Rule:

# sse #

# H L #
+T +RP [+P] +verb
Ø / +past x +real

# #

# H #

+T +RP +verb
# sse # +past x +real

/
+T +RP ([+P]) [+verb]
# H L # [past x
-fut
[rem
-near

Sghrbnlokdwqtkdrs`sdrsg`ssgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'QO(hr

etqsgdqrodbhehdc`rdhsgdq.rrd.nmsgdrdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdqvhsg`m

`bbnlo`mxhmfGsnmdenkknvdcax`cnvmrsdoed`stqd'C(nmsgdsnm`kshdq

nqax`Gsnmdsnm`klnqogdldvgdmsgdrdmsdmbdhrl`qjdcenqansgo`rs

sdmrd`mcqd`khrlncd`mcsgdqdftk`qoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'O(hroqdrdms-

Vgdmsgdqdftk`qoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqhr`ardmshmrtbg`bnmrsqtbshnm+sgd

nmkxbgnhbdenqsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqhrsgd.rrd.vhsgGsnmd`mc

cnvmrsdoed`stqdr-RhmbdsgdO3sdmrdg`raddml`qjdcZ,qd`k\axsghr
321
shld+hshrmns`eedbsdcaxsgdoqdbdchmfo`qsnesgdqtkd-Rhlhk`qkx+ydqn

sdmrdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmr`qdmns`eedbsdcadb`trdsgdx`qd

Z,o`rs\-SgdO3`mcydqnqd`khroqnfqdrrhudbnmrsqtbshnmrvhkkad`eedbsdc

axsgdk`rso`qsnesgdoqdbdchmfqtkdvghbgr`xrsg`ssgdxltrsad

qd`khydcaxsgdl`qjdq.rrd.nmsgdrdfldms`kshdq`mcGCnmsgdsnm`kshdq

hesgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqhroqdrdmsvgdsgdqsgdqdftk`qoqnfqdrrhud

l`qjdqhroqdrdmsnqmns-Sgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdr`qdmnsrodbhehdcaxsghr

qtkd`rsgdk`sdqsnmdl`oohmfqtkdvhkkqhfgskx`rrnbh`sditrssgdGsnmdnm

sgdsnm`kshdqsnsgd.rrd.nmsgdrxkk`ahbshdq-SgdGsnmdsnm`klnqogdld

hrsgdenbtrne`lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbgenkknvrsgdsnmdl`oohmf

qtkd-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(561) Progressive Marker Rule:

# ne # +P
Ø /
# L #

Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`ssgdmnql`koqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqhrqd`khydc`r.md.

nmsgdrdfldms`krxkk`ahbshdq`knmfvhsg`bnqqdronmchmfKsnmdnmsgd

snm`kshdq-Sghrl`qjdqhrmnskhlhsdchmchrsqhatshnmvhsgqdrodbssnlncd+

atsl`xadtrdcsnrhfm`koqnfqdrrhud`rodbshmansgqd`khr`mchqqd`khr

bnmrsqtbshnmr-

322
 

Vdmnvlnudnmsn`fqntonelnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvghbg`cc+

cdkdsd`mcbg`mfdansgsnmdr`mc`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrhmqdrsqhbsdc

fq`ll`shb`kdmuhqnmldmsr-Lnrsnesgdrdqtkdr`qdnqcdqdc`esdqsgd

fdmdq`ksnmdl`oohmfqtkdg`rnodq`sdcatsadenqdsgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdr

g`udg`c`mnoonqstmhsxsn`ookx-Sgdedvlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr

vghbgltrsadnqcdqdc`esdqsgdmnql`ksnmdqtkdrvhkknmkxadcdrbqhadc

`ssgddmcnesghrrdbshnm-

Sgdehqrslnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvghbgvdrg`kkdw`lhmd`qdsgnrd

vghbgbg`mfdsnmdr`mc`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrvhsghmsgdudqa`bbnqchmfsn

u`qhntrsdlonq`k+`rodbst`k`mclnc`ked`stqdr-Sgdehqrsnesgdrdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(562) P3 Positive Perfective Rule:

# + V + #
+T +verb
/ +past x +perf
+rem -neg
# -[T + [T + Ø # +near

Sghrqtkd`ccr`rhmfkdKsnmdsnm`klnqogdld`esdqsgdudqarsdl'U(

`mc`rrnbh`sdrsghrmdvsnmda`bjsnsgdk`rsrxkk`akdnesg`srsdl

withoutchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdsnmd'√S(`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd-Sghrqtkd

hrnmkxsqhffdqdcvgdmsgdbnmrsqtbshnmhrl`qjdcenqO2sdmrd+odqedbshud

`rodbs'qdrtkshmfhmsgdonk`q',√S(snmdoqdehw(`mconrhshudonk`qhsx-Ntq
323
mdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(563) P2 Positive Perfective Rule:

# # + V #
+T +verb
/ +past x +perf
-rem -neg
# Ø -[T + [T # -near

Sghrqtkd`ccr`Ksnmdinsidesgdonk`qqd`khrsnmd',√S(lnqogdld

`mc`rrnbh`sdrsghrmdvsnmdsnbothsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfrxkk`akd

'#(`mcsgdenkknvhmfudqaqnns'U(vhsgntschr`rrnbh`shmf`mxsnmdrentmc

sgdqd-Sgdqtkdhrnmkxsqhffdqdchmbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdl`qjdcenqO1

sdmrd+odqedbshud`rodbs`mconrhshudonk`qhsx-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(564) P1 Positive Perfective Rule:

n-

# Ø + V #
+T +verb
/ +past x +perf
-rem -neg
# -[T + [T # +near

324
 Sghrqtkdlnudrsgdonk`qqd`khrsnmdsnm`klnqogdld',√S(eqnl

hlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgdudqarsdl'U(snhlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfsgd

r`ldrsdlvghkdkd`uhmfhmhsrnqhfhm`konrhshnm`gnlnqf`mhbm`r`k

bnmrnm`msoqdehw'rxlankhydc`r`knvdq,b`rd!m!adb`trdhsb`mmns

`rrnbh`sdvhsg`mxsnmd(-Sghrqtkdhrnmkxsqhffdqdcvgdmbnmrsqtbshnmr

`qdl`qjdcenqO0sdmrd+odqedbshud`rodbs`mconrhshudonk`qhsx-

Vd`qdmnvqd`cxsnlnudnmsncds`hksgdmnm,o`rslnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkdr-Sgdehqrsnesgdrdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(565) Zero Positive Perfective Rule:

+ ¶ + V #
+SM +T +verb
/ -past +perf
-fut -neg
+ T ¶ -[T + [T #

Sghrqtkdbg`mfdrsgdrtaidbsl`qjdq'RL(bnmbnqcsnmd'S(sn`K

snmdand`rrnbh`sdrsghrmdvsnmd`bqnrrsgdogq`rdantmc`qx'ï(`mcsgd

hmsdqudmhmfonk`qqd`khrsnmdsnm`klnqogdld',√S(snsgdudqaqnns

rxkk`akd'U(withoutchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdsnmd'√S(`kqd`cxentmcsgdqd-

Sghrqtkdhrnmkxsqhffdqdchmbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdl`qjdcenqydqn

325
sdmrd+odqedbshud`rodbs`mconrhshudonk`qhsx-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(566) Zero Positive Irrealis Non-progressive Imperfective

Rule:

# V + + I #
+T +verb
/ -past x -real
-fut -perf
# T + Ø + L # -prog
-neg

Sghrqtkd`ccr`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdldaftersgdudqarsdl'U(ats

beforesgdhlodqedbshud'H(Ksnmdrteehw-Sgdqtkdhrnmkxsqhffdqdc

vgdmbnmrsqtbshnmr`qdl`qjdcenqydqnsdmrd'mdhsgdqo`rsmnqetstqd(+

hqqd`khrlncd+ansghlodqedbshud`mcmnm,oqnfqdrrhud`rodbsr+`mconrhshud

onk`qhsx-

Vdb`mmnvdw`lhmdsgnrdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvghbg`eedbssgd

mdf`shud`mcoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdqrhm`udqaogq`rd-Ntqehqrsqtkdcnbjr

sgdGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldvghbgl`xnbbtqsnl`qjqd`khroqnfqdrrhud

bnmrsqtbshnmr+`radknv9

326
 

(567) Realis Progressive H Tone Docking Rule:

# N # # P #

/ +verb
+neg
# L # H # L #

# # P #

/ +verb
-neg
# H # L #

Sghrqtkd`rrnbh`sdrsgdGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldnesgdqd`khr

oqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'QO(snsgdmdf`shudl`qjdq'M(nmhsrkdeshertbg`

mdf`shudl`qjdqhroqdrdms-Nsgdqvhrd+sgdGsnmdsnm`klnqogdldhr

`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdoqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'O(nmhsrqhfgs-Hmansgb`rdr+sgd

`cchshnm`k`rrnbh`shnmkhmdrcnnotchr`rrnbh`sd`mxsnmdr`kqd`cx

`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdbgnrdmrxkk`akdr-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(568) Realis Progressive Revision Rule:

+ # ¶ sse #
+T +verb
/ -past +real
-fut -perf
+ T ¶ H (T) L # +prog
-neg

Ø L H

327
 Sghrghfgkxbnlokhb`sdc`mcdpt`kkxqdrsqhbsdclnqogn,snmnknfhb`k

qtkdcdkdsdrsgdsnmd'S(oqdbdchmfsgdqd`khroqnfqdrrhud'QO(l`qjdq

.rrdæ∫.+`rrnbh`sdrsgdGsnmdnesg`sl`qjdqsnsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf

rxkk`akd+cdkdsdrsgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdadsvddmsgdGsnmd`mcsgdrxkk`akd

.rrd.+hmrdqsrnqbg`mfdr`mnoshnm`kekn`shmfsnmdhmsn`Ksnmd+`mc

bg`mfdrsgdsgdehm`k`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdhmsn`Gsnmd-Sghrsnmdqtkdnmkx

nodq`sdrnmbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdl`qjdcenqydqnsdmrd+qd`khrlncd+

hlodqedbshud`mcoqnfqdrrhud`rodbsr+onrhshudonk`qhsx+`mcg`rbgnrdm

sgd.rrdæ∫.noshnmeqnlsgdd`qkhdqqd`khroqnfqdrrhudlnqogdldqtkd-Ntq

mdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(569) F1 Negative Revision Rule:

n-

# te # Ø # ge #
+T +verb
/ +fut +neg
-rem
# L # Ø # L # +near

Sghrqtkd`ccr`lnqogdldhlldch`sdkx`esdqsgdMDFl`qjdq.sd∆.`mc

hlldch`sdkxadenqdsgdsdmrdl`qjdq.fd∆.hm`kkE0bnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgd

`cchshnm`klnqogdldbnmrhrsrne`gnlnqf`mhbm`r`kbnmrnm`msoqdehw

328
'rxlankhydc`r`knvdqb`rd!m,!adb`trdhsb`mmns`rrnbh`sdvhsg`snmd(

nmsgdrdfldms`kshdq`mc`Gsnmdnmsgdsnm`kshdq-Sghr`cchshnm`kG

snmdhr`kv`xr`rrnbh`sdca`bjsnsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfMDFl`qjdq

withoutchr`rrnbh`shmfsgdsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd-Ntqmdwsqtkdhr

sgdenkknvhmf9

(570) Future Tense Subject Marker Revision Rule:

+ # # ¶ V +
+SM +verb
/ +fut

+ H # H ¶ T +

+ # # ¶
+SM +verb
/ +fut

+ L # H ¶

Sghrqtkdnmkx`ookhdrsnGsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdq'RL(bnmbnqcsnmdrhm

etstqdsdmrdbnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgdqtkdg`rsvno`qsr+cdodmchmftonmsgd

m`stqdnesgdk`rssnmd`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfrxkk`akd

'#(-Hesgdk`rs`rrnbh`sdcsnmdnesgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akdhr`Gsnmd+sgdG

snmdsnm`klnqogdldhr`rrnbh`sdcsnsg`srxkk`akdnmhsrkdesvhsgnts

329
chr`rrnbh`shmfsgdGsnmd`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd+`mcsgdmdvkx

`rrnbh`sdcGsnmdhr`krnlnudcsnsgdqhfgs`mchmrdqsdcinsidesgdudqa

qnnslnqogdld'U(-Sghrqtkdnmkxl`jdrrdmrdvgdmhshrqdb`kkdcsg`shs

eddcrsgdk`sdhqqd`khrlncdqtkdvghbgvhkkmnvhmrdqs`onk`qsnmd

betweensgdsvnGsnmdr`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdr`ldrxkk`akd'#(-Hesgdk`rs

`rrnbh`sdcsnmdnesgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akdhr`Ksnmd+sgdGsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldcqnorntsbnlokdsdkx+`rhmsgdrdbnmco`qsnesgdoqdbdchmf

qtkd-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(571) P0 Positive Subject Marker Rule:

+ ¶ + V +
+SM +T +verb
/ -past +perf
-fut -neg
+ Ø ¶ -[T + [T +

Sghrqtkd`ccr`Ksnmdsnm`klnqogdldenqsgdrtaidbsl`qjdq'RL(

hmonrhshudO/bnmrsqtbshnmrand`rrnbh`sdrsg`ssnmd`bqnrrsgd

hmsdqudmhmfonk`qqd`khrsnmd',√S(snsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd'U(vhsgnts

chr`rrnbh`shmfsgdudqaqnnssnmd'√S(`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd-Ntqmdws

qtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

330
 

(572) Zero Tense Realis Non-progressive Imperfective Subject

Marker Rule:

+ # + ¶ + V +
+SM +T +verb
/ -past +real
-fut -perf
+ T + Ø ¶ -[T + [T + -prog

Sghrqtkd`ccr`Ksnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgd

udqa'U(and`rrnbh`sdrsghrsnmda`bjsnsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf

rxkk`akd'#(vhsgntschr`rrnbh`shmf`mxsnmdr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd-Sgd

qtkdhrsqhffdqdcnmkxaxbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdl`qjdcenqydqnsdmrd

`mcqd`khrlncdvhsgansghlodqedbshud`mcmnm,oqnfqdrrhud`rodbsr-Ntq

mdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(573) Zero Tense Irrealis Non-progressive Imperfective

Subject Marker Rule:

+ ¶ V +
+SM +T +verb
/ -past -real
-fut -perf
+ Ø ¶ T + -prog

331
 Sghrqtkd`ccr`Ksnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgd

udqa'U(and`rrnbh`sdrsghrsnmdsnsgdudqaqnnsrxkk`akd'U(vhsgnts

chr`rrnbh`shmf`mxsnmdr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd-Sgdqtkdhrsqhffdqdc

nmkxaxbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdl`qjdcenqydqnsdmrd`mchqqd`khrlncd

vhsgansghlodqedbshud`mcmnm,oqnfqdrrhud`rodbsr-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(574) Zero Tense Irrealis Progressive Imperfective Subject

Marker Rule:

+ # + ¶
+SM +T +verb
/ -past -real
-fut -perf
+ T + Ø ¶ +prog

Sghrqtkd`ccr`Gsnmdrtaidbsl`qjdqhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgd

udqa'U(and`rrnbh`sdrsghrsnmda`bjsnsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf

rxkk`akd'#(vhsgntschr`rrnbh`shmf`mxsnmdr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcsgdqd-Sgd

qtkdhrsqhffdqdcnmkxaxbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdl`qjdcenqydqnsdmrd

`mchqqd`khrlncdvhsgansghlodqedbshud`mcoqnfqdrrhud`rodbsr-Ntq

mdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

332
 

(575) Object Prefix Desyllabification Rule:

+NCP +ONP
# e(n-) # / +NR
+C3
+C8
+C9
# L # +C10

Sghrqtkdcdkdsdrsgdrxkk`ahbrs`strne`mxmntmbk`rroqdehw'MBO(

vgdmhshlldch`sdkxoqdbdcdr`mxmntmqnns'MQ(vghbghr`mnaidbs`mc

eqnldhsgdqmntmbk`rr2+7+8nq0/'`kkvhsg`mnoshnm`k!d!unvdkhmsgd

oqdehw(-Sgd`rrnbh`shnmkhmdeqnlsgdcdkdsdcunvdksnsgdKsnmdhr

`tsnl`shb`kkxcdkdsdc`rvdkk`rsgdqdl`hmhmfm`r`kbnmrnm`mscndrmns

g`udrxkk`ahbrs`str-

Vd`qdmnvqd`cxsnenql`khydsgnrdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvghbg

mustadnqcdqdc`esdqsgdqdftk`qsnmdqtkdrg`udnodq`sdc-Sgdqd`qdnmkx

ehudqtkdrvghbgltrsadrnnqcdqdc-Vdrs`sdehqrssgdk`sdunvdk

`rrhlhk`shnmqtkd+`radknv9

333
(576) Vowel Assimilation Rule:

# CDC D ¶ a(n-) +
[+verb] +NCP +ONP
/ +NR
+C1
# T ¶ T + +C7

Sghrqtkdhrnmkxrs`sdchmhsrlnrsrodbhehbenqlhmnqcdqsng`mckdsgd

unvdk`mcsnmdbg`mfdroqdrdmsdchmsghrchrrdqs`shnm-Hshrghfgkx

oqna`akdsg`srgntkcnmdl`jd`mdwg`trshudrstcxneunvdk`rrhlhk`shnm

hmMfxdla——m+`mxvnqchmhsh`kunvdkvntkc`rrhlhk`sdsnsgdunvdk

pt`khsxnesgdehm`kunvdknesgdoqdbdchmfvnqc+oqna`akx`bbnlo`mhdc

axsgdsnmdbg`mfdrrgnvm`anud-

Sghrqtkdsgtrrs`sdrsg`svgdmdudqsgdunvdk!`!hrsgdmntmbk`rr

oqdehw'MBO(ne`mnaidbsmntmogq`rd'NMO(+hshrchr`rrnbh`sdceqnl

sgnrdsnmdr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcvhsghs+hshrlnudcsnsgddmcnesgd

hlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfvnqc+hshr`rrhlhk`sdcsnsgdunvdkpt`khsx'—(ne

sgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfrxkk`akd'B—B(`mcehm`kkx+sghrmdvunvdkhr

qd`rrnbh`sdcsnsgdehm`k`rrnbh`sdcsnmdnesg`sr`ldrxkk`akd-

Ntqmdwslnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdqdok`bdrsgdcdqhudcsnmdrnm

rodbhehbo`rshlodqedbshudbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbgrtbddcrhmmdtsq`khyhmfsgd

mnql`ksnm`kbnmsq`rsadsvddmG`mcKsnmdudqaqnnsrvghkdbnqqdbskx

eddchmfsgdk`sdcnvmrsdo`citrsldmsqtkd+`radknv9

334
 
'466(O2.O1Mnm,oqnfqdrrhudHlodqedbshudQtkd9

# + V #
+T +verb
/ +past x -perf
[rem -prog
# -[T + [T # [near

H L

Sghrqtkdbg`mfdrsgdonk`qqd`khrsnmd',√S(sn`Gsnmd`mcsgdudqa

qnnssnmd'√S(sn`KsnmdhmO1nqO2bnmrsqtbshnmr'l`qjdcaxZ√qdl\

`mcZ√md`q\ed`stqdbnlahm`shnmr(vgdmdudqsgdx`qd`krnl`qjdcenq

hlodqedbshud`mcmnm,oqnfqdrrhud`rodbsr-

Vdb`mmnvdw`lhmdntqentqehm`klnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr+sgd

deedbsned`bgadhmfsnhmrdqsekn`shmfsnmdsnm`klnqogdldrvgdqdsgdx

vhkkbnqqdbskxsqhffdqsgdcnvmrsdoqtkdr'vghbg`qdsgdnmkxsnmdqtkdrsn

enkknvsgdrdk`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr(-Sgdehqrsnesgdrdqtkdrhrsgd

enkknvhmf9

(578) Zero Positive Perfective Object Marker Rule:

¶ + +verb
-past +OM
/ -fut [[T]
+perf
¶ (T) + -neg

-[T

335
 Sghrqtkd`ccrnqbg`mfdrsgdnaidbsl`qjdqsnm`klnqogdldsn`onk`q

snmd',√S(vghbghrnoonrhsdsgdehqrs`rrnbh`sdcsnmd'√S(entmcnmhsr

qhfgs-Sgdqtkdhrnmkxsqhffdqdcaxbnmrsqtbshnmrvghbg`qdl`qjdcenq

ydqnsdmrd+odqedbshud`rodbs`mconrhshudonk`qhsx-Hs`kv`xreddcrsgdk`sd

cnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgenkknvr-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(579) Zero Irrealis Progressive Imperfective H Tone

Insertion and Docking Rule:

+ N + # P +
+SM +T +verb
/ -past -real
-fut -perf
+ L + Ø # L + +prog
+neg

+ # ¶ # P +
+SM +T +verb
/ -past -real
-fut -perf
+ T ¶ Ø # L + +prog
-neg

Sghrqtkd`ccr`Gsnmdsnm`klnqogdldhlldch`sdkxadenqdsgd

oqnfqdrrhudl`qjdq'O(hmbnmrsqtbshnmrl`qjdcenqydqnsdmrd+hqqd`khr

336
lncd+`mcoqnfqdrrhud`mchlodqedbshud`rodbsr-SghrGsnmdsnm`k

lnqogdldcndrmns`rrnbh`sdsn`mxrxkk`akdvgdmsgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akd

hr`mdf`shudl`qjdq+atscndr`rrnbh`sdsnsgdhlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf

rxkk`akdvgdm`mdf`shudl`qjdqhrmnsoqdrdms+`rhmsgdrdbnmco`qsne

sgdoqdbdchmfqtkd-Ntqmdwsqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(580) Irrealis Polar Tone Insertion Rule:

# + V + ¶ + # +
+verb
/ -real

# Ø + [T + Ø ¶ (T) + ਫS*

-[T -ਫT Ø

Sghrqtkdhmrdqsrsvnekn`shmfonk`qsnmdrvgnrdsnmdpt`khsxhr

cdsdqlhmdcaxsgdhlldch`sdkxenkknvhmf`rrnbh`sdcsnmd-Sgtrsgdehqrs

onk`qsnmd',√S(hrhmrdqsdchlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmfsgdudqarsdl'U(`mc

hsrsnmdhrnoonrhsdsnsg`svghbghr`kqd`cx`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgdrsdl'√S(-

Sgdrdbnmconk`qsnmd',ਫS(hrhmrdqsdchlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfsgdudqa

rsdl`mchsrsnmdhrnoonrhsdsnsgdnmd'ਫS(vghbghr`rrnbh`sdcvhsgsgd

hlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfrxkk`akd'#(-He`ekn`shmfsnmdsnm`klnqogdld'S(

rgntkcnbbtqadsvddm`onk`qsnmd`mchsrenkknvhmf`rrnbh`sdcsnmd

cdsdqlhmdq+hshrcdkdsdcaxsghrqtkd-Sgddeedbsnesghrqtkdhrsneddcsgd

337
enkknvhmfcnvmrsdoqtkd`mcsgtralwaysg`ud`rtqe`bdcnvmrsdo

hlldch`sdkxoqdbdchmf`mchlldch`sdkxenkknvhmfsgdudqarsdlhm`mx

bnmrsqtbshnmvghbghrl`qjdcenqhqqd`khrlncd-Ntqehm`klnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkdhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(581) P1 and Realis Progressive Disassociation and

Polarization Rule:

+ # + +RP

(L) H (L) L +T
+past
-rem
+near
Ø -[T

Sghrqtkdqduhrdrsgdsnmdrenqntqqd`khroqnfqdrrhud`mcO0l`qjdqr

axbnmudqshmfsgdehm`kassociated L tonenesgdl`qjdqhmsn`

floating polar (-[T) tone`mcaxcdkdshmf`mxekn`shmfsnmdr

adenqdsghrmdvkxchr`rrnbh`sdcsnmd-Sghrqtkd`ookhdrnebntqrdnmkxsn

sgnrdrsqtbstqdrvgdqddhsgdqnesgdrdsvnl`qjdqrhrentmc-

Sghrbnmbktcdrntqchrbtrrhnmnesgdlnqognknfhb`k`mclnqogn,

snmnknfhb`kqtkdrmdbdrr`qxenqsgdc`s`oqdrdmsdc`mc`m`kxydchmsghr

chrrdqs`shnm-

338
 CHAPTER 5

4-/-Bnmbktrhnm

Hmsghrchrrdqs`shnm+vdg`uddw`lhmdcsgdlnqognknfhb`k+snmnknfhb`k

'bnmchshnmdcaxotqdkxognmnknfhb`kbqhsdqh`(+`mclnqogn,snmnknfhb`k

'snm`kqtkdrbnmchshnmdcaxfq`ll`shb`kbqhsdqh`(qtkdr-Vdg`ud

enql`khydcd`bgqtkdmdbdrr`qxenqsgdc`s`oqdrdmsdc`mcg`udenbtrdcnm

sgdnqcdqhmfneqtkd`ookhb`shnm`rvdkk`rsgdhmsdq`bshnmadsvddmsgd

cheedqdmsjhmcrneqtkdr-Mns`akdhmsghrqdrodbsv`rsgdmddcsnonrhs`

edvlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvghbg`bst`kkxenkknvdcsgdl`hmancxne

snmdqtkdr-Sgdqdrtkshmfnqcdqhmfb`madrtll`qhydc`radknv9

(582) Rule Ordering

(underlying deep structure subject to grammatical

well-formedness conditions - see (68) above)

1. Morpheme spelling rules

2. Tone mapping rule

3. Early morpho-tonological rules

4. Tone rules

5. Late morpho-tonological rules

6. Downstep rules

(surface phonetic output)

339
 Sgda`rhbenbtrnesghrchrrdqs`shnmg`raddmsncdsdqlhmdsgdmtladq

`mcbnlokdwhsxneqtkdrmdbdrr`qxsng`mckdsgdk`qfdrs`lntmsne

Mfxdla——mc`s`onrrhakd-Vdehqrscdudknodc`a`rhbrdsnesnmdqtkdr

a`rdcnmchrxkk`ahbmntmrhmhrnk`shnm`mchm`rrnbh`shudmntmogq`rdr-

Sgdrda`rhbsnmdqtkdrvdqdenql`khydc`bbnqchmfsnbnmudmshnmr

cdudknodcenq`tsnrdfldms`kognmnknfxaxFnkcrlhsg'0865(-@m

hlonqs`ms`m`kxshb`k`cu`ms`fdv`rf`hmdcax`cnoshmfsgdhcd`ne`snm`k

lds`sgdrhrqtkdeqnlRsdv`qs'0870(`mcOtkkxak`mj'0871(-Sghrkdchm

stqmsnonrhshmf`cnvmrsdoqtkdvghbgcdodmcdcnmekn`shmf

'tm`rrnbh`sdc(snmdrneonk`qpt`khsx-

Nmbdvdg`ccdudknodc`a`rhbbnqdnesnm`kqtkdr`mcbnmudmshnmrnm

sgda`rhrnemntmogq`rdr+vd`ssdlosdcsndwo`mc`mcqduhrdsgdl`r

khsskd`ronrrhakd`rvddw`lhmdc`k`qfdancxnec`s`eqnlsgdhmchb`shud

lnnc-Sgntfg`qdehmdldmsr`mcqdrsqhbshnmrg`csnadonrhsdc+sgdl`hm

`cchshnmqdrtksdceqnlsgdmddcsnonrhsrdudq`klnqognknfhb`k`mc

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdrvghbg`ccdcsnmdrnqrkhfgskxqduhrdcsgdsnm`k

cdqhu`shnmhmnqcdqsn`ss`hmsgdbnqqdbsrtqe`bdognmdshbqd`khy`shnmr-

Mnsdvnqsgx`lnmfsgdrd`cchshnmrv`rsg`so`qsnesgd!Vdkk,enqldcmdrr

Bnmchshnm!onrhsdcaxFnkcrlhsg`mcqduhrdcaxBkdldmsr`mcEnqc+v`r

l`cdhmsn`mnql`kkdes,sn,qhfgssnmdqtkdhmntq`m`kxrhr-K`sdq+hmnqcdq

sncdqhudsgdmtldqntrcnvmrsdorenqhqqd`khrudqabnmrsqtbshnmr+vd

onrhsdc`k`sdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdvghbghmrdqsdconk`qekn`shmfsnmdr

340
itrshmshldsnsqhffdqntqcnvmrsdoqtkdr`ssgdqhfgsok`bd-Vd`krnvdms

nmsnonrhsrtaidbs`mcnaidbsl`qjdqsnm`klnqogdldrhmnqcdqsng`mckd

sgdsnmdbg`mfdrvghbgnbbtqadsvddmrtaidbs+udqa`mcnaidbs-

Sgdehm`kqdrtksne`kksghrv`rsg`svdonrhsdcnmkxrdudmsnmdqtkdrhm

`cchshnmsnsgdd`qkxsnmdl`oohmfqtkd`mcsgdk`sdcnvmrsdoqtkd+sn

`bghdudsgdcdrhqdcqdrtksr-Sgdrdqtkdr`qdsgdenkknvhmf9

(583) Normal Tonal Rules:

No. 1 : Final Downglide

No. 3’ : Metathesis

No. 4 : Rise-Formation

No. 5’ : Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes

No. 6’ : Rise-Deletion

No. 7’ : Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes

No. 8’ : Well-formedness Rule (WFR)

Sgdrdsnmdqtkdrvdqdenqltk`sdchmrtbg`v`xsg`ssgdx`qdmns

qhfhckxnqcdqdcvhsgqdrodbssnd`bgnsgdq-Hmrsd`c+vdonrhsdc`oqhmbhokd

neknb`knqcdqhmfvgdqd`mxqtkdhrodqlhssdcsnnodq`sd`rhsrrsqtbstq`k

bnmchshnmr`qdlds`rnmdoqnbddcr`knmfsgdsnm`kshdqeqnlkdessnqhfgs-

341
Sghrfdmdq`koqhmbhokdneknb`kqtkdnqcdqhmf`kv`xrf`udtrsgdcdrhqdc

qdrtkshmd`bgrodbhehbcdqhu`shnm-

Sgdcnvmrsdoqtkdvdonrhsdcknvdqrsgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqnmdmnsbgenq

d`bgekn`shmfonk`qsnmdsg`shlldch`sdkxoqdbddcr`m`rrnbh`sdcsnmdne

noonrhsdbg`q`bsdq-Sgdonrhshmfne`ekn`shmfKsnmdadenqd`m`rrnbh`sdc

Gsnmdg`rknmfaddmqdf`qcdcaxkhmfthrsr`rsgdtmcdqkxhmfdwok`m`shnm

enqsgdnbbtqqdmbdnecnvmrsdoodcGsnmdr-Sgdcdqhu`shnmne

cnvmrsdoodcKsnmdr+gnvdudq+hrltbglnqdoqnakdl`shbctdsnsgd

dwsqdldkxrl`kkmtladqnek`mft`fdrvghbgdwghahssghrogdmnldmnm-

VghkdOtkkxak`mj'087293(g`ronrhsdcsg`scnvmrsdoodcKsnmdrbnld

nmkxeqnlfloating L tonesadenqd`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdr+vdg`ud

onrhsdcsg`scnvmrsdoodcKsnmdrbnldeqnlfloating H tonesadenqd

`rrnbh`sdcKsnmdr-Sghroqnonr`krddlrltbglnqdhmjddohmfvhsgntq

mntmogq`rdsnmdodqstqa`shnmr`mcg`raddmdpt`kkxdwok`m`snqxhmntq

dw`lhm`shnmneudqaogq`rdogdmnldm`-

@rhm`kkk`mft`fdrvghbgg`udognmnknfhb`kcnvmrsdo+cnvmrsdorhm

Mfxdla——mvdqdentmcsnadansgbtltk`shud`mcodqrdudq`shud-Sghr

qdedqrsnsgdrtbbdrrhudknvdqhmfnesgdsnm`kqdfhrsdqvhsghmsgdsnm`k

ogq`rd`mcsnsgdl`hms`hmhmfnesgdknvdqdcqdfhrsdqtmshksgdrod`jdq

qd`bgdr`o`trd-Sgdqdrtkshrsg`shshrpthsdrhlokdsnbnmrsqtbs`ogq`rd

vgdqdsgdGsnmd`ssgddmchrqd`khydcognmdshb`kkxnm`lowerohsbgsg`m

`Ksnmd`ssgdadfhmmhmf-Vghkdsghrbg`q`bsdqhrshbhrmnsnesdmentmc+hs

342
rddlrdrodbh`kkx`ooqnoqh`sdhmk`mft`fdrkhjdMfxdla——mvgdqd

ognmnknfhb`kcnvmrsdonbbtqrhmsgd`ardmbdneognmdshbcnvmcqhes-

Dwsdmchmfsgdc`s`eqnlsgdmnql`k`rrnbh`shudmntmogq`rdl`sdqh`k

trt`kkx`m`kxydchmFq`rrehdkcrA`mstk`mft`fdrsnhmbktcd`k`qfdonqshnm

nehmchb`shudlnncbnmrsqtbshnmrg`rmdbdrrhs`sdcedvbg`mfdrsnntq

a`rhbsnmdqtkdratsg`rmdbdrrhs`sdcsgdenql`shnmne`mtladqne

lnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr-Rhmbdl`mxnesgdrdlnqogn,snmnknfhb`kqtkdr

onrhssg`su`qhntrfq`ll`shb`ked`stqdr`qdqd`khydc`rsnm`klnqogdldr+

rhlhk`qdw`lhm`shnmrnesgdrdogdmnldm`hmnsgdqqdk`sdck`mft`fdrbntkc

dudmst`kkxkd`csnsgdqdbnmrsqtbshnmneu`qhntrfq`ll`shb`klnqogdldr

`knmfvhsgsgdqdk`sdcghrsnqhb`koqnbdrrdrvghbgqdrtksdchmsnc`x&rq`sgdq

no`ptdsnm`ko`q`chflr-

343
 REFERENCES
Anderson, Stephen C. 1976. ms. "A Phonology of NgyembDDn-
Bamileke," S.I.L., Yaounde, Cameroon.

Anderson, Stephen C. 1978. ms. "Mapping and Tone Rules in

NgyembDDn-Bamileke," University of Southern California, Los
Angeles.

Anderson, Stephen C. 1979. "Verb Structure" in Larry M. Hyman

(Ed.), Aghem Grammatical Structure, Southern California
Occasional Papers in Linguistics, Volume 7, Los Angeles,
U.S.C., pp. 73-106.

Anderson, Stephen C. 1980a. "The Noun Classes of NgyembDDn-

Bamileke," in Larry M. Hyman (Ed.), Noun Classes in the
Grassfields Bantu Borderland, Southern California Occasional
Papers in Linguistics, Volume 8, Los Angeles, U.S.C., pp. 37-
56.

Anderson, Stephen C. 1980b. Lexique Franclais-NgyembDDn, SocieJteJ

Internationale de Linguistique (S.I.L.), YaoundeJ, Cameroon.

Anderson, Stephen C. 1981. "An Autosegmental Account of Bamileke-

Dschang Tonology," in Journal of Linguistic Research, Volume
1, Number 4, Indiana University Linguistics Club, pp. 74-94.

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346
 APPENDIX A

Sghr`oodmchwfhudr`khrsnesgdehm`ksnmdqtkdrhmsgdhqqdrodbshud

fqntor`mcsgdmqdrs`sdrd`bgnesgdrdqtkdrhmhsr`tsnrdfldms`k

enql`khrl-Ehqrs+sgdkhrsnentqehm`kqtkdrhrsgdenkknvhmf9

(584) Rule Ordering (see (416) above)

(Morpheme Spelling Rules)

Left-to-Right Mapping Rule (universal)

(Early Morpho-tonological Rules)

Rule 1 : Final Downglide

Rule 3’ : Metathesis

Rule 4 : Rise-Formation

Rule 5’ : Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes

Rule 6’ : Rise-Deletion

Rule 7’ : Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes

Rule 8’ : Well-formedness Rule (WFR)

(Late Morpho-tonological Rules)

Rule 2’: Downstep

347
 Mnvsg`svdg`udrddmsgdkhrsnesgdu`qhntrsnmdqtkdr`mcsgdhq

nqcdqne`ookhb`shnm+vdvhkkfhudd`bgqtkdhmhsrenql`k`tsnrdfldms`k

enql`shmmtldqhb`knqcdq+`radknv9

(585) Rule 1: Final Downglide (see (417) above)

#


L Ø Ø / //

H L

(586) Rule 2’: Downstep (see (428) above)

+B pitch
(-[T)B [T

(587) Rule 3’: Metathesis (see (424) above)

##


L (H) H L

348
(588) Rule 4: Rise-Formation (see (420) above)

##

# L H #

(589) Rule 5’: Leftward-docking L-tone Morphemes (see

(430) above)

# + +

T + L +

Condition: This rule shall not operate if it would

associate the floating L tone across a phrase

boundary to a syllable already associated

with an immediately preceding H tone.

(590) Rule 6’: Rise-Deletion (see (426) above)

##

L (T) H / L

349
(591) Rule 7’: Rightward-docking H-tone Morphemes (see

(423) above)

+ + #

+ H + T

Condition: Association line deleted only if boundary

between H and T tones is weaker than a

phrase boundary (¶).

(592) Rule 8’: Well-formedness Rule (WFR) (see (427) above)

(#) + # +

(T) T + +

Condition: When a toneless syllable associates to the

first tone on its left, it only disassociates

that tone from another syllable if that syllable

is already associated to yet another tone.

350
 APPENDIX B
Sghr`oodmchwvhkketqsgdqrodbhexsgdl`hmbg`qs'rdd71+056`mc320

`anud(vghbgg`raddmtrdcsnrtll`qhyd`kksgdsnmdbg`mfdrnmsgdudqa

qnns-Adenqdqdu`lohmfsghrbg`qs+hshrrgnvm`f`hmadknv9

(593) Revised Realis/Irrealis Tone Distribution

(see (167) above)

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

+perf x/R x/R x/R x/R x/R

+real

-perf
+real x/R x/x x/x R/R R/R
-prog

-perf
+real R/R R/R R/R R/R x/R
+prog

+perf I/I I/I I/I I/I

-real

-perf
-real x/I I/I I/I I/I I/I
-prog

-perf
-real I/I I/I I/I I/I I/I
+prog

Hmnqcdqsnrodbhexsgd`bst`krtqe`bdsnmdrenqd`bgG`mcKsnmdudqa

qnnsenqd`bgnesgdrxlankrhmsgdoqdbdchmfbg`qs+vdvhkkg`udsnchuhcd

351
sgdbg`qshmsnsvnbg`qsr+nmdenqonrhshudbnmrsqtbshnmr`mc`rdbnmcenq

mdf`shud-Sgtrhmsgdenkknvhmfsvnbg`qsr+sgdrxlankoqdbdchmfsgdrk`rg

l`qjhmchb`sdrsgdrtqe`bdsnmdne`mtmcdqkxhmfGsnmdudqaqnnsvghkd

sgdrxlankenkknvhmfsgdrk`rgl`qjhmchb`sdrsgdrtqe`bdsnmdne`m

tmcdqkxhmfKsnmdudqaqnns-Ntqehqrsbg`qsqdedqrsnonrhshud

bnmrsqtbshnmr+`radknv9

(594) Surface Verb Root Tones, Positive Constructions

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

+perf ∫H/dL HL/dHL L/LdL dH/dL LH/LH

+real

-perf
+real dH/dL dL/dL dL/dL H/dH H/dH
-prog

-perf
+real H/dH H/dH H/dH H/dH dH/dL
+prog

+perf dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL

-real

-perf
-real dL/L dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL
-prog

-perf
-real dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL
+prog

352
 Sgdoqdbdchmfbg`qsrgnvdcsgdrtqe`bdudqasnmdrenq`kksgdonrhshud

bnmrsqtbshnmr-Sgdenkknvhmfbg`qsrgnvrsgdrtqe`bdudqasnmdrenq`kk

sgdhqqdrodbshudmdf`shudbntmsdqo`qsr9

(595) Surface Verb Root Tones, Negative Constructions

Features P4 P3 P2 P1 Ø F1 F2 F3 F4

+perf H/dH H/dH H/dH H/dH H/dH

+real

-perf
+real H/dH dL/dL dL/dL H/dH H/dH
-prog

-perf
+real H/dH H/dH H/dH H/dH H/dH
+prog

+perf dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL

-real

-perf
-real dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL
-prog

-perf
-real dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL dH/dL
+prog

353