STRAIT OF MAGELLAN

The Strait of Magellan (Spanish: Estrecho de Magallanes), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable
sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south.
The strait is the most important natural passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
The route is considered difficult to navigate due to frequent narrows and unpredictable winds and
currents. Maritime piloting is now compulsory. The strait is shorter and more sheltered than the Drake Passage, the
often stormy open sea route around Cape Horn. Along with the narrow and sometimes treacherous Beagle
Channel and the seasonal and historically treacherous North West Passage, these were the only sea routes
between the Atlantic and Pacific until the construction of the Panama Canal.

MAGELLAN IN GUAM
It is believed that Guam was first discovered by seafaring people who migrated from Southeast Asia around
2000 BC.The original inhabitants of Guam are believed to be descendants of Austronesian people originating
from Southeast Asia as early as 2000 BC, having linguistic and cultural similarities to Malaysia, Indonesia, and
the Philippines. These people evolved into the Chamorro people. They flourished as an advanced,
horticultural and hunting society. They were expert seafarers and skilled craftsmen familiar with intricate
weaving and detailed pottery who built unique houses and canoes suited to this region of the world.[1]Most of
what is known about Pre-Contact ("Ancient") Chamorros comes from legends and myths, archaeological
evidence, Jesuit missionary accounts, and observations from visiting scientists like Otto von Kotzebue and Louis de
Freycinet.

DISCOVERY OF PHILIPPINES
The Philippines were claimed in the name of Spain in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain,
who named the islands after King Philip II of Spain. They were then called Las Felipinas. By the 1830's Spanish culture and
thought had penetrated into Filipino culture to the extent that the Filipino people began thinking about liberation from Spain.
The government of Spain developed Filipino agriculture to the point that it was self-sufficient.
After some attempts at independence, and an equal number of atrocities on the part of Spain, Filipino Nationalists began
to speak out. One of the most famous of the time was Jose Rizal. He studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in
the Philippines and the University of Madrid. Rizal wrote two important novels that portrayed the abuses of Spanish rule.
Although the books were banned, they were smuggled into the Philippines and widely read. On the night of his execution, on
December 30, 1896, Rizal proclaimed the Philippines "the Pearl of the Oriental Seas". His death is annually commemorated
on December 30.

FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES

On March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday, Magellan ordered a Mass to be celebrated which was officiated by
Father Pedro Valderrama, the Andalusion chaplain of the fleet, the only priest then. Conducted near the
shores of the island, the First Holy Mass marked the birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines. Colambu
and Siaiu were the first natives of the archipelago, which was not yet named "Philippines" until the expedition
of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1543, to attend the Mass among other native inhabitants.

CONVERSION OF CEBUANO TO CHRISTIANITY

While many historians claim that the first Mass in the islands was held on Easter Sunday of 1521 in a little island
near the present day Bukidnon Province, the exact location is disputed. A more verifiable Mass was held at
the island-port named Mazaua on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, as recorded by the Venetian diarist Antonio
Pigafetta who travelled on the Spanish expedition to reach the islands in 1521 led by Ferdinand Magellan.[5]
Later, the Legazpi expedition of 1565 that originated and was organized from Mexico City marked the
beginning of the Hispanisation of the Philippines, beginning from Cebu.[6] This expedition was an effort to
occupy the islands with as little bloodshed and conflict as possible, ordered by Phillip II.[7] Lieutenant Legazpi, in
an effort to make peace with the natives and to achieve swift conquest, set up colonies.

LAPU LAPU'S VICTORY IN MACTAN

According to the documents of Italian historian Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan tried to convince Lapu-Lapu to comply with Rajah
Humabon's orders the night before the battle,
At midnight, sixty of us set out armed with corselets and helmets, together with the Christian king, the
prince, some of the chief men, and twenty or thirty balanguais. [a type of Filipino boat] We reached Mactan
three hours before dawn. The captain did not wish to fight then, but sent a message to the natives to the
effect that if they would obey the king of Spain, recognize the Christian king as their sovereign, and pay us
our tribute, he would be their friend; but that if they wished otherwise, they should wait to see how our
lances wounded. They replied that if we had lances they had lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire.
 They said that in order to induce us to go in search of them; for they had dug certain pit holes filled with
spikes between the houses in order that we might fall into them.

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

The Philippine Revolution (Filipino: Himagsikang Pilipino; Spanish: Revolución Filipina), also
called the Tagalog War (Spanish: Guerra Tagala, Filipino: Digmaang Tagalog) by the Spanish,
[2] was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the
Philippines and the Kingdom of Spain - including its Spanish Empire and Spanish colonial authorities
in the Spanish East Indies.
The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered
the Katipunan, an anti-colonial secret organization. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a
liberationist movement whose goal was independence from the 333 years of colonial control
from Spain through armed revolt. The organization began to influence much of the
Philippines. During a mass gathering in Caloocan, the leaders of the Katipunan organized
themselves into a revolutionary government, named the newly established government
"Haring Bayang Katagalugan", and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution. [3]Bonifacio
called for an attack on the capital city of Manila. This attack failed; however, the surrounding
provinces began to revolt. In particular, rebels in Caviteled by Mariano Álvarez and Emilio
Aguinaldo (who were from two different factions of the Katipunan) won major early victories. A
power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's death in 1897, with command
shifting to Aguinaldo, who led the newly formed revolutionary government. That year, the
revolutionaries and the Spanish signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced
hostilities. Aguinaldo and other Filipino officers exiled themselves in the British colony of Hong
Kong in southeast China. However, the hostilities never completely ceased. [4]
On April 21, 1898, after the sinking of USS Maine in Havana Harbor and prior to its declaration of
war on April 25, the United States launched a naval blockade of the Spanish colony island of
Cuba, off its southern coast of the peninsula of Florida. This was the first military action of
the Spanish–American War of 1898.[5] On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron, under
Commodore George Dewey, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay,
effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United
States, returned to the Philippines and resumed attacks against the Spaniards. By June, the
rebels had gained control of nearly all of the Philippines, with the exception of Manila. On June
12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence.[6] Although this signified the end
date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine
independence.[7]
The Spanish rule of the Philippines officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, which also
ended the Spanish–American War. In the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and
other territories to the United States.[4] There was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the
American forces controlling the city and the weaker Philippines forces surrounding them.
On February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila, fighting broke out between the Filipino and
American forces, beginning the Philippine–American War. Aguinaldo immediately ordered "[t]hat
peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as
enemies".[8] In June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against
the United States.
 KATIPUNAN

The Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng

Bayan[1] ("Supreme and Venerable Association of the Children of the
Nation", Spanish: Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo ), also known
as Katipunan or KKK,[5] was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish
colonialism Filipinos in Manila in 1892; its primary goal was to gain independence
from Spain through a revolution. Documents discovered in the 21st century suggest that the
society had been organized as early as January 1892 but may not have become active until
July 7 of the same year; that was the date that Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished
to Dapitan. Founded by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa,
Darilyo Valino, Rulfo Guia, Dano Belica, Tiburcio Liamson and Gabrino Manzanero, the
Katipunan was a secret organization until it was discovered in 1896. This discovery led to the
outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.
The Tagalog word "katipunan", literally meaning 'association' or 'assembly', comes from the
root word "tipon", a Tagalog word meaning "gathering"."[6] Being a secret organization, its
members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to abide by the rules
established by the society.[7] Aspiring applicants were given standard initiation rites in order to
become members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male
Filipinos; later, women were accepted into the society. The Katipunan had its own
publication, Kalayaan (Liberty) which issued its first and last printing in March 1896.
Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Filipino literature was
expanded by some of its prominent members.
In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the
Katipunan in exchange for a promise to rescue Rizal from his detention. In May 1896, a
delegation was sent to Emperor Meiji of Japan in order to solicit funds and military arms. The
Katipunan's existence was revealed to the Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro
Patiño revealed the Katipunan's illegal activities to his sister, and finally to the mother
portress of the Mandaluyong Orphanage. Days after the Spanish authorities learned of the
existence of the secret society, on August 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore up
their cédulas during the Cry of Balintawak that started the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
 CRY OF BALINTAWAK

The Cry of Pugad Lawin (Filipino: Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin), alternately and originally referred
to as the Cry of Balintawak (Filipino: Sigaw ng Balíntawak, Spanish: Grito de Balíntawak),
was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire.
At the close of August 1896, members of the Katipunan secret society (Katipuneros) led
by Andrés Bonifacio rose up in revolt somewhere in an area referred to as Caloocan,[2] wider than
the jurisdiction of present-day Caloocan City which may have overlapped into present-
day Quezon City.
Originally the term "cry" referred to the first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil
Guards (Guardia Civil). The cry could also refer to the tearing up of community tax
certificates (cédulas personales) in defiance of their allegiance to Spain. This was literally
accompanied by patriotic shouts.
Because of competing accounts and ambiguity of the place where this event took place, the
exact date and place of the Cry is in contention.[3][4] From 1908 until 1963, the official stance
was that the cry occurred on August 26 in Balintawak. In 1963 the Philippine government
declared a shift to August 23 in Pugad Lawin, Quezon City.
Various accounts give differing dates and places for the Cry. An officer of the Spanish guardia
civil, Lt. Olegario Diaz, stated that the Cry took place in Balintawak on August 25, 1896.
Historian Teodoro Kalaw in his 1925 book The Filipino Revolution wrote that the event took
place during the last week of August 1896 at Kangkong, Balintawak. Santiago Alvarez,
a Katipunero and son of Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the Magdiwang faction in Cavite,
stated in 1927 that the Cry took place in Bahay Toro, now in Quezon City on August 24,
1896. Pío Valenzuela, a close associate of Andrés Bonifacio, declared in 1948 that it happened
in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896. Historian Gregorio Zaide stated in his books in 1954 that
the "Cry" happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896. Fellow historian Teodoro
Agoncillo wrote in 1956 that it took place in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, based on Pío
Valenzuela's statement. Accounts by historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion
and Ramon Villegas claim the event to have taken place in Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod,
Barangay Banlat, Quezon City.
Some of the apparent confusion is in part due to the double meanings of the terms
"Balintawak" and "Caloocan" at the turn of the century. Balintawak referred both to a specific
place in modern Caloocan City and a wider area which included parts of modern Quezon City.
Similarly, Caloocan referred to modern Caloocan City and also a wider area which included
modern Quezon City and part of modern Pasig. Pugad Lawin, Pasong Tamo, Kangkong and
other specific places were all in "greater Balintawak", which was in turn part of "greater
Caloocan"
 CAVITY MUTINY

The Cavite mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe,
the Spanish arsenal in Cavite,[1]:107 Philippine Islands (then also known as part of the Spanish
East Indies) on January 23, 1872. Around 200 locally recruited colonial troops and laborers
rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful,
and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a
burgeoning Philippinesnationalist movement. Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of
1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine
Revolution of 1896.

The primary cause of the mutiny is believed to be an order from Governor-General Rafael de
Izquierdo to subject the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal taxes, from
which they were previously exempt. The taxes required them to pay a monetary sum as well
as to perform forced labor called, polo y servicio. The mutiny was sparked on January 20,
when the laborers received their pay and realized the taxes as well as the falla, the fine one
paid to be exempt from forced labor, had been deducted from their salaries.

Their leader was Fernando La Madrid, a mestizo sergeant with his second in command Jaerel
Brent Senior, a moreno. They seized Fort San Felipe and killed eleven Spanish officers. The
mutineers thought that fellow Filipino indigenous soldiers in Manila would join them in a
concerted uprising, the signal being the firing of rockets from the city walls on that night.
[1]:107 Unfortunately, what they thought to be the signal was actually a burst of fireworks in
celebration of the feast of Our Lady of Loreto, the patron of Sampaloc. The plan was to set
fires in Tondo in order to distract the authorities while the artillery regiment and infantry in
Manila could take control of Fort Santiago and use cannon shots as signals to Cavite. All
Spaniards were to be killed, except for the women.[3] News of the mutiny reached Manila,
supposedly through the lover of a Spanish sergeant, who then informed his superiors, and the
Spanish authorities feared for a massive Filipino uprising. The next day, a regiment led by
General Felipe Ginovés besieged the fort until the mutineers surrendered. Ginovés then
ordered his troops to fire at those who surrendered, including La Madrid. The rebels were
formed in a line, when Colonel Sabas asked who would not cry out, "Viva España", and shot
the one man who stepped forward.[1]:107 The rest were imprisoned.
ALUMNOS MAMBALING
 CEBU VITY

LACSON, JANSEN L. BS-MARE 1

HISTORY 101 12:30-1:30 MWF JULY 31 2019