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Callister-8ed - Slide de Leitura para Os Estudantes - Cap. 3
Callister-8ed - Slide de Leitura para Os Estudantes - Cap. 3
Callister-8ed - Slide de Leitura para Os Estudantes - Cap. 3
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Chapter 3 - 1
_______________
bond length
typical neighbor r
bond energy
typical neighbor
bond length
typical neighbor r
bond energy
Si Oxygen
Noncrystalline materials...
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for: - _________________
- _____________
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.23(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Chapter 3 - 3
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vs.
Chapter 3 - 5
• Coordination # = ___
(# nearest neighbors)
Chapter 3 - 6
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2a
Close-packed __________:
Adapted from R length = 4R = 3 a
Fig. 3.2(a), Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
a
atoms volume
4
unit cell 2 π ( 3a/4 ) 3
3 atom
APF =
volume
a3
unit cell Chapter 3 - 9
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Chapter 3 - 10
A
• FCC _____ Cell B
C
Chapter 3 - 12
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Theoretical Density, ρ
nA
ρ =
VC NA
where n = ________________________
A = atomic weight
VC = ________________ = ____________
NA = Avogadro’s number
= 6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol
Chapter 3 - 14
Theoretical Density, ρ
• Ex: Cr (BCC)
A = 52.00 g/mol
R = ___________
n = 2 atoms/unit cell
R
Adapted from
Fig. 3.2(a), Callister &
a a = 4R/ 3 = 0.2887 nm
Rethwisch 8e.
atoms
g
unit cell 52.00 ρtheoretical = 7.18 g/cm3
mol
ρ= ρactual = 7.19 g/cm3
a3 6.022 x 1023
volume atoms
unit cell mol Chapter 3 - 15
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5
Ceramics have... 4
Titanium
Al oxide
Diamond
• less _______packing 3 Si nitride
Aluminum Glass -soda Glass fibers
• often lighter elements Concrete
Silicon PTFE GFRE*
2
Polymers have... Magnesium G raphite
Silicone
Carbon fibers
CFRE*
A ramid fibers
PVC
• low packing _________ PET
PC
AFRE *
1
(often _____________) HDPE, PS
PP, LDPE
• lighter elements (C,H,O)
0.5
Composites have... 0.4
Wood
• ______________values 0.3
Data from Table B.1, Callister & Rethwisch, 8e.
Chapter 3 - 16
• Properties of __________materials
often related to crystal structure.
-- Ex: Quartz fractures more easily
along some crystal planes than
others.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
Chapter 3 - 17
Polycrystals __________
• Most engineering materials are ____________.
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Single vs Polycrystals
• Single Crystals E (diagonal) = __________
Data from Table 3.3,
-Properties vary with Callister & Rethwisch
8e. (Source of data is
direction: ____________. R.W. Hertzberg,
Deformation and
-Example: the __________ Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials,
of elasticity (E) in BCC iron: 3rd ed., John Wiley and
Sons, 1989.)
Chapter 3 - 19
Polymorphism
• Two or more distinct _______ structures for the same
material (allotropy/polymorphism)
iron system
titanium
liquid
α, β-Ti
1538ºC
Chapter 3 - 20
Crystal Systems
Unit cell: smallest __________________ which
contains the complete ___________ of a crystal.
7 crystal systems
14 crystal lattices
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Point Coordinates
z
111 Point coordinates for ________
c center are
a/2, b/2, c/2 ½½½
000
y
a b
Point ___________ for unit cell
x corner are 111
z 2c
Crystallographic Directions
z Algorithm
1. Vector ___________ (if necessary) to pass
through origin.
2. Read off ____________ in terms of
unit cell dimensions a, b, and c
y 3. Adjust to smallest ___________ values
4. Enclose in _______ brackets, no commas
x [uvw]
ex: ___________________________
_______________ where ___________ represents a
negative index
________ of directions <uvw>
Chapter 3 - 23
Linear Density
Number of atoms
• Linear Density of Atoms ≡ LD = Unit length of direction vector
[110]
ex: linear _________ of Al in [110]
direction
a = 0.405 nm
# atoms
a
LD = = 3.5 nm-1
Adapted from
Fig. 3.1(a),
length 2a
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
Chapter 3 - 24
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ex: ____________________ a3
a1
2
________ red lines indicate
projections onto a1 and a2 axes a1
Chapter 3 - 25
Chapter 3 - 26
Crystallographic Planes
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Crystallographic Planes
• _____ Indices: Reciprocals of the (three) axial
intercepts for a plane, cleared of _________ &
common multiples. All ________ planes have
same Miller indices.
• Algorithm
1. Read off ____________ of plane with axes in
terms of a, b, c
2. Take ____________ of intercepts
3. Reduce to smallest integer values
4. Enclose in parentheses, no
commas i.e., (hkl)
Chapter 3 - 28
Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1 1 __ c
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 ___
1 1 0
3. Reduction 1 1 __ y
a b
4. Miller Indices _____
x
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1/2 ∞ ∞ c
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/∞ 1/∞
2 0 0
3. Reduction __ __ 0
y
4. Miller Indices _____ a b
x
Chapter 3 - 29
Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c c
1. Intercepts 1/2 1 3/4
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/1 1/¾
2 1 4/3 y
3. Reduction 6 3 4 a b
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example a1 a2 a3 c
1. Intercepts 1 ∞ -1 1
2. Reciprocals 1 1/∞ -1 1
1 0 -1 1 a2
3. Reduction 1 0 -1 1
a3
Chapter 3 - 31
Crystallographic Planes
• We want to examine the ______ packing of
crystallographic planes
• Iron foil can be used as a catalyst. The
atomic packing of the exposed _________
is important.
a) Draw (100) and (111) crystallographic _____ for
Fe.
b) Calculate the planar ________ for each of these
planes.
Chapter 3 - 32
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Chapter 3 - 34
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(100) 4 3
a= R
3
Adapted from Fig. 3.2(c), Callister & Rethwisch 8e. __________of iron R = 0.1241 nm
atoms
2D repeat unit
1 atoms atoms
Planar Density = = 2 = ____ = ________
area a2 4 3 nm2 m2
R
2D repeat unit 3
Chapter 3 - 37
2a atoms in plane
atoms above plane
nit
3
h= a
2D
2
2
4 3 16 3 2
area = 2 ah = 3 a 2 = 3 R = R
atoms 3 3
2D repeat unit
atoms = atoms
Planar Density = = 7.0 __________
area 16 3 2
2 nm m2
R
2D repeat unit 3
Chapter 3 - 38
Chapter 3 - 39
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X-Ray Diffraction
r
“1
in -ray
co s
s
X
reflections must
ay
m
r be in phase for
X-
in
”
“2
g
a detectable signal
“1
g
”
extra in λ
go
“2
________________of X-ray
intensity n λ
critical angle, θc, d=
(from 2 sin θc
allows computation of
planar __________, d. detector)
θ
θc
Chapter 3 - 41
y (110) y y
a b a b a b
Intensity (relative)
x x x (211)
(200)
Diffraction angle 2θ
Chapter 3 - 42
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SUMMARY
• Atoms may assemble into crystalline or
amorphous structures.
• Common metallic crystal structures are FCC, BCC, and
HCP. Coordination number and atomic packing factor
are the same for both FCC and HCP crystal structures.
• We can predict the density of a material, provided we
know the atomic weight, atomic radius, and crystal
geometry (e.g., FCC, BCC, HCP).
• Crystallographic points, directions and planes are
specified in terms of indexing schemes.
Crystallographic directions and planes are related
to atomic linear densities and planar densities.
Chapter 3 - 43
SUMMARY
Chapter 3 - 44
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