Spanish Colonization (1521 - 1898)

Early Spanish expeditions

Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521.

The Philippine islands first came to the attention of Europeans with the
Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorerFerdinand
Magellan in 1521. Magellan landed on the island of Cebu, claiming the
lands for Spain and naming them Islas de San Lazaro. He set up friendly
relations with some of the local chieftains and converted some of them to
Roman Catholicism. However, Magellan was killed by natives, led by a
local chief named Lapu-Lapu, who go up against foreign domination.

Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were send off to
the islands. In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas
Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte. The name would later be given to the
entire archipelago.

Spanish colonization

The invasion of the Filipinos by Spain did not begin in earnest until 1564, when another expedition from
New Spain, commanded by Miguel López de Legaspi, arrived. Permanent Spanish settlement was not
established until 1565 when an expedition led by Miguel López de Legazpi, the first Governor-General of
the Philippines, arrived in Cebu from New Spain. Spanish leadership was soon established over many
small independent communities that previously had known no central rule. Six years later, following the
defeat of the local Muslim ruler, Legazpi established a capital at Manila, a location that offered the
outstanding harbor of Manila Bay, a large population, and closeness to the sufficient food supplies of
the central Luzon rice lands. Manila became the center of Spanish civil, military, religious, and
commercial activity in the islands. By 1571, when López de Legaspi established the Spanish city of
Manila on the site of a Moro town he had conquered the year before, the Spanish grip in the Philippines
was secure which became their outpost in the East Indies, in spite of the opposition of the Portuguese,
who desired to maintain their monopoly on East Asian trade. The Philippines was administered as
a province of New Spain (Mexico) until Mexican independence (1821).

Manila revolted the attack of the Chinese pirate Limahong in 1574. For centuries before the Spanish
arrived the Chinese had traded with the Filipinos, but evidently none had settled permanently in the
islands until after the conquest. Chinese trade and labor were of great importance in the early
development of the Spanish colony, but the Chinese came to be feared and hated because of their
increasing numbers, and in 1603 the Spanish murdered thousands of them (later, there were lesser
massacres of the Chinese).

The Spanish governor, made a viceroy in 1589, ruled with the counsel of the powerful royal audiencia.
There were frequent uprisings by the Filipinos, who disliked the encomienda system. By the end of the
16th cent. Manila had become a leading commercial center of East Asia, carrying on a prosperous trade
with China, India, and the East Indies. The Philippines supplied some wealth (including gold) to Spain,
and the richly loaded galleons plying between the islands and New Spain were often attacked by English
freebooters. There was also trouble from other quarters, and the period from 1600 to 1663 was marked
by continual wars with the Dutch, who were laying thefoundations of their rich empire in the East Indies,
and with Moro pirates. One of the most difficult problems the Spanish faced was the defeat of the
Moros. Irregular campaigns were conducted against them but without conclusive results until the
middle of the 19th century. As the power of the Spanish Empire diminished, the Jesuit orders became
more influential in the Philippines and obtained great amounts of property.

Occupation of the islands was accomplished with relatively little bloodshed, partly because most of the
population (except the Muslims) offered little armed battle initially. A significant problem the Spanish
faced was the invasion of the Muslims of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. The Muslims, in response
to attacks on them from the Spanish and their native allies, raided areas of Luzon and the Visayas that
were under Spanish colonial control. The Spanish conducted intermittent military campaigns against the
Muslims, but without conclusive results until the middle of the 19th century.

Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy, with the state assuming responsibility for
religious establishments. One of Spain's objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the conversion
of Filipinos to Catholicism. The work of conversion was facilitated by the absence of other organized
religions, except for Islam, which predominated in the south. The pageantry of the church had a wide
plea, reinforced by the incorporation of Filipino social customs into religious observances. The eventual
outcome was a new Christian majority of the main Malay lowland population, from which the Muslims
of Mindanao and the upland tribal peoples of Luzon remained detached and separated.

At the lower levels of administration, the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting
local leaders. This system of indirect rule helped create in a Filipinoupper class, called the principalía,
who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. This achieved an oligarchic system of local
control. Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the Filipino idea of public use
and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the granting of titles on
members of the principalía.
The Philippines was not profitable as a colony, and a long war with the Dutch in the 17th century and
intermittent conflict with the Muslims nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. Colonial income derived
mainly from entrepôt trade: The Manila Galleons sailing from Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico
brought shipments of silver bullion and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Chinese
goods. There was no direct trade with Spain.

Decline of Spanish rule

Spanish rule on the Philippines was briefly interrupted in 1762, when British troops invaded and
occupied the islands as a result of Spain's entry into the Seven Years' War. The Treaty of Paris in 1763
brought back Spanish rule and the British left in 1764. The brief British occupation weakened Spain's grip
on power and sparked rebellions and demands for independence.

In 1781, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas founded the Economic Society of Friends of the Country.
The Philippines by this time was administered directly from Spain. Developments in and out of the
country helped to bring new ideas to the Philippines. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut travel
time to Spain. This prompted the rise of the ilustrados, an enlightened Filipino upper class, since many
young Filipinos were able to study in Europe.

Enlightened by the Propaganda Movement to the injustices of the Spanish colonial government and the
"frailocracy", the ilustrados originally clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortes and
later for independence. José Rizal, the most celebrated intellectual and essential illustrado of the era,
wrote the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which greatly inspired the movement for
independence. The Katipunan, a secret society whose primary principle was that of overthrowing
Spanish rule in the Philippines, was founded by Andrés Bonifacio who became its Supremo (leader).

The Philippine Revolution began in 1896. Rizal was concerned in the outbreak of the revolution and
executed for treason in 1896. The Katipunan split into two groups, Magdiwang led by Andrés Bonifacio
and Magdalo led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Conflict between the two revolutionary leaders ended in the
execution or assassination of Bonifacio by Aguinaldo's soldiers. Aguinaldo agreed to a treaty with the
Pact of Biak na Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong.

It was the opposition to the power of the clergy that in large measure brought about the rising attitude
for independence. Spanish injustices, prejudice, and economic oppressions fed the movement, which
was greatly inspired by the brilliant writings of José Rizal. In 1896 revolution began in the province of
Cavite, and after the execution of Rizal that December, it spread throughout the major islands. The
Filipino leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, achieved considerable success before a peace was patched up with
Spain. The peace was short-lived, however, for neither side honored its agreements, and a new
revolution was made when the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898.

The Spanish-American war started in 1898 after the USS Maine, sent to Cuba in connection with an
attempt to arrange a peaceful resolution between Cuban independence ambitions and Spanish
colonialism, was sunk in Havana harbor. After the U.S. naval victory led by Commodore George Dewey
defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the
Philippines, which he did on May 19, 1898, in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish
colonial government. By the time U.S. land forces had arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the
entire island of Luzon, except for the walled city of Intramuros Manila, which they were besieging. On
June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite, establishing the
First Philippine Republic under Asia's first democratic constitution. Their dreams of independence were
crushed when the Philippines were transferred from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris
(1898), which closed the Spanish-American War.

Concurrently, a German squadron under Admiral Diedrichs arrived in Manila and declared that if the
United States did not grab the Philippines as a colonial possession, Germany would. Since Spain and the
U.S. ignored the Filipino representative, Felipe Agoncillo, during their negotiations in the Treaty of Paris,
the Battle of Manila between Spain and the U.S. was alleged by some to be an attempt to exclude the
Filipinos from the eventual occupation of Manila. Although there was substantial domestic opposition,
the United States decided neither to return the Philippines to Spain, nor to allow Germany to take over
the Philippines. Therefore, in addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations to
hand over the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US$20,000,000.00, which the U.S. later claimed to
be a "gift" from Spain. The first Philippine Republic rebelled against the U.S. occupation, resulting in the
Philippine-American War (1899–1913).
 Philippine-American War (1898 - 1946)

In Feb., 1899, Aguinaldo led a new revolt, this time against U.S.
rule. Defeated on the battlefield, the Filipinos turned to guerrilla
warfare, and their defeat became a mammoth project for the
United States— Thus began the Philippine-American War, one
that cost far more money and took far more lives than the
Spanish-American War. Fighting broke out on February 4, 1899,
after two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers
in San Juan, Metro Manila. Some 126,000 American soldiers
would be committed to the conflict; 4,234 American and
16,000 Filipino soldiers, part of a nationwide guerrilla movement
of indeterminate numbers, died. Estimates on civilian deaths
during the war range between 250,000 and 1,000,000, largely
because of famine anddisease. Atrocities were committed by both
sides.

The poorly equipped Filipino troops were handily overpowered by

American troops in open combat, but they were frightening
opponents in guerrilla warfare. Malolos, the revolutionary capital,
was captured on March 31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government
escaped, however, establishing a new capital at San Isidro,
Nueva Ecija. Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo's most capable military
commander, was murdered in June. With his best commander dead and his troops suffering continued
defeats as American forces pushed into northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in
November 1899 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several
military zones. The general population, caught between Americans and rebels, suffered significantly.

The revolution was effectively ended with the capture (1901) of Aguinaldo by Gen. Frederick Funston at
Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901 and was brought to Manila, but the question of Philippine
independence remained a burning issue in the politics of both the United States and the islands. The
matter was complex by the growing economic ties between the two countries. Although moderately little
American capital was invested in island industries, U.S. trade bulked larger and larger until the Philippines
became almost entirely dependent upon the American market. Free trade, established by an act of 1909,
was expanded in 1913. Influenced of the uselessness of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the
United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially
bringing an end to the war. However, sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the
Philippines, especially in the Muslim south, until 1913.

U.S. colony

Civil government was established by the Americans in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first
American Governor-General of the Philippines. English was declared the official language. Six hundred
American teachers were imported aboard the USS Thomas. Also, the Catholic Church was
disestablished, and a substantial amount of church land was purchased and redistributed. Some
measures of Filipino self-rule were allowed, however. An elected Filipino legislature was established in
1907.

When Woodrow Wilson became U.S. President in 1913, there was a major change in official American
policy concerning the Philippines. While the previous Republican administrations had predicted the
Philippines as a perpetual American colony, the Wilson administration decided to start a process that
would slowly lead to Philippine independence. U.S. administration of the Philippines was declared to be
temporary and aimed to develop institutions that would permit and encourage the eventual establishment
of a free and democratic government. Therefore, U.S. officials concentrated on the creation of such
practical supports for democratic government as public education and a sound legal system. The
Philippines were granted free trade status, with the U.S.

In 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act, widely known as the Jones Law, was passed by the U.S.
Congress. The law which served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines, stated in its
preamble that the ultimate independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the
establishment of a stable government. The law placed executive power in the Governor General of the
Philippines, appointed by the President of the United States, but established a bicameral Philippine
Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly (lower house) and appointive Philippine
Commission (upper house) previously in place. The Filipino House of Representatives would be purely
elected, while the new Philippine Senate would have the majority of its members elected by senatorial
district with senators representing non-Christian areas appointed by the Governor-General.

The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors-general,
depending on how intent the official who holds an office was on exercising his powers vis-à-vis the
Philippine legislature. Members to the elected legislature lost no time in lobbying for immediate and
complete independence from the United States. Several independence missions were sent
to Washington, D.C. A civil service was formed and was regularly taken over by Filipinos, who had
effectively gained control by the end of World War I.

When the Republicans regained power in 1921, the trend toward bringing Filipinos into the government
was inverted. Gen. Leonard Wood, who was appointed governor-general, largely
replaced Filipino activities with a semi military rule. However, the advent of the Great Depression in the
United States in the 1930s and the first aggressive moves by Japan in Asia (1931) shifted U.S. sentiment
sharply toward the granting of immediate independence to the Philippines.

In 1934, the United States Congress, having originally passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act as a
Philippine Independence Act over President Hoover's refusal, only to have the law rejected by the
Philippine legislature, finally passed a new Philippine Independence Act, popularly known as the Tydings-
McDuffie Act. The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946.

U.S. rule was accompanied by improvements in the education and health systems of the Philippines;
school enrollment rates multiplied fivefold. By the 1930s, literacy rates had reached 50%.
Several diseases were virtually eliminated. However, the Philippines remained economically backward.
U.S. trade policies encouraged the export of cash crops and the importation of manufactured goods; little
industrial development occurred. Meanwhile, landlessness became a serious problem in rural areas;
peasants were often reduced to the status of serfs.

Commonwealth

The period 1935–1946 would ideally be dedicated to the final adjustments required for a peaceful
transition to full independence, great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime.

The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act, passed by Congress in 1932, provided for complete independence of the
islands in 1945 after 10 years of self-government under U.S. supervision. The bill had been drawn up with
the aid of a commission from the Philippines, but Manuel L. Quezon, the leader of the leading Nationalist
party, opposed it, partially because of its threat of American tariffs against Philippine products but
principally because of the provisions leaving naval bases in U.S. hands. Under his influence, the
Philippine legislature rejected the bill. The Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act (1934) closely looks like
the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act, but struck the provisions for American bases and carried a promise of
further study to correct “imperfections or inequalities.”

The Philippine legislature approved the bill; a constitution, approved by President Roosevelt (Mar., 1935)
was accepted by the Philippine people in a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a
question of national importance (May); and Quezon was elected the first president (Sept.). On May 14,
1935, an election to fill the newly created office of President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was
won by Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista Party) and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of
principles apparently similar to the US Constitution. (See: Philippine National Assembly). When Quezon
was inaugurated on Nov. 15, 1935, the Commonwealth was formally established in 1935, featured a very
strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly, and a Supreme Court composed entirely
of Filipinos for the first time since 1901. The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of
establishing the basis for national defense, greater control over the economy, reforms in education,
improvement of transport, the colonization of the island of Mindanao, and the promotion of local capital
and industrialization. The Commonwealth however, was also faced with agrarian unrest, an uncertain
diplomatic and military situation in South East Asia, and uncertainty about the level of United States
commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines.

In 1939-40, the Philippine Constitution was revised to restore a bicameral Congress, and permit the
reelection of President Quezon, previously restricted to a single, six-year term. Quezon was reelected in
Nov., 1941. To develop defensive forces against possible aggression, Gen. Douglas MacArthur was
brought to the islands as military adviser in 1935, and the following year he became field marshal of the
Commonwealth army.

During the Commonwealth years, Philippines sent one elected Resident Commissioner to the United
States House of Representatives, as Puerto Rico currently does today.

The Spanish colonial period

After the Spaniards succeeded in 1556 to break the last good organized resistance, a long period of
Spanish influence followed. The Spaniards ruled the country, brought the Christian religion to the country
and were responsible for a lot of colonial and religious buildings throughout the country.
The results can still be seen in places as for instance Cebu City and Manila.

Revolts against the colonizers

The Spanish colonial period wasn't without resistance of the Filipinos. On the contrary. There was a
succession of revolts against the European colonizers. Aguinaldo was the great leader of the big revolt
of 1896. However, the Filipino rebels didn't succeed to defeat the armed Spaniards at that time. A
helping hand came a few years later from the Americans.

Liberty, brought by the Americans?

At the end of the nineteenth century, on April 25,1898, the United States declared war on Spain.
The main reason was that the U.S. battle ship Main was blown up in the harbor of Havana. The
United States thought Spain blew up this ship with a mine. (However, it was proved that the Main
blew up due to coal dust). The American navy decided to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippine
waters. The battle took place in Manila Bay. On May 1 in 1898 the Spanish fleet was
destroyed. After 327 years under Spanish rule, the Philippine people thought that they won
independence at last. The Americans however, thought quit different about that at that time.

The Philippines, sold for a amount of less than 20 million dollars

After the end of the American-Spanish war in 1898,

the Spaniards sold the Philippines and other colonial properties for 20 million dollar to the
Americans. Aguinaldo didn't want to accept American rule and proclaimed the first Philippine Republic.

The Americans decided that the Filipinos were not

yet capable to be independent. A hostile period started. The United States needed more than 125.000
soldiers to subdue the Philippines. The Philippine rebels were forced to retreat and were driven into
northern Luzon. From here they started a guerrilla. This "Philippine War of Independence" continued
for two years and ended when Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901.

Only sporadic resistance continued until 1903.

Changes in the American period

Consequences of the American colonial rule

During the Spanish period the Spaniards had given enormous land properties to the Catholic
church. One of the first things the Americans did was to take care for the redistribution of
these land properties. To do so they first had to pay an amount of US $7.2 million to the
Vatican in 1904. The small farmers or tenants didn't get any land however. The land became
property of some large landowners. Most of the small farmers couldn't pay the asked price or
couldn't prove that they were the former owners of the land.

The economic development during the 'American period' was rather typical colonial. The
Philippine economy was strongly related to and depending on the United States. The Philippine
economy was focused on mining and exporting crops. Industrial growth didn't take place.

Quezon, the first Philippine president

The Philippines was controlled by the Americans from

1900-1942. In 1934 an act was established, which made

it possible that the Philippines could have a

"Commonwealth of the Philippines".

The first president of this Commonwealth was Manuel Quezon. The first president was given certain
power for some internal affairs.

The Japanese occupation

The Americans were still in the Philippines when the next

foreign ruler came. Japan. The Japanese army and rulers

occupied the Philippines from 1942 - 1944.

American Rule in the Philippines

During the American regime, there was much progress in our country. The Filipinos enjoyed a better life
under America than as a colony of Spain. The standard of living was raised. Agriculture and industry
were developed. Transportation and communication were improved. Domestic and foreign trade
expanded. Health and sanitation were promoted. Education and religion marched with the times. What
Spain could not do in over 300 years, the United States did in less than 50 years.

Let us now talk about the positive results brought about by the American influence to our motherland.

America’s plans for the Philippines were truly a blessing! After the ratification of the Treaty of Paris,
President William McKinley issued his Benevolent Assimilation policy towards our country. The policy
stated that, “The Philippines is ours not to exploit but to develop, to civilize, to educate and to train in
the science of self-government.” This was in preparation for eventual independence. Another was the
laws passed by the Taft Commission which contained about 400 laws and one of which was the
appropriation of 2,000,000 pesos for the construction and maintenance of roads and bridges. Next is the
Philippine Bill of 1902 which permitted more Filipinos opportunity to occupy many government
positions. And lastly the Jones Law of 1916 which was passed by the US Congress, the first organic law
which provided for the granting of Philippine Independence and a bicameral assembly – the Senate and
House of Representatives.

The agricultural sector showed remarkable development! In 1902, the Bureau of Agriculture was
established. Our people were taught scientific methods of land cultivation. Modern tractors and other
farm machinery were introduced. Pretty soon, the Filipinos had more food and farm animals. The
agricultural increase during the American era was fantastic. Next is currency reform. At the end of
Spanish rule, the silver currency was the medium of exchange in our country. The money of other
nations, such as Spanish gold coins, Mexican silver pesos, and coins of the neighboring Oriental
countries, circulated freely in our country. In 1903, Congress passed a currency law placing our money
on gold standard. This law stabilized our currency and helped financial transactions.

Another positive result is free trade with America. To promote our trade with the United States,
Congress passed a law in 1902 granting a discount of 25% from the American regular tariff rates in favor
of Philippine exports. In 1909, Congress passed the Payne-Aldrich Act providing for partial free trade
between the Philippines and the United States. In 1913, the Underwood-Simmons Act was passed,
establishing full free trade. This was the most important economic change in the American era. This then
caused foreign commerce expansion. The immediate effect of our free trade relations with America was
the great expansion of our foreign commerce including domestic trade.

Then there was also growth of industries. Under America, greater attention was given to our industries,
such as the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes, copra, hemp, sugar and embroideries; mining of gold,
silver, asbestos, iron manganese, and other minerals, fishing and lumbering. Our household industries
were promoted such as the cloth-weaving industry in the Ilocos and Capiz; the pottery and brick
industries in Laguna and Rizal; the cutlery industry in Pampanga and Batangas; the shoe and slipper
industry in Manila, Rizal and Laguna; and the furniture-making industry in Bulacan, Manila, Rizal and
Pangasinan. Retail trade inside the Philippines doubled. He Philippines entered the Industrial Age.
Moreover, during the later part of the American period, our people became imbued with the spirit of
economic nationalism. They realized that to be worthy of political independence, which they were
desiring, they should have economic stability.

America introduced in our country the modern telephones, radios, radiophone service, and wireless
telegraph. Our communications facilities were improved. In 1935, Manila had more telephones and
radio receiving sets than any other city in the Far East. Our mail service was improved by America. The
Bureau of Posts was established. Post-offices were opened in municipalities. Through the mail service,
the remotest barrio in our country came in contact with the outside world. Notable development was
made in our transportation during American regime. In 1898, there were 990 miles of roads and 2,000
bridges in the Philippines. For the first time, the Filipinos enjoyed the automobile, electric street car
(tranvia), and many others. Water transportation was also developed. Port facilities, like piers and
breakwaters were built, and inter-island hoping was promoted. The native boats and sailing vessels
remained but better water crafts were introduced such as steamboats, motor launches, and ocean going
streamers. Manila became a busy shipping center of the orient. Of recent development was air
transportation. The first airplane reached Manila in 1911. Our commercial aviation began in 1930 when
the PATCO (Philippine Aerial Taxi Company) was organized.

Another great achievement of America in the Philippines was the improvement of public health and
sanitation. The epidemics of cholera, smallpox and plague were wiped out. The Bureau of Health and
Quarantine Service were established. Modern methods of medicine were introduced. Health clinics and
puericulture centers were opened in cities and towns. Our people were taught good hygiene and
sanitation. The death rate fell and the population grew.

The good work of Spain in social service was continued by the United States. The government extended
relief to typhoon and fire victims. Delinquent children were housed and trained in Welfarville. The
Bureau of Welfare was established to help the poor and the needy families. Our people imbibed the
American way of life. To a large extent, they became Americanized in their tastes and habits. They
learned the English language and began to read American books and see American movies. They came
to play American games, to sing American songs, and to dance American dances. They patronized
American products. They also adopted American customs and the American way of life.

One of America’s great achievements in the Philippines was the establishment of the popular system of
public education. English was made the medium of instruction. The American soldiers were the first
teachers in English of our people. For the first time in Philippine history, education was no longer the
privilege of just a few rich families. There was free education which helped the country because it
enabled bright but poor students to become professionals and leaders.

On the other hand, the negative results brought about the American regime are discussed below.

From the Americans we learned good habits but we also got some bad habits like materialism,
ruthlessness, drunkenness and selfishness. Colonial mentality, a lack of patriotism, became worse.
Moreover, we sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured goods from America.
American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies. Domestic trade was controlled by
foreigners. In 1935, Chinese controlled 50% of our domestic trade, the Filipinos 25%, the Japanese 20%,
and other foreigners 5%. There was also population explosion because of improved sanitary and health
services. Some American officials gave better treatment to Americans doing business in the Philippines.
We could not break loose and make our own policies. And lastly, some provisions of the Tydings-
McDuffie Law specifically limitation of Filipino immigrants to the US to 50 a year, gradual abolition of
free trade with the Americans and right of the US president to suspend the operation of any law in the
Philippines were some negative results that occurred during the American occupation in the Philippines.

The American Colonization in the Philippines

1. In comparison to many other countries that were being colonized during the late
nineteenthcentury and early twentieth century, the Philippines stood out for many reasons.
Previous toAmerican colonization in the late eighteen-nineties, the Philippines had already
been colonized bySpain for many years; so the country had already been adjusted to
imperialism. The Filipinopeople were expecting support from the U.S in their newly found
independence, yet weredismayed to learn that they were again ruled by an imperial power.
However, compared to othercountries the Philippines were still far ahead in the move
towards independence. With the help ofa “successful” American rule, the Philippines were
able to make a somewhat tranquil transition tofreedom. During the Imperial rule in the
Philippines there were many positive outcomes. One of thebiggest advantages was the
education provided by the U.S for the Filipino people. People wereable to come to the
United States to get a proper college or higher level education. Filipinos hadset themselves
apart from other countries in their strive for a higher level of education. Anotheradvantage
that the U.S system of government offered was their impact on the Filipino people andtheir
ideals. People of this colony also had a highly organized revolutionary modernity that
manyother countries did not have at this point. The U.S wanted to civilize and
Christianizethem, teaching them a better way to live. Though there were positive effects of
U.S occupationand colonization there were also some negative points. Many people in the
U.S were confused asto why the U.S needed a colony, and some elite members of the
Filipino society were causingtrouble for the states. The colonization of the Philippines
occurred to benefit both sides, andcompared to other countries it was ultimately successful.
When the Filipinos continued to gainindependence they kept what the U.S had taught them,
which helped obtain higher morals and abetter system of government.Overview Summary

1. Ruled by spain The Philippines were a Spanish colony for nearly three hundred and thirty
years, and the locals had been crying for independence fordecades. Finally independence was
granted to the colony in 1898.Expecting support from other countries such as the United States,
thePhilippines were celebrating their newly found independence.Ruled By Spain
2. What to do with the Philippines This is a political cartoon that was published in theU.S. in
1898. The cartoonshows President McKinleytaking the savage (ThePhilippines) and
debatinghow to handle the country.“There was nothing left forus to do but to take them alland to
educate the Filipinos,and uplift, and civilize, andChristianize them,” saidPresident McKinley.
TheU.S. took the Philippines astheir personal responsibility.What to do withPhilippines?
3. Treaty of Paris on april 11 1899 John Hay the secretary of the state signing the treaty of paris. In
this treaty spain ceded the Philippine, Guam, Puerto Rico, to the united states fo 20$ million
dollar after the Spanish American war.this gave the US three more colonies to control.the
Filipinos had not been consulted by American rule.
4. War breaks out Soon after the Treaty of Paris was signed two battles broke outbetween the
Americans and the Filipinos, the first was betweenthe Moros (or Muslims) in Mindanao and
lasted until 1912. TheAmericans set up a government with no regard to the Morosculture and
religion which caused a war to break out.War Breaks Out!
5. War Tactics Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo began guerrilla war tactics againstthe American,
hiding in bamboo thickets and bushes; both armiescommenced war through guerrilla tactics. By
the end of 1902 seventhousand Americans had been killed and more than two hundredthousand
Filipinos had died.War Tactics
6. Anti – Filipino attitudes Under America’s rule theFilipinos were deniedemployment and
whiteinhabitants had more rights.The Filipinos were upset withAmerica because they
thoughtAmerica was going to supportthem in their independence;however America did not
trustthem. These “Anti-Filipino”feelings resulted in raids andrevolts and overallunhappiness. This
was anewspaper published on March23rd, 1899, and it was notuncommon to see titles like
thisone.Anti-Filipino Attitudes
7. America begins to benefit Though there were many things that were seen as negative for
theFilipinos, America also tried to help them as best they could. Theyadapted college or higher
level education in the colony and taught thembetter ways to survive.America Begins toBenefit
8. Filipinization During America’s era of control, “Filipinization” was allowed. Filipinizationwas a
compromise that allowed colonial authorities some government action.Elite citizens in the colony
were elected as a member of the PhilippineCommission, which was allowed to draft acts and
have a potential say in thegovernment. Taken in 1914, this photo shows the Philippine
Commission, andmany mayors of different villages.Filipinization
9. Road to independence At the Manila Grand Opera House, the Filipinos established theirwant
for independence. President Theodore Roosevelt addressedthe Philippine Assembly and
addressed their fellow delegates andproclamation, and the path to independence had
started.Road to Independence
10. Freedom at last On July 4th, 1946, the UnitedStates Government restoredfull independence in
thePhilippines. After battlingdifferent imperial powers foryears, the Filipinos finallyachieves their
dreams. Theywere ahead of other countriestrying to gain their freedomfrom the beginning, and
that iswhy they were successful.Freedom At Last!
11. “Proclamation of Philippine Independence.” 1898. National Liberation, Painting. Accessed
June12, 2013. http://www.padidioni.wordpress.com/.“What Will He Do?”. 1898. The Eyes of the
World are upon him- William McKinley. Cartoon.Accessed on June 10, 2013.
http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.htmlFrances Johnston
“John Hay Signs the Treat of Paris”. April, 11 1899. Photograph. Accessed onJune 11, 2013.
http://archive.org/details/harperspictorial00milerich“A Long Buried War with the Moros” 1913.
Painting. Accessed on June 10, 2013.http://endeavors.unc.edu/win2006/feature_04.phpArnaldo
Dumindin. “Philippine-America n War”. 1899. Americans engaging Filipinos inBamboo thicket.
Photograph. Accessed on June 10,
2013.http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/guerillawarfare1899.htm“Anti-Filipino Feelings
Flare Up in Raids”. 1898. Newspaper. Accessed on June 10,
2013.http://jgasampop.blogspot.com/2009/12/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-
none.htmlPictography
12. 13. “American Education in the Philippines.” 1901. Photograph. Accessed on June 10,2013.
http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.html“Filipinization”. 1914.
Allowing colonial authorities some government action whileAmerica had complete control.
Photograph. Accessed June 11, 2013.http://www.morolandhistory.com/03.PG-
Americans/4.americans.htm“Establishing the Philippine Assembly”. 1902. William Taft addresses
the newassembly. Photograph. Accessed June 11,
2013.http://www.manilagrandopera.com/content/pre-world-war-ii/“Filipino Independence”. July 4,
1946. Resetoration and recognition ofindependence. Photograpg. Accessed June 11,
2013.http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/aguinaldo19021964.htmPictography Continued

American colonization

1. 1. Dear Diary, 17th November 1898 I have witnessed how we Filipinos, heroicallystood up to the
Spanish colonizers. All the whilewe thought that we have already gainedindependence from
them. However, our totalvictory was impeded by the collaboration betweenSpain and the
United States, where Spainhanded over the Philippines to the US for 20Mdollars.

2. 2. • The Cuban revolution against the Spaniards broke out in 1895. The United States supported
the Cubans because the latter‟s liberation from Spain would benefit their trading interests.• On
February 15, 1898, the warship Maine of the Americans was blown up in the Port of Havana.•
 On May 1, 1898, the fleet of Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet led by
Admiral Montojo.

3. 3. • On May 17, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo left Hong Kong aboard the US ship McCulloch.•
Although he was assured by Dewey that the US had no plans to colonize the Philippines,
unknown to him, US forged an agreement with General Fermin Jaudines where: – A mock battle
between the Spaniards and the Americans would be conducted. – The Spaniards would
surrender to the American troops. – The Filipinos would not be allowed to participate in the
Spaniards‟ surrender.

4. 4. Mock Battle in Manila

5. 5. • It began on August 13, 1897 at around 9:30 am by the bombing of Olympia in Fort San
Antonio Abad.• After an hour, General Greene‟s forces attacked from Malate. General Arthur
MacArthur troops advanced from Singalong.• By 11:20AM, the Spaniards waved their

6. 6. TREATY OF PARIS

7. 7. The Peace Commission iscomposed of:5 Spaniards:• Eugenio Montero Ríos• Buenaventura de
Abarzuza• José de Garnica• Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa• Urrutia Rafael Cerero 5 Americans:•
William R. Day• William P. Frye• Cushman Kellogg Davis• George Gray• Whitelaw Reid

8. 8. • On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed. It stated that Spain would turn over
the Philippines to the United States in exchange of $20,000,000.• US would recognize the rights
of Spaniards to sell their goods in the Philippines in the next ten years.• This anti-Filipino treaty
proved that US imperialists had never recognized the Republic of the Philippines.

9. 9. THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

10. 10. • On July 12, 1898, Philippine independence was declared in Kawit, Cavite.• It was the first
time, the Philippine flag made in Hongkong by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo was unfurled, while the
“Marcha Nacional Filipina”, a composition of Juan Felipe, was playing.• The Declaration of
Independence was written and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.• Aguinaldo established a
republic that was not sovereign, but a mere “protectorate”, under the protection of United
States.

11. 11. Revolutionary Government

12. 12. • On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree establishing the Revolutionary Government.•
The decree created four agencies of the government: - Department of Foreign Relations, Navy
and Commerce - Department of War and Public Works - Department of Police, Internal Order,
Justice, Education and Cleanliness - Department of Finance, Agriculture and Industry and
Manufacturing• It also created the Congress which was tasked to look after the people‟s
interests, implement the revolutionary laws, uphold agreements and debts, study and affirm the
reports of the Secretary of Finance and new taxes.

13. 13. McKinley’s “Benevolent Assimilation

14. 14. • On December 21, 1898, President McKinley made his benevolent assimilation
proclamation.• He announced that the US would enforce its sovereignty over the Filipinos.• He
also ordered his military chief in the Philippines to extend US rule in the country
15. 15. • On January 4, 1899, General Elwell Otis attempted to hide the real contents of the
“Benevolent Assimilation” by publishing a watered down version of the proclamation.• But
General Miller, another American Official, published the proclamation‟s original version.• When
the revolutionary government had taken hold of the proclamation, they immediately
condemned it.

16. 16. • Antonio Luna, editor of La Independencia, led in assailing the proclamation.• He called it “a
plot to temporarily silence the people before launching and unleashing all the hateful
characteristics of governance as employed by the Spaniards in the Philippines.”• On January 5,
1899, Aguinaldo replied to the proclamation.

17. 17. • Aguinaldo protested against the “harsh US invasion over a part of the territory of the
Philippines.”• In a revised proclamation on the same day, Aguinaldo opposed “the US
intervention on the sovereignty of the islands.”• He warned that the Filipino Government was
prepared to fight should the US troops attempt to colonize the islands in the Visayas.• General
Otis considered Aguinaldo‟s proclamations as challenges to war. The Americans silently
prepared for a war aggression.

18. 18. THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

19. 19. • On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution. It was drafted by the
Constitutional committee created by the Congress.• It created a state with the government
divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The legislative, which was
composed of the Assembly of Representatives, was the most powerful.

20. 20. The Constitution was also firm on the followingimportant provisions: - Separation of the
church and state - Recognition of each other‟s situation -Free public education at the
primarylevel - Protection of lives, homes andproperties - Collection of taxes as mandated by
law• On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo founded the Republic of the Philippines. He was also the
first President of the Republic of the

21. 21. The Outbreak of theFilipino-American War

22. 22. • The flames of war were ignited on the eve of February 4, 1899.• Private Willie Grayson‟s
group patrolled at San Juan.• Grayson fired at a Filipino soldier, prompting an exchange of fires
between two groups.• Gen. MacArthur ordered to or assault the Filipino troops.• Aguinaldo to
Otis: “I had not ordered the Filipino soldiers to fire” and “Armed fighting must be

23. 23. The Hunt for and the Capture of Aguinaldo

24. 24. • When the anticipated reinforcement of the US troops arrived, the aggressors intensified
the hunt for Aguinaldo.• When General Luna died, a good part of Filipino troops lost heart.•
When Aguinaldo found this out, he escaped, hid and chose difficult area to assault.

25. 25. • In order to capture not just Aguinaldo, but the whole land, the Americans made an extra
effort to use wealthy Filipino traitors.• Finally, Aguinaldo fell into the hands of Americans, but
the other generals continued the struggles.• US imperialism only managed to colonize the
Philippines after thorough and merciless wars.• 130,000 US troops ( seven thousand were killed
and wounded) vs 7 M Filipinos (more than 50,000 were killed).• They used several methods of
cruelty: massacre, rape, zoning, torture and concentration camps.
26. 26. UNITED STATES’ OBJECTIVE IN COLONIZING THE PHILIPPINES

27. 27. • The Americans needed new market for their products.• They were also on the lookout for
new sources of cheap raw materials.• The US hoped to use the Philippines as its base in its drive
to control the entire Pacific Ocean and other countries.• However, President McKinley and
President Wilson made the Filipino believe that the Americans intention was to teach the latter
about democracy and governance.

28. 28. ECONOMIC POLICIES

29. 29. • The American colonial government expanded andspeeded up the production of raw
materials like sugar,coconut, wood products etc.• Philippine exports to the U.S. increased in
1913, afterfree trade was implemented.• It was a set-up that made the entry of goods
intoPhilippines duty-free and tax-free.• Although it boosted production, free trade made
oureconomy focused on exporting raw materials whileimporting expensive manufactured
goods.

30. 30. •With the Americans‟ direct control of the country, theyinvested directly in: 1) Increasing
raw materials production 2) Trading in light manufactures 3) Infrastructure development• To
facilitate transportation and communication,which were necessary in trading, the
colonialgovernment and the American firms built and profitedfrom infrastructure projects.•
They utilized loans from foreign banks whichresulted to Philippines incurring huge deficits
sincethe cost of import products was more than that of thecountry‟s earnings from exports.

31. 31. • American governmentpushed landless peasants forthe cultivation of morefarmlands to

further boostproductions.• To quell the peasants‟uprising in 1903, they broughtlands from
friars andimplemented the HomesteadAct so the people could avail oftitles for the lands they
startedto farm.• Landlords continued to exactrents or levy duties from their„tenant‟ farmers. In
otherfarmers, capitalist farmingarose in which farmers becamefarm workers.

32. 32. POLITICALPOLICIES

33. 33. The Military Government• The American troops went to a war towards establishing the
military government in August 1898 in the Philippines.• The power of every Governor-General
who served under this government came directly from the President of the United States, as the
military‟s Commander-in-Chief.• They organized the civilian courts, including the Supreme
Court Justice. They also appointed the first Filipino Supreme Court Justice.• The American
military government established a local government in every town and province that their
troops had invaded. They called an election, but those who were educated and well-off could
vote and get elected.

34. 34. The Civil Government• Even as the American troops were still fighting the Filipino
revolutionaries, Pres. McKinley had sent two Philippine Commissions tasked to establish a civil
government. The first failed to achieve anything significant, but the second was more
successful.• The Philippine Commission composed mostly of American civilians and military
personnel, performed the executive and legislative functions.• Dr. T.H. Pardo Tavera, Felipe
Buencamino and Dr. Pedro Paterno among others founded the first political party in the
country, the Partido Liberal, which called for collaboration with the U.S. In 1901, the Americans
installed some of the party‟s members in the Philippine Commission.• The Philippine
 Commission passed the Sedition Act, which imposed imprisonment and the death penalty to
anyone advocating freedom or separation from the U.S. even through peaceful means.

35. 35. • The Philippine Assembly was established in 1902 and served as the Lower Chamber. It took
on the roles of facilitating tax collection and allocating government revenues.• In 1916, the U. S.
Congress passed the Jones Law, also known as the Law on Philippine Autonomy. It was the first
formal and official American commitment to grant independence to the Philippines, “ as soon as
a stable government can be established herein.”• In 1901, the U.S. colonialists formed the
Philippine Constabulary which was headed

36. 36. Cultural Policies

37. 37. • In the process of molding the Filipino market came American movies, radio, automobiles,
literature, dances and games.• The Americans established the public educational system that
used English as the medium of instruction.• As schools were established, the Americans gave
away free books, supplies, candies and chocolates to encourage the children to attend.

38. 38. • The first teachers were the American soldiers followed by trained teachers who arrived in
the country aboard the SS Thomas.• U.S. trade policies encouraged the export of cash crops and
the importation of manufactured goods; little industrial development occurred.• Meanwhile,
landlessness became a serious problem in rural areas; peasants were often reduced to the
status of serfs.

39. 39. INDEPENDENCE MISSIONS

40. 40. • The first official and clear response to the call for independence was the Jones Law of 1916
which replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902. It established for the first time an elected
upper house, which would eventually become the Philippine Senate.• The Philippine Legislature
constituted the Independence commission which recommended sending Independence
Missions to the United States.• In 1919, Senate President Quezon led the first Independence
Mission. Unfortunately, it was not entertained by US President Woodrow Wilson.• In all, eleven
Independence Missions was sent annually. The government shouldered the huge costs of the
missions until Insular Auditor Ben Wright disallowed the spending of public funds for such.

41. 41. HARE-HAWES-CUTTING ACT AND TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT on PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE •

The ninth Mission known as “OSROX” (Osmeña and Roxas) brought home the Hare-Hawes-
Cutting Act. • After that, Quezon, in his solo Independence Mission, asked for another law that
will grant freedom to the Filipinos. He successfully brought home the Tydings-McDuffie Act in
1934. • The Tydings- McDuffie Act allowed for a ten-year transition under a Philippine
Commonwealth in preparing for the granting of freedom on July 4, 1946.

42. 42. • Pursuant to the new Act, and after American Governor General Frank Murphy set the
elections for the delegates to the convention in 1934, the Philippine Legislature called for a
convention to draft a Constitution.• After six months, the Convention finished and agreed on
the Philippine Constitution in February 1935.

43. 43. Commonwealth of the Philippines

44. 44. • First election - September 1935• Quezon and Osmeῆa joined forces against the Nationalist
Socialist Party and Republican Party = victory• Commonwealth Government was inaugurated in
 Manila• Sec. George Dern (Secretary of War) read the proclamation under the Jones Law: –
Ending the US government in the Phil. – Start of Phil. Commonwealth

45. 45. Changes During the Commonwealth Period • Filipinos oversaw the affairs of the gov‟t but
still, all major decisions had to be approved first by the U.S. • Economic set-up was retained. •
Free trade was extended until Dec. 31, 1960 • Intensification of production and Phil.
consumption from the U.S. • Philippine trade increased. • Development of mining industry •
Revision of taxation

46. 46. • Establishment of Phil. Congress – Senate – House of Representatives• Quezon reorganized
gov‟t bureaucracy – new departments formed: – Finance, Interior, Justice, Defense, Commerce,
etc.• Court of Appeals & Court of Industrial Relations were added. – Increase in judges‟ salaries•
National Defense Act – first law passed by Commonwealth.

May 1, 1898: Dewey destroys Spanish fleet at Manila Bay

On April 22, 1898, the US Asiatic Fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey was riding at
anchor in the British port of Hong Kong. Navy Secretary John Davis Long (LEFT) cabled the
commodore that the United States had begun a blockade of Cuban ports, but that war had not yet
been officially announced.

On April 25, Dewey (RIGHT) was notified that war had begun and received his sailing orders
from Secretary Long : "War has commenced between the United States and Spain. Proceed at once
to Philippine Islands. Commence operations at once, particularly against the Spanish fleet. You must
capture vessels or destroy. Use utmost endeavors."

On that day, due to British neutrality regulations, the American squadron was ordered to leave Hong Kong
(ABOVE, in 1898). While Dewey's ships steamed out from the British port, military bands on English vessels
played "The Star-Spangled Banner," and their crews cheered the American sailors.

Commodore Dewey violated China's neutrality and anchored his fleet about 30 miles (50 km) down the
Chinese coast, at Mirs Bay, and waited for further instructions. The squadron consisted of 1,744 officers
and men, and 9 vessels: the cruisers Olympia,Baltimore, Raleigh and Boston, the
gunboats Concord and Petrel, the revenue cutterMcCulloch, and the transport ships Zafiro and Nanshan.

The Chinese did not bother to protest, and for two days the crews drilled with torpedoes and quick-fire
guns, and aimedOn May 1, the squadron destroyed the antiquated Spanish fleet commanded by Admiral
Patricio Montojo in Manila Bay; sunk were 8 vessels: the cruisers Reina Cristina andCastilla, gunboats Don
Antonio de Ulloa, Don Juan de Austria, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, Velasco, and Argos.

Sunken Spanish flagship Reina Cristina

One hundred sixty-one Spanish sailors died and 210 were wounded, eight Americans were
wounded and there was one non-combat related fatality (heart attack).

Admiral Montojo (LEFT) escaped to Manila in a small boat.

Montojo was summoned to Madrid in order to explain his defeat in Cavite before the Supreme Court-
Martial. He leftManila in October and arrived in Madrid on Nov. 11, 1898.

By judicial decree of the Spanish Supreme Court-Martial, (March 1899), Montojo was
imprisoned. Later, he was absolved by the Court-Martial but was discharged. In an odd change
of events, one of those who defended Admiral Montojo was his former adversary at Cavite,
Admiral George Dewey. Montojo died in Madrid, Spain, on Sept. 30, 1917 (Dewey died earlier
in the same year, on January 16).

The victory gave to the US fleet the complete control of Manila Bay and the naval facilities at Cavite and
Sangley Point..

When the news of the victory reached the U.S., Americans cheered ecstatically. Dewey became an instant
national hero. Stores soon filled with merchandise bearing his image. Few Americans knew what and
where the Philippines were, but the press assured them that the islands were a welcome possession.

President McKinley told his confidant, H.H. Kohlsaat, Editor of the Chicago-Times Herald: "When we
received the cable from Admiral Dewey telling of the taking of the Philippines I looked up their location on
the globe. I could not have told where those darned islands were within 2,000 miles!" [Some months later
he said: "If old Dewey had just sailed away when he smashed that Spanish fleet, what a lot of trouble he
would have saved us."]

On the morning of May 2nd, Dewey notified the Spanish Governor-General that since the underwater
Manila-Hong Kong telegraph cable was Manila's only link to the outside world, it should be considered
neutral so that he could use it as well. When the Governor-General refused, Dewey dredged up and cut the
cable, ending the direct flow of information out of the Philippines. The cable was operated by the British-
owned Eastern Extension Australasia China Telegraph Company. [On May 23, Dewey also cut the
company's Manila-Capiz cable, severing the electronic connection between Manila and the central
Philippine islands of Panay, Cebu, and Negros].

On May 11, 1898, Dewey was promoted to Rear Admiral.

The few major warships left in the eastern Pacific were also ordered to reinforce Dewey. The
cruiser Charleston accompanied the first Army expedition, bringing with her a much-needed ammunition
resupply. To provide the Asiatic Squadron with heavy firepower, the
monitors Monterey and Monadnock left California in June. These slow ships were nearly two months in
passage. Monterey was ready in time to help with Manila's capture, while Monadnock arrived a few days
after the Spanish surrender

Aug. 13, 1898: Mock Battle of Manila

The mock battle of Manila was staged on August 13. At7:30 a.m., with American and Spanish
commanders unaware that a peace protocol had been signed between their governments a few
hours earlier, the battle for Manila commenced. Admiral Dewey had cut the only cable that linked Manila
to the outside world on May 2nd; news of the war's end reached neither General Jaudenes or Admiral
Dewey until August 16th.
THE IMPACT OF AMERICAN RULE(1898-1935)

What were the effects of American colonial rule in the Philippines? Were they beneficial to the
Filipinos, to the Americans or to both? Let's find out! THE IMPACT OF AMERICAN RULE They
have treated pupils kindly and gave the pupils free books, pencils and writing paper. Due to
abnormal conditions of fighting, these efforts didn't immediately succeed. After the Philippine-
American War, the American teachers called Thomasites were more successful in the campaign
to educate the Filipinos. Boys and girls of school age, and even adults who wanted to learn
English, enrolled in the day and night classes. The result was that within a few years, many
Filipinos learned the English language and were qualified to take the civil service examinations.
By 1904, the American colonial government in the Philippines was able to send the first group of
Filipino scholars to the United States. The first American teachers were American soldiers. The
oldest university founded under the Americans was Silliman University in Dumaguete Ciy,
followed by Central Philippine University Manila. Education under the Americans advanced
rapidly and was not equaled by any other colonizing power. Next to education as America's
greatest achievement in the Philippines was the improvement of public health and welfare.
Before 1900, the Filipinos suffered from ravages of smallpox, dysentery, tuberculosis, cholera,
malaria and other deadly diseases which killed thousands of people every year. Public Health
and sanitation were very poor during the Spanish regime. They became worse during the
revolution and the Philippine-American war. PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE At the same time
that the Americans, with the help of Filipino physicians, were fighting the ravages of diseases,
they also improved the Filipino diet. The free trade relations between the Philippines and United
States led to artificial prosperity. Free trade relations meant that Filipino products entering the
United States were not taxed, and the American products entering the Philippines were
likewise, free of Duty. IMPROVEMENT IN

TRADE AND INDUSTRY In 1898, when Spain was ousted from the Philippines by the
Filipinos, the Philippines had less than 2000 kilometers of road, The length was increased to more
than 20000 kilometers when the Commonwealrth was inaugurated. During the Spanish period,
birdges and culverts numbered less than 2000. In 1935, this number rose to more than 8000. The
railway line was likewise extended. TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION in 1903, there were less than 200 kilometers of railway. in 1935, it rose tom
more than 1000 kilometers. the Manila-Dagupan railway, founded during the Spanish period, was
acquired by the government and became the Manila Railroad Company. 1903 President
McKinley's principles of American policy toward the Philippines were rooted in the recognition
of human rights as the foundation of an democratic system. DEMOCRACY AND
CIVIL LIBERTIES When the Americans colonized the Philippines, they introduced many
American institutions. One of these was the system of political parties and elections. The
municipal election, the provincial election and finally the national elections, first held in the year
1907 to elect the delegates to the Philippine Assembly. POLITICAL PARTIES With the teaching
of the English language to the Filipinos, American culture became popular in the Philippines.

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE One of the most lasting influences of the Americans in the
Philippines was the teaching of the English language and literature to the Filipinos. McKinley
ordered that the English language be made as the medium of instruction in all public schools.
Within ten years og the American occupation, some Filipinos began to write in English. Some of
the Filipinos who srote in English during the first ten years of American rule were Juan F.
 Salazar, Maximo M. Kalaw, Francisco M. Africa, Justo Juliano and Bernardo P. Garcia. They
have wrote poems, essays and stories. Did you know that America's greatest achievement in the
Philippines was the introduction of the public school system? In contrast with the Spanish system
of education, this system was open to all. The American occupation of the Philippines was far
from heavenly, though. There were negative outcomes of the colonization which are still seen
today. The Philippines became dependent on the United States to continue to prosper
economically.

American colonial period (1898-1943, 1945-1946)

Little was known by the United States of the existence of the Philippine archipelago, and it was not
until Cuba appeared on the scene in 1895 that the islands came to the attention of the U.S. The
Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam were dragged along into the conflicts of independence, since these
colonies also began to rebel at the same time. The U.S. at that time was an emerging nation and looking for
ways to compete as one of the world powers. Cuba's War of Independence with Spain was the perfect solution
for the Americans. While the U.S. wanted to help these people fight for independence, they also took a serious
interest in occupying and controlling these colonies and making them their own.

Conquest by U.S. (1898)

In November 1897, William McKinley demanded that Cuba be granted independence, and pressured and
abused Spain for its wrongdoings. On January 25, 1898, U.S. forces began arriving in Cuba and on February
15, 1898 the American battleship USS Maine exploded, killing 269. The Americans blamed the Spanish for the
incident, when in fact it was later discovered to have been an accidental malfunction of the gas generators
inside the battleship which caused the explosion. The Americans retaliated and went to war with the Spanish in
Cuba, and then moved on to the Philippines on May 1 in the same year, where they fought both
the Spaniards andFilipinos.

As war between the United States and Spain became a distinct possibility, the commander of the U.S. Asiatic
Squadron, Commodore George Dewey, had discussions with some in Emilio Aguinaldo's government in exile
in Singapore and Hong Kong.

On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain and the Secretary of the Navy, Theodore
Roosevelt, ordered Dewey to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. The Battle of Manila Baywas one of
the first hostile engagements of the Spanish-American War. In the darkness before dawn, Commodore
Dewey's ships passed under the siege guns on the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay and by
noon on May 1, 1898 had destroyed the Spanish fleet.

On May 1, 1898 the United States of America went to the Pacific and fought the Spaniards in the Spanish
colony of the Philippines. (see: Spanish-American War). The U.S. Navy under Admiral George Dewey attacked
the Spanish Navy by sea in Manila Bay while the Filipino forces, led by General Emilio Aguinaldo allied with the
U.S., who convinced the Filipinos they were there to help them fight forindependence, also attacked by land,
which resulted in a Spanish surrender.

After the Spanish fleet was destroyed Aguinaldo arrived back in the Philippines on May 19, 1898 and resumed
command of his rebel forces. The Filipino rebels routed the demoralized Spanish forces in the provinces and
laid siege to Manila. From the balcony of his house in Cavite, Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of
the Philippines on June 12, 1898.

Faced with inevitable defeat, Spain was forced to cede the Philippines to the United States in exchange for 20
million United States dollars with the Treaty of Paris in 1898.
The Filipinos, under General Aguinaldo, declared victory and proclaimed their independence on June
12, 1898 in Cavite. Aguinaldo was elected by the Filipino people and became the first President of the
Philippines. This act was opposed by the United States, which had plans to take over the country.

Whatever understanding Dewey and Aguinaldo may have reached in Hong Kong prior to the war, neither could
have appreciated the full extent of the geopolitical forces at play. By late May, the newly appointed Admiral
Dewey had received instructions to distance himself from Aguinaldo and his independence cause.

Philippine-American War (1899-1913)

Main article: Philippine-American War

The declared war aim of the United States was Cuban independence from Spain. This was soon accomplished.
The American forces landed in Cuba on June 23 and after some brisk fighting the Spanish surrendered
Santiago on July 16. The Spanish sued for peace through the French ambassador in Washington two days
later. Events in the Cuban theatre were concluded in less than a month.

The United States had not expressed an interest in taking over the remnants of Spain's colonial empire. On
news of Dewey's victory, warships began arriving in Manila Bay from Britain, France, Japan and Germany. The
German fleet of eight warships was especially aggressive and menacing. All of these foreign powers had
recently obtained concessions from China for naval bases and designated commercial spheres of interest in
China. Some American interests had reason to fear that leaving the Philippines to the mercy of other foreign
powers might not be in the best interests of the United States.

By late July, 12,000 American troops had arrived from San Francisco. The Spanish governor, Fermin
Jaudenes, negotiated the surrender of Manila with an arranged show of resistance that preserved Spanish
sensibilities of honour and excluded Aguinaldo's Filipinos. The Americans took possession of Manila on August
13, 1898.

As it became apparent that the United States did not intend to recognize Philippine independence, Aguinaldo
moved his capital in September from Cavite to the more defensible Malolos in Bulacan. That same month, the
United States and Spain began their peace negotiations in Paris.

The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898. By the Treaty, Cuba gained its independence and
Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States for the sum of US$20 million.

Disappointed at having lost the opportunity to acquire the Philippines as a colony, Germany applied diplomatic
pressure during the Paris negotiations to block the American request for the Caroline Islands. Spain
subsequently sold the Caroline and Marianas Islands (less Guam) to Germany.

The Treaty of Paris was not well received by some in the Philippines. Filipino nationalists were incensed at the
United States bargaining away control of the Philippines for a price of US$20 million without consulting the
Filipinos. Without any government it is unclear who the United States should have consulted with.

Given its own history of colonial revolution, some American public opinion was uncomfortable and divided on
the moral principle of owning colonial dependencies. Having acquired the Philippines almost by accident, the
United States was not sure what to do with them. On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First
Philippine Commission (Schurman Commission) to make recommendations.

Aguinaldo, seeking Philippine independence and a presidency, did not need recommendations to decide what
he would do. On January 23, 1899 he proclaimed the Malolos Constitution and the First Philippine Republic.

Heated tensions between some Filipinos and Americans began to mount rapidly when locals found that the
U.S. were there to control and occupy the archipelago and not turn it over to Aguinaldo's provisional
government. On the night of February 4, 1899 a provisional Filipino soldier was shot dead by a U.S. soldier at a
U.S. military checkpoint on San Juan Bridge. The Filipino soldier was trying to cross a ceasefire line in what is
now Sociego Street in San Juan, Manila. Though Aguinaldo initially had asked for a ceasefire with the
Americans, this was the incident that they were waiting for to try taking over the Philippines by force. Word of
events that happened in the Philippines did not reach the ears of the American people because there was little
or no intereset or United States newspaper coverage of the Philippines.

At a constitutional convention, held by local nationalists, Aguinaldo was declared President of the Philippines
Republic by the delegates—and declared to be an "outlaw bandit" by the McKinley Administration.

The U.S. refused to recognize Aquinaldo's provisional government and, on February 4, 1899, Aguinaldo
declared war on the United States. Some Americans accused the Filipino nationalists of Jacobinisttendencies,
and U.S. government officials repeatedly stated that few Filipinos were in favor of independence, although this
conclusion was questioned by some. In the U.S., there was a movement to stop the conflict; some said that the
U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self-government. Andrew Carnegie, an
industrialist and steel magnate, offered to buy the Philippines for 20 million United States dollars and give it to
the Filipinos so that they could be free of United States government.

As before when fighting the Spanish, the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field. Aguinaldo and his
provisional government escaped the capture of Malolos on March 31, 1899 and were driven into northern
Luzon. Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo's cabinet failed in May when the American commander,
General Ewell Otis, demanded an unconditional surrender. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and swore
allegiance to the United States. A large American military force was used to occupy parts of the country, and
would be regularly engaged in hostilities, against Filipino rebels, for another decade. The hostilities in the
Philippine War of Independence began on February 4, 1899 and continued for two years. The United States
used 126,000 soldiers to subdue the Philippines. The war took the lives of 4,234 Americans and about 16,000
Filipinos. As usually happens in guerrilla campaigns, the civilian population suffers the worst. As many as
200,000 civilians may have died from famine and disease.

Aguinaldo disbanded his regular forces in November and began a guerrilla campaign concentrated mainly in
the Tagalog areas of central Luzon. Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901. In Manila he was persuaded
to swear allegiance to the United States and called on his soldiers to put down their arms.

The United States declared an end to military rule on July 4, 1901. Sporadic resistance continued until 1913.
These incidents were put down by the Philippine Constabulary.

U.S. Territory (1901-1935)

A civilian government was established by the Americans in 1901, with William H. Taft as the first civilian
governor of the Philippines. English was declared the official language. Six hundred American teachers were
imported aboard the USS Thomas. Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a considerable amount
of church land was purchased and redistributed.

Some measures of Filipino self-rule were allowed, however. An elected Filipino legislature was inaugurated in
1907.

When Woodrow Wilson became the American President, in 1913, there was a major change in official
American policy concerning the Philippines. While the previous Republican administrations had envisioned the
Philippines as a perpetual American colony, the Wilson administration decided to start a process that would
gradually lead to Philippine independence. U.S. administration of the Philippines was declared to be temporary
and aimed to develop institutions that would permit and encourage the eventual establishment of a free and
democratic government. Therefore, U.S. officials concentrated on the creation of such practical supports for
democratic government as public education and a sound legal system. The Philippines were granted free
trade status, with the U.S.

In 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act, popularly known as the Jones Law, was passed by the U.S. Congress.
The law which served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines, stated in its preamble that the
eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the establishment of a stable
government. The law maintained the Governor General of the Philippines, appointed by the President of the
United States, but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly
(lower house) and appointive Philippine Commission (upper house) previously in place. The Filipino House of
Representatives would be purely elected, while the new Philippine Senate would have the majority of its
members elected by senatorial district with senators representing non-Christian areas appointed by the
Governor-General.

The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors-general,
depending on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers vis-à-vis the Philippine legislature.
Members to the elected legislature lost no time in lobbying for immediate and complete independence from the
United States. Several independence missions were sent. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken
over by Filipinos, who had effectively gained control by the end of World War I.

In 1934, the United States Congress, having originally passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act as a Philippine
Independence Act over President Hoover's veto, only to have the law rejected by the Philippine legislature,
finally passed a new Philippine Independence Act popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act. The law
provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946.

U.S. rule was acompanied by improvements in the education and health systems of the Philippines; school
enrollment rates multipled fivefold. By the 1930s literacy rates had doubled to reach 50%. Several diseases
were virtually eradicated. However, the Philippines remained economically backward. U.S. trade policies
encouraged the export of cash crops and the importation of manufactured goods; little industrial development
occurred. Meanwhile, landlessness became a serious problem in rural areas; peasants were often reduced to
the status of serfs.

Commonwealth Era (1935-1946)

Main article: Commonwealth of the Philippines

The period 1935–1946 would ideally be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full
independence, a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime.

On May 14, 1935, an election to fill the newly created office of President of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines was won by Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista Party) and a Filipino government was formed on the
basis of principles superficially similar to the US Constitution. (See: Philippine National Assembly). The
Commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly, and
a Supreme Court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901. The new government embarked
on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense, greater control over the economy,
reforms in education, improvement of transport, the colonization of the island of Mindanao, and the promotion
of local capital and industrialization. The Commonwealth however, was also faced with agrarian unrest, an
uncertain diplomatic and military situation in South East Asia, and uncertainty about the level of United States
commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines.

In 1939-40, the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore a bicameral Congress, and permit the
reelection of President Quezon, previously restricted to a single, six-year term.

During the Commonwealth years, Philippines sent one elected Resident Commissioner to the United States
House of Representatives, as Puerto Rico currently does today.
The Japanese Occupation and World War II (1941-1945)
See also: Military history of the Philippines during World War II

A few hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the Japanese launched air
raids in several cities and US military installations in the Philippines on December 8, and on December 10,
the first Japanese troops landed in Northern Luzon.

General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE),
was forced to retreat to Bataan. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. The fall of
Bataan was on April 9, 1942 with Corregidor Island, at the mouth of Manila Bay, surrendering on May 6
(an act which completely delayed the Japanese war timetable).

The Commonwealth government by then had exiled itself to Washington, DC, upon the invitation of
President Roosevelt; however many politicians stayed behind and collaborated with the occupying
Japanese. The Philippine Army continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war and were considered
auxiliary units of the United States Army. Several Philippine military awards, such as the Philippine
Defense Medal, Independence Medal, and Liberation Medal, were awarded to both the United States and
Philippine Armed Forces.

As the Japanese forces advanced, Manila was declared an open city to prevent it from destruction,
meanwhile, the government was moved to Corregidor. In March 1942, U.S. General Douglas
MacArthurand President Quezon fled the country. The cruelty of the Japanese military occupation of the
Philippines is legendary. Guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could, and on Luzon native
resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island. Finally,
in October 1944, McArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin theretaking of the
Philippines, landing with Sergio Osmena who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon's death. The
battles entailed long fierce fighting; some of the Japanese continued to fight until the official surrender of
the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945.

After their landing, American forces also undertook measures to suppress the Huk movement, which was
originally founded to fight the Japanese Occupation. The American forces removed local Huk governments
and imprisoned many high-ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party. While these incidents
happened, there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and, despite the American measures
against the Huk, they still supported American soldiers in the fight against the Japanese.

Over a million Filipinos had been killed in the war, and many towns and cities, including Manila, were left in
ruins. The final Japanese soldier to surrender was Hiroo Onoda, in 1974.
Effects of american colonization in the philippines

1. 1. Effects of American Colonization in the PhilippinesThe effects of American imperialism on the

Philippines are numerous. Some, however, stand out, most notably the installation of an
American-style democracy and the prevalentattitude that anything American is “good”. Many of
those in lowland Philippines, and most of the Christian population, for that matter, grew up in
an increasing Americanizedsociety. The following American influence in the Philippines says it
all: 1. Government -Partisan politics was one of the influences of the Americans on our
government. Partisan politics means a politics that is devoted to or biased in support of a certain
party, group or cause. Another effect of Americans in the government is the implementation of
municipal elections. But after the creation of bicameral legislature, the election in the
Philippines turned to be like the election of the Americans. Electors began to spend a lot just to
win the election, and they began to think of their own personal welfare instead of the welfare of
the Filipino people. Thus many of the American’s political practices were soon found in the
Philippine archipelago. But this doesn’t mean that Americans contributed negative effects on
our government but instead we learned the intricate machinery of the government, we learned
how to make and governs laws. 2. Religion -During the Spanish colonization, the Filipino people
were forced to convert their religion into Christianity (Roman Catholic). But after the
colonization of the Spanish, Americans came and changed the religion into Protestantism which
 was the religious beliefs of the Americans. But later on, the Americans adopted the Roman
Catholic Christianity after its invasion in the Philippines on July 4, 1946. Another is the
establishment of the Iglesiani Cristo Church by Felix Manalo. And Jehovah’s Witnesses started to
preach from one house to another. 3. Economic and Livelihood -The economic development of
the Philippines under the Americans can be attributed to free trade relations that the Americans
imposed upon the country. Philippine products were also allowed to enter American markets
free of duty within quota limits. 4. Arts, Culture and Tradition -Filipino people began to adopt
the American fashion statement using hats, long sleeved clothes and long sleeved polo inside it
with matching neck ties for men. Another is the art of Oil Paintings which is the process of
painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil. Red Blood Paint was also
introduced which is a dark paint,also known as alizarin crimson chool.

2. 2. 5. Transportation -A lot of transportation was introduced by the Americans to the Philippines,

some are submarine, caretellas, railways, ancient bull carts, cars, etc. 6. Social Structure -
Americans introduced the three class-models which includes the rich (wide array of elite
groups), middle class (ambiguously defined social classes) and the poor (group that suffers from
poverty). 7. System of Education -Schools were built for the Filipino citizen that teaches about
the good formation including the rights and responsibilities of each person. Teachers were also
present in the person of the Thomasites.Source:
http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/philippine_culture.htm
http://tabonwoman.blogspot.com/2009/05/american-period_22.html

american occupation
1. 1. THE AMERICAN RULE
2. 2. American colonial policy• American colonial policy in the Philippines was unique in the world of
colonialism because of the following reasons:1. The Americans said they would go as soon as the
Filipinos could stand on their own as a fee nation. From the beginning, American officials did not
want to hold on to the Philippines as a colony forever.
3. 3. American colonial policy2. The Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial
powers of the same era (Germany, Netherlands, France or Britain). The American shared power with
the Filipinos in government.3. The Filipinos adopted American ways very well. No other former
colony like its other country as much as the Filipinos liked the United States
4. 4. American colonial government• The Philippines was ruled by the Americans in the following
ways:1. Military government (August 14, 1898 – July 4, 1901) This government was run by military
generals appointed by the American president. There were three military governors: Gen. Wesley
Merritt; Gen. Elwell Otis; and Gen. Arthur McArthur.
5. 5. American colonial government2. Civil government (July 4, 1901-August 1902) This government
was run by American civilian officials appointed by the American president. But later it was run by
Filipino officials elected by Filipinos.
6. 6. American colonial government• There were several kinds of civilian governments during the
American era. These were: The Philippine Commission; the American Governor-General together
with the Filipino people; and, the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
7. 7. WAR OF PHILIPPINEINDEPENDENCE FROM THEUNITED STATES
8. 8. • Manifest Destiny• Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation issued on Dec. 21, 1898 – the US shall
exercise sovereignty over the entire archipelago• Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation on January
5, 1899
9. 9. • January 20, 1899 – Pres. McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission to make
recommendations in the administration of the country; this commission was headed by Dr. Jacob
Schurman
10. 10. • February 4, 1899 – Private Willie Grayson shot and killed a Filipino soldier. This event triggered
the Philippine-American War (1899-1906)• Bates Treaty – signed by John Bates and Sultan Jamalul
Kiram II of Sulu on August 20, 1899. The Muslims remained neutral in the war.
11. 11. • February 5, 1899 – the American fleet bombarded the Filipinos fort north of San Juan del Monte
killing Major. Jose Torres Bugallion.• February 22, 1899 – Antonio Luna burned American occupied
houses in Tondo and Binondo• Gen. MacArthur and his troops arrived from the US; they aimed to
capture Malolos
12. 12. • March 31, 1898 – Malolos was captured• March 6 , 1898 - Apolinario Mabini met with the
Schurman Commission to request for a cease-fire but he was refused. Mabini resigned in the
Aguinaldo cabinet and was replaced by Pedro A. Paterno as the head of the new cabinet
13. 13. • ―Peace Cabinet‖ headed by Felipe Buencamino negotiated peace with the Americans.• Antonio
Luna met a tragic death• October 12, , 1898 – a full-scale offensive was launched to capture Pres.
Aguinaldo• Gregorio del Pilar defended Tirad Pass
14. 14. • Januario Galut guided the Americans in Tirad pass which lead to the death of del Pilar• The
whereabouts of Aguinaldo was discovered; Gen. Funston employed the Macabebe scouts to capture
Aguinaldo• April 9, 1898 – Aguinaldo took the oath of allegiance to the United States
15. 15. • Pacificados (Pacifists) led by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino which later became Partido
Federal headed by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera wanted to make the Philippines a part of the US.• July ,
1898 – Pres. Theodore Roosevelt declared that the Philippine-American War was over
16. 16. A Government Under America
17. 17. Timeline: Philippine Philippine Bill Assembly (1902) (1907)Hare-Hawes- OSROX Jones
LawCutting Law Mission (1916) (1932) (1931) Philippine Tydings- Constitution Commonwea
McDuffie al lth Law (1934) Convention (1935)
18. 18. • March 16, 1899 – Pres. McKinley appointed the Taft Commission and gave it legislative and
executive power to put up a civilian government• July 4, 1901 – Judge William Howard Taft became
the first civil governor• His policy ―Philippines for Filipinos‖ laid the foundation of a democratic
government
19. 19. Taft’s achievements• The sale of huge tracts of friar lands to Filipinos on installment terms•
Cooper Act/Philippine Organic Act of 1902 – extends the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos• First official
census was held on March 2, 1899.
20. 20. Other political parties• These parties were organized to counteract the pro-American activities of
the Partido Federal• Partido Nacionalista ,Partido Independencia, Partido Democrata• Partido
Conservador
21. 21. • Gen. Vicente Lukban ambushed American soldiers in Balangiga, Samar• Gen. Jacob Smith
ordered the massacre of all men and children about ten years of age
22. 22. • General Miguel Malvar continued to fight for Philippine independence• He surrendered to the
Americans on April 16, 1902.
23. 23. Anti-nationalist laws• Sedition Law – imposed death penalty or long prison term to those who
advocated separation form the US even through peaceful means• Brigandage Act – punished with
death or with a prison term of not less than 20 years for members of an armed band
24. 24. • Reconcentration Act – this gave the governor general the power to authorize any provincial
governor to reconcentrate in the towns all residents outlying barrios if outlaws operated in these
areas.• Flag Law – prohibited the display of Philippine flag and other symbols used b the resistance
against the US
25. 25. How the Filipinos carried on their fight for freedom• Theater and literature• Peasant revolts and
the Communist Party of the Philippines • Peaceful pressure by the Filipino politicians ending in the
establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935.
26. 26. Arts and Literature Resistance• American authorities enacted “Sedition Law” in 1901. Any
Filipino advocating independence or separation from the United States would be punished severely by
death or imprisonment.• Plays and drama’s advocating independence were labeled “seditious plays”•
Filipinos employed a variety of subterfuges: allegorical verses, talinhaga, double-meanings, etc..
27. 27. Tanikalang Ginto• Juan Abad’s “Tanikalang Ginto” first produced on July 7, 1902 and banned on
May 10, 1903 after performance in Batangas and was fined $2,000.• The supreme court later on
reversed the decision.
28. 28. Tanikalang GintoThe play revolves around Liwanag (“light,” “the newPilipinas after departure of
Spain), who is promised to thehero Kulayaw (“loyal,” the Filipino freedom fighters, alsothe penname
of Abad).Her adopted father Maimbot, (“avaricious” theU.S.), approves the proposed marriage.
However, he laterwithdraws his consent and bans Kulayaw from his house.He entreats Liwanag to
abandon Kulayaw and tries tobribe her with gifts. He uses Nagtapon (worthless Filipinocollaborators
who see a life at ease under the Americans)to spy on his brother, Kulayaw.
29. 29. Tanikalang GintoNagtapon disowns their mother Dalita (poor and sufferingMother Country and
the masses). Dalita dies abandonedby her sons.Maimbot’s gifts fail to move Liwanag so he ties her to
abalete and leaves her to Nagtapon. Kulayaw searches forLiwanag and once he finds her, Nagtapon
 kills her.Diwa (“spirit” persistence in struggle) takes Liwanag toheaven. Diwa promises to Kulayaw
that Liwanag willreturn to him after she has circled the universe. The playends with a tableau:
Nagtapon is possessed by demonswhile Kulayaw is crowned by spirits after delivering anemotional
speech.
30. 30. Other Dramatists• Aurelio Tolentino – master of subterfuge; was able to weave in the national
anthem and the flag in his plays.• He wrote, directed and played the lead in “Kahapon, Ngayon at
Bukas.” He was arrested 9 times and sentenced to life imprisonment. His sentence was later on
reduced to 15 years.• He also wrote poems, short stories, sarswelas, essays, editorials in Talgalog,
Spanish and Pampango• He fought in Bicol during the Fil-Am war• The play delved on intense love of
country exposing foreign economic control, and a call for armed struggle.
31. 31. Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas
32. 32. • Hindi Aco Patay (I am not Dead) by Juan Matapang Cruz was closed on May 8, 1903 at Teatro
Neuva Luna in Malabon• The red sun on the Katipunan flag that rose behind the stage caused the riot
inside the theater• Cruz was arrested and later imprisoned, which he served in full.
33. 33. Resistance groups• General Lucio San Miguel – Rizal and Bulacan; they were captured on March
28, 1903 after some Philippine Scouts discovered his headquarters in Caloocan and Marikina.•
Macario Sakay, Julian Montalan, and Cornelio Felizardo established in Philippine Republic or the
Tagalog Republic which was the continuation of the Bonifacio Katipunan
34. 34. • General Simeon Olas was the last revolutionary general to surrender tot the Americans on
September 25, 1903.• Ola took the oath of allegiance to the United States. They surrendered to the
Americans to save the people from brutality and hunger.
35. 35. The Colorums• They were the remnants of Hermano Pule’s Cofradia de San Jose• During the
American occupation, the term colorum was used by the authorities to refer to rebel organizations
with mystical characteristics.• In Tarlac, the colorums worshipped Joses Rizal and Apo Ipe Salvador
36. 36. • Pedro Kabola – he founded a secret society called Kapisanan Makabola Makarinag (1923). They
planned to assault the municipal building f San Jose, Nueva Ecija and execute all the town officials,
equally divide the land among the masses, and expel the Americans from the country.
37. 37. • Pedro Calosa – he organized a colorum group in 1929.• He and his group marched in Tayug,
Pangasinan to spark a revolution. But he was captured.• He said that many of the colorum members
were tenants who were ejected by hacenderos or small farmers deprived of their lands by land
grabbers
38. 38. The first labor groups• Isabelo de los Reyes organized the first labor union, the Union de
Litografos e Impresores de Filipinas, in January 1902.• After its founding, the members decided to
reorganize themselves into the Union Oberera Democratica, with its organ La Redencion del Obrero
39. 39. • Lope K. Santos became the leader of U.O.D.• May 1, 1903 – Labor Day was first officially
celebrated in the country• Congreso Obrero de Filipinas approved the resolutions demanding eight-
hour labor day, child and women labor laws, and an employer’s liability law.
40. 40. • Vicente Sotto established Asamblea Obrero which he used to support his candidacy• Joaquin
Balmori founded the Federacion del Trabaho to support the Democratic party while Congreso Obrero
del Filipinas backed the Nationalista Party candidates
41. 41. • Union ng Magsasaka was formed in 1917 to fight the evils of tenancy and usury.• Partido Obrero
de Filipinas was founded by Crisanto Evangelista, Domingo Ponce, and Cirilo Bognot in 1924. Its
platform showed a strong Marxist influence.
42. 42. The Communist Party of the Philippines• Evangelista established the Katipunan ng mga Anak-
pawis ng Pilipinas or KAP.• KAP wanted unity among workers, peasants and the exploited masses. It
advocated struggle against America imperialism in the Philippines, immediate and complete
independence of the country, unity among revolutionary movements all over the world, and an
establishment of a Soviet system in the Philippines
43. 43. • Antonio Ora was arrested and died reportedly due to an accident while being taken to prison. The
CCP members were skeptical about it and they staged a demonstration on January 25, 1931.•
Evangelista and other CCP leaders were arrested and imprisoned.• The Supreme Court declared the
CCP an illegal organization on October 26, 1932.
44. 44. Sakdal Uprising• The Sakdalista (coming from the Tagalog word sakdal, meaning "to accuse")
movement was founded in 1930 by a right wing leader, Benigno Ramos, a writer and discontented
former government clerk. The name of the movement was based on Émile Zolas 1898 letter criticising
the French government, Jaccuse.• Sakdal began as a fortnightly populist tabloid, with articles tackling
issues which were of interest to the Philippine masses: corruption and mismanagement under the
American-sponsored Nacionalista administration, immediate independence for the Philippines, and the
land reform problem.
45. 45. Sakdal Uprising• Investigators concluded that the motive behind the uprising was the worsening
economic condition• The elite bitterly criticized the uprising; MLQ called its leader (Benigno Ramos)
“and irresponsible and crafty demagogue.”• Colonial authorities and media described the Sakdalistas
“astonighingly ignorant,” “economically helpless,” “victims of the local cacique,” and “the
remorseless usurers.”
46. 46. What they believe in (Sakdal)• They believe that the country’s God-given riches was controlled by
the Catholic church, foreigners and a few rich Filipinos.• They see politicians’ lack of will to achieve
independence• This task should not be left to those who had lost the ability to suffer and work hard for
the sake of the country.• They are living examples of honor, being oppressed and poor, and possessing
pure hearts capable of humility, compassion and sacrifice.
47. 47. What they believe in (Sakdal)• They emulate the life of Jesus Christ and the heroes of 1896
revolution particularly Jose Rizal.• They considered their work as a mission with a heavy cross to be
borne.• Upon occupying the municipal building, they destroyed the stars and stripes; there was no
looting or burning.• They confiscated pistols and issued receipt; they fed the passengers of the buses
they stopped.• They did this because of their belief that they must be honorable, true representatives of
the people and heirs of the 1896 struggle for independence.
48. 48. What they believe in (Sakdal)• They want to show the world they are not accepting passively the
terms of American colonialism• Political and economic freedom cannot be fully realized if their souls
remained subjects to alien rule.• Sakdal uprising may be a failure in the eyes of the outsiders, but to
insiders, they were able to show the true meaning of being Sakdalistas: to be honorable though poor,
to know how to sacrifice, and to live and die with dignity.
49. 49. • On May 2, 1935, 15o peasants marched to the municipal hall of San Ildefonso, Bulacan and
hauled down the American and Philippine flags and raised the red Sakdal flag.• The peasants were no
match to the constabulary troops who suppressed the uprisings. Fifty seven peasants were killed,
hundreds were wounded, and others were imprisoned.• Benigno Ramos who was in Japan denied his
involvement on the May 2 incident. Many peasants withdrew their support for Ramos.
50. 50. ECONOMIC PROGRESS UNDER AMERICA
51. 51. American economic policy• In the beginning, American policy was unselfish. The Philippine Bill
of 1902 declared that all public lands and natural resources were for “the benefit of the
inhabitants.”This pro- Filipino policy was repeated in the Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings- McDuffie
Law of 1934.
52. 52. • Some American officials gave better treatment to Americans doing business or working in the
Philippines.• The economy then was developed largely by American and pro- American Filipinos.
53. 53. New prosperity of the Philippinesas a colony of America• Population explosion• New land policy
1. Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers 2. Homestead Act (1924) allowed Filipinos to own up to
24 hectares of public land 3. All lands had to be registered, and their owners got the Torrens title.
54. 54. • Agricultural increase In 1903, the American Congress sent $3M emergency fund to import rice
and carabao from other Asian country.
55. 55. • Free trade with America – Philippine products (copra, sugar, cigars, hemp, etc.) were sold to the
Americans while American products (cars, radios, appliances, cigarettes, etc.) were bought by
Filipinos
56. 56. – Under the free trade agreement, Filipino products entered the United States without paying
custom tariffs. There was a limit or quota to the amount of tax-free Filipino products.– American
products could also enter the Philippines without paying custom tariffs, but they were not limited by
quotas.
57. 57. • Business boom – retail trade inside the Philippines doubled from 1907-1935. Filipinos had more
money to buy food, shoes, clothes, radios, toys, b icycles, and even cars. However, the Filipinos liked
to buy more imported goods.
58. 58. • New industries – The Philippines entered the Industrial Age (which favored the use of machines
and the mass production of goods in big factories) – Mining and fishing became big industries –
Household cottage industries boomed – The Americans developed the coconut and hemp industries
and they took over the sugar and tobacco industries.
59. 59. • Improvement in transportation and communication – The Filipinos enjoyed the automobile,
electric street car (tranvia), roads and railroads, postal services, airplane, telephone, wireless telegraph,
radio, and movies.
60. 60. • Better budget – the Philippine budget was balanced even during the Great World Depression in
the 1930’s. In the 1930’s, other governments including the U.S. itself had huge deficit and problems
but the Philippine’s colonial budge had a surplus.
61. 61. • New banks• International exhibitions and meetings
62. 62. Economic problems• We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured goods
from America. We did not develop our own industries enough because we were spoiled by the free
trade with America.
63. 63. • Colonial mentality became worse. We wrongly thought that imported/American products were
high class. It was bad because we forgot to develop our native product.
64. 64. • Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920’s and 1930’s. Many strikes in the cities and violent
revolts in the provinces were caused by radical groups like the Communist Party of the Philippines.
65. 65. • American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies. Some of these American
businessmen came to the Philippines as soldiers or government officials. They used their connections
in the colonial government to become millionaires in a short time. For example, by 1935 American
companies controlled 335 of the sugar industry, 53% of hemp, and 60% of copra. They also controlled
the utilities, railroads, shipping, radio and newspapers.
66. 66. Our American heritage• The Bible and religious freedom• Training in democracy• Free education•
Better health• English language• Free press
67. 67. • Diet and dress• Democratic family life and social classes• Women’s rights• Recreation• Movies
and vaudiville• Music and dance
68. 68. • Art• Science• American blood
69. 69. Third Republic(Post-American Era) (1946-1972)
70. 70. Challenges of Third RepublicAfter the war, the Commonwealthwas restored pending
completeindependence. Withindependence from the US camethe establishment of the ThirdRepublic
of the Philippines. Thegovernment of the independentRepublic was riddled with graftand corruption
and lost theconfidence of the people. Thecorruption within the governmentalso resulted in the rise of
the Leftin the form of the HUKBALAHAPor the Huks. The Huks presentedeven more problems to
theRepublic.
71. 71. Manuel Acuna RoxasFifth PresidentFirst President of the IndependentThird Republic of the
Philippines1946 - 1948“If war should come, I am certain ofone thing–probably the only thing ofwhich
I can be certain–and it is this:That America and the Philippines willbe found on the same side,
andAmerican and Filipino soldiers willagain fight side by side in the sametrenches or in the air or at
sea in thedefense of justice, freedom and otherprinciples which we both loved andcherished.” (May
28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)He was inaugurated on July4, 1946, the day the U.S. Nacionalista (1919–
1945)government granted political Liberal Party (1945–1948)independence to its colony.
72. 72. Biography Achievements• was born in Capiz (now Roxas City) • greatest achievements, namely:
the ratification of the Bell Trade Act; the• studied law at UP and graduated with inclusion of the Parity
Amendment in honors in 1913. the Constitution; and the signing of the• he topped the Bar
examinations in 1947 Military Bases Agreement 1913, • Rehabilitation and reconstruction of• was
employed as private secretary to war-ravanged Philippines Chief Justice Cayetano Arellano •
Improvement of the ruined economy• taught law in 1915-1916. • Adopted the pro-American policy.•
started in politics when appointed as a member of the Capiz municipal council. Problems• In 1919, he
was elected as governor of •Graft and corruption in the government, as Capiz.• elected as
congressman in 1922 and evidenced by the ―Surplus of War Property became House Speaker
Scandal‖, ―Chinese Immigration Quota• 1935, he was chosen as a delegate to Scandal‖, ―School
Supplies Scandal: the Constitutional Convention. •Failure to check the Communist HUK• Serve also
as Secretary of Finance under Quezon’s Administration movement.• elected as a senator in 1941 and
eventually became Senate President• he was also a reserve Major in the Philippine Army, a liaison
officer and aide-to-camp to General Douglas MacArthur, then later promoted to Colonel and then
Brigadier General.
73. 73. Elpidio Rivera QuirinoSixth PresidentSecond President of the Third Republic1948 - 1953“While I
recognise the United States as agreat builder in this country, I have neversurrendered the sovereignty,
much less thedignity and future of our country.” — Elpidio Quirino[ Significant Event •Two Asian
heads of state visited Philippines– President Chiang Kai-shek of Nationalist China (Formosa) in July
1949 and President Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia in January 1951. •On May 26-30, 1950, upon
Quirinos invitation seven free Asian nations held the Baguio Conference of 1950 to discuss common
problems (November 16, 1890 – February of Asian peace and security. 29, 1956) •Korean War and
over 7,450 Filipino soldiers were sent to Korea under the designation of the Philippine Expeditionary
Forces to Korea or PEFTOK
74. 74. Early life and career Early Political Career• born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur to Don •elected as member
of the Philippine House Mariano Quirino of Caoayan and Dona of Representatives from 1919 to 1925,
Gregoria Mendoza Rivera of Aringay •Senator from 1925 to 1931• spent his early years in Aringay,
La •Secretary of Finance and Secretary of the Union. Interior in the Commonwealth government.•
spent his elementary education to his •In 1934, a member of the Philippine native, Caoayan, Ilocos
 Sur and were Independence mission to Washington he became a barrio teacher. D.C., headed by
Manuel L. Quezon that• He received secondary education at secured the passage in the United States
Vigan High School Congress of the Tydings-McDuffie Act.• worked as junior computer in the •After
the war, Quirino continued public Bureau of Lands and as property clerk service, becoming president
pro tempore of in the Manila police department. the Senate.• graduated from Manila High School in
•In 1946, he was elected first vice president 1911 and also passed the civil service of the independent
Republic of the examination, first-grade. Philippines, serving under Manuel Roxas.• attended the
University of the He also served as secretary of state. Philippines. In 1915, he earned his law degree
from the universitys College of Law, and was admitted to the bar later that year.• engaged in the
private practice of law
75. 75. ProblemsTwo main objectives of his •Lack of Fundsadministration: •HUK Problem: Terrorism
and Disruption of Peace•the economic reconstruction of and order. •Graft and corruption in his
government, asthe nation revealed in theTambobong-Buenavista scandal, the•the restoration of the
faith and Import Control Anomalies, the Caledonia Pile Messconfidence of the people in the and the
Textbook Racket; •Wasteful spending of the peoples money ingovernment. extravagant junkets
abroad; •Creation of PACSA: •Failure of government to check the Huk menace President’s Action
which made travel in the provinces unsafe, as Committee on Social evidenced by the killing of former
First Lady Aurora Quezon and her companions on April 21, 1949 by Amelioration the Huks on the
Bongabong-Baler •Creation of ACCFA: road, Baler, Tayabas (no part of Aurora province).
Agricultural Credit •Economic distress of the times, aggravated by rising unemployment rate, soaring
prices of Cooperatives Financing commodities, and unfavorable balance of trade. Administration
Quirinos vaunted "Total Economic Mobilization •Excellence in Foreign Policy" failed to give
economic relief to the suffering Relations. nation. •Frauds and terrorism committed by the Liberal
Party moguls in the 1947, 1949 and 1951 elections.
76. 76. Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Seventh President Third President of the Third Republic 1953 -
1957 ―The office of the President is the highest in the land. It can be the humblest also, if we regard
it — as we must — in the light of basic democratic principles. The first of these principles is the
declaration of the Constitution that "sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority
emanates from them." This simply means that all of us in public office are but servants of the
people.‖He is known as president of the masses. (August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957) He was sworn
into office wearing the Barong Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president. During his term, he made
Malacañáng Palace literally a "house of the people", opening its He was killed in a plane crash before
the end of his term. gates to the public.
77. 77. Early life Achievements• born in Iba, Zambales on August •Agrarian Reform 31, 1907 to Exequiel
established the National Resettlement and Magsaysay, a blacksmith, and Rehabilitation
Administration (NARRA) to Perfecta del Fierro, a resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It
schoolteacher. was particularly aimed at rebel returnees• He entered the University of the Philippines
in 1927. providing home lots and farmlands in• He worked as a chauffeur to Palawan and Mindanao.
support himself as he studied •Savior of democracy in the Philippines engineering; later •Man of the
Masses• transferred to the Institute of •Stopped the HUK communist rebellion Commerce at Jose
Rizal College •Improved the conditions of the barrios (1928-1932), where he received a baccalaureate
in commerce. •Constructed roads, bridges, irrigation canals• He then worked as automobile
•Established the SEATO: Southeast Asia mechanic and shop superintendent. Treaty Organization• he
joined the motor pool of the •Imposed high moral standard for public 31st Infantry Division of the
officials Philippine army during WW2.• Congressman under Pres Roxas’ Administration and serve as
Chairman of the House National Problems Defense Committee •Impending projects• Secretary of
National Defense •Lack of enough funds during Pres Quirino’s Administration •Graft and corruption
78. 78. Carlos Polistico Garcia Eight President Fourth President of the Third Republic 1957 - 1961 ―As a
people, we prize highly the moral and spiritual values of life. But the realities of the moment have
made us more preoccupied with economic problems chiefly concerning the material values of national
life.‖known for his "Filipino First"policy, which put the interests of theFilipino people above those
offoreigners and of the ruling party. (November 4, 1896 – June 14, 1971) was a Filipino teacher, poet,
orator, lawyer, public official, and guerrilla leader.
79. 79. Early Life Significant events in their term:• born in Talibon, Bohol to Policronio García • He
assumed the presidency the day after and Ambrosia Polestico Ramon Magsaysays death. After Garcia•
his father serving as a municipal mayor for finished Magsaysays term, he was elected four terms.
president in his own right.• primary education in Talibon, • President Garcia is most remembered
most• secondary education in Cebu Provincial for his Austerity Program and Filipino First High
School. Policy. His Austerity Program was aimed at curbing graft and corruption within the• took law
courses at Silliman University in government. Dumaguete City. • Problems during his Presidency:•
 studied in Philippine Law School (now • Although it was not very successful, it did Philippine College
of Criminology) and help to restore trust between the people and earned his degree in 1923. He was
among the government. the top ten in the bar examination.• he worked as a teacher for two years at •
He was among the founders of the Bohol Provincial High School. Association for Southeast Asia
(1963)• became famous for his poetry in Bohol, • He was the precursor of the Association for where
he earned the nickname "Prince of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Visayan Poets" and the "Bard
from Bohol".• 1925-1931 as Congressman of Third District of Bohol• 1931-1946 governor of Bohol.
He served as provincial governor for two terms.• He became a member of the congress in 1946, and
was elected three times to the senate for three consecutive terms from 1941 to 1953.• Garcia was the
running mate of Ramon Magsaysay in the presidential election of 1953.• He was appointed Secretary
of Foreign Affairs by President Ramon Magsaysay, for four years concurrently serving as vice-
president.
80. 80. Successes of each President after their term: Problems• The Filipino First Policy put the rights
•Graft and corruption of Filipinos above those of foreigners •Lack of treasury funds (This favored the
Filipino businessmen •Huge national debt in contrast to foreign investors. This •Impending projects
meant, foreigners could invest capital up to 40% in a business or industry while the remaining 60%
would be owned by Filipino citizens.)• Garcias policies aimed at boosting the Garcia ran for president
again in the economy and obtaining greater 1961 elections but lost to Vice-President economic
independence. Garcia also Diosdado Macapagal. On June aimed at reviving old Filipino cultural 1,
1971, Garcia was elected delegate of traditions which might have become the 1971 Constitutional
Convention and extinct as the result of the adoption of Spanish and American cultures chosen as
president. He died two weeks through colonization. later from a heart attack.
81. 81. Diosdado Pangan MacapagalNinth PresidentFifth President of the Third Republic1961 - 1965
―Our first mission is the solution of the problem of corruption. We assume leadership at a time when
our nation is in the throes of a moral degeneration unprecedented in our national history.‖"Poor boy
from Lubao" "The Incorruptible" Diosdado Macapagal is of royal blood due to (September 28, 1910 –
April 21, 1997) descent from their great-great-grandfather: Don Juan Macapagal (A prince of Tondo)
who was a great-grandson of the last reigning Rajah of Selurong, Rajah Lakandula.
82. 82. Early Life Political Career• born on September 28, 1910 in •legal assistant to President Manuel L.
Quezon and Lubao, Pampanga President Jose P. Laurel in Malacañang Palace.• graduating
valedictorian at Lubao Elementary School, and salutatorian •After the war, Macapagal worked as an
assistant at Pampanga High School. attorney with the one of the largest law firms in the• He finished
his pre-law course at the country, Ross, Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso. University of the
Philippines, then •President Manuel Roxas appointed him to the enrolled at Philippine Law School in
Department of Foreign Affairs as the head of its legal 1932, studying on a scholarship and supporting
himself with a part-time division. job as an accountant. •In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino appointed•
topping the 1936 bar examination Macapagal as chief negotiator in the successful transfer with a score
of 89.95% of the Turtle Islands in the Sulu Sea from the United• After passing the bar Kingdom to the
Philippines. examination, Macapagal was invited •That same year, he was assigned as second
secretary to join an American law firm as a practicing attourney, a particular to the Philippine
Embassy in Washington, D.C. In honor for a Filipino at the time.[ 1949, he was elevated to the
position of Counselor on• Master of Laws degree in 1941, a Legal Affairs and Treaties, at the time the
fourth highest Doctor of Civil Law degree in post in the Philippine Foreign Office. 1947, and a Ph.D.
in Economics in •He first won election in 1949 to the House of 1957. Representatives,representing a
district in his home province of Pampanga. •In 1957 he became vice president in the administration of
President Carlos P. Garcia
83. 83. Presidency Problems•During his term, Macapagal fought to suppress graft •Acute problem in
unemploymentand corruption within the government and also taxevasion. •Widespread mass
poverty•He also aimed to stimulate the economy and placed •Graft and corruption problemthe peso in
the free currency-exchange •Lack of treasury fundsmarket, encouraging the wealthiest families to
invest. a number his reforms were blocked•Macapagal also passed the Land Reform Bill whichfreed
many farmers from slavery as tenant farmers. by the Nacionalista dominated Senate•Another of his
achievements was the forming of and House of Representatives.Maphilindo (Malaysia, the Philippines
and Indonesia)through a foreign policy. This paved the way for thecreation of the Association of
Southeast AsianNations (ASEAN).•It was Macapagal who changed the IndependenceDay to June 12
from July 4.The first celebrationscommemorating independence from Spain were heldin
1962.•Among the most significant achievements ofMacapagal as president were the abolition of
tenancyand accompanying land reform program in theAgricultural Land Reform Code of 1963.•In
1971, he was elected president of theconstitutional convention that drafted what becamethe 1973
constitution.
84. 84. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Tenth President Sixth President of the Third Republic 1965-
1986―This nation can be great again. This I havesaid over and over. It is my articles offaith, and
Divine Providence has willed thatyou and I can now translate this faith intodeeds.‖ in 1949, he said:
―Elect me your congressman now and I’ll give you an Ilokano President in 20 years.‖ •(September
11, 1917 – September 28,1989) It is generally known that Marcos had the most infrastructure and
constitutional accomplishments, which were equivalent to those of all former presidents of the
Philippines.
85. 85. Early life and career Plans for economic development• born on September 11, 1917, in Sarrat,
Ilocos Norte and good government/• named after Ferdinand VII of Achievements Spain and baptized
into the Philippine Independent Church. First term (1965-1969)• a champion debater at the UP;also
•immediate construction of roads, bridges and participated in boxing, swimming public works, which
included 16,000 kilometers of and wrestling. feeder roads, some 30,000 lineal meters of• 1939-cum
laude with a law degree permanent bridges, from the U.P. College of Law; was •a generator with an
electric power capacity of elected to the Pi Gamma Mu international honor society. one million
kilowatts (1,000,000 kW),• passed the bar examination with •water services to eight regions and 38
localities. one of the highest scores in • revitalization of the judiciary, the national history, while also
writing an 800- defense posture and the fight against page defense. smuggling, criminality, and graft
and corruption in• 1941-serve as part of military the government. against Japanese and became one of
the victim of Bataan Death •mobilized the manpower and resources of the March Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) for action to complement civilian agencies •hired technocrats and highly educated
persons Early political career to form part of the cabinet and •Congressman for 3 terms •It was during
his first term that the North •Senator; served as minority floor leader Diversion Road (now, North
Luzon Expressway) before gaining the Senate presidency. was constructed with the help of the AFP
•established a record for having engineering construction battalion. introduced a number of significant
•Vietnam War; over 10,450 Filipino soldiers were bills, many of which found their way into sent to
South Vietnam under the designation of the republics statute books PHLCAAG or Philippines Civil
Affairs Assistance Group.
86. 86. Second Term 1969-1972• reelected because of his impressive performance• In 1969, the
Philippines experienced higher inflation rate and devaluation of the Philippine peso.• the oil-
producing Arab countries decided to cut back oil production, in response to Western military aid to
Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict, resulting in higher fuel prices worldwide.• The communal violence
in Mindanao resulted in 100,000 refugees, burning of hundred of homes, and the death of hundreds of
Christians and Muslims in Cotabato and Lanao.• an economic crisis brought by external and internal
forces, a restive and radicalized studentry demanding reforms in the educational system, a rising tide
of criminality, subversion by the re- organized Communist movement, and secession in the south.• On
August 21, 1971, following the bombing of the Liberal Party proclamation rally in Plaza Miranda,
President Marcos issued Proclamation No.889 suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.
Martial law and the New Society “It is easier perhaps and more comfortable to look back to the solace
of a familiar and mediocre past. But the times are too grave and the stakes too high for us to permit the
customary concessions to traditional democratic processes.” — Ferdinand Marcos, January 1973
•Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos,
ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media
establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists •constitutional
convention in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution.The new constitution went into effect in
early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos
to stay in power beyond 1973.
87. 87. Third Term (1981-1986) Downfall “Fourth Republic” • rampant corruption“We love your
adherence to democratic principles and to • political mismanagement by his relatives the democratic
process, and we will not leave you in and cronies isolation.” —U.S. VP George H. W. Bush • having
looted billions of dollars from the during Ferdinand Marcos Filipino treasury inauguration, July 1981 •
notorious nepotist, appointing family members and close friends to high positions• June 16, 1981, six
months after the lifting of martial in his cabine law, the first presidential election in twelve years • The
Philippine government today is still was held. As to be expected, President Marcos ran and won a
massive victory over the other paying interests on more than US$28 billion candidates public debts
incurred during his• In 1983, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at administration. the Manila
International Airport upon his return to • Marcoss health deteriorated rapidly due to the Philippines
after a long period of exile. This kidney ailments coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and
began a succession of events, including pressure • Marcos called a snap presidential election from the
United States. for 1986, with more than a year left in his• The Philippine economy suffered a great
decline term. after the Aquino assassination in August 1983. • the final tally of the National
 Movement for• The political troubles also hindered the entry of Free Elections, an accredited poll
foreign investments, and foreign banks stopped watcher, showed Aquino winning by almost granting
loans to the Philippine government.• the economy experienced negative economic 800,000 votes.
However, the government growth beginning in 1984 and continued to decline tally showed Marcos
winning by almost 1.6 despite the governments recovery efforts. million votes.• rampant graft and
corruption within the government • Popular sentiment in Metro Manila sided and by Marcos lack of
credibility. with Aquino, leading to a• Marcos himself diverted large sums of government massive,
multisectoral congregation of money to his partys campaign funds. protesters, and the gradual
defection of the• The unemployment rate ballooned from 6.30% in military to Aquino led by Marcos
1972 to 12.55% in 1985. cronies, Enrile and Ramos. • The "People Power movement" drove Marcos
into exile, and installed Corazon Aquino as the new president.
88. 88. VI. Energy Self-Reliance Indigenous energy sources were developed likeLegacy hydro,
geothermal, dendrothermal, coal, biogas and biomass.I. Food sufficiency A. Green Revolution VII.
Export Development Production of rice was increased through promoting the cultivation of IR-8
hybrid rice. During 1985 textile and textile products were exported B. Blue Revolution Marine species
like prawn, mullet, milkfish, and VIII. Labor Reform golden tilapia were being produced and
distributed The Labor code was promulgated which expanded the to farmers at a minimum cost.
concerns of the Magna Carta of Labor to extend greater• C. Liberalized Credit More than one
thousand rural banks spread all over protection to labor, promote employment, and human resource
the country resulting to the accessibility of credit to development. finance purchase of agricultural
inputs, hired labor, and harvesting expenses at very low interest IX. Unprecedented Infrastructure
Growth rate. The country’s road network had improved from 55,778• D. Decontrol Program Price
control polices were implemented on rice and kilometers in 1965 to 77,950 in five years (1970), and
eventually corn to provide greater incentive to farmers to reached 161,000 kilometers in 1985.
produce more.II. Education Reform X. Political Reform The literacy rate climbed from 72% in 1965
to 93% The structure of government established by President Marcos in 1985 and almost 100% in
Metro Manila on the same year. remains substantially the same except the change of name, inclusive
of superficial features in laws, to give a semblance of change from that of President Marcos
regime.III. Agrarian Reform Tenant’s Emancipation Act of 1972 or PD 27 was XI. Fiscal Reform the
first Land Reform Code of our country. Government finances were stabilized by higher revenue
collections and loans from treasury bonds, foreign lendingIV. Primary Health Care The Primary
Health Care (PHC) Program made institutions and foreign governments. medical care accessible to
millions of Filipinos in the remotest barrios of the country. XII. Peace and OrderV. Housing for the
masses In 1966, more than 100 important smugglers were arrested; in Bagong Lipunan Improvement
of Sites and Services three years 1966-68 they arrested a total of 5,000. Military men (BLISS)
Housing project had expanded the involved in smuggling were forced to retire. Peace and order
government’s housing program for the low-income significantly improved in most provinces however
situations in group. Manila and some provinces continued to deteriorate until the imposition of martial
law in 1972.
89. 89. Maria Corazon "Cory" SumulongCojuangco AquinoEleventh President of the PhilippinesFirst
Female PresidentFirst President of Fifth Republic1986-1992First elected female head of state in Asia
Best remembered for leading the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution, which toppled the
authoritarian regime of the late strongman Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the
Philippines “Icon of Democracy” (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009)
90. 90. EDUCATIONElementary and Secondary • St. Scholasticas College •born on January 25, 1933 to
Jose Cojuangco of • Ravenhill Academy in Tarlac, a wealthy Chinese Filipino and Demetria
Philadelphia, United States Sumulong of Antipolo, Rizal, an ethnic Filipina who • Notre Dame
Convent School in belongs to a politically influential clan New YorkCollege •Married to late Sen.
Benigno ―Ninoy‖ Aquino • Bachelor of Arts, College of •The couple produced five offsprings, four
girls and Mount Saint Vincent in New York one boy, namely: Maria Elena (Ballsy), Aurora (1953)
Corazon(Pinky), Benigno Simeon III • Doctor of Humanities, honoris causa, College of Mount Saint
(NoyNoy), Victoria Eliza (Viel) and Kristina Vincent, New York, Ateneo de Bernadette (Kris) Manila
University, Xavier •Declared herself as a plain housewife University (Philippines) • Doctor of
Humanities, honoris •Led the 1986 People Power Revolution causa, University of Boston, Fordham
•Established Presidential Commission on Good University, Waseda University Government (PCGG)
during her presidency (Tokyo), Far Eastern •issued Proclamation No. 3, which established a
University, and University of Sto. revolutionary government Tomas • Honoris Causa, Stonehill
College •Family Code of 1987, Administrative Code of 1987 (Massachusetts) (reorganized the
structure of the executive branch of government ), 1991 Local Government Code •Economic
Management and Agrarian Reform as her top agenda as president
91. 91. • IMPORTANT NOTES IN HISTORY -Agreed to run for president against Marcos in the
February 7, 1986 Snap Election after her supporters gathered a million signatures. -Installed as the
President of the Republic of the Philippines on February 25, 1986 because of the historic Peoples
Power which stripped Marcos of power. -Took oath under Supreme Court Justice Claudio Teehankee
as President of the Philippines at Club Filipino. -Implemented a program of reconciliation and freed
political prisoners like Bernabe Buscayno of the New Peoples Army and Jose Maria Sison of the
Communist Party of the Philippines. -Retained the presidential form of government. -Under her
reign,a national plebiscite was held to ratify the amendments to the 1935 Constitution on February 2,
1987, Named Woman of the Year by Time Magazine. -Awarded the Gawad Eleanor Roosevelt for
Human Rights -Her popularity waned because of the people around her who wanted to exact
vengeance on Marcos. -Six coup d etat aimed at overthrowing her government took place during her
reign, the two bloodiest of which took place in 1987 and 1989. -The country went through great
problems and calamities during her reign like the earthquake of, July 16, 1990; Typhoon Rufing and
increase in the price of oil due to the Middle East War and the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
92. 92. • Awards and achievements Problems as President • 1986 Time Magazine Woman of the Year •
1986 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award•Natural disasters and calamities • 1986 United Nations
Silver Medal • 1986 Canadian International Prize for Freedom•nine coup attempts against her • 1986
Nobel Peace Prize nomineeadministration • 1986 International Democracy Award from the
International Association of Political Consultants • 1987 Prize For Freedom Award from Liberal•graft
and corruption International • 1993 Special Peace Award from the Aurora Aragon•failure of the land
reform Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and Concerned Women of the Philippines•rising prices •
1994 One of 100 Women Who Shaped World History (by G.M. Rolka, Bluewood Books, San
Francisco, CA)•inadequate essential public service • 1995 Path to Peace Award • 1996 J. William
Fulbright Prize for International•economic decline Understanding from the U.S. Department of State •
1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding • 1998 Pearl S. Buck Award • 1999
One of Time Magazines 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century • 2001 World Citizenship
Award • 2005 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards • 2005 One of the Worlds Elite Women
Who Make a Difference by the International Womens Forum Hall of Fame • 2006 One of Time
Magazines 65 Asian Heroes • 2008 One of A Different Views 15 Champions of World Democracy •
EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award • Womens International Center International
Leadership Living Legacy Award • Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize • United Nations
Development Fund for Women Noel Award for Political Leadership
93. 93. Fidel Valdez RamosTwelfth PresidentThird President of the Fifth Republic―There are no easy
tasks, no softcomforts for those chosen bycircumstances to forge from thecrucible of crisis the
national destiny.‖ Philippines 2000 Five-Point Program:•Peace and Stability•Economic Growth and
Sustainable Development•Energy and Power Generation•Environmental Protection•Streamlined
Bureaucracy First Protestant President of the country Only Filipino officer in history to have held
every rank in the Philippine military from Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief
94. 94. Early Life•born March 18, 1928 in Lingayen, Pangasinan •instrumental in founding the Philippine
Army Special Forces, an elite paratroop unit skilled• He took his elementary education in Lingayen
and in community development as well as fightingsecondary education at the University of the
Philippines communist insurgents.Integrated School and Centro Escolar UniversityIntegrated School
•served the Marcos regime for more than 20 years. He was head of the Philippine•Philippine Military
Academy as cadet and won a Constabulary, the countrys national policegovernment scholarship to the
United States Military force, and was one of Marcos trustedAcademy in West Point advisers, for
which he was known as a• Masters Degree in Civil Engineering in the University of member of the
Rolex 12, an elite group ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was a loyal to Marcos
himselfgovernment scholar in 1951 •Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the• licensed civil engineer
in the Philippines, passing the Philippines, and later Secretary of Nationalboard exams in 1953 and
finishing in the top 10. Defense under Pres. Aquino•In 1960, he topped Special Forces-Psy
Operations-Airborne course at the United States Army InfantrySchool at Fort Bragg, North
Carolina•Masters Degree in National Security Administrationfrom the National Defense College of
the Philippines anda Masters in Business Administration (MBA) from theAteneo de Manila
University•2nd Lieutenant infantry platoon leader in the PhilippineExpeditionary Forces to Korea
(PEFTOK) in 1952 duringthe Korean War to Chief of Staff of the Philippine CivilAction Group to
Vietnam from 1966 to 1968
95. 95. ProgramsPower crisis- Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct
power plantswithin 24 monthsEconomic reforms- (E-VAT law) from 4% to 10% mandated by World
Bank and the InternationalMonetary Fund; Philippines 2000Death penalty- In 1996 Ramos signed a
bill that returned capital punishment with the electric chairPeace with separatists- he signed into law
 Republic Act 7636, which repealed the Anti-Subversion Law.With its repeal, membership in the once-
outlawed Communist Party of the Philippines became legalSpratly Islands- starting to claim the
Islands from ChinaMigrant Workers Protection- enactment of Republic Act 8042, better known as the
Magna Carta forOverseas Workers or the Migrant Workers Act Achievements Problems•Philippine
2000 • Graft and Corruption problems•Southern Philippines Council for Peace • Economic
Problemsand Development • High crime rate • Charter change•ARMM • Clark Centennial Expo•Peace
Agreement with the MNLF Scandal • PEA-Amari Scandal•Increased foreign investments • Power
crisis•APEC • Spratly Islands • Asian Financial Crisis
96. 96. Joseph Ejercito Estrada Thirteenth President Third President of Fifth Republic 1998-2001“One
hundred years after Kawit, fifty years afterindependence, twelve years after EDSA, andseven years
after the rejection of foreign bases, itis now the turn of the masses to experienceliberation. We stand in
the shadow of those whofought to make us free- free from foreigndomination, free from domestic
tyranny, free fromsuperpower dictation, free from economicbackwardness.”Gained popularity as a
film actor, playingthe lead role in over 100 films in an actingcareer spanning 33 years
97. 97. Early Life •entered politics in 1967 when he ran for mayor of San Juan, a municipality of
Metro•Joseph Marcelo Ejercito, popularly Manila but proclaimed mayor in 1969, afterknown as Erap,
was born on April winning an electoral protest against Dr.19, 1937 in Tondo, the poorest district
Braulio Sto. Domingo.of Manila •Senator; chairman of the senate committee•Ateneo de Manila
University- high on cultural minorities and passed a bill onschool;expeled because of unruly
commission on ancestral domain.behavior •sponsored bills that were signed into•Mapúa Institute of
Technology; law, namely, The Preservation of the Carabaoengineering course, but dropped out
(Republic Act no. 7307)The Construction offrom studies altogether two years Irrigation Projects
(Republic Act no. 6978)later. •Vice-President; chairman of the Presidential•Began in Film at 20 years
of age Anti-Crime Commission (PACC). Estrada arrested criminal warlords and kidnapping•first
FAMAS Hall of Fame awardee syndicates.for Best Actor (1981)•Hall of Fame award-winner as
aproducer (1983)
98. 98. Programs AchievementsDomestic Policies•Agrarian Reform The administration distributed more
than 266,000 hectares of ―Erap para sa Mahirap Project‖land to 175,000 landless farmers, including
land owned by the traditionalrural elite. (Total of 523,000 hectares to 305,000 farmers during his 2nd
yearas President)•Anti-Crime Task Forces Executive Order No.8;creation of the Presidential Anti-
Organized Crime Task Force (PAOCTF) with the objective of minimizing, if Problemsnot totally
eradicating, car theft and worsening kidnapping cases in thecountry •The Philippine Daily
Inquirer;•Charter Change bias, malice and fabrication" against CONCORD or Constitutional
Correction for Development;would only amend the restrictive economic provisions of the
himconstitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreigninvestments in the
Philippines. •The Manila Times; libel suit against•International Relations the countrys oldest
newspaper the strengthened bilateral ties with neighboring countries; Visiting Manila Times over a
story that allegedForces Agreement with the United States, which was ratified in the Senate•Economy
corruption in the awarding of a public The Estrada administration is said to have a strong economic
works project team •BW Resources; BW Resources a•War against the MILF In 2000 he declared an
"all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic small gaming company listed on theLiberation Front and
captured its headquarters and other camps Philippine Stock Exchange and linked to people close to
Estrada experienced "a meteoric rise" •Corruption charges and impeachment; allegations of corruption
spawned an impeachment trial in the Senate, and in 2001 Estrada was ousted from power after the trial
was aborted.
99. 99. Maria Gloria Macapagal – ArroyoFourteenth PresidentFourth President of the Fifth
RepublicSecond Female President2001- Present―I believe in leadership by example. Weshould
promote solid traits such as workethic and a dignified lifestyle, matchingaction to rhetoric, performing
rather thangrandstanding.‖
100. 100. Biography As Senator • Born on April 5, 1947; Daughter of former Pres. Diosdado
Macapagal and Eva •Ranked as 13th and has 3 year term, 1992 Macaraeg • Valedictorian, Elementary
and Highschool at •Top in the election, 1995 Assumption Convent, 1964 • Magna Cum Laude, BA
Economics at •400 bills, 55 sponsored or authored laws ( Anti- Assumption College, 1968 sexual
harrasment Law, the Indigenous People’s • Consistent Dean’s List, Georgetown Univ.’s Rights Law,
Export Dev’t Act Walsh School of Foreighn Svc in Washington D.C. (Former US Pres Bill Clinton as
classmate) As Vice President • Professor of Economics 1977-1987 • Master’s Degree in Economics
ADMU 1978 •Run under Lakas CMD with Jose de Venecia • Doctorate Degree in Economics UP
1985 •Sen Edgardo angara as opponent • Chairperson of Economics Dep’t. at Assumption College
•1st Female Vice President • 1987, Asst. Sec of DTI •Sec of DSWD (resigned in 2000 because of
allegation against Pres. EstradaPresident, 1st Term 2001-2004 •Became President through EDSA
 2―Strong Republic‖ •Sworn as President by Chief Justice Hilario -strong bureaucracy Davide Jr. -
lowering crime rates •International community expressed that Arroyo -increasing tax collection with
the church and business elites were an opportunist of post and planned well the coup -improving
economic growth •May 1, 2001 EDSA 3 against arroyo -intensifying counter-terrorism efforts
administration; Manila was declared in State of Rebellion
101. 101. Oakwood Mutiny 2nd Term, 2004-Present•July 27, 2003 •Dec 2002- Arroyo announced
that she will not run for Pres in 2004 Election but 10 months after she•Led by Lt. Antonio Trillanes
reversed her decision.IV, Army Capt. Gerardo •2004 Presidential Election- FPJ, Ping Lacson,
RaulGambala of the Phil. Navy Roco and Eddie Villanueva as her opponent•Arroyo Administration
was •Issues as President after 2004 Electiongoing to proclaim Martial •―Hello Garci Tape‖Law and
issue of corruption •State of Emergency under Proclamation No. 1017 •Manila Peninsula Rebellion
•NBN ZTE Deal •-32 Satisfaction rate as of 1st quarter of 2009, lowest rate among the presidents
•Impeachment complaints •Extra-judicial killings
102. 102. President Gloria Macapagal-ArroyosPrograms 10-point Agenda•Economy- 5% GDP,
highest percentage than 3 1. The creation of six million jobs in six years via more opportunities given
to entrepreneurs, tripling of theprevious administartion amount of loans for lending to small and
medium•EVAT- economic reform agenda, Nov 2005 enterprises and the development of one to two
million hectares of land for agricultural business.•International Relations 2. The construction of new
buildings, classrooms, provision •Philippine as No.1 ally of USA of desks and chairs and books for
students and scholarships to poor families, •Foreign Policy is anchored on building 3. The balancing
of the budget, strong ties with nations where OFW work and live 4. The "decentralization" of progress
around the nation through the use of transportation networks like the roll- •RP as host of 12th ASEAN
Summit in Cebu on, roll-off and the digital infrastructure, City 5. The provision of electricity and
water supply to barangays nationwide,•Domestic Relations 6. The decongestion of Metro Manila by
forming new cores •Charter Change-federal parliamentary- of government and housing centers in
Luzon, Visayas unicameral form of government and Mindanao, 7. The development of Clark and
Subic as the best •EO 464- forbidding gov’t officials w/0 Arroyo’s international service and logistic
centers in the region, consent in congressional inquiries 8. The automation of the electoral process
•Estrada pardon last Oct 25, 2007 9. A just end to the peace process, and 10. A fair closure to the
divisiveness among the Edsa 1, 2 and 3 forces.
103. 103. Awards / Commendations /Citations:Magazine, Public EyeMagazine, Trade Union
Congress ofthe Philippines, and by Emil Jurado(Manila Standard Columnist)Woman of the Year,
CatholicEducation Association of thePhilippinesUlirang Ina, Ulirang Ina AwardsCommittee, 13 May
2001One of Asia’s Most PowerfulWomen, AsiaweekMaking a Difference for Women –Women of
DistinctionAward, Soroptimist International of thePhilippines Region, 30 May 2003Most
Distinguished Alumna, Universityof the Philippines Alumni Association(UPAA), 16 June 2001
104. 104. BENIGNO AQUINO III 2010-2016 PILIPINAS NATIN• a campaign that seeks to
harness the spirit of People Power to boost the partnership between government and the Filipino
people toward progress and development.
105. 105. AQUINOMICS“economics of business confidence” aims to create an environment that
will give the privatesector confidence to put in their money, generatejobs, accelerate economic growth
and sustain it. FOUR PILLARS 1. Fiscal sustainability and macroeconomic stability 2. Private and
Public Partnership ( PPP ) 3. Ease in doing business, for both local and foreign investors 4. Investment
in people – giving Filipinos health care, education and the skills necessary to become “productive
participants in the economy
106. 106. PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURE
107. 107. Compiled byGLENDA R. PEREYForHISN01G – Philippine HistoryABC 1027:00-8:30
AM/MThJ418
108. 108. Sources• Halili, Maria Christine N. (2010). Philippine History. Second Edition. Manila:
Rex Book Store.• Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide. (2004). Philippine History and Government.
Quezon City: All Nations Publishing Co., Inc.• http://www.slideshare.net