Authenticity Bible

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 159

  

     

The grass withers and the flowers fall,


but the word of our God stands forever."
Isaiah 40:8

Authenticity of the Books


of the Bible
BY


Allama Barakat Ullha



 
 
 " 
   & 
‫  
   ۔‬#! $ %   '$ ‫)(  ۔‬+*! 
 " 7 9 <= 
B :?@-2 3 ./ 0:2 > 1 %
4 62 8 ; 5 3


  "
 ! %
   
     #$

Venerable Archdeacon Allama Barakat Ullha M.A.F.R.A.S

1969


  
 

"  %
gL 2 3y  v 3U C 1 %
j Q U 3

()
  
  
    ! " # $%&' 
"

0z2 R
'( )*
g? {
"
 " |8 U  "( +,-
gg .0z  0Y>5 O;P U /Z[ :
CD. F G
"
 "  " HI 
CDCC E" 62 82  0$ 32%D
gk .2 3^_9 U.0z 8|
F G
 U " |"8 HK 
JE" 62 82  0$ 3%2 D
gk D }8 <
   
  LH 
g~             

  
 F "    LH M2;RQNSTO;P UN O<=
gK .DSX U\2  $ %O<= U M2;RQN ST O;P U :
J.
"
" 
U "W X " " U  "(
" "  LH \ 2  ]<  C   0Y>5N O;P U /Z[ :0V>5
k@ 0V /2 ZY  U1f /75€C9،lC N Ch D :
S$).
"W X " " " (
" "  F " " LH ]<    /Z[
k@  9COf8 C Dt2U  >5N ‚
 " " "(
"  "   L? .2 3^    /Z[
_ 9 U "
kI i2 ; n8N \ 2  U0Y>5 OP;U2 
R    "
de F 
"
 F ( " U  <= U  "( Lg `E2   a $ %b2 3f E . 2 %< ( /Z[
R  ( c " U
 .DSX C    O  0Y>5 O;P U  /Z[ :C 1no
 <" + " " " (

  „ƒ U  "( Lk  hCDij3 U   /Z[
k? 1 YC  O :9  0Y>5 O;P U /Z[
U
 <" + " " " (
" "W X
 ;F% ( "  <= U  IL ]<  ij3 U   /Z[
kB .  C   O   0Y>5O;P U  
 F ) " U  <= U  "( I? E" 2 R3 N i2 ;< 8 :lC .
% m
~@ .DSXa   O   0Y>5 O;P U /Z[ :
CD1no  RV  " "
" q U X
` ! p C ;oE2 0Y>5OP;Uf 0C  ]<W   ( /Z[2 3U :C 1no
  8 " |8 I?
~@ .  0z +Y‫۔‬- r S$‫(۔‬H)
I?  rD95
Q U. T
~@ +Y
q
 F
  ?L Otu5 UsC9
~I . 8+Y 

F ?B Ow2;x9 Uv%tX :
CD1no
~g 02 N ‡ ‫۔‬- r /ˆCD (L)
   " U 3%  F F
HLH . D>;’ U Dt2 U " ‘ND C ~g .2 3% 1  C .DSX U02 N ‡
"      '
HLg  VP„U  DP+P <N 3U 89 * 1 23#!+"5 ,
  -1+.4 76/+#0
" |"8 "
I? ‰ “2D K? 0z2 R
{
F "
 ƒ  " "  { j Y  " ‰ { $%
HI~ O„:9 U0Y>5O;P U C " ‘Dt2 Kg 0V D% U2 C2 %f 0U /2 ZY ‫
۔‬CD Ch D : .
 " 
\3 %U ;o2  D " " "  "
HIB Kg 0V Swo C - T./79‫۔‬C N1no
  G "  " 
H?@ i2 8 0‹365 C 2 3% $  UDt2 1! :
J1no
< Kg i2 ;Rn8\2  U0Y>5O;P U
 <" + "  "
H?L  V C eu5 i 3 U Dt2 N 1! :
S$)1no
f j Kg Swo0>j C - T./79
"
   " ‰ { $%   )
H?g M82 n8 U” 03Š•./79 : 1no H@L M;2 RQN ST OP;UpŠ
  " F fF "
 "W X
H?K –•
M28n8 U2 8 9 U ” 03Š ./79:| 1no
V • H@L ]<  2  ( /Z[
" |" 8  " "  F fF " " 
Hg@ ‰ 2 ‫۔‬0V DŠ ‫
۔‬Jh CD :| .
• H@I 8 OP;U2 
"
" G " G " 
Hg? 1 8U U 03R2 )
u H@I O;9 ;$R32 f2 ،02 3R234RY0)%E" 2 ReC
"  2{65
Hgg f VDt2 H@g 02 3R234RY0)% C 2 362 R‹a‰
  " 
Hgk i2 ;— UDŠ• H@k Œ) %U 02 3R32 4RY0)%
  " |"8 G " G
HgB ")%"O;P U H@k ‰ U  O;9 ;$R32 f
 " "  "( " " "
HkL  ) % ( 8 “
 Π  2  2 D 0Y>5 OP;U /Z[
 U H@K  V „U  D+P<N 3U،0V 2 ;%Ž5‫
۔‬CD1no
 "  "( ƒ"
Hkg ) % (
0   2 /  OP;U /Z[
ˆ H@K y;5$ 8" ‘0Dt2
   ƒ  " "
Hkk 0)%E" <2 Ch HH? O„:9 U0Y>5O;P UE2 RV0V U 2 ;%Ž5
 " ""
Hk~ )Œ % a{R2 š™2  HHg  Q‡ " ‘0 Dt2
 " "
HkB 0)%a{R2 š™
C/2 Z›P>5 HH~ \2  U" ‘0Dt2
" |" 8     F
LLH ‰ 2 U . ^ (3 U U %$ 8ž H~L .DSX U" ‡ ‘
" |" 8  " "
LLI ‰ 2  Ÿ48U lC h CD H~k 0z2 R
{
"  !
+  " |8 U G {R G Zu2R$ " "
LLg ‰
0QŠ .0z  a 2 / H~k 0V a#! 65‫
۔‬S$)h CD :{œ .
 U " |"8
LLB D }8 < U lC  Nh CD H~k - 65
"
LLB 0z{2 R HBk Dz2  U. T
" " G  " F F
LI@ 0V sC9 a•}9 C  %‫
۔‬CDN Ch D :
CDN1no HB~ \3 %U 6fUa#! 65
"

LI@ O2 ;Š!#  U
CDN ChD HBK 0z2 R
{
 U " |"8
LIL D }8 < HKH 
CD0n9
"  
" R " |8 2 ST O;P UO<N =
LII 32 Y0z 
G " 
 w2;x9 U " R3%
LI? "EUa{%2 C0" z|8 HKL O  E2  Ni2;< 8 :C . m
" 
" " |8 HK~ 
uq  Uv%tX
LIk 02  3 Y0z "
G "F "  w2;x9 U  39" •23<
LI~ "ER¡3f C0" z|8 L@I O  . a
"


{ %
2 " |"8 L@g
 F U  F %  <= U 3j 3<
.DSX  02  ‡ $ N O   12 12 :
CD.
LIB a  0z "
"  F U "   %  <= U 3j 3<
 "  "
L?@ .0z|8U DN +Nv%N9 LHg .DSX \ 2 $  O  12 12 :
J.
" |"8 " "  " |"8
L?@ ‰ “2DŸ48 LH~ hCDU \ 2  U<
 " " " " 
L?H  ( /2 Z0z|8 LHB 0V %$ 8ž ‫۔‬lC h CD :C 1no
G 
" "  (3ŠW UC V„
L?I 0V sC9 8 '$ )‫
۔‬JN Ch D‫
۔‬J1no LHB
  "  F
L?I a•23% UsC9 C 2 %< N „ LHK . Ž65 UC V„
 " |"8 "

6 x 8  ‰ U 12 3 <
L?? 2 {  U .2 ‡ C . 8  LL@
 F  U " |"8
LkL Œ) % UR L?? D }8 < U 
J N hCD
 " 
 F  "
LkI Œ) % (T L?? .DSX U.0z|8U 0Y>5O;P UND Ch ‫
۔‬S$).
 ƒ
LkI )Œ %a¥;q L?? 
t¢5 "D Ch "]œ—
 "  " |"8 " "
Lk~ ) %U e+ (¦5‫
۔‬CDN1no L?g D }8 P1  <  (2 8
 U
"
   F U ) % U  ‰ {$%
Lk~ 0)%§ L?k .DSX     2 STN O;P U : .
 " " " "
 " " 
LkB ) % a{R2 š™ L?~ .2 3^_9 U"   (2 8 U12 3<
 F U  "  8 U 8 ‰2{65 ( 
 F fF " "  
L~L .DSX .:2 ;Rn  2 £a   3% :| . L?K ^   ž UERV 1£ f Š)%
U ; < "
 " 8 U " F  F
L~k .:2 ;Rn  -Y /2 Z¨!u5 LgL ) %U e+ a‘/¤5‫۔‬lC N1no
  F " )  "
Lgg .Y3R 0ux8 LgL  % (2 /ˆ
"  ! G G F G
  " "
LBk " ‡ ‘C12 3< O<=0 5 :{œ . LgL " C/¤2R2 D UE" 2 Ru2 R
" " "  "
LBk -©80ªx8a=C¦5 Lg? 0)% (2 /ˆ2 
"  F
LK@ N i9n5“2D C ;%" ‡ P‘ Lgg 03R2 u$ 8
 "
 U
LKL s 9™ 034RY LgB 0   32 6 j
) % R
F  "  
LK~ " {’./79 C " ‡ ‘ (T LgB 0)%V8U 1 ! 
"  " "
"
LKK i2 ;— 9‡  U" ‡ P‘ LgK  )
 Π     2 /  (};U
% U — 8 ( ˆ
" F
) " |"8
I@g  ({’N " ‡ ‘N pŠ NP^ Lk@ 0z  "$ %'&"
 "  "
" "  = " < 
I@k U "
0 5O<  E VU ‡ ‘C12 3 R LkH Œ) %a{R2 V ‡
"  {x";%  F ! 
IHL 2 3x;%C\ 2 P^ :{6 . LkL Œ) %U 2 39 
)   –
"  "
IHK  %CD U P>5N.3U :  . LkL )
Œ % ( 2 %
"
IL? .3U02 =
 { Š
     + " 5 G ƒ "
(0QŠ‰ E" 2 RVn5U \{2 6 /Z« /Zu5E" 2 %„3ŠW 
V )
 

     
IL? .3  e  C " ‡ P‘ :C N1no

 % U 8 <  65
IL?  3   i2  0‹3

"  ILg € ª^  U ".3  e "


{2 65  F  F " 
 (‡ ‘
Š¦—b•Qa‰ E2 RV.;%U O<= Ui2 8/ˆ13%E2 RV-/­N hCD ILk 1 % (T،" ‡ P‘
3
 "  ‘ U  "  2 3 — R 
!

8 U  # % " 8 U F 2 R$ U  "
.S2  v £ P> .N3 E ‫۔‬E2   2 3 :;U a ! $     .2 ‡
5 U U <  ƒ
 " " R 5 " II@ € ª^  U "12 3 "]œ—
F < •Q  F F
M   O a 2  02 ‫ ۔‬a 1   (‡ ‘N.DSX9 O<p2 RYC
j } 8 9   { 4 u Ž — f
‰ + 3%
" F  F " = IIH Š
0Q 1 

¬ š    2 3x;%  •Q N^ $ % ^  9 C    f  .}q C  -Y v% U  \2   \{2 < 
" F " 2  " " " F II? 13%N¬n5" ‡ P‘ :
CDN1no
1DU!  Ja‰ 8“2D3R‫ ۔‬1Da#! 3% s/­U2 3<+‡" ‘E2 RVO< ‫ ! ۔‬  
" "%  " 2 ƒ" " " "= " II? M28n8N .2 ‡
{  ! ; U 8 ‰ 
 a V ž  M >9a  ®  NV -©80ª a C E2 .3U 8 #! ‫۔‬
U U y 8 U x 8 ¦5 R V 
"F F ) " " ‰2  G RS"  8 
 % R V { f U
 &$ E2 a C  !  J a  C a 8U >’ a V0°‹™¯DE2  M ª5U  >’
 { 
!
"  I?? Ojª5.2 ‡
  
"   i2 8 0‹365 C " ‡ ‘ :
J1no
<
 U8CD‡" ‘ C 13%E2 RV.3 U ‫
 !۔‬j}5+™ M90«  2 3UO<VU  C " Ig@
 F  F" "  F
U8DSX“2 D€„9  r8 ac&$ %€„aX ” bu8 M8ª5U  2 3x;%N ^ .DSX
G "  F " 9 - r ‡" ‘‫& ۔‬$ %
 C 3R2 YU O’Y  U C D " 9CU 83 U  2
   F " +  F
&
 13% C  a{' 0 D.DSXaTXŸ< .DSX U $ 8‫۔‬2 ‡ E2 RVD9C}8%
FR  F  F  " " XF
N P^ ‫ ۔‬U  2 $  R V ;% U ’ ; 9  % <
" .DSXE2 . "   C D" ž   YŸ  0 D
"F  "
2 ! 3 fC  ،12 3< 2 ! " ‡ ‘.3 U-C- 9،8 UE2 RS  „ U a|U9E2 R! 
Q2 3x;%
" " U |qa#!  O  <= U  U  R2 ±.  “    8
2 3x;%
Q  2  . 3  2  / !  ‫۔‬  3  2 ! .  2 C
  " "   G
U 6 
!  % % 8 &
a  6² ; U a  C O2 ;%a $ P>5 1 $ ‫  ۔‬a $ $  (6U U—^
| 8 — { { 3 ( c % %
 " " "
 "  
 M;2 C2 3x;%‫۔‬2 ‡ }8YJ.YU 8 'de.3 U9‡ 9 a{ Y!  E2 RS€3 <+ U- r
x <
    "  '& "   "   F " "
| q f yƒ " 8 U
2 3r2 Dd02 a#! ®Y C ‫(۔‬Hg :Iy$ 8‫۔‬H)‫}  !۔‬Ru5v‘C/! ;— U ;²% D. 9 R 3 R S 4q f ¢ ^ c R  
E2 E2 O C-D2    a E2 DSX /! 0°‹ E2 2          RS  U
 ƒ "     "  {2 65 "
F  
 DY   ‫(۔‬Hg :? 2 Ru )C  µ:— /2 ‡ O 8C 
O90« 
$ 8 o U ¦ R Y Z ¶ ; < + U }8YJ.Y- r2   82 ‡ E2 ¬®$ <&E2 RV O<= U 0Y>5O;P U a‰ r 0°2 ;U
r R S
 F " "  " 
ƒ " 
 µ:—  /2 Z¶‡ O;<+ .;%1eVU  " 2   " ;ž% 0«  !  ‚ "
02 $ %#! E2 RV12 3Š  U
¦8 R S   = 
®U E2 O4qC®$ <&D9N. a#! r U 8E2 R! /Z345 C \{2 < OP;U02 0«t& U!  2 3$%
" " " " " " XF  F " U   "  
f a ! D-2  DU2  3³D،¯ ;%ž ! 0« Y 0S&002  Ÿ  (U 0« E2 %U 2 R$E2 RV
{  " # < R x 9 U 
   %J®$ 9E2 V U Ow2 ;  C O2 ;j£   83Ua{$%  (u2 RQr  C ‫۔‬a{ Y
 F  " „ƒ " 69 " + 
5  <= U " 
 G %(
‫۔‬E2 8 U2 R$
R 
! < ’ " j} ; U
03 E N E 2  Ÿ  -2 3  M   O   C   ž   D   U
% x '    & ³
" "  
 " U   q ""  F " " " " "   

 ! C0°2 ;   C/ /2 M2  U|  2 D%U 
Y N1! ! 
 ­ Z[ ; x < 8 2 D ‘ O6r  C‡ 2  -D2  f -D2  U M28n8 U83 U" " ‡ ‘83 '&
"   F   
02 3%2  -2 3x’ y8U2 3<+‡" ‘·—9‫ ! ۔‬$ %J—  C ” 0‹n2 ;o.V>5 1.DSX U2 3<+" ‡ ‘j²3U E2 RV U  3RQ Œ8 2  3RQ U 0>8YOP;U$ 8‫§۔‬
 " "% U " " " " "( " R 9 R " V
 " U
"
( R 
 U2 D   E2 S 1DU  C E! D u8 E2 V E2 !  ž  "  ‫۔‬E2 RS;q
" " U " " 8 #  ;— " " 
R V 9 U 
 E2  ‡  .3U „    !   ،E2 ;q1! s  Y 9. R S (L)
 " " " 9 " R•Ž;ŠW R2 ƒ" " " " " "
 " 5  
R V
E2 a  39  .‡ • z 8 " R V U
$ 9UE2 n5 
 9+O9£\ 2 /Z« ./7 E2
{ 6  y82 3x;%$ %.}q CU <2   U83 UP" 8/ˆ #! 0« 
™$ 8
 F  "  G "  F  
‫۔‬8 !  a¢68 U" 0« E2 R! ;² % DU€ D02 {Š= y8' 'de

OP;U9E2 %U$ %\$  U8DSX M " 8ª5U 3x";%Cv 2 % CN^ Ÿ—"  C E2 Re D
G
 2
R 
! ( U
FR
2 $  R V  ;F% U  <= " {$%
(I) ‫۔‬E2    E2 .   O a 0Y>5
 " +  2{65   F  " "  "+ "
ijY8 2 3R Dt2 E2 RV0QŠ‰ U 0Y>5OP;Ua‰ €„90«02 8O9 C i2 / 1 M ª5 —^ 2 3x a !  $ „/ ;< 8 #! E2 RV0eY 
8 ˆ 3 % 8 U ; % # % 7
  "  "
 
i<=a+ Y a#! u2 8CE2 R! 8 U.C  Ub2 3R i8z= a
" " ‰2{65 C E2 R! D95¢²;<=U  G
  U  $ \ U O;P U" 8 #!  M8ª5U P^ a•Q C  &$ %U0QŠ‰ U
U " U % $ +
 "   { 65 + "  "  %F 
0Y>5OP;U 
Y 1! C a{jV0¡U0Y>5OP;Ua‰2  C Dt2E2 RV0QŠ‰ U CX  f —YC /! 9E2 R! O;U2 CXi 
<= #! 0°$ 9‫ ۔‬2 3Uv UO<=
    F5  " F  "  "   "
  U +"    {6   _ œ 8 # RV
9
.C   2 3< ‡ ‘-C€„ 8 U.C €„aX ac  U 2 CM;2 RQNSTO;P U j3Š   E2 O $   
  ® Y 12 ! E2 0eY   SW‫۔‬E2  ‡ a   1 8
;  Y U R S < % 5   U 3 R 
! ( •$  ( !  >
 " "    " " "   "+ " " " " G % $ " U " 9
 ‡ )"0‹  O;  ; 2 8 " 3  i2 8¦8 02     8 u  8  ‡" ‘  0°2 ;U ،E2 R!  8 U
 e 5 ( % U • 5 # # % 7 ; < % U ­ % T
! a ! $ „/ 0°‹E2 D s/ E2     ž  CD>8E2 $ \ $ E  r ; % 8 R V 
  " 2
"   " " " " F  G ƒ" "
" 2   $ % (13%) .3  e   Y  U  Y 9 (HL ¸  
35 " 2 V  '$‫۔‬E2 R!  8 ™  " T O;P U2 %“ 3Ru5 -C! ¬J M2 UE" 9‫۔‬r E2 Re Dy8$ % 5 a‰  C 2 3x;%
; x <
 " " "" " "" "  "
"  a{rDE2 RV9‡ U .3 U O  f ´ U " 9 Re U — 5
 C   2 8Dt2   ‫ ۔‬8•u5 " a{42 8 ‫ ۔‬C 0dS¹ W C 3tW C  0d2 3—   % C 3R2 ‹Q  %  e "  ‫۔‬  /  E E2  0} ª
 ""    ƒ "
  S  $  C  !  s„ !  $  E2 8 ™" 2  #! CD0S&f  2 ;%u2 RQ
 9 %  # 9 % R 
! s£E2 RV12 3j123< ‫ ۔‬µœ<+
 E2 RV>5.3 U0« " 2  02  #!
+ "  " " "      ƒ
 0QŠ‰  CXN i<=
Y N1! $ 8‫ ۔‬a#! 2    S C   #! ‫  ! ۔‬s„ U   v 2  D0C 2 35  S   (U9 " 2 3r2 DdU#! E2 RVµ:—
U U  f
  F " — " 8 U • " ;% " 8    F5  
{ 9 % U "
\ 2  $  . DY C
Ž9  ‡   
 D2 3RŒ   b Q ž  
Y 1!
% ‘ U "‡ ‘ -C " 88 Uu2 8 -Cr ‫۔‬²; $! 1 6 $ %‡" ‘ C 2 STCM;2 RQNSTOP;U
" {
" 
" "
"‡ ‘ 0z3" $9‫;  '۔‬r   ;²% DU E" 2 R355 C U  (TN J .
"  " 79 " 9 9  8 U  T %
 ( DrC f .3 U U C f J -D3 fU  ،f   C 2 3— " V\$ XU D
$ / D     1  $ 
Ž9
 " " • 8 " ƒ "
" " "8 "  "  o " "
"%  F   U" "  d  " < R V
a $ 1  .3U    t ‫™ Š۔‬0 0  ' b C” .3 U C  —U 2 3R
{ % 3 %  U }2 c » ¼ " " % 3 6
.3 e Cw2 8E2 e 1 ¹2 3— 3—  ºYa O; ‫ ! ۔‬U./7 ‡ E2  
 " " " 2{% G F  " "  "
 0« ! 
j}5u2 8 ‫(۔‬H@@v2 %‡ -w8- J)E2 RSa#! ;% -C2 r D3R2 $  'ž‰ $ ®{R2 $ ! Y®$ <&  s„/2 Z8 #! 9E2 RV/2 Z$› U®<r (‰+ )a{42 8‫‹۔‬3qE" 5
" ;% "   " U " 5 " "  "   G   
 4 "
.3 e Ÿ    ‫ ۔‬2 V    02 3 3       -/ - CD8   —}8”
; 5 ; o   ; — U R % 8 • u U ­ ¸ 2 -  ) E2  ‡  $  ž  ®  (.3 e )1 %9U2 3—®$ 9$ 8f r—" 8
8 8 J R 
! 8 ; ³ % j S  f <  U  3
" " "   " "
F  " 
Y ¹ — " CD2 %03Š2{x— 02 2 8C2 3%e - 2 ;<W a+™ 0d35 e D1}œ2 8 E" 5b 9 Ÿ4;% " C¢ C
"
 ) Š 8™ 0{R«   " • } " U" e   1¯ j36o ‫ !  ۔‬d ac U  8•u5
 '$ ‫(۔‬H@
 "   " "   " F  "
 
‫ !۔‬8 U Ž8 f _  /ˆCD C ! 8 ™2  $ %_ 2  U .3U0«. }—
9 " 9  ‫?(۔‬g1 - J)‫۔‬CU2 3—Uv 2  Df — C1 8! 0 f  a U r (8•u5
z  3 % • Q | U
    "
" " JU  ‫ ۔‬U
0f E2 RV (U9$ 8  "   
 U2 3%D0« 3  Y! 0e2 3U C    2 

' 8 U2 3—®$ 9$ 8f r— M8ª5U   ¹a ./7 ‡ €„90«02 8O9 C$ 8
" d –W <
 " "     F "  "
G "   "  "" dz   % U" 
- J)‫۔‬E2 R— DE2 RV. Q O<X v2 %S C U  O52 3q C !  ( J  U" E2 RV r  ” ¯ ‫   ۔‬a C/2   v !   C a a v ! 8 ” UE" 9
{ o ' 8 U c Z $  U 2 c | < 2 %
   % _q "
‫(۔‬B?v2 %‡ -w8 ،;jž $ %
Ž9 ¹a–W  " •u5€„aX ‫?(۔‬Bv 2 ‡ Ÿ - JC H@¸
}8 - J)-3q 0»
F   " ƒ" F" " G       
 Ui2 8/ˆ13%0«§8 !\= C$ %E" 2 %„” bu8 f ;³ $ %U 0eY  #!  u2R)88 U .C ac U>ŠW .3  e ®Y®YU 2 3<+" ‡ ‘ C 8 Uu2 8 -Cr
= "   F " ‰2  R  " F  " "  "
9 R ! { <
O C   E2  \ 2   M ª    2 3 C  v CN  C    C     !  J a 8  E2 3U
 8 5 U x ; % % ^ f U Z [ ’ ˆ 5 U "
-/2 C02 3 / 1 u   ‫(۔‬E2  ž  \ CE2 "‡   a 2 3 e \ 2 8 "0eY ;%ž
 R 
!   U = R V " w — ^  " R { ^
 X " " "   G " "
  "  " RY " F G 
8E2 R! " uje O„ $ % O<= U E2 R! ;'Œ‰  C‡  U -CU9.3 Ua{$% U 8•u5  O  C 
Ž9 ¹a 
Y   Q C ، ($ %0 (U ( Dr¬ C U0>oCv2 %D 3U;— U
–W 8 •
 "
 ƒ " " F "   " " R Q " "%  " 5 " 8 G ) {xRu5 "  G + "
 U U¦RY µ:— 32% E2 RV" Y U>5N .3 U D35‫;۔‬²  $!  Y%Ci8U " 32 ‹    E  S& C 2 D '$ U 2 Nµ /­ 8 t E"  23—;²Re $ $ % „ dz  U;%
" " F " " X "   " "  
 C /ˆU . Q2 Y C i—z+U 
U  -CU®< _oU.C  U C  C  !  $ %#! 9E2 R! 8 ™" 2  $ %" ‡ ‘s/­#! (Bgv2 %‡ w8)‫۔‬b C" C¢ 2C
  & R " " R U +" " " " "
‫۔‬E2 R!   2  ! 0«E2  E2 £E2  2 3 ‡   C  VE2 U !  9-C QU
 "  # R 
! ; t V Q < ‘ ; % R S
"   F G   U " " "  3—    
F  
.39  Y- 3$%0£T‫! ۔‬p8YE2 RVbHKIHE" 62 82  a•S$ U.3 U
f  v ¦5 J  ž U  E 2 ‫ ۔‬2 3r! p C ;  C i2 8 E2 (.3 e ) 1 %0«
; % " q o < R V 3
"  "  "+ F G  " " " "
 "    
/2 Z› ‫۔‬E2 ! p8V .2 3oC/75 ij3< E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R!  U£>8;— U  E" 62 82   /ˆCD
R  a–2  Sr 0« D0S&8(J  )‫۔‬E" 2 R3550{R« 0  2  0&+|81 3t&
d
ƒ"     
q  " F" "
| #!  C 2 v2 %SE2 RV—Y2 R03fr0°2 ;U‫ ‡  ۔‬y8®!  §D C"$ %acE2 RV ‫(۔‬HH¸w8)‫ ۔‬dY %U" 2   S8!  D" 2  a#!  C  " 2 
" "   " "    " " |8  " "   F "
; % R V U
  2  E2  \ 2   0Y>5N OP    E2  ! .2 3RYDŒ   C ‰ ;% U ; U 8 t { 9 R 
! 8  ; R « ; % `3U/    O   ERu2 89C
Z¨! U f * " ¸
F G
8 "  " "
‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3UE2 E 2  /ˆCD  D ;o2  Da{%" ‫ ۔‬2 DU0£ .
 R V " 62 U
F 5   F G "  "
9 " f 3 U ¦ R Y U " 62 8
 M N2 3 0«،    E 2    0« QD/2 E2  ‡ Z¶ R V 9
     " "  " G 
‫۔‬E" 2 RV‡ ‫  !۔‬C -/´f  .z U -f
 

   
"
0e3G %، a• 
 
” vU% bHKg@ %;U d2

  " "  "  


9 C  O;<+. D U9  D/ˆU C8 aX i2 8¦8C)

"  F  " " {% " 5  "
% ;< +   %
2 3U$  ©t{r/! 0:fŽ5O   2  C   a 0}2 D ¸ \ 2 ،” 03 8
3 — $ 8 U 62 8 { 6 Š • 
 G  " " " "
1£O2 ;oQU $ UO;<+N E" 5 DU  U! D ‡ f a+ Q U! 3r;%ž -C0«

‫۔‬ Y ®U v‘  f  C — U
"" " " " 
 U r a{$% f 
UC1noU  E2 RV8! !  ® e  yf02 E2 RVO9€‡
 " " F "" 
ª’M 02  M8™®<+8 9! Y ‫®  ! !۔‬U 
E2 RV/Z¶ (~?)E2 %C/Z¨!$ 9
9 U
" " " " {% 
" •u5 C ½VŠTU;„C#! ;ž% f • C  "  a $ U U1£M2;o8f  0«2 3U
" "  " "
/2 Z¶ 0« QD/2 Z¶‫۔‬ Y D
}2 ;$%O;<+ C ™ U ½£_9U D  " %
F F " "
‫ ۔‬U C U6fU/2 Z$›0eY " C3 f
F G
  ‫۔‬2 3r" deE2 bHKg@ / CD C E2 bHKIHE62 82   S$.3 U
U R V ˆ R V "
" " 9 " ‰| 8 " %  %  U  "( "  F " "
C  ) " E2  2  0Y>5OP;U /Z[E2 RV—Y39$ 03f±}8U 8 'de
   " 5
U 123j123<  C E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYDf >5N‚ (E2 R! U jSž2 8£f \{2 6
 " {2 65    "
  E2  Ch  a £a  E2 8  ! .2 3RYD $ E" 2 %%2 3$9ac
; r 'de R V 9 U ‰ • S$  9 R 
!
 " " " 
" E2 %%- " U   " 8 #! ‫ ۔‬3U0}—ª5 D12 3_œ8C  C " <|8  " 8 •Q‫'۔‬
2 $
F  "
‫ ۔‬2 DU1VYU \3 %
" " 
F U " F 62 8 G
E2 bHKgg  }    p Y E 2   /ˆCDU .3 U
R V 8 #
! 8 U 8 !  8

 "   "  "

acde (‹CD) "0}8 1239 O2 ;j£ CO5  ".3 U$ %¸^5U O<= U0}8 12 39


 
    
    

— f %
ƒ"
U
"  F
 0« {  E2 „  ! N.3U‫  ! ۔‬p8YE2 RVbHKk@E" 62 82   /ˆCD9
"
F G
"  " "F " "
‫۔‬E2 ReU0}—ª5acC‹8CD U.3 U ;— U 8 U1£a{fC 2 +$ % " Šm5
    "
" N>fF Q C E2 R‡ E2 RV5U " S)a{<{5€„/2 Z¶ M9N " 3—š 0« QD/2 Z¶
     
   !"# $  %  
" F " F " 
$ & $ '( U   C E2 %U 2 R 2 R U>5N .3 UU U0}—ª5C‹ ;2R" ¹a–W N

 " " œRu5
 2 3   5
"
‡  C E2 R3" % "   "
9U U! Ÿ2 ; f .   
32RšN.•U ” 03Š• C 

.1  4'  / 0 67 E" 2 RV‡ ‫۔‬E2 %U1£
 " " " U  "
E2 R! 8 U ’$ %]<W X Ch 
"   0Y>5NO;P U UDt2N1! #! O9 D34— w9
"
" 3 fC3! ‫;_ ۔‬5-U
F   "   " F" 
N " Y U U#! E2 RV9E2 R! ;'d2D®!  E2 RVb>8  C a‘%C68 U #! 8 ” vU%

bHKk?O6r Hk

 ƒ"
‫ ‡(  ۔‬y8 §D C$ %

(H)
 F  " "( "
R "V "  { 6 5 ‰ –  "
 E2 0V 2 ‫ ۔‬1 $ %a NsC9  /Z[0«  ’N1+ 02 
"W X U " " "  3—   " " F "
]<   e .S N E  e .S -/2 [C2 /2 ZY ‫۔‬E" 2 R$½ 35e+Ÿ48
+ + 2 ' + + Z
" U |q "   " – 
 – 
 C‡    ‚2  s  0« -02 a NsC ‫ ۔‬E2 a‰  sC9E2 RV
9  ‰ 9 ' R S
" " " ƒ ƒ  "+
E2 RV]<W X U 2 /2 ZY E"  2 3—E2 R! ;RŒ 9]œ—2 ]œ—U1VsC9ij3<  C  U D U
ƒ   " " X  " –
F
02  0« /! š‫" ۔‬3Š N]9" ]<W  r—U ‹V 0°‹‫ '۔‬E2 S a‰ sC9
  R
  " " U  <" + "
R 
! ; Y U ‰ – 9 9  U R S  U j
 0°‹‫۔‬E2    D a N sC €  3 Y E2  D u2 8  C C‡  
uq i 3  ]9
„
 ƒ # U $ {" R2 & R‹ŽfF  F  "+ " "
  /! ša !  \  E2 2 E2 %2 %_8 U" s/­Ub2 3f ij3<  0}2 8 DU ]9 -C
;  Y U 
F   G " {" R &   ƒ  ƒ 
" 
D_x 3' 02 r ½ 3 ‫۔‬a  ($ %a{$< 2  2 %_88 z U ]œ—/! ;— U  Ojª5 N S¼ C '
5 de 5 c
 " "     " 
 E2 %2 %_8 U8 ™U C  UU8 C  UE" %%8CD\{2 ' ®! U U8E" %% 0«! 
"
 L :II a {R±N. Ui2 8/F ˆv  %  ' " " "  " 79 " 9 R! 9 5  " " " % ƒ "   ( G " {'de c  G  & 8
  "
 3 2 8) - 9s/­0¹aX5 . / D ‫۔‬E2 D  0«E2   -  E2    $ a a . 3 a   ®$   ‫۔‬E2  (3%
R 
! ;  Y U „ 8 % ’ X ' < r $ R
   "  " "  G " F " 
" &
 1Y— T )‫ &'; '۔‬/ZYD (<acE2 RV.D N•Q C 2 %< „ U/75-C0°‹(9‡ r ( % R
‫  ! ۔‬$ 3$< 2 E2 a{R«U v% $ z{2 %
{  R ‹ Ž f
#  "   de "W X U  "W X " ( 
 aX U" 9
q /74Š!  U D  C‡ U Dt21! O9 0«  ’8 + 02 ‫(۔‬LL :~ E2 a E2  ]<    2 /2 ZY  z   ]<   /Z[N O;P U UDt2N 1! r
R  c R V 8  U
   " "    
" "  F " " 5   & "     " 9 %"  U  " " 
E2  (U2 3U 9COf8 C E2 R - 9jSžY /!  $f \{2 6  E2 Ra{' v2 %S
R  {
N ‹VjSž Otf 2 % ./7 v2 S 1 0°2 ;U‫ ! ۔‬0. O< 8 (U8
! ( U ¦
" "    <" + 
1  ;r  " " 9  Ff " 8  U  " U " " }";U
< + f Š¦ 8
  - 
C  O  -  CO  D  C‡  D 2 
 0«E2 0C (U8
U t q R S  ]9 C/2  e i $ €   0 ™ 1 ‫۔‬a ad$ !  YC E2 RV
Z : f U + j 3 % — U + š c
"     " "   
 " 6 5 "
­  =
s/  n< O<N    M 80Y>5NO;P U UM2;RQNSTS)$ 8‫ !۔‬
U "  j } J- 3$% \ 2 2 3fU/  };UN‹Vµy 02 ‫ !(  ۔‬.2 3RYDU#! v%3 UC
f { 7 5 f " 9 
" # " "  " "  "+  " {2 5 " " •   
F œ 5

S$).U1$ r ‡  ” bu8 ! UD1  ‫ ۔‬E2 $ %.2  C  ( 03R2 Y003R2 Y
 n R S  " "
 ij3< U 9E2 R! 8 !'deE2 RVa‰  ]N 9U  "  a  C ' ;r ;U 0"  C jSž Y
F "  "  "   F "
‫۔‬r E2 %UE2 RV¸C/ˆU N ]92 3F ŠN]9UOP;Ua{$% Dt2N1! r $ 8' 8 ! 'deE2 RV1Žf U\{2 52  " Ž;$%sC9
2
"  "      " 2{5
"  " ƒ " Z¡  Z› "  3—  " "
 •Q3$% 0}2 8 DU Dt2 N1! 0«02 -D    0« /! šf 0YP>5 OP;U" N  02 + /2 ./2 E ‫ !۔‬0O    €C+E2 };U‹V   E2  a‰
 2  < ¦ 8 8 8 '  R V " 9 ; 'd e R V
 " "  "  " "  " " " " " "
 F –
 ،k :?K-23462 8)8 $ z{t$D/! U 
q  UE" 2 RV 8 C  C E2 RV0Yr/! U 2 3%D $ a sC992 3U 2 3R ]<W X /Z[0°‹;U 0 2 3R  ]<W X 8CD02 8 t 0«
% ‰
  " " " " " U |q " F5
 { 6
2 
 ;—  U   ;%² D
z  U nx5   8    $ 8(-/2 Z[C k :gk  ،LI :HK X  "
 
2 ™ 2  r ‫ ۔‬U D U C‡   ‚2  s9/! E2 V  C  1 R 9
"+
U " % " " "  " 9 " " "( R
" " ƒ 
"E2 %„" 83U 3R" v  ‘ U " ;'de U  c  | U R
"W
j z 8 U
 ¬   
}2 ;$  0}2 D   0«2 3 E$    /  E2 8 — U Z[ f V 2 2 5
C    0Y> OP D a  2  a  E2  ; U t
2 U f V y <
 " " • U"  " RV "  " "
  " G
‫ \ ۔‬t$ 
8 $ { "  U3³$ %E2 RV "  a £   UOP;U E 2 -/­N CD0«E2 R! ; YU- 
   "  F " " 
 G " "
/! U 2 3%D-C‫ ۔‬$ %U35Y. Ž65a{R«E2 RV8 U0)%U  C   ! 
  '&9
8 9-(:/ '   / 50 67
"  
 {" t$ "  " " "
 "
ƒ " " " "  " "( " " a{r\$ E2 RVWQNs3U C s „ . -C€„9E2 R3 Y\$ {t$ 0r/! €„aX E2 RV8 U
  µ:— M -DY-D2    8 0C+
 2 D  /Z[E2 RV0V 2 
f j } 5 f “ "
"  " " "  ƒ" "
  "  " "  F  SW8 2 3'$  8•Q;ž% E2 RVWQ 0}2 8 DU Dt2 1! -C0« y;502 U E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R!
 C ijŽ88Œ ،-DY v2 %Sac O9Y UCwoU "   ‫۔‬aci2 ;y— C  eD،¾$  ƒ " W X ( Z[
"   " " 5 "  
 <" + R
"
 U
" "
c

 —

" f " _8  ]<   / 0Y>5N O;P Dt2 C   !  E2 ;_ –•V8 OŠdN OfDU 
U U  ( {  U " R :
j 3 U 8 S  „ „ 8 “ w o U
 i   0«u2 E2 12   €     2 D    ‫۔‬a   p  
 "+ " " G "  ‫۔‬E2 ‡ E2 2 %<0š E2 RVsC9
R  R V
-DY،/ ;<  woU "   ‫۔‬E2 R3%jŒ) vU+ $ 9 Œ;ŠWU1V9!  9 D};5 C
7 "  " F
8 ™E2 RV2 %<‚¦5Uf a|U$ U D  C‡ U Dt2N1! f a#! 
2  2 
  " + — F "    "
 " 79 ‰– " 
 V ¹a  ./  a NsC   a Y   0°2 ، 2 3t 1 YC C p8 DU
8 f X 5 9 U X ; U ' + 
  5  " "  " 9 '   j 
# c  R!
$  ! a . 9،E2 . 2   \ 2 1 YJ-/ZY0Š E  \  Sž % <  U { 6 3 q
1
The New Bible Dictionary. Art Text and versions of O.T
  A    "  " " G
D
 #EC/ 5;>?@ < 9B
 = 8 1C/ 50 67
R 9 
 02  0z2  ‫ ۔‬E2   ‹u    ]8   Y‡ E2  . 3  C E2  8 '$ ) C
 {  R 
! 8 !  R V U & f ( R V ’ R 
!
G % f {6$ <W " " G
 F  " " ‫  ۔‬$3³$  a$ D0°‹E2  3 U ™ C;³ $ %U" ac€‡  0«
   R S
 (acde$ %f UE2 R3 U UM2;RQNSTE2 RV0V 2 0« !  2 3$%02  J "     " 6j  " y";5 " " ( Z[ % "
"
| q U Y " % " {42 8 
% 8 U 7 5 R V " "    ƒ f  F R f ^
 0Dt2 N1! ‫¾ ۔‬$  . ª 02 3œ  C ،02 3x   / E2 -C Q
—
  1  a )  $ ž ·  / E2 0V 2  0« /! š  02 N ‡ `E2  "   "  "
" 5
R Š ) " 8 
42 "  

"
 " N x8E2  O’ p 3„  s„ 1u502 3œ6j0 C ' a ;
R  8 U " U  ¥ x
de$ (2 ‘p )šN ‘a ¬ C !  Œ  (  ! E2  ($ 9O9 DU
% š { 8 ; % U ' 8 R V
 " " F ƒ
 " "  G "   9/Z&/! DN Crh+ D.y5 v2 % ]o
E2 RV}8U9 def • U — «8/2 Z$ %€ —  U a{5E2 RV" };U‫ '۔‬8 U
  F " F "
  "  – RV 3 % "   " 0¦5E2 % OŠdz 2 u CD6 U0«
\ 2 3Rz a E2 12 / a{%0«  ! 
j}5u2 8 ‫ ۔‬2 3—UO<XUŽ$ 8E2 RV·‡
 2 ˆ
" F " " "  
G F 
G     X  ;%  8 " "   C  3!  N e+ -C"‫¸  ۔‬C/ˆ  OŠd s9  C  " ;—  U  2 ;j23% /ˆ
 Y9 !.2 3RYD  2 2   O2  ! Y3$9 (€C )E2 
8  3 ' f Š 9 R     F "
" "  " "  E2 RV<{69 U1u5.}2 ;Rª— ¬oV C  rD6U UŠ¦5 C C U  /! D€„ U " " 2 8
" ƒ "
 E2 RV0V U Dt28 2 3R ‫۔‬E2 R! -3Uµ:— /Z[2 $ %E" 9 C E2 R! 8 P $ %Y /! E" 2 R " 6j  " y";5 " {   " " ( Z[ $ 8 '   ; RS" 
"
    "   02 3œ  C   02 3x  ، 02 
     /    ‫      ۔‬E2   Dr/ˆC  / " 2 Z›
G G 
f  $)U  '$ ‰ 9ac ( U¦RY aca•);— U ;'deU 0Y>5N OP;U " F  " 
" "  <" +  "(     " ‫  " ۔‬i2 ;y— C  eD-DY v2 %S C ،¾$ f  . ª^
،$ €  E2  V i 0Y>5NOP  /  ‫۔‬a  ( U 2 3%;— U ;'de
% — R V 8 j 3 ; U Z[ $ 8 c
F " " " "  " " "
  "  G  0:fŽ53$% 0}2 8 DU  0«2 3—E" $ 9 f E2 RV8 2 
U"   8  
-2 3462 ،H :H~-2 352 )‫۔‬E2   1 8 C acde$ %q CU %$ ž8  C $ % $)
8 % R   ( U >
 " 6j ƒ U " "  ƒ % " + " {%
" " ^
 . 02 3  C -DYµ:—    -DY 02 0°$ ‫ ۔‬V /! š$ ¬jz a $
ª œ  " 9 8  
‫(۔‬-/2 Z[CH@K :L 12  a‘9،LI :HB،L :Ik -2 352 %،H :B  "+  "
 1 L   5   U ; <
 .D3’   C E2 /  C -DY z  8 ! vU+ woU  ،E2 R! ¾$ f
R 
! 7 8  U
FGHIK9 J '  / 0 67 " "
 " " "
2 3%Df  (Y‡ v2 %S93$9U"  a|2 8 8  OŠdN OfDU  $ 8‫ ۔‬i2 ;y— C " Y‡
"   "
 ƒ" "  "+ " " U "  " "    " " 
 UO2 ;œq C UE" 2 %„\2 /7;<  U]<W X  C  "   Dt2N1! E2 RV12 D#! "  
2   U2 3%D0)%0Y>5OP;U. 0$ z3$9‫۔‬aca{ Y! 0)%E2 RV8 “2 D
 U

R V
" " 9  <" +  R 

" 3%„" F F " "  F " " " "
§ 2 3UE2 0eY   DE  C hCDi   -C0«E2 8 U
8 U U j 3 U ! 2 E2 RV 0Yr0YrU 2 3%D0}2 8 DU  ) %" 0:fŽ5 ‫Ž ۔‬$ 9! E2 RV8 - JCD /! 
X " " " "
‫۔‬E2 R°Y®<  (< " "  DVa{$% U " N
 ‚z" XF £a 83'$ )U 3" %D1E2 RV-/" ­N CD C  Ž9\$ {t$
$ 2 $
" " " 8
{ 42
 &  
{' 8
" " " " " "(   
   G
U   a  a Mj} ®YU 8 “2 D3$9  /Z[  ( ($  vª— C  rDYa#! Cac E2 RVŠ)%" 0« 02 iy—‫۔‬E2 R! ; Y¿$ % C E" fE2 RV
{6 5 3q  F " "  "  "  U 2 ;%‡ 5 C  ® Y F  "+ " " " "
L)  (\ 2  1 B@@) 03 «  3R2 V 0Š   9 ®Y U  
 R ‫ ۔‬i2 ;y— C  eD/7;< -DYD9"  1£ 0°2 ;U E2 RV"  1£ 9
  " "( "  " 
 a ® Y   };U M 8 (.L@ \2 8L،‫ ?۔‬:I ،H:HE" 2 Rš Y
 c  U " j}
 " " 8   "

 \ 0« 2 39b•QŸ4 ‫۔‬ac  ( —8E2 RV " }";UjSžf 0‹)U 2 ;% /Z[9
  < U q {6 5 F  " "  " U " R  5 G ) c   {'&  8 " " " " 
 2 3   O V 
C 02 D O Y 2  1  \ 2  C 2 3 %35U"   U" C
8 r !  t 
2 9 J 3 f U E2    (a a M     )   DV ž  2 2 % /ˆ
 ; œ U ' $ j} f ( T 9 U ; % 8 ; j 3
G F " "  " " " "  U "  U  " F  8 RV " " " RV " " " Rz "
‫ ™۔‬D $   C .™2 39 Dt2 1! 8 "  a{2Rš™
% % U   N  OP;U  8  2 3R  !  E2 };UE2 /ˆ8 E2 O9/´‫— ۔‬U 2 3R
   " "( "  "F  
 " U" "(  
d e " "( 
R   { r U % < 
 C E2 a  2  E2   /Z[¬ C 3$98 36RY E2 R3 U UM;2 RQN ST
R V " c f
‫۔‬a 0‹2 3 C$8-+ C    /Z[ C E2  a a !  E2   /Z[ .2 3%D R  ( c # R V "
" " X " U" "  "
"  ƒ 
 T،LB : ~? :L12  ( DC HH :H-2 352 %s/­‫۔‬E2 R! µœ<+E2 RV "  a  0‹2 3fC$8-+ C    O92 ‡ u2 8 v‘C2  E2 V\ 2  
q ( /Z[E"  2 3— R U
"  " "" " " + "
 " ( Z[
‫۔‬E2 R! E2 RV"  a+ ،Lk :HL: ~،HB: kB :? # ; — U
a !   .2 3%D  / . ‫  ۔‬O 0¡    a  C a ! 0 / ( Z[ — U _ ’ U 8 " #
" "( " " " +   " "  "
(L)    /   a v C 0« 0S&E2 02 $ % „a{2R>2 8#! ‫۔‬a{r! ‚_<+
U " Z[ 8 ‘ U ;  Y R S
" +  6 5 "  +  "( ƒ  " ""
< 3 q { U {
 ij3  1 2 £a f \ 2 2 3fE2 3U 0QŠ U 0Y>5 N O;P U /Z[ R  U ‰ /! šf Lk :HBE" 2 Rš YL‫ !  !§۔‬u2 8 a#!  \2 3% 0« 02 v—Q" *‫— ۔‬UO_’0¡
G "F "  "  "  G "
" ‫ ۔‬3 — Da{fC $ %i2 ;Rn8\2  U a " c02 N F ‡ •Q. ‫۔‬E2 R3racdeE2 RV8V " "
a+ 3— 
’12 3% /ˆ (\{2 6 13q£E2 %'‡ )v‘CU a{%-2 3462 8./790«
5   "
 "  " "  " "      "F " "
%  ƒ ƒ  F —
À 2 3 "
a D  „،2 3%N . Y ،O2  a     C O Y µ:— ،µ:—  ( /Z[U  OP;U
j ; U % + < " 8 9 U 
 } u2 8 ‫     ۔‬E2 C D 2 C a YE   3f‡ f " 
j 5 '  8 U ¦ R Y " R « T t + "  2 3 '
 9" R! "  {Š• F "  " " "

 s 3 E2 -/2 Z[C.z2  C .2 3t{6 ،Á ،12 ،E" 2 RVn5،. Cz+‚‚، 8 " 3 < "  " " " "  U2 8Dt2  (};" U (\{6513q£ E2 %$ <)ac E2 RV0" V " U -3Š‰.  " 79   
/ 0« !
2  $ 2 "  "
" "  <" + U ‘   U" " "(  "+ " " U " {
2 6 5 
c de
a  CDU  35ij3  a % C >8    /Z[E2 R3 Uij3< 0°2 ;U
"  a    3— 
’ 12 /ˆ E2 a £a S$ E 2 (L? :HI-23Š )ac ( /Z[
+ " 3% R V ‰ •  "   3 — ‰
  % c f    <" + F  "   F 5 R!  ;jV U #  U " U c 
0« 3 Y1 03 a  DV  2  D C  i 3 U 02 N ‡ . ‫۔‬E2 R3r
   
$ $ U ; o ;R « j $ 8 Z [ +
 ‫۔‬-/2 C "a  S{2 e"½ ‫۔‬E2      a E2 OP  2 NS 0°2 ; ،a
q R 3 ! w o + R V ; U T
 
  ƒ f "
"
" };" U >5 N‚" G )"( { 6 5 { 6 5 q
" " "
' R V U
  \  E2  hCD   C  £    µ:—    U    ( /Z[ E2 RV  U U a  '$  / 2 35 D \ 2 £a C \ 2 1 £E2 $ <$ 8 3— 

+ U Z[ " U • S$  3 %
 " "  <" + "   U " " " ( " " " " " "
 " R } ;5
‫ ۔‬3 Y2 3UE2 0V C hCDij3 U \ 2    /Z[2 8 C #! O90« ! \= C-D2  $ %#! + 02 ‫۔‬2 3%0‹2 3fC$8 U-+ C a{$% UE" %
"  X G ƒ"   " " F "   
G %G f {65 " F
R
¿2 D \ 2 2 3f‫“۔‬3² ®< f 35f  ('$ )2  E" 2 %„U. E2 Racde8 E" 2 %93 59 D95% "  a+ $ % O;P U"  U M;2 RQN ST 0«E2 R!  ;'d2 D
    D r U (2 {5) "
"s9 9"‡  U   µƒ —  U  " 8 " a+   U  XF  13q   /" 
 

 " " "( ƒ " "  F
  2 :  Y  Y !    $ 1 D€  E2   /Z[µ:— a+ E2 RV0V U /Zu2 R$f  C
' 8 8  „ RV "
" " " ƒ "  F   " " ƒ " " " " " "
r‫—©۔‬8 de "Oj"U UsU2 {59‡ U ]œ—U (3 U a{4Š )2 {j½ 35‫۔‬ ‫۔‬E2 R! ;r ! 1 DE2 RV"  CD µ:— 2 %“ f 0V 8š%E2 RV" 3 fC3! €„9
"
 " " "  "  "  F   " " " U ZY Q U " " +
./790$ z3$9‫ ۔‬dea{45 C . C/­O69،hOj،NOj،POj-C€„ U (T ‫ &۔‬U%35U ( /Z[f a#!  3% 8     2 /2 -C   a
" "( " "" 
# G% "
 !   ¬02 E2 VCh CDU   /Z[ U0V U ¹aX5./79 C 0V U 
!  %
R " "  " " "
8  "   ( 2 % 8 ;r — U U/2 ZY UDt21! E" 2 RzU 1O9E2 RV\{6513qBIg
" 2
" ƒ "( 5 " F " " "
"   (" 2 8}8U 0" V U ¥’  3"  YE2 RV\{6513q IIL‫ ™۔‬D
ƒ G F "
 E2  ‡   œ— /Z[" E2 RV\{2 6 13q£E2 %³D$ 9 C  E2 %!  3$%‫ ۔‬2 3U X
R V 9 U y Dt2 1! 8  2 % 3$% $ % "
" " ƒ  " " " " 
" U ¥ 8 

  2 ;%};U C E2  U.r2 8،2 3Rz U0 +™ 1š0$ z3$9‫ ۔‬de2 {5s9
R 
| q F "  " F "8  "  F " {jY    ;F % –2  " "
 U  /Z/Z[  U jSž  f (12 3 Š2  L) a{R2 u  O<  U -YD 
U % { f
2 C  .C  E2 3 / E ‫۔‬E2 . a .  2 3 8 2 8/752 UDE" 9
R  ’ 7 5 "  2 3 — R  !  U
F " " "   " "( " R "  
j F G  5"  F
E2 2 C2 9 -C/  /  u  0Y>5OP  / 0«E2  ! ‫۔‬a 
R V { Y %  Z  ( Z[ — U ; U ( Z [ R 
! ;  Y " # c "  };UE2 V£E2 %³  C 9‡ U \{2 6  13q£ E2 %³/2 Z0«E2 R! a{%2 DUv%
 "%  "   "  F 5  F " "
5" 
 ;R«  C C2 C3fD ‫۔‬a  ( —8jSž2 £8 C Df \{2 6 2 3f
U c 3 %2 DUv% (\{2 6 13qHHIg)O2 ;r- 8D‫۔‬2 3r! ¸C/ˆ! s2 {5s9f
  " "  F ƒ" " "    5"
"E2 R};5acU2 %<0" V  U (HB 8 ).LL12 3 Š2  L½ 35Š 82 #! f DV % { f ¥  0V aX ‫۔‬2 3r! ¾C/Z¶1Ž—¦RY 2 {5s9E2 RV\{2 6  13q£E2 %³ 0«
G  "  " F" " "
{ 6 5 3q   { 6 5 " 3q   G
 \ 2 1 £E2  ‡ M 8E" 9 (Ostraca)f " /ZY‡ "U 02 +Y‫۔‬E2 R! ; YU
f % '  j} $ €C  ž E2  \ 2  1 £ E2  D a a !  a C68 U /Z[ —u E2 RV
% T ; % R V % J 9 c # !  c
" "
q U Z" [ " "    " "  <" + U ‘  U " " F { t$
  -/2 C V  C sC /Z[E2 0V  a %p2 RY!0« 3  Y1$ 03$%02 U#! 
| 9 R V U { R 
! ;  Y %
‫۔‬E2  3  35 ij3   a     E2 /! V  02 N ‡ ‫۔‬a$ % " %  U  ‰
" " " "  " F  " "  "+  "  " X  "
 „ C z#! U  "  / Z[ U0" V U a{%-2 3462 8(\{2 6513q~@@)03R«€j23f‫ '۔‬U  $ % „U 3F 5U 35 ij3<  U>8 U "  CD #! ;— U ;'Œ‰ U03 
" G " {fF  
FR
e = " c   9 "  2 % " % Z" [ % < F
$ % „s£9TY S$E2 RV e 3³D  C  ™3³D0V  ( 3% 
" " " "  "
"   ‫۔‬E 
2 ° % „
"  $  \ C-D2  a   C  3 Da C  O £Cv S$  -/2 C2  f  — f 2 R! ;²Re
 G " {fF " 
 " W X # " " U  U {" % %    "   " " "! ¼„   ( &

 % Z [ % <
‫ ۔‬3— Da C $  -/2 C2   C ]<  ،z ! ،  .3U a -2 352 "/ZY‡ {r  (  <$  "
 C a !  ! 03 \ 2 3% 02 }8  ‫ ۔‬C/ /2 3a  -C 32%D  D U  ¤ 9 Z ¶
" "
 " "    F   {r  ( U £  4f $  " " F"  
-2 3Š  C 12  ( D، T\2 8N OP;U0«  UM28n8 U+  •Q 02 N ‡
‰  U U "
}8 h CD E2 >;5‫۔‬a   1  O C C €—‫۔‬.qa¼;_5،C68 036! ‡ O6!‡
R V
    "  {" 5 "  "+ F " " " 
# 
! ‫۔‬a    8E2 V1 C U £a $ 9 C E2 $ < $ 13 f a{< 9 a#! C"   U
c ( — R c  %  q E2 RVC CDij3< " ‫¸ ! ۔‬C/ˆ CD2 0V .  C h CDE" 2 %93 5 '$ C E" 2 Rªf;5
 " " " R " " R" F " "  ƒ

  z   ( /Z[}8U /2 ZY  UDt2 E2 R!  ž 0S&#! u2 R0«  Áe03$%ac02 U
8  U Š  " X
 D  ¬    ‡  E2  E2  -/2 C E2 n  N 3% ، 
 " R V V Z[ V 5 " 3% 
2 „  ، O 2 ; U  % ، µ:—  U  CD
 "+ " " " "  " F
" " F   " +
2 .3 U 0« 3  Y 3%E2 RVa{fC  U\2   U
 " " " •Q
 35ij3<  U8 a+ •Q02 N ‡ ‫۔‬a{r Ua‘%$ % „/2 Z¡ ./2 Z› "  a "   D >8.D  CD ‫ ۔‬2 3r!"
 "  5
 F "  X F F " " X " F
" F  " " U ¥ƒ 8
2   RY D U   83%+ U   \{2 6  13q £  ac$ 9 ½ 35 ‫  ۔‬3 2%D DV E2 RV ;'Œ‰  U U " <
،TY u8 /2 Z¶ "E 8  "TY C/¤ /2 Z¶ ½ 3 ‫ ۔‬M f 0V   U 9 5 j} ; 5
" jSž f  0°"™‫۔‬E2 R! O  ;F% % ´+ U G" G ""  "+ "
"  CD  #! ERVT F  U q C T F  Uv—"
$ %  E2 /  sC9a+ $ %E" 9E2 R! jV (3R2 ! )®5 U—/Z¶ C j+ij3< U  2 Y 3 Y " Q
" "
" R # ƒ f 9 '   8 U " {^ R F F   
 E2  ž   DE2 ™  ! u2 R 0« /! š  ‫ !    ۔‬sC  ( /Z[
R 
!   U U V yf    9 .D\ E2 VTY U3q  C TY UC/¤9/2 Z¶ 0«¹a{9‫۔‬E2 R! ; Y® 2 D
 (Y‡
"   " "
W  { <{ 5 " " F "  " " + R " " 
‫  ! "۔‬DŠ ¬Y S{— i_8.3 o‡  C
 "
 E2 Qa  02 0«¹a{9ac a#! $ € C E2 RV2 362 8  (¦5

U " R   a E2 V0V 
 " " "  ‘  " ƒ F " ¥ƒ 8  "(
 E2 RVb HKIH‫۔‬acad$E" % "   D V  U  2 8 D t 
2  — C ; U >5N‚ v C ،O2 ;U %< ،µ:— U _9U /ZC U 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[#! €„aX

" "   " À3<" $ U " R "
ƒ " "  G "  ;2%  "    "
a+ 02 ‫ ۔‬µœ<+E2 RV0v%zTaXC U  S$U  9 !.2 3RYD03R«2  ( R
 /Z[ 0«E2 ! ; YU
j}5f -/2 Z[Cp  C p £،€ 8 8 U "
$ —  ،a  E2 Vn5
  " " F  "  " " "
 ‫ \  ۔‬E2 RV£a•S$E2 RV0V U \{2 6 2 3f9 deE2 RVsC9 
9 ' 5" " U  "  " U { 6 5 3q
 \ 2 1 £E2  D ½ 3 ‫ ۔‬M  h CD  \ 2  U  ( /Z[.3 U
% J 5  j } ; 5 f U
 " "  F "
8 U 2 3U   9C  Of8 E2 RV  "  " a+   Dt2 N1!  E2 RV  0" V "    0«   !  v  %F f
 
  "
 UDC D./79 0«  !
j}502 U#! f ( Gezer Calendar)C2 %C3 fDa#! Y U2 %9
" F "
" " " 
" + R " "  "  " " ƒ ' 
  /   a E2 }; 0« 0S E2 02 $   a{R2 >2 8#! €„9
U ( Z[ 8 " V U ;  Y & R S  % „ "  2 3 —  j } 8 ´* c f "
02 E ‫ ۔‬M  / a   1  0} 1     0« /! š‫۔‬ £ U 8 2 39 J  
" "W X  " " "" " " # "
  8 # 9 "   
  R c
 ]<  2 0« 0S&E2 a 02 $ „a 2 ! €„a ،  O_’vU0¡
8 ; Y S % { R >2 X — U E2 C‹CD "0}8 12  O2 CO  ".3Ua{$% 8 ! $ %9 Áe ¸^5
R V U 3 ; j£ 5
   
 " F < 6RV 3_œ;—
 q Dt21! 0$  ‫۔‬a  (‡ E2 RV¸qC\2 3% a•2 3%02 ½3—Q‫ —— ۔‬vU0¡ U 2 
  r c  U
‫  ۔‬O µ  12 
"   " "  "  "F
 " "  " 5   F F
 $ 88 a 0« 02 Ow2;  ½3—Q‫۔‬a  (! pq CE2 RV0V U  T./79 a•2 3%02  0«
+ x 9 c \{2 6  C E2 R! U ;qC2  8 D};50« 2 DUv%02 E2 RVa{fC  U 02 N ‡
 G G  " ƒ"  " 
5" 5"  t f RV "
 \ 2 2 3 C a  —E" 2 R$ )jSžYJCD2 ¿2 %Df \{2 6 2 3f 0¡ UsC9/Z[ f €„
{ 6 f c f S 
 O  E2  0« ‡ E2  0C   ‫۔‬E2 i2 n8 UjSž 2 £Df
( R y 8 ( U $ 8 R 
! ;R
" " "  " " ƒ c % # " 8  o " " "   " "
E2  2 3R UsC 2   2 8+Ys/ ‫€  ۔‬C+sC9 2 a–2  E2 RV0V U
R S  9 " 8 ­ ' 0« 2 D /! ša 02 $ !  ; 2  D-D95‫ !۔‬0U 0V U DC D./79 5+
 U 
"     "  " + "  
F 5  "
‫ ۔‬D95 E2 RVsC92 a– . 8 U" 0«' ;t&02 <-C0°‹ 2 3U ‰ X 5
8 0QŠ U 35 /2 Z  C /7 ‫ ۔‬E2 }8U \ 2 £a $ 9 5+ (U R S  { 6 c
"   "  F "  5
U 
YN 1!  C ]<W X U 0Y>5OP;U UDt20« ¬:8 E" 69O<T02  U /2 ZY & & .3 U U3F 5 0« 2 DUv% jSž Y /! E" 2 Rf  \{2 6 9)
" " "  "
 " ƒ 5 " "
  ! DO £ ªjY +0$ z 3$9‫۔‬E2  (! pq C2 3j2 3%E2 RV]<W  X U 2 3<+‡" ‘
j 9 ) " R 
!  ]’ C C    ž 2 £®$ 2 \$ f \{2 6 .3 U U. 2 8  C   UjSž f 0V
U  U j S  9 $
 de R " R  %  " 
 <#! 9 Š U  2% U "
.  O    v C   2 3’™ .2 3oC "0«E2  E2  E
 R 
! ; ' V 3   i
N ; <m 80  " ;%ž F " "
 ( /Z[acf DV U02 N ‡ #! 0°23^T‫  ۔‬UjSž 2 £E" 2 Rf \{2 6 2 3f.3 U
5"
" 2  2 eY
"  "    " "   "+ " F "  "+ "
8 "
8 . 8E" %a•QE2 RV <#! " £ ac$ 9 C de2 3<+" ‡ ‘E2 RV \| N ]9}8%JE" 2 R" U ‫۔‬E2 R! ; YUE" 2 R};50V 0Y>5N OP;Uij3< E2 RVa{fC  U\2  UC CDij3< U " 
  " 8 "
02 E2  8 $ ‡" ‘E2 RV\| ]99E2 RV‹V/! . “V;U Dz2 f OtE 2 RV\| ]9
R 
! 8
  " 8 " 2 3  1 L    5
"  .1  IK9M J '  / 0 67
 " " " 9
 v  0V    E2  x8  U ]9 U .q 2   
R 
! "  " 2 8D v% U   ”  m4Ru5 0:2 ;j" "W X     " " " ( "
 ]<  2 02 \ jSž 9E2 RS-C]<W X -D95 "   /Z[
‫<  !۔‬#! kgkf ¿k?@   "
"
" "  "" " "  " +Y C "  "
. 8،0z|8+Y]<W X  ( /Z[2 02 ‫۔‬3%V U]<W X U 
" "  "
 ƒ
U (  S /Z[9)]<   ( /Z[2 ‫§۔‬8 2 3UE2 RV}8UD9 µœ<+E2 RV
& W X
" "   
" "
8CD02 U  ( /Z[‫۔‬E2 R! ;jV$ % YU  0V  (Ž5 (U sC9 $8 J)sC9

"  <" + "
X ( Z[ 9 5 8 9 % „ U F
  /  -D  ()D2 s $    35‫۔‬E2 i 3 f  /ˆCD2  ]<W X
R 
! j
 " 5" "
E2 RVCD S))E2 RVHB :ga{58 \{2 6 2 3f 0« 0Ca–2 C   G'$)f OfE2 RV ]<W
"   F F 
E2 RV]<W X /Z[2 E"  2 3—‫۔‬2 3U¦RY U ( 2 3r2 3U "0YJ"0)%
 G%f 
‫ ۔‬s    O ½32  8 s9
 9 f % w
 "F G  
f hhD U ;5 QE2 RV LL :LB36RY ‫۔‬2 3r! "2 3r®{R2 ®YU  " "E2 RV0)%

% " % — F 9"
(0  CD  $ ) " Yu " C 0  CD -D95 " j "0 %]œ— /Z[a#! 2 
) )

%
 ) ƒ "(   
  
 "  ƒ " F 8  
(0   $ ) "2  Ž5 "0  ]œ— /Z[a ! 2   E2  g :?K   2 3$%‫   ۔‬3  Y! 
)  +$,-.* &!/0
) % % ) % ( # R V
"  " 
‫ ۔‬f 0C U s 39 U  . T 02  C  3  Y!  (0)%2 3%) "E2 % j" C

 G *
 / -C  $ U 
f 7 5 ' " 2 {jY  ' 9 " 2 ‡ E2 RV LB :H@E" 2 Rš YH
G" ) G" ) "
U U U  { q U G" )
2 3—3'  3'    ©— OŠ2  3' 2  2   DJ -YD C   ;r 8 ©;5 r U F '
   "
   
D(Q RP%F ()S
 #N O"  3
G" ) G" ) G" )
2 3r2 3U "3' U 3' " C "3' 2  "E2 CD 0 %]œ— ( /Z[9‫ '"۔‬8 U RV )
 ƒ
"    )M JB  F/  .12 / 50 67 9
F
ƒ f •  U  9  { 65 % ƒ " " W " F  " 9 R 8  "
2  ]œ—02  a 2 3% . ‫ ۔‬1 $ "C،-،¬ "sC9 C  t‘]œ—-C R S  — {6$ < " ;5 " X
‫۔‬E2  f a$ DUO< $ %E E2 ! 6²  5 3$9 M } U  ]<   ( /Z[
j W
G *   "
U  " 2 {jY  ' 9 C " ! 02 0)%v2 %‡ ™- UV C   ! 
" 0¡
"
" G "     "   "  #$ 

 !%
 (2 8 C  O2 ;“eC a{R2 š™ 0)% a–2 C "'  ;r  8 ©;5 f  t‘ C  /75 -C  '  $  " ƒ "
    " " |U " 8 " {42 8 "
"  F G " G  C % C2 % a /2 Z} a U . T /2 Z}8µ:—  ( /Z[0« 02 +  ’1 S$
t‘ 0°2 ;U a{jVv2 %x8acf .Vj}5 U 02 N ‡ U 0)% ‫  ۔‬O;9 ;$R32 f "   " F
 "W X    d e
  F  " 0Y>5 OP -D  ‫  <]   ۔‬2  C 2  O   C    -/2 [C2 R$
; U 9 5  U 2 ; ^ _ 9 ' 8 ' Z
  J U#! 03$%
>5  ‫۔‬E2 RV0 QU 2 362 R‹Y9 € DE2 RV03R«U UD
>5 "  G )  
 {2 65
" ‫۔‬3jVE2 jSž f a‰ £ E2 %8Y2 a{'$  D9C" E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R! a{rD©— E2 R35 Q02 E2 RV
R S
‫ ۔‬3 jVacf C2 %C3 fD  
"  " " ƒ 
 <= U 5  ;U r 9 5 ƒ ƒ" O;P U  E2 R35 Q 02  E2 RV 0V  U     0«  !  /! š s£f . 2 %<  U
C/2 Z› >5
$ O N  0Y> NOP  D  
Q . TN $ µ:—  ( /Z[E2 RVy;— D
% U %
" |"8 " " 5  "
 — 
"  G "   "  G F    / 
  £E2  D2 E2 C E2 02 E ‫۔‬E2 E2 D95E2 RV0Y>5
< ( Z[  U % J % 8 R 3 Q "  2 3 R  R S
8Œ  C ]jQ%2  2 3902 88 d2Df  ’r E"  2 3— a{ Y D% Ot  
  "  " 8
 ƒ "  " CD   $ % „U 3F 5‫  !    ۔‬v  %F "  OP  hDh  ; Q 0« - Ž5N +   ‫۔‬E2  ( ($ E2 RV
U ; U f U 5  $ R 
!
 . 3’  U CD  ‫  — —۔‬Uµ:—  U   D2 3R " G " 8"  " "  G F 
 "  U" G 
9 F F " " " " " -3% ‡  D )E2 (O; ;$R32 )a 03R2 }2 ; Y0 % (2 8‫۔‬8 $ %% $ %O<= UE" RV
9 R V 9 f { 42 R )
$ %C U | )h/ˆ½ 35‫(  ۔‬acdeU 2 R$ C % ،2 % /2 Z}8a{42 8. T /2 Z}8
Š¦— "
F "G F " " " ƒ 9 ( F
5 R 
! R e F 5 U (  8   U
"G " "G " "  "0¡u$8 "]œ—f -،·،،. $ " sC  / Z[ ½ 3 ‫۔‬E 2 D 9  5 E 2 3  § "  23
3%P —( ‡ $ 8 C)3%h — (!MJQ)3%—(aX9،s،.  U8 §)P/ˆ( )/Nˆ (0n9 F 8 " "
 " F "
" Š •
Q <  F X "" " "  " :Hg  2 3%$  €„aX (H :I?36RY ) 0¡u$ 8E2 RV (2 8E"  2 3—‫ ۔‬de0¡u$ 8N E2 RV ( /Z[
a ) h h  ‫۔‬M;2 ) N ( - Y   ) P  ‫ (۔‬Q)lh ( a 8  0•) h" ( U r . Q)
{4 x " " ¢ "
"  " RS" RV  ƒ
" " f hhD U  ;5 Q Uµƒ :— 6²8 (3" " %a{4Š)•QN (b G3" ') U
 h Dh   ; Q، 2 3r2 3U "Ž8! E2 "E2 CD 0  E  µ:—  ( /Z[E2 RVHH
U 5  ) % " 9
3  Y!];9Ojª5  "
" " ( " 8f U  " RS" RV )  " ( "
   G  2  0C hhD U ;5 Q، 2 3r2 3U "Ž8! E2 "E2 0 % 2 8f 0C
 U €„a|U8   rD95
Q U;5 Q" N v‘C;³ $ %CD U 9CD a|U2 3UE"  2 3—
  " "  F  G RV Ž6F 5
 G " G " " G  { U RV " ;'‰X U 
a 0  O  0$ z 3$ ‫" ۔‬n "O  88 ¯$ %03NŠh»r E"  32 —‫۔‬
– 
2 ) % ;9 ;R
$ 3
2 f  9  ’ j ª 5 R S  r   (
‫۔‬E2  /! ` 2 ‡  v Da E2  Œ  . 3   2 ` ™ DE2 1 2 R 
$ ‘ c ’ U 
" " "   ƒ U  "(  " " " 
a#! 2  a{45CDS‫۔‬ 2  2 3r2 3UE2 RV LH :HH]9U 2 ;% /Z[3R 9  ; Q $ µ:—  0Y>5NOP;U /Z[0«8 2 3—U‚- <+- 902 2 ;U'$ 8
U 5 " %
5 " "   F F "
  
 E2 Qa U0«3 Y! E2 
j}502  C E2 R! ; Y! M8ª5U ¬2 3fC¬3fU . 3’
R 3 | 8 R S `§8 ! + ¾ u52  O<= U" 0« aÀ2DU% 3%  rD95
Q
q  " U  " XF   G  "  F
 p 5U   0«§! 2 3%U8  ;qU. Ÿ p;y— 2 {jY/! ‫۔‬E2 R! Of D
q | < CD  C E2 R! ; Y¿$ %CD U O5 Qa|U/2 Z}8®YU ¬8C#! €„9$ 8
"
   9 j3<" + ƒ #  " " F F " c   X U  
f U
. 3’a ! 2   0C  .V C .  i  ]œ a ! 2  0« E2 8 ! a#!  DCDY
# Q — R 
! ¬ C-D2  a   0°‹ )€ a E2  ®   C E2   1 8 U. 3’
8 f  „ X R 
! ;   Y < R 
! ;   Y U >
" "
 "+ " U O  5 Q |U Z"}8 '   ; Y  e G % U 5  ;U ( Z[ " {$% t2 !   U
$  ¬2 3fC¬3fa ! 2   (}5Cv—ª5 ij3< U  C  Y !  M8ª5U ¬3fC¬2 3fU
% #  a /2  C   ® C ¿$  0Y> OP  / a D 1 (® Y
ƒ " " 3%0« Y ! 0" 
j}500«E2 R°Y! 36$ 9$ %„  F " ƒ "   X
U ]œ—U¬3fC¬2 3f C  „ 2 2 $ yf C "®YU ¬8C-D2  acf  " µ:— 8 #! ‫; '۔‬ Y®< ،0>9&Ojª5
G "  " F   " "  " " " "
 0 " «3  Y$ %E2 RS3" % & &%  $ %O  <= U ;2 RQ T ;U $ 8 R!
N  M S NOP  ‫۔‬E2 !  9  UDt2 1! "   U 0Y>5N O;P UE"  2 3— E2 RSCD "   DV U.z{$%1 N ! 0°2 ;UE2 R! 'de
   " " =  " ‰X " de " G " " " "  "
R
‫۔‬E2 ! ]qY  3RQ 02 $ -C C 8 ! ];9 Ojª5
  f 1 \ 2  C>Š a C  Œ   $      DVa $ -C ‫۔‬a 
> 8 { < W { 9 ; ' ; ' ; ³ % ( < U { % $ 8 c "   D V
    " " " F  "
a{% C  UDt2 N1! v‘C 8E2 R! 8 ! C pq 5 DCDY68² O9E"  2 3— ‫  '۔‬D$ %8 U
    "  "    G  "
5 
0« a 2 D 3%02  C    (U ({!  #! (§8 2 3UE2 RV}8UD1nœ 9). ‘
{ % ¬3fE2 RV rD95
Q U;5 Q8E2 R! ;³ $ %. 3’ UCD #! O9 E2 % -C Q
  9 ƒ   ;RF e •u5 ( U t    "  9  U  <" + #
 U   U —
® Y  .      ]œ   $ 
>5   D3 .   C   D 2 1!
 %  f ¬3 ‫۔‬E2  ²  
  .3 YC. ® Y sC i 3 ! f 0C U¬2 3fC
f R 
! ; Re U j } 5 U   9 j
"   G FR " % #"
   j   " ³G %   U % " 
‫ ۔‬3!  a a $ 4 5 ² 2 8 C   ;³ $ %
 { 9 ¥ Q c % q 6 8 ' X  2 $  %
a ‫ ®۔‬Y  2 2 2 ²  $3 $ ® Y   0¡ 0«2 D 3 U! 8 ¬2 3fC
U ; 
   "  " {%
" ¬3fC¬3f.  > 8 C .   U
(L) 2  3 ’   8   '   8  U  1 C    0 Y> ;P Ua $ O9Dt2N1! €„
5  N O
   " " " " "( " G    ƒ "   "  "
{j  { j V "
 C  a a ®YU 8  C 3$9  /Z[،E2 R!  ž U " 3%#! u2 R
2  ;³ $ % ®YU  a{f D C O<=Uµ:— /2 Z}8;²% DvU9 ]jQUsC9-C C  ! {! 
" " " " " "  " "
 ،"   (‡ 5، "   0z3$9 0uF 5U  8 /ˆCDf µƒ zWU  O  2 ;^ "
 ' 
‫  ۔‬D$   1 8 C % 8 U >
$
"  " " +F  9 j3<" + U ƒ |U  " 8 " F F
 U
Y 1! E2 RV9  "   a–2 ‫۔‬8 ! E2 RS. T acE2 RV "  a Y a ! 2  . i  ]œ—a .C Ÿ 0«E2 Y®$ <&YE2 RV
# 4 R S
ƒ"  " " "  " " ƒ 
" "
E" 2 %„‫۔‬. TN 0 C ' yx80E2 RV9"   (T 2 a{42 8‫ ۔‬a{racde.3 U>5 M8ª5U ¬2 3fC¬3f0«!a{45CD]œ—-C2 8 C E2 R! a{ Y!U M8ª5U ¬2 3fC ¬3f
 " "  F U " " " T " "W " " " ƒ " " F "

! ;   Y Ž 6 5 8 9 ‘ ‰
E2  ©—-   .    ‡   a  C . /2  ‚  C 8 9" ‡ ‘
R  T Z [ _ < $ %pq5‚ ]œ—u8Uf E2 RV8CD0«  ! 1Ž65U
j}502  C   ! 
" " " F  G  F 8 " F
 R 5   "
. T C y 8/2 Z}89 v2 %‡  U12 D½ 35‫۔‬r ! ;³ $ %€„UU‡" ‘6²8 -C0«
x } u
1 E2  IH :?~ 2 3%$  "¿..
¿ "sC  ( /Z[½ 35²; $U$ 36$ 9
R V 9 9
"    G   G 
"0! /ˆ/Zu8"Ojª5 88 ¯$ %03ŠN »h 0$ r ‫۔‬E2 R! ; Y³ $ %€„CDE2 R! 8 ! 
" " " "% " " "
% " ƒ  "
U r 5 U 9
 D     03  s  C ،32 D0ª ž   ‫  € ž ۔‬C‡ E2  8 U D U
U 9 % x 8 ‰ {
2 U !  ‰ {
2 R V Â!  0ª9 V   a{r  U 1>8U
"  " " " 
"E%/78v%;%ž 8 if2 8E" %€z)E2 RV0" V " aX ‫۔‬13" %2 D0ªx8r ‡ U U  CU
" ƒ  
f  ¦8² DU  yœ— U  2 3<+ ‡" ‘f ¦2 8 E" % ¹a2{<2  0«  E2 RV v2 % C  2  C  =Q  G  " "  "
"   F " ƒ .£- J02 0«r E2 R°Y" $ z–$U¿$ %Uv2 %‡ ™- UV" 9" ‡ ‘v‘D /´
)  E" % 12 3j  ;—     –{5  0>2 8„ 02  E"  2 3— ‫۔‬2 3U ¸C/ˆ  'de U U  S¼    . T  " " 
" " ) 8  R V ¢ ^
  "   E2 HLg  0z  C  ‹ 2 3 ™  .2 3 C 0$ z3$9 ‫  ۔‬v2 %‡   U ? ¸U  U " ’ o
 9  ;U   Q U F 2 R$ % " % " + " ’ U 
€ ‡   Dz2 .V    ،2 0C ‚   88 (¿H~@a;ŠW ) y x F 
 " "
 2 Re$$ %C ®$ < E2 RV i< U " {’·—0« ac v2 % C 02 E2 RVi2 ;< 8a{$% 8  u’
& m 5 de m
‫۔‬HIK0z "‫۔‬E2 \ ¢ ^ R 
! " "
"  G 
" ƒ  " ƒ E2 ¬ Tf 0C 8 ! 0y 8E"  2 3— ;³ $ %STU  C
RV U x " +E" %‹W 3’Y
1Ž—a{45U µ:— U  (TN" ‡ ‘f . 39 U . TN 0« /! š02  " G & & F  " 8 " 

ƒ  "   if2 8 E €z)$ % ‫“۔‬e ;³ $ %®$ < ®$ < UsC90uRVa a 8 ! Oti2 ;< 8
" % { 42 À e m
:! 0ª9 V.2 ‡  U12 D$ % „U 3F 5‫۔‬E2 R! ; Y   " "
 = " % " 8 f d U
2
" 9 8 |U ; — U 9 | U ; U  y x 8 8 ¦2 8 " % { <
F " "% " ³ 8   a ،2    s a ‫ ۔‬Dz2   ( E ¹a2 2 ) QE ¢    
2  2 D hEP P Ph h™hC‫  ۔‬02 E2 a{R2 u /2 Zuœ ‫۔‬LLLv2 %‡  Uw8- J
6 5 — x de R V "   
" " " "    F ˆ " {42 8 F sC  ‫۔‬E2 \ 2  a ، ž %U a|U‫۔‬$ %C U a|U C E" 2 R;— U a|U‫۔‬CD;— U
9 $ 8 R V $ { % U | U ‰ {
2
O
" %
N VE2 C
DN¸ªx8 }8-3R«1 ’0°32 RC CP
! " u " '¥2 8¹a{93R" °V./ 35a u2 8  " " F " " " =
2 G
"
5 " F  " " " " "  f ¦o F ;— U  02 34oDU  $ 8‫۔‬E2 R¡e8 !  2 3yjQ U2 R$،% ،2 % “V“e  8 ³ $ % \{2 < 8
pyx; 
DCJ ¾$   0°32 RC a{42 8 - 9!   = Cš  "  u8 P" '¥2 8 Ÿœ9C O   a Y
V 
"  
" " "
F " F  F " " " 
ƒ
’ ‫(۔‬HL0z E2 R3 .3U.2 ‡ Ÿ CE2 R3 i2 ;< 8 D9V) "2 3r2 3UDz2 U. T
¢ ^ " 5  x 8 " % m
13qYŸ2 ;9
2  /Z« E" RY±  
D¸ªx8 P$ 90«Of ¥ 
V qE2 % CDr  "  " " "
  ƒ  f
" " ./79  0«، E2 R!  ;'de E2 RV CX i<= \2   .3 U a{$%  O9£ a•Q . 8 2 3f
9 "
}8O 0«h' C ‫۔‬E2 E2 ‘CDS0 ¥2 8 R 
! R  
2 « /! š‫۔‬O   a C1 ’ ¼ u
 F Z« ‰T 9 '  "
"   "
 " "  ./ a O ‫ ۔‬0. T  C  8E2 RV 
f y x " ' 8 'dei<m598  " {F ’
" " n 5
 O!V02  C ! 01 2 ;%  C D+v C E2  01 ’
; U   ‘ % U " u " " 9N ¸ªx8 " "  "
 " " G " F "F "
" "  F  O<XE2 RV;³ $ %D9 y8U" O’U 8 ! 3f‡ f .TN "  8“e 8 ! " •u5
" 9¸ªx8 ]xo 0«  ! 
j}5f  0« " C'¥2 8 . ‘/ˆCD C ‫ ۔‬a¦oY  " 79 r F  W •V  ‘  F 
ƒ
¥ ’ " "

" " ./ D Y(¿kKa  )a D ™  ž  O s  v D ‫ ‡( ۔‬2 R$v‘D
 ; Š J 8 jS  f f „ U
‫(۔‬IL0z )‫
  ۔‬V O V02  C E2  O9 U 1u’ C   C/­
¢ ^  !  R S " XF "   " "
ƒ   "   2 3< 
 UŸ 2  D2   DJ™ 8 0«02 0}q C‫ ۔‬088 ¹am8+a•Q
U + < " 8 U
M8ª5U . T -D95U    
]œ—U v2 %‡ /ˆCD U .; 3’- J " "  G F W 
G " 5 ®$ <&U ®$ <&a{45f 9‫۔‬3f;³ $ %N0eJh UP0ePJh E2 RV0eJ CE" 2 R«/¤Š E" 5% ” " v2 %‡
f — c 
  "‫ §۔‬a    C E2 ž  § a   ” "E2 02 a{4
" ) R 
! ‰X — " c  " R 
!  "
U 8 ' 9 U " F F  = " 
ƒ " " "  "  C   /2 Zf E" 2 R«/¤5” Y8Œ "0«8 ! 02 a{45M8ª5U . ‘\{2 < a{42 8 ;r ! 
a|U0« /! š‫ ۔‬s U ‡" ‘
t¢59‫™
 ‡  ۔‬1S)$ %.2 ;4— 
Q8    " 5 " G " U " XF "
"0« ! a 02   $ .  ]jQ Ÿ  E"  2 3—‫  (۔‬/2 Z)acJ 
; r  { 4 f ; ³ % T <
  " <X U " f J 8  " Z f J " ;% F
)? U‡ $ % " Ž5 C 8 /Z*O  E 02 D ™  "‫  ۔‬/2     ž C E" 2 R«/¤5”
  >@(
 )  
 24
5 79  '  :  &
 8-.! 243‫۔‬0 ;<6 = 1A  ! *  +!  %
 ! &, #  &
!  "
  $ '(
1
 G " 
)
CD! A ‫۔‬B6  s99!  'deU" ‡ ‘E2 RV0« Uv2 % ! U{%$ ;%ž U C 2  Uv%2 
     % f 9  " Š•}2 ;— ƒ £ "  " " " 
2 3  s  / CD0¡  0« 3  02 88 def a¼2 3R 8Œ acU2 
r d e 9 ˆ U   !
 { 9 02  v ‡    hEN h h h ]œ 1 ½3 Q‫ ۔‬D a E2  ©—.  8 v%
U 2  — — U ¥j Q R V 8 T
" "  G    G   "
  a D‡ a  /! -  DC D C "، deE2 HI :B 12 %ŠXH،$ % „U 3F 5‫۔‬
   + +  R V 3 "‫  ۔‬8 ')" U C ‰ž X " U0«§ D 39” "0«E2 R! 8 ! a{45
'
 G F "8 "
d   +  U +
' 2 D ²  $ "a CDP "  z   " a " S2  E 2 "‫۔‬2 ‡  .—   V E2  O2 Ru  U
; 8 "   3 — U R V       
      ‫   ۔‬0‹  ‡  E2 RV LkH  v 2%‡ w8 - J"
 ) 9
 RV " (  "
" " ;’ k 8  C  " "  "  " "
"E2  /Z[` (! pq C€„Ua¥jQ02 ‫ ۔‬ HL :HB\2 8H "
$ % ‫  ۔‬D$ %/2 Z$›/! ” 0«! 3 %E2 RV (— 82 {! % ./79a{42 8)™8‫"! ۔‬#$%
" " " " " " 
j Q 8 F5U " " ) G % " {42 8 "
a   C  1 E2 0u   / CD2    C DsC   ( /Z[ 0°$ 9 C "
DPN
¥ 8 — 8 U > R 
! ˆ 9 S&  u C - ¯$  C a ‫۔‬+™ 0•Q  u e C-)b ‘C0eq0« 3 'de02  Cn2 ;%
8 ( U "
"9  " "  
   j " 
E2  H? :k12 a  €„a a  E2 Of Da Q02  C 2 D® e "
"f
R V  ‘ X { r U R S ¥
2 {! %  q 8 z 0‹) ™ - UVf   a•23%  U . T   ]xo $ 8 ‫ ۔‬U  d y8 8  " 
"  ƒ
‫۔‬1;²  $! 0‹ 8 z U0‹D]œ— "
 "‫۔‬2 3r!  N qU
 "  " "
 E2 RV L? :H123%ŠX‫۔‬H‫۔‬E2 R! ;%² DU\= Cf 3F 5 C 2  #! U03  " 
 Cn2 ;% C E2 R! O’) C DVa{45U   C  2 ‡  & '?gv2 %‡ if2 8- J


G '‰ " R  8 (  ;— U  5 " U " " RV f U 3 % ŠX ‰ " ;% " 9 9 " " "
 Š¦8 " {45 U G  ƒ  " "
"  $ E2 "-C   ™  O  C E2  2 3   12  ž  ž 03 O 0«
"  Ÿ  C E2 O a   0« ¯$ %º035h ]œ— 8 z U 8 Ÿ480« 3 'de
8 4 8 R 
!
" G  "    " "  " " "
"‫۔‬2 3U\DU '$‰ 2  8 t "0« deE2 RVv2%‡ a•§ E"  2 3—a{r— ®Y;%ž ƒ
E2 R! U  /ˆCD2  /2 Z[ 02 3jŽ—µ:— E" 2 R02 ‫۔‬E2 R! U 'a{42 8" 2 368a{45U  0«º035P

"   " "
ƒ G  ) "  U  <" + c " {45 "
(
U ]œ— /Z[$ %
>5 ‫ ۔‬de " '$ 0eYE2 2  "E2 VŠ % 2 /ˆ C  (2 8 ‰ " R R ( |2 8  •2 
a ‫ ۔‬a 3  .  s/ 0C C (~L0: ½n2 )‫۔‬E2 i 3 a a U  C
% T ­ ^ " 8 R 
! j
G '‰ " R  8  U G '‰ " R " {45 U ƒ —  " " XF  =  ( "  3—  " "
"  0eYE2  z  "C $ E2 "a  ]œ  f a•2 3%aX D UsCP9
$ { <
Ÿ   \ 2  UE 2 ‫۔‬2 3UE2 UD v
< 8 — R S "  — „s" <E"  2 3—E2 R! 2 Ru2 R. 
F F    " 2 ‡
F "
/´X2 U 02 35G$ 865 —X‫  ۔‬U2 3%  Ua•2 3% ac 02 N ‡ •Q‫۔‬E2 R! 8 !  " "
 2 3r! ];9u2 8 Ojª51£ " ‡ ‘. 0«3  Y0S&E2 RS02 $ %3% U s 39 U . T "

"     " " "" 
G     "
1 U  ‘ '$   U0« 3j$03$%02 f E E2  (! .2 3RYD2 3Rz3$9f   8
 ( ‰ ( " 9 R 
! "
 1>4— 2 {jY (U$ %3% U. 39 U . T €„aX ‫ ۔‬2 3r! ]qYf  3RQ 02 $ -C0«

 ƒ  " " "  "  "
E"2R "]œ—1£ E2 RVv2 %‡ ™- UV$ 8‫ !۔‬0YCD& &92 3UE2 RS _8 ‫۔‬3 Y DE2  ‘s<+U>5N.3 U" u8
 R S
"
" "
 < G '‰  G '‰ " R G 
a   C Ÿ     $ ‫   ۔‬$ 0eYE2 2  "0°‹  E2 " '$‰
{ r U y f 2 ;_ T U   R S  A
  " "
" G   UC$"/ TFM
‫۔‬1     (‘£$ )  '$ ‰ 0«8 ! 2 3’+ 02  0«
U 8 U
ƒ 

– " 
; 5 "W X " (
{ y ’ "   F  "+ U ‰ 9 U   j }
 a sCP   0« 02 +  ’1  / CDM  ]<   /Z[
ˆ U
2 N¬3% E2 RVOP;U UM2;RQSTf Otu5 UsCP9ij3< 2 3UE"  2 3— "  "   "
" 
  G 8 !]jV]jU  v C8 U 1 80«E2 R! ;jŒ ;jV68² f  /ˆCD2  sPC9 Ÿ48
" ‘ >
 f 3F 52  #! `E2 R! ad$! sP<+½03R2 ‹ C ]qYf  3RQ 02 $ . -C0« 2 3r$ % " 

aX ‫۔‬E2 R! -C C C ()D2 8sC9 ( /Z[$ % „U 3F 5‫ ۔‬3  Y! {9 
" Ž5 U
" "
" " 
) T T 
‫۔‬V9 &UW "! 2A! & "
 ! H!9  "! &! & "PQ40 ;R 5FM NO HIJ
 D
) ? L )  E2   ‫۔‬E2 € C €، C €‫۔‬. C ¾،¿ C ،.‫۔‬D C  sCP  ( /Z[€„
f R V r R 
! 9
! AK
 E   &FM 
1
! 2G
)
CD! A
  "   " "   RV " W X "
 " % — = 
 3 Q 0 D.3 1   0«E2   a E2 D }  02 3 -CE ‫۔‬E2  (! 
R U £ f R 
! ( !  { R V 8 8 y j Q "  2 3 R 
! f ˆ
  / CD2   E2  ² sCP D} E2 ]<  CD 0« E2  \ CU.
9 R  ! 6 8 9 ; 5 r % U
"  " " F F"G " G " F
 t F 5 U " F5 f ƒ F  F
 O u   C E2 0u   / CD2  sCP  ( /Z[r$ 8‫۔‬8 !  ]qYf
R 
! ˆ 9 ‫۔¸¸۔¾·۔‬µµ‫ ۔۔‚‚۔‬N   ‫۔‬DCDD €€$ € ... $ . ½ 35E2 R!  0u5
 "  "  " "  "  F  "
0«E2 R!   E2 RVD }8 2 3yjQ-C80E"  2 3—E2 R! D /ˆac 2 3yjQf  ;%f 0C U  ];9U  Ojª50«E2 R! 8 !0u568² U1V®YU  /ˆCD2  C -z{2 jQ-z{2 jQ -/2 Z[C
 "  " " " " "
"  ƒ 
 " #
83UP>5 0«E2 ! ! a -C0 C 8 ! ]jV]ja ! . 3’  0Y>5OP;U  ( /Z[
R | 2 8 # U  ];9Ojª5 C ! E2 RS/! š¬E2 RVC C DsCP9.C Ÿ48‫ !  ۔‬ " Ž5 8 ! 
" " ƒ
F " 8 R r f R  G F5U ƒ — "
1  ‡ ” bu ‫۔‬E2    3 Q 0 DE2 3U-C0«E2     (}5Cv—ª5U

$ r R   R  “  0u  ]œ  / CDa  E2 ;RŒ ]œ—u2 8 2  U1V sCP 9Ÿ48 €„aX ‫ ۔‬3  Y! 
ˆ | U 9 R 
!
  "  " {%    " "  F "
 > 8
‫   ۔‬1 0Y>5N OP; a $  µ2 3R   v Dt2 0«§ ! \ CU
' 8 U U f U %  8 = 1 O9£ (Ur U "! $¢fE2 RV "-wo½ 35 3  Y! ];9Ojª52 8 C   ! 
> 8
"  "   "   
{ U 
  s9 2  f a    v a O9 0« E2 ! ;  a  02  !  f 0<
U ¥ j Q U % c R  % c # ‫§۔‬8 ! ];9Ojª5 8 "!  $wfE2 RV " D® e2 8 v‘C8 U
" "    " "
 F 
f a¥jQ8  v%0« 3 %2 D3 %U#! ¬2 3fC¬3f C . 3’8  de /ˆCD8 z 2  K،kD Q U CD €„ E2 ! 0u50« /ˆCD2  a D Q  ( /Z[Ÿ48 9 R c
" " # " " R!  ;Re U  f   F G F R j j "
0 C ! 0$ z 3$9E2  ²  O D  ! C  2 D®  / CD8 z Us92  U #    e ˆ % R V " 6 2 8 • S $  U
v E2 E 2  a  .3Ua ½ 3 E2  Œ    / CD2  -/2 [C?،L2 I،L  X 5 
! ;  ; V f ˆ Z
 " " "  " "  " G " " " " "  "
0«E2  (! /2 Z›0°zm5a|2 8 8 2 3yjQ Ÿ48 C E2 R! ;'d2D2 3yjQ C 3R2 Ya|2 8 E2 RV C 39
R 
!   1   D Q  ( /Z[r €„aX ‫۔‬2 D® eL?U?LDQE2 RV?yfk?0z¢^8
8 U > 8 U
"   " "  " " " F  
" " "    F " 
;ž E2 V "8 O9£v%E2 V 39 2  8 ! Y3$9 0$ z 3$9  ‡ a !  2 3R Œ8
% R R  ( | R . 8+Y f 0C U Otu5 ‫ ۔‬3 ! " Ž5 a¥jQ0u2 R#! 88  U0µ2 3R E2 RV
 "  " 
 "%U jf "  " G " G
% %
 e
2 D® "  V . !  U $  ž E2 " z  (L~ :K2 { UH)"‫  !۔‬VU.‡
; % RV 8  U ; ' $ 2 3 ˆ "
 1 / §    ž   E2 (§8 2 3UUDU1$ r ‡ E" 9) O;9 ;$R32 f C
S „ R V
 G " ( "   G " ( " " 
‫۔‬de " 2 3r 3fC3! "8 z U " 2 3— 3fC3! "8 v% C ‫¬ ۔‬E2 RVCT U
 " 8 "  {U  "(      F
R «
¬2 3fC¬3f8E2 2 3yjQa 8 ;%a O9E2 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[ | 2 c R V " Ž5 02 2 3U` a{ YUv—™D$ %i2 8< U0Y>5OP;UOtu5 UsC92 3U
 "  "  " ƒ " "   G " 
 f  p8 D“2 D8! 0f ¬2 3fC3f Mj}8 a¥jQ r C 2 DU/! šUa¥jQ 8 sCP9D};50«E2 R! ; Y /´c02 3j-Q2  U #! 2 3U` 3  YU 2 3R . ^ UE" 2 R>2 8
 " ¥j" Q 9 F    "  (  " x"8    F
R V 3 %
E2 HI :B 12  L Da  $ C $   35‫ ۔‬1 03$ D C  a Q
Š X U % % „ U  $ % 9 U ¥ j U  O;P U T C aX  C CD 8! u2 8 r ` Ÿ2 ; U O<= U. 3’ Otu5 U
" % G "  " " " " " "
 0‹>5U   " " ;’U  8 E 2 ' Y C f HL :HB\2 8‫۔‬H03$% ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U

8 0$ $ ) C  E2   C    s    83U -D2     Of  C     1 8
R 
! — 8 U <+ U  f — 8 U >
 " " "   " " 
" 5 "  "
 3Ru Dt2jV 003$%f p D D9CU a QS) C  Áef 8 U 8 " ¥ j 02 $ -C0«E2 ! 8 U];9u2 8 Ojª  8 z  8 U1 8U83 U1£ v%U
R  5 "  U >
  "  
ƒ "   F 5  F   
$ 8aca{%2 DU/! šU a¥jQ (§!E2 RV}8UD9) . ‘ U2 ;% .;Re •u C Otu5 UsC90$ r 0«  3%U#! 0<‫۔‬E2 R!  (!s<+½03R2 ‹ C ]qYf  3RQ
 G % RS"   o  "(  F
 "  "
 8  #   j
"
f 9
-C 0C  3 Y$ E2   u2 8 E2 0Y>5OP;U /Z[f Otu5 UsC9
U ; R V E2  ‫ ! ۔‬E2 .a 2 -C C  3! a ! Ž5 -C!  3 Y! Ž5  a Qf
R V (  R S { R >2  # "   " ¥
    " " F
  F
‫  !۔‬rrf  3RQ 0$  OP;U p C2 3yjQE2 83U T C a CD  0C Ot u5 sCP 0«E2 Y®$ <&
q R V ( X f U  U 9 R S
" 8  " G % " 8 " 48 " {42 8 1 " " ŠW  % 
U % U <  8 9 U yf 
 ½ n2 )"2 3  2 3$  ®      C ¯$   Ÿ a  0>jh‹ hEN N hC 0« (L)
 F  F  q
‫ ۔‬f 0C U Otu5 UsC9¬E2 RV8 ‘" ‫(۔‬k~0z¢^  U sC9 0u5 CD S) E2 R!  D95 E2 Re3F 5 D};5  U |   ac E2 RV  (T N" ‡ ‘
" G  F  ƒ " "  "  
$ %2 8 a{$% f  !  );%ž  C  02 0‹)¸C/ˆHK v2 %‡ 0š- J" 0ª9 V$ % „U 0Š.2 ‡  U12 D‫۔‬2 3r!®$ <&f ®$ <&Ojª5. 3’f 0C Uv%3 U
" G " " W W " "
3UC -C C !  ¯$ %f E" 2 RY8 Ÿ48' E" 5E" 2 R ‘C 3 'deCn2 ;%\W ‫!۔‬
 " 5
‫ ۔‬1 a{4   2 8 
;r Ž —  1"2  0(  #)"
 *$ " # +$,
- . /  ‫  ۔‬02  C  0‹)  gg v2%‡  s T  - J"
"F  "
"‡ ‘f 0C U" Ÿ<X (U €„9E"  2 3— E2 R! D95 E2 Re3F 5 D};5a|2 8 ‚" " T " "" "  
3 'deCn2 ;%( — C8 U- 2 ) — C;j3² '$ E2 R ! 3 <{2 ' 9  a{42 8a#! C C :0)%
 " " 

— <= ( " " q " " " XF " " G % F ¤8 = F ¤" 8  8  


1 \ 2  U $ %3% U2 ;yjQ U|  €„aX ،3  Y" DrE2 RS 8Œ C s<+U
>4 { o 5 R 
! — ; % Zz
 M  C E2  C ² D/  a   C  3³$ ½ / 0 Q½ /  z 0« 9 { 4 5 U  
" " XF   " "
  +  
" R
‫۔‬3 Y DrE2 S  s< U>5N .3U Ÿ < a ! C C E2   0  €„  (‡ ‘0‹)™- UVj! D D>— 3’—5=Q. ‘
# R! 8 U ) %
" |"8 " XF " 
123 4
"
—5‡ ‘0z 90« ! 
j}5f S،/  Zz  9 ( E R  ! 2 )E2 %D  $0«
2 2
 

‫(۔‬gL0z¢^ )"‫۔‬ac€ D=Q. ‘E2 RV $ U  D>— 3’
 7&8
  - 9#  ƒ  G " F {"% "
  5 $ .6 ) % 9 (
 0  ]œ— ‫™     ۔‬D¬Ja   E2 RVkv2 %‡ :8 - J"
— U 8 • u 5 
 -  " G " "  ƒ " F
-
 ) +,$ & . '( .  *
 $ % ‫' ۔‬a{45U 9l‚Nh 9‫ ۔‬E2 RVCn2 ;%‡" ‘E" RV]œ—-C ™D¬J
" " G " " " "
" " ‫(۔‬gB0z¢^n28 ) "‚9 ¯$ %8 Ÿ48a{42 8 l‚Nh 9‘C 3 'de Cn2 ;%
 ( /Z[E2 RVbH?BB1S$jSž C ، ! Dz2 00$ $ )E2 RV.  $ 2 8E2 RVbH??g  " "
" +   { '  (  R V  % 8
 " "   % r
$  ‫۔‬z2  ‡    /! § \ ! C‫ ۔‬E2  IHv ‡  2 8- J"
9 U  — $  2
 ij3< OP;U02 62 RQbH?BBf 0V E" 2 %%2 $ 8‫۔‬E2 R3r $($ )0Y>5OP;U 
"
j Sž 9 UD§³ G$ %a{42 8f .C
"   j  % " 8 ( " G
{ < = |U R  ( •  ( "   " " " " P 3h   uU C -)¯$ %0« 3 'deCn" 2 ;%
\ 2 a ‫۔‬E2  ‡ a  ! 1 8f a#! '! U ;%E2 RV8  C  ‹V،8V

! $  > " " Š   ƒ " "   ƒ "
" " |" 8  " XF G ƒ
 %  RV " 8 U >8 U " "  2  /2 Z[02 3jŽ—§³ $ a j3 ]œ— C §ž‰ a{4Š Pj3%]œ—0« /! š02 ‫ " ۔‬±
% { 4 %
 v 3UE2   1  < 0«3 Y! E2 S  Ž8 f . UŸ 1>4—
U R  <
" "
" " XF "  "   " " "
‫(۔‬k?0z¢^ ½n28 )‫۔‬E2 R! U  /ˆCD
R V 8 U > 8 !  ; U 
-CE2    1  02 Ÿ µ3<  a ! 3R« -  v ‫۔‬E2  (! pq C C/­ 2 3yjQ
< + # 9 % R 
! "
    % 8
" " "   " " " !  Z  9 U
2   }8 /2     C  C 0«  E2 KLv ‡  2 8- J " y f 8 !   R V 2
2 0V -C C ! -D2  D }8 U .z¢^U .3 UO9‚_<W‫  ۔‬U2 3yjQ C/­   " 8 " F"
   " 9 " "
F  " " R  /2 9   C"،0  0‹  ‫} !۔‬8 ’0V ·—9a{42 ‫( ۔‬u8
Z  U " y f ) % ) U "
 $ % „U 35‫ ! ۔‬+ a ™2  D9Cµ Q E2  8!  ‡ a $  ! 1 8f
+ V ( •  ( > "
 'de0 C " ;% O
3 2  n2
 Ru8 U
  3  4 5 6  
$ 02 E2 RV‡" ‘. 3’1£  U0‹) "!
) )   ) ? L
(CD! A)‫۔‬V9 &UWX[\]Y^!9 Z9
 D 
! AK
  0 @  &FM 
)
! 2G
1
" " 
"   " " ƒ   8 
"‫ ۔‬D8 ! 01Vs„ U.P%a|UUD /2 Z¶ :1£ (‫۔‬H) a C  0D  2 3  sC 2 µ:— ،. 3 E2  E2 a .3  (U UCD
–
2 !  9 5 yj Q U 9 ’ R V 9 R S | 2 U
" " "   " "
‫ ?(۔‬:H?H 8 ) 1   E2 D95a .3U (U$ %a{6!0z¢^‫ ۔‬83 U U8 “2 D
> 8 U 9 R S  | 2 8 
" "  "  "
"   U U ƒ" " " " 
"‫ ۔‬D ! 01 Vs„ .a U /2 Z¶ " :1 8
8 U | > a    ri2 ; Ž D9E2 „ ‫ !(  !۔‬0D /ˆ2 3yjQf ;%E2 RV8 U
| U U j 8 " % r
" "  "  F "5 " " "  9  "
"" " "
"‫۔‬-< /2 Z¶E2 RVE" 2 RV  UC  C  -3$%/2 Z¶8 S&8 E2 RV ":1£ (‫۔‬L) $ ‫۔‬a 2 ! i6 3 D< D9$ % Ow2; 02 8E2 U1>8 U<¢^3$9U .3 U
8 À 3 % x %
" " " "  " "  "(
F <& R V R 
! U R V U > 8 U
(?L:g 8 ) Y®$ E2   E2   C/ 2 3y   E2   1  0Y>5OP;U /Z[
r ­ j Q 8 ; % 8
"  "( "
" " U " " % Z¶  8 " 8 RV >8 # 
 

"  "9 U 
< Z¶ R V " R V
"‫۔‬-  /2 E2 E2  C  C  -3$ /2   S& E2 :1  O;P  / !   ™E2   
Uµ2 3R  C 
  0 Dv 0«E2 
U Z[ ' 8 R V 8 U % R S
 F  ""   F "   " " "
 ^
‫۔‬E2 R! Of DE2 RYC /2 Z¶;— U ;% VE" 2 R‡  /2 Z ":1£ (‫۔‬I)  2 3yjQf  ;%E2  CDU  2 8£ a E2 1  83U ¦2 ;  C 2 a|2 R0Y>5
R V " { U R V > 8 U 
"  ƒ  F ƒ  "  "
‫(۔‬g :HHK 8 )  8 z U]œ—2  f 0C UOtu5 Uµ:—  C sC9.C Ÿ48‫۔‬E2 R! pq C C/­
"
  F   ""   F "
 " 8 ƒ " #   {r  ( 
‫۔‬E2 ! O DE2 C /2    V E2 ‡  /2  ":1 8
R   f R Y Z  ;— U ; % " R  Z  > a  .C Ÿ  0C  µ:—  C‡ ! 8! a  de .3 UU v%r  C 2 3rde /ˆCD
¥ j Q 4 f U
F " "  " " " "  " " "(  "
) ƒ  " U  | q
 ½ 3 ‫۔‬D  2 3$%a   v    p z 2 Uµ:—  ( /Z[CD.C Ÿ48
5 U ¥ j Q 8 % f 8 U Š d   M  sC 9 0°2 ;  ! -D2   a    E2   /Z[‫۔‬a{r! D /ˆ
j  9 { 9 ¥ j Q U R V "
 " " " " " "  "
v2% !   #!  a#! C ·+
D  ‫    ۔‬#!  D‡ ™     " 02    E2 RVH? :?B 8 ‫ ! ۔‬-D2  8 ! ]jV]jU " E2 R! ;jŽ8f
 " " "  "
" U R! 'de   ƒ  ƒ  
CD0°2 ;  ‫۔‬E2  " " 8 z  U "·+
D " µ:—  E2 RV . 0z|8 Ÿ48 "‫ §۔‬U s/­U v%E"  2 3— ! de0}oCDCD]œ— a#! 2  E2 RV. 3’ .C Ÿ48
" Š  • "  " Š  " "  "
  ƒ ƒ 
4 {Š ¯
"  "a ® )  z  v U ("·+
D "a ® 1 )µ:—  ( /Z[
{ U U d2  8 % { 4 { 5 ¯ D9 v%r  C  ! de]œ—a#! 2  E2 RVCyfCD.C Ÿ48‫ ۔‬3 2%D® e0}oD2 
" "  " " " ƒ" ƒ " de "  de " |"8
‫ ۔‬2 3Ua#! u2 8 E2 RV.3 U U 8 8 v%U  39 CD 2  ‫۔‬2 D® e X
  y8yf2  U]œ—a -C}8U ; ]œ— ‡ U yfa 8'  ® 2DU0z ' 9 | U U
   " " ƒ"
"‫§۔‬CU ( /ˆ€V/2 ZE2 RV$ %]8% — C D ":1£ (‫)?۔‬  (!   y8yf $ 82  2 8 C    $3 'der ‡ f ! C C  3 %2 D® eU U

" G " ‰2 F ¤8 ( % F U  "
(K :H?? 8 )    .  a /   U$ 02 3f .3 Ua|U0«  ! acu2 8 .C Ÿ48‫۔‬
  !  d e 8
 " " 
 R   X 9 £ "  RV U G " 8 
"‫§۔‬C  / €V/2 E2 $ ]8  C 3fD ":1 8
U ( ˆ Z  V % % — > > 8
‫ ۔‬32%D 1 E2 E  ® 0n 1 E  .  v% C
 U R V " R V U <
ƒ  "  ƒ  "+    "
( 3 fD)µ:— /¤2R U U zd2 8  v% U (  D) µ:—   ij3<  CD $ % S2 0$ r  U0)%CD U M;2 RQNSTE2 ReUv%3 U U-/­N Ch D#! $ % „U 3F 5
 "+ " " R ( " "  "   " 
‫ ۔‬2 D® eE2 R! ij3<  1Ž—a{45U 9  12 D‫۔‬E2 !  ! D /ˆ2 3yjQf  ! ‫۔‬E2 ! 8 U1>8f µ2 3R v2 %Sv%
U " #  R
ƒ " "  q ƒ "
E" 2 %  ]œ—E2 RV (T0$ z3$9‫۔‬E2 R! a{jVacE2 RV (T‡" ‘ U#! E2 Re3F 5 U| aX ‫ !۔‬0ª9 V2 3yjQ
ƒ " " ƒ "
!0ª9 Vr  C ‫"۔‬UC/2 Z$›E" 92 ®$ <&9 "E2 R! a{45U hV]œ— C "S& "0«E2 R! a{45U
 % " 'de q "  —  ŠW & "   "
" 5  Ru8 U  U
; +
v (  ) p   0eY     O £  3  ™   O    .3   ( 9 W ’  v -D  ،. 0P ¾ D 8 VE" 2 %  acde2 8v2 %‡ E2 RVE" 9 HH¸U bu8- J
9 5
   "F  " " 5     
 UYJ.Y½32%w8Tv‘C T U;RV "‫۔‬E2 R! 8 VE2 RVbHKLk ;9  -w a Œ 9‫  "۔‬$ .5U ! S&ac®$ <&9 " 02 0)% E2 RV
 o {4 8 r 8 
"  " " " 8  " "  " ƒ
 " "  
OŠ!#3j9€‡ ‫۔‬E2 R!  ž  ±. >8 ;R«$ % 
j}5 E2 RV.PV12 „ ‫۔‬ "a  3jŽ8
t¢  (‡ ‘v%! E2 RV‡" ‘{%2 U VUyœ—CDjSž U v2 %‡  r E"  2 3—
{ 4 2  5
 "   
"   Y U f G 8 & "   "
" 2 RV (g¸U ) ¦fF - J€„aX "‫ ۔‬r U‡ .
 /! -C     ' U ' U  U— 
f C NOfDU M2; a{$% & x < 8CD E 5! acE2 RS&S)
   5
F — " <  " { 6 " "   " " °"™  3rD VUyƒœ—
+ !  9 (
0C   N O £   0!  E2 E "‫  ۔‬C / E2  /! £ C M E" 2 %‡
U # % "   2 3  ˆ " Ru  <  0 R«{%2 0cW12 3qC). 3’-D95‫۔‬²; $3'de U 0
{ 2 2
"
"  "F " Z" [   c RS&   " 5 
s^5™5 ‫۔‬3%2 DE2  ‘ 3RQ™ ]qYU" U" Drs<+U;RV -D952 " 3 6j§
 R S   /2 ! a E2 S)0«§8 S&f  " "8 ! a{4 0U (” CDE
2
" " 5 C348
" 5   F "  " " 5   ƒ "  F
 E" 2 R:;_  C E2 R! ;%² DacE2 Re3F 5D};5 U "J¦— U " 39£v% "E2 RV " Šm5 02 a{4  Y 8deÁe Uyœ—8CD E " 2 RVv2%‡  r E"  2 3—"‫۔‬CURY$ % U
"  " ƒ " "   F  "  
F  R u8 U 8  U U
U -Y /2 Z¨!u5 "‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UUDE2 RVµ:—   0 j
 23 Q 2 -   O   3  9`E2 R! S&. -C' 8 URY$ %
 JU   UE" 90«©2 ;%S&f  " "8 ! 
 " " "  + "  F  G  
 0368 D·—f  ‚ T C.3f ij3< 0« a{! 02 0u2 R#! v‘D%2  Mj};5U 
 ‫۔‬Ojª51£ " ‡ ‘
   "  "
 de q ƒ " R "  368 D"  "'{œ2 8" CD>2 8™
x—b™³ acde2 8v  % ( RV "
  v  p +µ:— E2 02 ‫" ۔‬E2   s/78 " )E2 RV
U  0
; ' f % U R 
! 8 U 2 2 ‡  ‡ ‘E2 HH¸U bu8- J
R " "   X "  "
"    "F
U!]jV]j132 $ C J1>8C1£ }8U ^ T®$ <&0«S2 (E2 R! ;r - v‘C 9 "‫ Œ‰';۔‬E2 RSU. -CV
q $ 8 "E2 R! a{4502 U . 3’ ‫۔‬3R2
" 5  %  ƒ " 5
"‫ ! ۔‬2  { U 2 8 x — '  
a 02   v ‡   (
 b™   ) 2   CD ž  E ‫ ۔‬a{4 8Œ
4 W de 8 U y œ — j S  r "  2 3 — 
# 
R
  "( " "
" #! O9  5 "  ‰X R "   
! 8E2    0Y>5OP;U /Z[0‹>5 3% U 2 ;yjQ 

! 8 U f ‫۔‬O 1 ‡ ‘9 "‫ Œ';۔‬E2 S .-C0« 2 3r!2 3UU
q "‫۔‬8 ! 
jª £
" " "  
 "  F   - - <
 ) +,$ & . - /) 5708 
F
  (uœ8 C O;<+، µ2 3R ، 2 3f! a|2 R«8 ;%U  O;P U" 0«E2 R! 8 - " /2 Z› * 32) :; 4#
 ƒ " " F " " "
 E2 R!  ž !123%µ:— C /! E2 RV
U  "‫۔‬-Y /2 Z¨!u5 "S) C ‫ ۔‬2 3—
f F 5
" $ %8 2 8D0Q;y5U  ¦f C 83 U UE" 2 R:;_ 8 $ %U aX  C CD #! r
" 3 R2 $ "  G ƒ " ¥f
"S) C ‫۔‬E2  ž  "2  "  ]jV]j1  C  1 8 C 1£ "0« "S2
R 
!   !  U !  J > " 
Ÿ480«  !02 Ojª59r E2 Rd2D "" "s9z#! 8E2 Re Dy8a‰ 2 
9
"
  G %  ( f ƒ W U  " =" " "F
" |"8 "   " |"8
s/ U  C   E2  .3U    U  µz  O5z  9 E2 RV ";45 ;RV
­  R S F ƒ
G  $  /2 Z¶90z 36j§ U}f ½ 35‫ ۔‬de ]œ—  8 z U ]œ—  E2 RV <
" "
 3j "2  s/­U " f 8 '&U '& "  !0£T "YJ.Y½3%2 w8

 " R R ;y5 F " F |R" #!
" "  9  V  ) V
‫ ۔‬2 $  " "s 02 z E2  ‫ ۔‬$ 3'$ E2 p   6 e8a C D95 U
" " XF
"  R  ¦ 2 ;^
C /!  C E2 ! OP;U 9E2 V0Y>5NO;P U /Z[! C 
a ! Ÿ "OŠ!# R  ( # <  " |"8 R
"
" R
"
^ R
 " |" 8
 " R V  R  %  R V
U   <  E2  Cyf 2    C  E2 !   E2 yf  2  E2  0z  /¤2  U  0z   ¢ 
#  9"   o ƒ "   " " 5 "F  U  "
 ! s 3 .2 ‡  C . w µ:— 39$  DC}5½03 >5E2 ‡ a  ! 1 8f %
U j R  • $  (  >   Ru8 U
0« S&O  "  ` DD }8  . 39
 ; 4 ; R V 
G % RS"  F % G %  ( %  ƒ"
‫۔‬$ E2      U$ . 3’ 1£ 9  ‡ y8
 " 
jS$"   D" ‡ ‘O6! ¸


 
   $:; +
   " "   " 
 2 ;yjQ  U -/2 Z[C  v%3 U U .:2 ;Rn8  U -Y  /2 Z¨! u5 #! O9
 1£
" F

  
  
     % # 
8 R 
!

U
 ! 2 3’$ !  E2   0‹>5® Y     v 3U  0Y>5N O;P U /Z[
 8

 U
F "" U   U
J ¦— %
 "(
" " "    F  % " >"8 U  "(
 " |8 " " F " |8  "( U n œ 5 c  ( U
 D1  a    µ2 3R  C  2 3f! v2 S1  0Y>5OP;U /Z[0«
f
 .0z  02 ‫ ۔‬-D2  f  /! CD X< -D95U 0Y>5N O;P U /Z[  " "
 "  "E9E2 R!  (! pq C3yjQ#! a|2 8 & O  t  j RV " <|8 "
 ) " ƒ   "+ F  "+  ½03 >5E2   ‫۔‬r E2 %UU1$ r ‡ #!
  U E2 Vv—a $ 0z 8 (U‫۔‬E2 R! µœ<+E2 RV;— ij3<  C E2 R! 'de$ %b2 3f ij3<
( R c |
 
2 "   "
  ƒ " 6F Š ƒ   02 8M90°‹‫۔‬E2 R! Dxœ5 (}5 C v—ª5U  OP;U1£ 0«8 ! ];9u2 8 Ojª5f
 8 U 
! 8 y 8 Ž U | U
0« u2   C ‫۔‬E2  ‡  1 µ:—  a ،   3" '$   (U،E2 RVv—P%
( R  !  G   "  
 
 " "
" }";UN‹V½ 3F 5‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! .3RYDf e+ij3 <+‰|80‫ ۔‬3rdeac r   ! \ CO 02 $ !   E2 8 U0‹>5 O<= U83 U2 #! O9 0«
 (  = w2 ; x 9 % # 8 R 
!
f  2 2 2 2 " F " " "
 "  " ƒ F " " > 8  6$ 8  F 6$ 8 R  U ¦2 ;^  |2 R 5  ;U ( Z[   U  <= 9
" ’ 1 O DO E2 3   C 2 a 0Y> OP  / ® Y O  0«
O;UU Dt2/2 Z[،f % 9U 3! <،0>2 8 ¥ %،2 362 8  (¦5،E" 2 RV /ˆ U1 C " "  " " (  ( U " R"  
 8  = 
" 3 fC3" ! ) ™V C E" 2 R$f e+U 03" %36! C 03—š ،f 8"
"  E2 S 1> ®YU O< .3U a ! V2  $ %  U E2 V 8 C €„ ‫۔‬E2 R! a{r U
U R { 
2 ;% Dt2 U ( 2 $ 2 " "  <" +   "( 
" 
 "   E2  C  V i C  D  v  E2 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[ 0$ r $ 8‫۔‬a{r
R V   ‹ V 8 j 3  9 5 % t X R V
 N Ch D.0z|802  (' ;%² DUE" DU" Dt2 N1! S))f " oVU  0Y>5N O;P U C f " " " " " "    "
  " "E9E2 RS#! a|2 8 3yjQ U<|8U " #!  E2 R!  U3yjQ8 ;%v ‘C !  1 8
8 >
‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYDE2 RV -/­ " 2 2 
 
  ƒ " |"8  "  "+ " # 0«E2 R! E2 RS1  C E2 R! a{rrf  3RQ 02 $ -C. 0« Y 0S&02  Mx<  (U f 0C U
+
R
 5 CD8،E2 ! 8 U0ª9 V< U .V>5 DC PCD C ij3<   ! O9  " 
 ‫۔‬E2  ( Dr /Z345-C
R
‫۔‬E2 R! 8 !2 3’$ %#!

  )- :    VW
 ( / 8+
ƒ ƒ 
R 
  # R V
"  " |"8 
! 8
 C ]œj]œ—½3%2 w E2  ! .2 3RYDU! E2 -/ N hCD9.0z 
02 
8 ­
#  " |"8 " " " F 
R V
U! 9)E2 .0z  /! CD  D " CD
 Y  C ‫۔‬E 2 R 
!  ;jVf  /ˆCD2  s<s9
    "+ " "  "+  "+
(E2 R! ;r 'de '! U ;% ij3< E2 RV8V ij3<  C E2 R! jV f e+ ij3<
" |U % ƒ |U " 8 
% | U r   R S
"
 #  9"  (
f —
  0C‚a $ ]œ a  v a  0«S، 2 3jVE2   s 3  U
U !
F F " " "   " 
8 8  " F " F
  2 3$% ½ 3  ‫  ۔‬2 D  1  a  U u8     ;    }8V 8 2 D©— u8  (U
5  U > c 8 % U
G " "
" Dr U C 2 ©—j§ f C  CD;jV (U.x42 8a{42 8)U 62 RQ "‫ ۔‬E2 RV II:?
 Y    "
ƒ "8  " "
 W ² D©— $ "V$   C "µ:—   v% a|U E2 RV 0V  2  "‫۔‬V$ 9 f C   3G $Ref
  9BJ JW (Q RPWJ '(1V
; % yx 8 % 9 f
8 " " "
 "  "+ " > 8 | 8   <= |2 8 " 8 
" 1  0z  ® Y O a  ;%U }8V "‫۔‬
U  U "2 D® e2 8 C
8 UUD-9C3$9$ % „/7;< s/­#! S`E
2 2 R! -9C2 3U U0:qC D "   "  "
ƒ " RV 3% ( Z[ 
‫۔‬E2R! E2 RS (U C ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ž8 $ )yx8$ %µ:—  E 2 1  /  #! €‡ 0«2 3U
F  " ƒ "
 "  "
a{r!-3r $ % C 0369Dt2 
q C 2 3r! D%E2 RVb~@2 {jYC2 %O9 (‫۔‬H) ;5 $ 9U.x42 88 62 RQ0«، q ( Dt22  ‫ ۔‬Ojª52 3Uyœ—" 0«3 %
 "
 ƒ " F " U  "% U  "  ‘
 "
2  E2 RVbH@@;— U ;'&  C  ‘%U.2  C a+qa{$% 8 C 2 3—Dt28
 " " G  CD02  / !E2   /! šu   D   802  C Gf ;% Dv
´ R 
! 8 U  8 ; y x
" C
F F "   "  "
 <= 8 "
F RV Š‰+ U ;R Q T 9 U  ;U  " " 8 jz+ " + 2   ac f J C  yx8 U    " 0« E2 R! ;r  ;U  1>8 ®YU   O      ‰|   /! 
E2 1 YE2 0Q  M2 S .   OP 
     ‫ ۔‬U>4;5jz
R 
! V
r  "  
+ "
  E2 -C Q‫۔‬E2 \   ! p8£E2 R3 U02 2 8 C 2 D D ‘0Y>5NO;P U
"  ‫۔‬E2 R! ;jVf  /ˆCD
   VW
j z % R3 $ f 8
 "^ c "  " "  "
E ;  p Ca  Q qCE2 q; U 8  1 8®YU  O<= U 83 U¾$ " 8
" 9 U " R  — U >  H XW/ '(1
 " " " 9 " |"8   "   " "
"
‫§۔‬8 2 3UU1$  r ‡ UD 2 3UU1$ r ‡ UDE U < E2 %2 3$98 J).0z 8 /! CD02 
" % |
"  " ŠFX " ( " "
1 " R2  {% U
G" F  U " " " "   
ST ž  E D D 2 N1!    /2 a$ 2  C a{R2 -YD (‫۔‬L)
;%  t  9 8 Z3 U R V R 
! R S 
 OP  2 S E2   ‫۔‬E" 2 E2  $ -D2   Y /! 2  ½3%2  8(§8 
U ; T + 8 % f w
G G "   " 5 " |8 " " |"8
 '&;“C f  _8U E" 9E2 %DE2 R 2  a|2 8 UDt2 1! (\{2 6 13qHk?H~gE2RV 
U ˆ  ‰
.2 3RYD £/ CD  0QŠ a 2 0°2 ; ، 1 O2 oU< U ‰ + • 3 <  " U  £  q
;
"  "( "   
 " |8 U     
E2 S).0z  0Y>5OP;U /Z[0«&  Dd8   ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! 
R S & "
U " ‫۔‬E2 Ra{racde8 ! Y /! E" 2 R ½ 32%‘E2 R3 U2  UM;2 RQSTE"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R! 8 !"
  " XF    " "
 (Ž5H)" 8  Vf -C8E2 R‹ $ U Ÿ< a|U-Cr  C E2 R;²% DUijE2 R‹V
" V
2 f OfE2 RV ‫۔‬E " R2 ! 8 $ %Y /" !  s/­،E2 R! D95 #! 9‰|8
 " 8  " 2 " $ "
8 " ‰|  " ƒ GRV " ƒ <+ RV " " % T U  "   8 " |8
p £ D};  0Y>5OP  0C  (Y  2   0« /! š(gB2g? :H
5 U ;U f U r " R 2 3—  œ
E2 D  E ‫ ۔‬µ E2 0v z  02 3 š    3U\ $  .  0z % % 9  8  $  U

‫;۔‬r !  " |"8 c  RV G U F  " 
U 9 " |"8 " 
6
D950z 2  a E2 D œ ‡ ‫ ۔‬O; bKHk\ 2    0z 2  b2 3R N O;P U
 % 
"  " " " " " |"8   "
 (¦5O_4;5E2 RV0V U “39a{2R‹£‚_<W C E2 RV¹a¥fCC " ‘ ( ‫ ۔‬I) de 
‫ ۔‬£E2 JD0z 02 ‫۔‬E2 ! a E2 3U
 ½3%2 w8 0Y>5O;P U ( /Z[E2 RV9
% R c R U 
 "( " " " "
  "
 ' &  " 8 f t  ‰2{65 "  " |"8  " "  "  " 
U ; U Z[ 8 ; 9
 0Y>5OP  /      C  "  032 « C .¢  D 2" 1! a U ' ; R Y /! 2  ½32  E2  2   C i2  \ 2   .3  ‡   M RQST$ 8
% ‘ R V < ; R n 8 U  U 9 U ;
2
 F  8 " " " |8   " " 8 
‫۔‬² D  ‡   ‰ U  . 8 ‚_<W C ‰|  f Ot
; % U ‫ ۔‬0:qC

1
Antiochus Epiphanies
" " " F 
G " " " G j  "  
  8 
u2 8 ‫۔‬E2 R!  U$ %\$  U0z|  D  noU a2 D  ( /Z[ U2 C2 % { Y O;P U0«( €C+ acE2 RV-/­ N ChD RYD02  C )، RYD02 Dt2N1! (?" )
 U {j Y %
F
  "  "8 W " |"8  G % '   ; "  U  " 8
 a ! 3%  2 C2 O de ! Y /! CD  Q Dt2 a 0z 02 0«  ! 
j}5
# 9 8  |U  ² D E D .D   ،   01  ¦RY f 0Ca|U9‰| U 0Y>5
; % U "  f
  " " " "   
" " " ‰{2 % U  RV ƒ "
 ' 
>5 " .3U /2 Z¶ ' 2 D)‫Ž      ‡   ۔‬5 1 8 3!    (;9Dt2  1!  }8 U
d  ; r U U ( > 0 C ž  C$ E2 $ 9Ua•§ C ‫ ۔‬µœ<+f a{59Œ8 
 0«' 8 
"   "   " "   " " 
‫(۔‬Kg 0z¢^ "3! J V8 v2 %SS)، ! E" V2  ®YU 0.D3’Dt2/" ! ;— U ‚T ‫۔‬8 
& " |" 8 " |" 8 "   ƒ " "  F    " |8 
 < 9 0z 2  a–2E2 RV< U '2 3%D0« 3 2 ac f µzW 0z|802 
c f U % % ¢ ^ | r 3 5 ' 
 CD v $ 0z  a  ½ ‫  ۔‬² D E D‰ ac f 0C U.2 ;’ —Š¦5
U 8 ; % U " 
 " |"8 " "     " "
‫ ۔‬de$ %;$%U 0z U 8.D3’Dt2 ‫۔‬2 DUE" D½š2 3R 0z¢^-C8E2 R1Vac2 3yjQ-D2 
     G F   " " 
Dt21! ‫ '۔‬8 ²;% DUE" D' 8 O'$ O’U .C 0 C 9 V „U  .
16=<
$ $  ƒ " F  G " "  
 A     -  !C  &+D
0Y8Uµ:— U 9‡ C ¸C/ˆU  ;³ $ % 0 C U0n99U ” 
0« RYDE2 RV
   " ƒ" "   
$ & 
<2@#   >B   ?  @E  t  ' 8 8 < 8 G 5
ƒ
D 2 1! ‫ ‡  ۔‬0y   2  O µ:— 02 }8 2 VN.V€„ C   ;²% D
  (  U  '
ƒ U "  RV U  U ( Z[
" 

 
 % "  c   " |"8 8
µ:—  E  OP;  / -D952 ‡ 0«r E2 %UM2;x<  U+  #! . "
' ; U
‫  ۔‬² D E Da U.0z 6²
    " " 5 " " 8"   F "
 U "   ‰| 8 $ %U M;2 RQSTOP;U$  #! O’U -9C“2D C ™- UV
 M2   J ‫ ; '۔‬2 %<8 ” b 2 3R  C E" 2 R:;_ U  O;P U" 9E2 R! a#! C0uRz
; x <  U
FF " " " " "   "
x8  
E2 %UJU U8 U
j}502 U U2 {6 E2 RV8V  $U\2  UDt21! #! ;— U  C 
 D 
 /2  2 O  O ½32  -CE2 a D    C E2 E2 D95
j } — U q Z[ 8 f U f % w 8 R 
! c 9 5 9 R 
! R S
"     " " " 
 " " ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYDf ! §E" DDt2 a– 2 f 8O;P U
‫۔‬E2 2   ! p C  E2 ERVU  O;P U" E2 RV0V a|Uf E2 RV" 2 ‡ 0«r
R S    q ( U R V "

 "  " " " "  "  VW  
./79U— f ¹aX5./79a{42 8 0V /2 ZY  U1f /75€C9‫۔‬C N ChD + 4
HH    9
 5 5
‫{\(۔‬2 6 13q?gBf \{2 6 13q£ E2 %³D$ 9) T
 "
q " |"8 " %   " "
p C‫۔‬E D)D‡ 2 390z E2  2 2   ( /Z[0« 1a•V/Z›E2 RVa#! 
" U %
5   " " "  " " |"8
f  \{2 6  13q?gB)  a#! 3%  U 1Ž2 ;! ، 0V   2 ;two C  T ./79 ‫
۔‬CD N ChD  &  " 3 fC3" !
0z  02  ‫  ۔‬de $ % (Palm Leaves) ;$% U  <c 9   !  .2 3RYD f (

‫(۔‬62 RQ~@    " "8  ƒ <+  G  R" Y U G {f " " F
• U | R V 2
a  .  $  0z  ‫ ۔‬µ  YSWYE2 a D . u  a 2 ;%2 802 3%{’
S$ 8 %  œ f
" " "  "
(62 RQ£bk@@b~@ )0V DŠ•‫
۔‬P JN ChD F 8
‫ ۔‬deE2  / .  CI~ 2 3$%.3 U
 R V ( Z[
 " " "
‫(۔‬62 RQbH@@@bk@@ )0V a#! 65‫
۔‬S$)N ChD

1
The Times of India, Delhi 9th March, 1965.
 5 j S  % f %  " 79  U  %F "8  ( & U
5 8 6 J
 02 3 $   ž    
!   ./ 0« 2 D v 02      CP
" " " G G 5"
E2 RV2 ;%};UjSžY /! ¿2 %Df \{2 6 2 3f0$ z3$9‫۔‬D95 RYD;'de0¡/! E2 RV
" "   "
 
  
" de " " " % " "
{ " 9 R

  
 U | q & " &  R "  "
U ; '
   a $ };UN 1! UE E2 €C+. 2     $  8E2 S  \$ $ r
  % <
  " Z[F= FGH
 F " " };" U‫ '۔‬8 U¦RY $ %4q5ij3<+ ;—

Of8acE2 RVe+U DrD N U    
  "
  
8 ! .2 3RYD V „U %$ ž8 f /75N‹V0$ z3$9‫ ۔‬-Q RYD 9C
" "   " "  4\]0 6N/ ^  JB 0` _ F
 F    
&/Zu2 R$f  0 " «E2 R! 8 Uv  %F
 C E2 R! U 13qY /! CDf \{2 6 2 3f9E2 R!
" 5" (I#;@ A < BG(H? ;@ A < B=C  D>F E)
  - <    BC 
"   "   G " " 
N v‘CU 
! % ./79$ 8‫ '۔‬8 U2 3Ua»$ %de·—jSžY /! 2  &
‚ * = '> )  ?A#@'
  "(  " "  F " "
 ! .2 3RYD03R« /Z[2  E2 RVbHKLk‫ ۔‬0‹ujY- 9COf8E2 RVP>5    G " ‰¥f + U ;R Q
 " 0«  \ C 02 $   E2  D-©8a $ 0Q   M2 ST#! O9
 !  = + % #
! 8 R 
! ; — % Š ‰
" " 5"
C'{$%½VŠTE2 RV0V  E2 RV>5N‚ ‫ ۔‬jSžYJ- ½32%‘f \{2 6 2 3f9 " "  "+ " "  "+  +
" " F  "  G   8  œ;_5 ij3<  E2 RV 8V  ij3<   _9 U  83 U C   E2 R3 U  U 0QŠ‰  
' de
  ƒ "   
R S 
‫۔‬2 3UE2 -3UUµ:—  C (B،L :L~36RY )‫ ۔‬de$ 2 ;Rz  Ua{5 C %  " R " R" ="  (  q " 
" F  " " " "  F " 9o U‫۔‬E2 ‡ CE2 q\ C U‫—· '۔‬U | /! — C;'deU  ‫۔‬
( " '
:IK‫۔‬L~،H :I? €C9)   2 ‡  /Z«  E2 V 0Y>5  OP;U  ( /Z[ UD   9C Of8 R   F  " "   "  "
" 2   /ˆCD8-YD2  r ‫۔‬a=2 i_;5 /ˆCD8a{%2  r ‫۔‬12 3%9
R V " " 9  " F "F    " 9
E2 0V  ‫(۔‬-/2 [C H? :g-nq‫۔‬IH :B،B :H¸62 8 ‫۔‬HK :LH  36RY  ‫۔‬I@
Z | q  — " ;'de U  " " "  F
"  r
" 8   "  /!  C   3U 0°23 T‫ ۔‬TY / CD  E! 2   ‫ ™۔‬C8 $
8 ^  ˆ 8 
" " 6 5 3q "  "
{
0V  (\ 2 1 £E2 ! D$ 9a ) ™Ž8 / U12 % /ˆ a{%¹aX5./79
% { 42 8 f 7 5 3  " "  <" +   <" + j  8 
  – E2  ‫® ۔‬Y 8V ij3  C .™ij3 M } .3 U/!  C ' a+D‡ U
R V 9  U
"
‫ \ '۔‬a‰  sC9E2 RV0 QU 3R2 YE2 RV  " " "  " "  "
" ‫۔‬E2 R! € D.V}2 ;$%a=_9f s„ U ;— U 8V  C .™" ‚
 "  F " F
U 2 8‹8 
! % ./79O9 0« 2 DUv%02 8  02  ‡ N•Q$ 8 " " 9  Ff " 8 R  ‰X – T + de G " "
s/ 0‹u   CO   0«E2 ;'Œ a 2 ½VŠ a D‡ ' ³ $ %U 0V -D95
­ jY 
!
 " "  F " F  " 
0°‹‫ ۔‬0‹ujY  9COf8E2 RV/´X 8 U 2 3R .<#! U!  E" „CN¾  f  CP { 6 5"  % F " 8  F •Q "  2 3—  "
"    \ 2 2 3f0« 2 D v 02  02 N ‡  E ‫  ‡  ! ۔‬$a#! f 2 8£3$9
f  U

! % 9E2 R! jV  V„2 6²8 Ÿ48U %$ ž8 E2 RV/75 E2 R!  ž  3%ac #! u2R F  "+  "+   G " 
 "+ de$ %b2 3f ij3< E2 RV e+ij3< r‫ '۔‬8 U2 3Ua»$ %de·—acjSž Y /! E" 2 R
  " "
" 2 35 DU  02 35 $ 865 C ]f;5 <9)f  .V>5 ij3< ‫۔‬E2 R! U  jSžacf 0V U  F 
" " 
F " "  
  ،/7 ،$ U8 2 362 8 ،02 35$ 8658 — C8 U ( & U02 N ‡ 0$ z3$9‫ '۔‬8 U
5
" 5" " F
 Y /! CDacf \{2 6 2 3f9 E2 R!  (! .2 3RYD€ — C /! ،(E2 R! pq CE2 RV
YN ‹V " ‫ ۔‬-3" U.  " {2 5 " "  " G F F
"  3’ a‰ N]9$ %E" 9E2 R!  —Ž8D'&2 3Rz Ua{5 X8Œ E2 RV" 2 % ،
Y
U
j Sž  U  \{2 65 13q£ E2 %³D$ 9a•2 3% /ˆ O90« 2 3r! v  % F f " 9 R! U jS
02  E E2   ž R 
! c  R

 U | q “ " %  " 
"  "   " " ‫۔‬E2 P&a E2 3’    2 D-C Q ]9$  2 ;Rz  U
 f8 fF  
 O   2 8£S)  Ž  ‹V ² -C8  Ž  /7 N‹VE2 i_8
' j 8 f 6 8 ' j 8 f 5 R V
(H)
"F
 3f a•£ U  S) ;r  E2 RV (
 " };" U) ‹V 68²    -C C      0‹ujY   " " 9C
Y    F "  F
2 "
  f8  F "
^NFJ gf/ N O"=
 M)/ 50 67
8 8 + # U "
O  ($ U   2 362  C  02 35$ 86  ،
Y e   02 uŠ !     C )  (};U C   5
5
F "   " " "
   "  UE2 RV¸C/ˆU 0V>5U .3 U #! UDOw2;x9 ‫ '۔‬iq C (<f  9C
E2 RV CD2  0«E2 R! ;'d2D#! 8E2 R! 8 U0}—ª5f  ’ O;P U" N #! O9 
  F 
"
 " |" 8 ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ‡
:Ik-2 352 %)' 8 'deE2 RV1Žf U V„$ %.0$  $ E2 RVsCP9 ( /Z[2 ‰ " " " ƒ  F " F "
  " " " " f a#! 0V 2 "  /Z[0« /! šf .u  U Y$ z$03f±$ 8
f 2   C .D v2%S-C C (H :g2 U C ~ :?@ 8 ‫۔‬K :L12  a‘9C‫۔‬H? " " "  "   " " "  F "
  F " "   ƒ  / 0« + a 2 0°‹OjQ v2 S02   ‫۔‬a ad$E" %0}2 8 D 9COf8
( Z[  { R >2 8 % ; — c
.3U2     O /  ¹a  O 0«  0$ z 3$9‫  ۔‬8 '& µœ<+
 U 8 U 4 2 8 ˆ X 5 9  de  '   " " (  ""  
G " " " f "   r  {9" ‫ '۔‬ ž ‡ E2 2 %< 0š f a ! 0V  3% VU " C _9E" 2 %%2 U  0Y>5OP;U
 R V  #
2  U ¬C3^ ST  C 9 2 8C™ ¹a 58E2 R3 !  -C C Ž$9® eE2 RV
U U 8 X   C   C
" " "
U ¬C3^U STU  ;ž% C U— U.3 U UO42 8/ˆ 0«S&' 8 U
" "  F  
I )#bW=a  / N MO"
 )M  c
    
 "F  " " " " 
-CE2 Rad$ ! 2 %<v‘C 0Y>5O N ;P U9$ 8‫(۔‬LkL? :IH36RY )"CD®U $  0Y>5N O;P U U12D ( Y /! 2  ½3%2 w8D2 345 U9)E2 RV0V  ( 3% 
  
 L? :IH   " 6F R Y  ،L@ :?@ €C9" )‫۔‬ER  (  ac&  µ ƒ <+ RV
œ  E2   ™   Of

:E2 ‡ E2 2   0š
R  R V % <
 3 2 
F   G ƒ ƒ    " F "F " " F

:B  ¸62 8) ‫۔‬E2 R  ( a»$ %  ]œj  ]œ— Y  E2 %8Y /!  C (B :LL E" 2 Rš Y L‫۔‬Lk 8 " R š 3 %
،-2 3462 ،E2 Y،12 Š ،.C ،-nq،¸62 ،36RY ،a ، 39 ،€C ،8 2 3$%
X 8 { R ± 9
 "
  " ƒ "F " " "
E2  ChD  ( 3%  . C/­N O69 ½ 3 qo½ 3 qC0« /! š02  (HIH@ :IH 36RY ‫۔‬Ig
R V ،12  2 8،-2 3’،5Q،p2 RY! ،-Ž2 ;5،
9،-2 3R:^،¬x;9،12  a‘9،08-2 352 %
" " F "8  "   F " "  " 
"
" )
;%ž }8U  a{2 u O<  12 3 /ˆ N! Y E2 % -C Q‫۔‬aÀ! ( U C/­ac  E2 R‹ 8 U"
R  % " > ‫۔‬2 U ،a‰ ،.2 8
" "
" 6F RY '   8 U U >8 U " |8 U 
Z[F=^bS
– 
P  a C (HB :H~ 3 )      2 3  1    0z     ™  P f  ®! 
2
 "
  ‘ U F X 9  " |8 
"E2 Rš Y‫۔‬L)‫ &  ۔‬E2 RV'U  12 3% /ˆ N" YF  v
! ! C a $ ;  0z  ™  A 5    1e   5
G " G G
U#! E" 2 R36r ‡  C 2 R3oa{$ %2 ،E" 2 Re8%2 362 R‹8  ‡ a‰ (HH :LI\2 8L،HL :HH
 {2 65 "   M)/ 0 67
8Hd3/ F /   = /  N O"= 
"
 
 &    8    t f   F ( " U 
; U #  % U" " ( 
' ( c R
‫۔‬E  a E2  ™ Pa 0Y>5N OP  2 D .  -C 0«E2 8 3%
V c ; U “  U Q R 
! U
O  .™ C .DSX C   0Y>5NOP  ! v  0V  3% 
" "   " " "   " "

   " #   8 
 U+  acf >5N.3 U C ،  U2 3%  U. œ2 RY2 8€ 5Dt2 C 1 E2 03$%3% U! ORu  0V  3%   p Da ‫!(  ۔‬1£O2 ;œq C
V R S 8 U ( f ) 
 F   " "  " " "
8
$ (Lg :H@  12 Š H ‫۔‬B 3 % X : LL  E " 2 R š Y L  ، Lk : L?  ¸ 62 8)    (!   M82 n8 " D90«r E2 %U ’$ % J jSž #! $ 8‫ ۔‬3 jV.™U 8V U }83R3  Y
  ƒ + " |" 8  " "  R 
!
 "
 Y
"
 Ru8 U  <= U "  RV U " #! f 
 &
‫ '۔‬8 ' µœ<  ‰ U 0Y>5N O;P UE2 RV1Ž2;! '$ C E2 RV02 {9U  E2 RV 3% `E2  2 3  O  O  E     0Y>5O;U
; U
 RV " " "  F F "8   "
G
OP E2 0V  0u P -YDE2    ‫۔‬E2   1 8 C a»$ %،acd2D
; U U R V + " R u U r R  ( U > (L)
" " U "  " ;t& " XF jY
    "   " " "
< ; y— {
 0V   0«§! 0 2 3%U  02  Ÿ  p 2  (UE"  2 3—‫۔‬a{r U a{5P9Œ8  U 0Y>5 ،' E2 RV-/2 Z[C12 O2 ;% C z•،<22 %،.;2%9E2 RVJ VU  "CD 2 3R "
 "       " 8 
F
O;P E2 STU -YD 0°2 ;U‫۔‬2 3r! p C ;o2 i2 8 E2 RV0Y>5NO;P UE2 RV
U R V q < :L E2 YL‫۔‬L@HK :HK12 Š H) !  (D C/­2 {j}  -Q U0Y>5N O;P U
" Rš  3 % X r
" " "  F "  "  " " " "
 0« 02 v—Q " *0°‹‫۔‬8 !  s<+U " 0«00Y D% C a#! 3% U 0Y>5 b2 3R C  '  E" U P  3 Š+U 
qDt2 " D b2 3R  02  (-/2 Z[CH :k ، :IB :? ،g ‫۔‬I
 " " 
  F " 5 " " F U t q F
"  r! D959 C  r!  (!  OtE2 R‹>8 U0Y>5N O;P U E2 RVSTU  -YD 6²8
& i  C     ،   ، €   ،  Y   D 2  N
  -C ‫   ۔‬.z= C  DrY U   ”
; _ 2 8 8 8 5 T '
"  " " " ƒ  " " " " " "  " " 9 
F { 9 
" Ž5 2 ;yjQ Uv%3 UE2 RV0V U -YD  SW‫ !§۔‬2 3r& E2 RV0¡µœ<+ v2 %SU 2 3— E2 J Va  -/2 C-2 8./  C p ! ./ ‫(۔‬H? :~5Q) 
R V –  8 Z[ 7 9 2 R Y 7 '
   " "  " " 
" " U r ƒ
‫ ۔‬+ 
! 52  ! p Ci2 8<E2 RV0Y>5NOP;U2 
q  0°2 ; ، !8 U C/­1 8 U0Y>5NO;P U " D b2 3R "02 0« /! š02 ‫۔‬
>
" |"8   " XF =
(?) P9U  0z  8 J$ U Dt2 N 1! 0« 3 Y0S&.02 Ÿ  1>4— \{2 <  " U  <
" de  ^ U 8  " " " { 6 5 " 3q G  fF "
  RS"  " |"8  (  ƒ + RV
Áe E2 .    3U.VSW  ž D b2 3R D 2 \ 2  1 £E2  ‡
; ' R V ; % 9 t  % ' & (
£03 ±0«   u2 R u2 8 02 ‫ ۔‬E2 D  0z  C  Uµœ< E2  ™
t U   9 5
" "   "  " 
 " " "   F • ŠW "   "
  t 8،  E2 C$   .V}2 ;$%  12 % /ˆ a{%0«d2D8 b2 3R O9‫;۔‬r
8  8 U R S  % U U " 3 f O2 ;R32 9 UE" 2 R u 0:2 ;j C O2 ; ‹V‚ U
C N" ªjY9U " ‡ ‘ 8 J E2 RV
  " "  " "   " " " "  "   " " "  
 UO<)
 $ %ju8-3%‡  C ;— U 8 $ z{t$D  U 
qP1U.V}2 ;$%;ž% N 1! " D b2 3R "‫۔‬0D95E2 V P %2 
Y 8 2 3%D0z|8 (U C $ U 
R U
F R"  " 79 F 5 F "  " " "  
5 ƒ +U  { " "  F "
¾C a   C -2 3 2 ./  ½ ‫۔‬2 D ¸C/ 3 $ C V  8;%a{$% „
% | V U 5 % 3 U ˆ ' de % „ U 0Y> N OP -C ‫ ۔‬/  C ]oz  C N OP  a V S ‫   ۔‬62 R$a{! VU  Dt2
5 ; U $ 8 '  ¤ œ X ; U ! W '
 " • R ;"% U % " 8  ƒ  <= U ƒ U "  RV U "
8 f %
2  ½3%2 w  -2 352 (IL‫۔‬K،?‫۔‬H :Ik-2 352 )‫۔‬E2 3R E2   -2 352  % R « '  + U
‫] ۔‬oz  O   µ:—  E   C
"  " " "  "
  !
j}5u2 8 (Hk :B-23462 8)‫۔‬E2 R«3R•E2 R;%a{$% 8 -2 3462 8./79jSž£ (I)
  " " "  
F " "   " F " ƒ  F 
DrYU " P  C ‫ ۔‬8 U3R•U8;%a{$% ” b2 3R 
}8U -2 3462 8./79 0«  E2 RV8DU -YD-2 3q9E"  2 3—' ]oz+U 0Y>5NOP;U
Š¦—12 3% /ˆ N" ! Y82 8
 F JF  " "
" "  U  =    "   ƒ 
 2 3R  ® Y  ON  $ 0«a ! a    E ،   1 8U" P C/2 Z$ C
8  < 8 # – 2  U U " 9  8 U > 2 3U ®Y U 
{!  v2 %S  0}—ª5   C  " a{r  U  O„:9  U 0Y>5 OP;U  ‚_<W
 "  " 
8 ƒ <+ U U >8
‫ & ۔‬µœ   1 UOP;U U E" 2 R>8Y

1 C (H :Lg35 )a  1 8.3 U U3F 5  U
Ž2 ; !
 F {r U > " 2 {jY‫ ?(۔‬:IH\"  8L)‫۔‬3r
 2 2
"  "  " "   F  ƒ " "
U!3r C Cª9 UDt2N1! 12 3% /ˆ 8 2 3R 0«،  ’1ac.02  ®$ <& D }8 UxfQU  0Y>5NO;P U#! ‫۔‬2 3r2 3U0ª9 V 3% U C V „U C 8 U
 "
 " U" "    F "  G   G  " "
02 $ % O5P a{$% ac{  8 t E"  2 3—‫ ۔‬8 U O5 VU"  C  8 3 9$ %" 0u2R#! \2 8H)‫۔‬acaX JCDD }8 U— C8 §0«E2 R! ;³ $ %02 #! O9‫۔‬E2 R! ; YU- 
" + G  RV  "  " " ƒ  £ " G% "  " " F "
  0°™‫ ۔‬2 D s  ” 
 C ™ D  E2 0Y>5O;P U8  0«2 ©—0

r  U < U ; o /! š02  C ‫ ۔‬1 ¸C   O V 12 % /ˆ E2 RV0V U -YD-2 3q9(~ :Lg
  U !  U 3
ƒ 8

 " "   (  {r 
  " " (  ƒ" U  { y4  "  " " " 
' 5
+  ‫ ” ۔‬E  5V9b2 3R 8 ! a ! i2 8 E2 0Y>5NO;P E2 0V  3% < RV U R V  y  
/Z›  C 2 ،.Tv2 %SE2 RV0V U  0Y>5NO;P UDt2 0«
f 8
"  F "" " " 5 " "  " " F"  "  " 
HB   C LL. 1 %ŠXL (‫۔‬H)
8 2 3 X 5 Z › { 4 U R 9 8 " 8 % 8 5 V ­ U 2 3 %
 a  /2 a  b2 3  s Œ  ‫ ۔‬3 0u O  C/  1 / a{%;— U
ˆ
" " "   
gI 8  C H? 8 (‫۔‬L) ‫ ۔‬12 3—D U 3%V  U;% C O<= U0Y>5N O;P U
" " 
Hg‫۔‬H H@g 8 ‫۔‬LL‫۔‬B :Hk \2 8H(‫۔‬I) (g)
" "   " 5 " " "
Kk 8 ‫۔‬II :Hk\2 8H(‫)?۔‬ 0}—ª50Y>5NO;P U8 Dt2N1! E2 RV (\{2 6 13qgBkgIk )/2 ZY 0V
"
 G F " U f ( F "8  " "  "
IB: I~-2 3462 8 C L@CHK.E" 2 Rš YL (‫۔‬g)  ‫۔‬a O a ! YD P .h  0°2 ،2 3U  uœ  C O;<+ C OjN ‚j v2 %S
" { r 5 # U " ;
  
.gL -2 352 % C Lg.E" 2 Rš YL (‫۔‬k)  U ‫۔‬E" "
2 R3r! 3%E2 RD3’ U ‫۔‬a " {r!3tF X C  |51Ž2 ;!  U ‫۔‬ "    C-
2 ! 
   ) "  2 ;5 q
.?B -2 352 % C Hk،Hg.-2 3462 8 (‫)~۔‬ " 2  a#! 0Y>5NOP;U U E " 2 RV.™ ‫۔‬a " {rE" '$ D ‡  U ‫۔‬a " #!  (O 
   " "" " "  F "  F     "
 ½ 3%2 w86²8 0$ r E2 R! ;r ;U 1>8 C9 0ŠRu5 y8.V>5™- UV

‫۔‬E2 RO’a•u8 U a " #! OP ;U0 C ‫۔‬aca{r- U    " 9ac" 2 %" T-D  f
2 $ 2 F
  "  "      " "   
U R 
! ;  Y    #
  .Y3R  0«E2  ® 2 D!  8 U0‹>5 .V>5" ‫۔‬E2 R! D95 .V>5J
f /!  U0Y>5OP;UE2 RVE" 9;r ! 8 .D3’C};5z8 z U1Ž2 ;!  U2 {jYC2 %
" " 5  "+  " ƒ   
"    
8  E" 2 R:;_  a+SW U  .3 U U}8 0°2 ;UE2 R!  ij3< f . 3’1£ .C Ÿ48 µ:—  0Y>5NO;P (Hg :HI ،Hk :?—،LH :Hg )a  (!.C ORY
U U T T c
"   " "
 ‘  8 U >8 RV  ;U " {% o U  "     " "   
1 v C  1 E2  OP a $ M 5  Ojª5 C .™;ž% v‘C8 U 3R
£ U O’)0°‹' 8 ! E2 RSa#! E" 2 R« U 8.D3’s/­— C8 U.C 
 ƒ ƒ    G % RV " "   F
N O;P U2 8 C 2 D® e-wo /ˆCD0¡ U-wo2  2 ]œ— /ˆCD0¡ U]œ—2  U . 3’ T ' 
:HI   ،Hk :?   )‫¯      ۔‬$  E2    .D3      a  b/ˆ
— 8 U 8 ’ U " c
 " ƒ  <" +  <" +     " RV  "
r   # R V  c  {r  < + — U  9
}8V. ‫  ! ۔‬DŠ µ:— i 3  . 3’a ! 2  E2 .V>5i 3 U 0Y>5
; j U j ; U
‫۔‬a a ! 2 3%$ O   OP N E2 D  
  
q½y   (-/2 [CHg
; ;  U o f Z
 <" + "     " " 
  " " " "  "  F "  0}—ª5  0Y>5 OP ;U
U .V>5ij3  8; $ v — C8  1 8U 0Y>5NO;P UE2 RV0V U
r % U >   C   .  D "-C ‫ ۔‬O’  a 8  U C/2 ZY  Dt2   
U • u
  G   "  
ƒ U   " ƒ  " "  42 8 F ˆ
Uµ:—  . 3’a ! 2  2 8 C ' ; Y35v‘C8 U1>8U. 39 U µ:—
#  U0Y>5NO;P Ua{%$ -C½ $ 8‫(۔‬HHK،L :H 5+)‫" &'; '۔‬ " 3³D$ %O
2 /
 <" + "   "   FF "  "
" "r  " —  +  RV 8 U  „ƒ
 i C ‫۔‬2 3U0 /! u2   E ‫;  ۔‬ YUu 2 0¡8CD3R  C 1£
j 3 8 8 t  "  2 3 ' ' 
‫     ۔‬E /! E2    O :9   C   1 8
8 U J U "    U " 8 U >

 F
 0« ! v%f 9&  ‘%Uµ:— Ns 39 U i8z=ij3<  U b2 3R
ƒ "   "+ "  )A 5   1e  :  
" { U  " " " "  "(  " " (   M )
8( / F 4  = / h= J N MO"=
% c
;ž a 0368 DC-2 D8 — C8 U1 U 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[a E2 0V  3% > 8 c R V  "(  "
  F"" G F " " " ƒ  " E2 0Y>5NOP;U /Z[2 ‡ 0« E2 R! ; YU
j}5#! f 0>2 8„ C 2  E2 % -C Q
R V
‫; '۔‬ Y&¦—U$ %E2 RV 8V ‡  -C0°™™E2 RSU µ:— U O;P U Ub2 3R " ƒ  "
 "
 02 -C C ‫۔‬E2 2  2 3UhDh Uµ:— U  U Ui2 8<8 Dt2N1! 0368 D-2 D
R S  "
" " " " 
" " 
a{$%  8  œ;_5 –•V /ˆCD ŸN_9 U  83 U a+SW  Ÿ48 E2 RV 0V   ( 3%     0«
ƒ " 
:! 0ª9 VŸ_N 9U 12 D$ % „U 3F 5‫ ۔‬2 3U3R E2 RV83 U
" "  " "    " 8 F  uF 2 R$
123 4
f Z [ J { %
 -/2 C
 a D C .D3 a     D N 1 ‫۔‬a  D ® Y .¢ 
2 ’ {$ % U " 8 t 
2 !  { r U  U
" "
"
02 0z2 9 (H :?H T)2 3r! 2 3%$ D3’0 DE2 RV5q8CD$ 8‫۔‬2 DU€ 
{ R " "
 
 A  
<2@#F$HG  !C % 
" F
G ‹" RV " "
$ & $ '(
 " j "
‰
‫ ~۔‬:?-2 3Š ‫۔‬L?، ~ :? T)™ D1 E2  3% 2 C2 %8 2 8+Y0« !  8 U { Y
" " " " " " "  " (  F "
13q?II‫۔‬2 3—3%
QU eVU  C  " —2 3 U0n;q$ %;2RV Dt28 t ‫(۔‬HI "
 ½32%w89E2 0V  3% 0« deE2 RV¸C/ˆU C N1no U. 8 #!
R V
F  "  " " " " " "
j F "  5
‹Vf 2 C2 %E2 RV 0‹V}5U DY % D™C  U;! 9U0uRV8 -2 3Š‰ E2 RV\{2 6
{ Y #    F "   = 
! ‫۔‬E2 RS D95.DSXa) Ot$ % O<N  U0Y>5NO;P U ( /Z[ Y /! 2 
"
 " " "
" U — " ‰  q  "  F

  +Y0°2 ;  -3$%!  2 8+Y  (LB :HI-23Š )2 DU 
 U 8 ‫  ۔‬U| #!  v2 %S-C D95$  #!  .DSX9
  "
""   
F
‫  '۔‬8 U ;q f   (u2 R$ -39 '  8  ;U  €  f O’) Dt2 9 U r—
  "  - -   
" "    G " FX  " " 

' L K!M 3 H "0IJC(‫۔‬E)
 CD+ Dt28 t $ %0}q52  0«¹a ‫۔‬a{ra{³%a{Š D02 ®YU 0V D 35
U {9
" "  " " " F K!M 3 N
 $ 0}q  C 2  ‫۔‬2 3U0¾a  8 U¾$ f U32R$ E2 RV1Ž2 ;! UJ™
t  % 5 c f
 " "8
 q  F " "  "   
{ j Y "  ¢f C .) C  l’ C 0U C 1 "+Y‫ ۔‬. 80z| +Y- r S$ #!

1   2 C2 %U ±f E2 RV02 +Y;— U 8 35 2 3’9U2 ;j23j§
8
3 '   "   " 
5 
5 "   q " 123 /ˆ  \ 2  13 ~LL 8   E2 z  E2 V /2 ZY  U E  '  1u   " r— U  2 % D
% {6 q " R R " 9  8 U {
1nœ U 
q+Y‫  ۔‬UUD.}q CD};5U |  œ2 RY2 8€ 5‫۔‬2 DU "
 "   F
  "  "
(L?،k :H~E2 Y‫۔‬L)2 u8™}8 8 UD%-3%Ua#! YD Uj2 3RDU
R š U
8 $  E2 RV 83U  U -2 3Š‰ C  T C  Hk ،Hg :L?  ،L? :H~  E" 2 Rš Y‫۔‬L  .™ "
"  " "
   " "  (H@،K،H :?)!   !0£ ½ 3 qo½ 3 qCE2 RVD }8 U2 RYD$ %Dt2 /2 Z[" E2 RV0V U }8V
‫ ۔‬a{ja{jVOtf "  a+ "   U" ‫۔‬E2 R! 8  "
"  F   " "
" " " ;— U -2 3% DY '  ;r  E2 RS E2 RV /2 ZY  9 f  2 8Dt2   " 8  r— Dt2  /2 Z[  "
 2 3%‘ f 0C U8 ! f E2 RVD™C  U ;! 92 3r1V0uRVU 2 8+YO9 
G " " " " " "
ƒ
’ " " "   G +Y "D™C   U  " (LH :k "T ،k : I? \"  8 L ،L@ ،HK :LI E" 2 Rš YL)
$ % S$2 2 %T ‚’U 8 UDVE2 V  N Á39  N 3 Y 8 t 83  Y¯$ 9
 R J U ¥
F R "
2
 
" "   "
 " f "   $  ;P C D; a q ž ® Y ž ·—02 ‫(۔‬LK :H~E2 YL)،  8 S&"
Y % U % 4 5 + ; %  ; % " R š '
-C! C‫  ۔‬1 .     8 3%1Ž2 ;! ( v2 %‘U j-D959)
— U £ U
" " " F "   
  " 
 " ;yjY q + G "  F f ‚T 8  9U- Ct2D;4 U 12 % /ˆ 
q C " };Ua#! ®Y C ' 8 ‡ —
U U 5 3
E2 D P N O 
   Y. ‫  ۔‬8 U2 ¯$ 9 2 3%‘ M8ª5U  O42 8/ˆDt2
R V " '   F
 " "" ‫(۔‬Lk :H~E" 2 Rš YL)‫ '۔‬8 U2 3Uac RY$ % U
‫ ۔‬a{68E2 RVj2 D%U " dY 2  " "  
" U2 8+Y1uRe µjz+ -C " 88 ‡ $ 8 Cf /2 ZY  U1 Dt2 1! O9
U   " " 9 U  /ˆCD    +Y C  Dt2 0«   3 %2 DU /! šƒ  0}—ª5  12 3< F "
2 5 3q "    X 
  " "  { j Y 6 "
 F |8 { 6 5"  2 C2 \ 2 1 gI@  -2 3Š O9‫ Œ‰'; '۔‬/2 Z>9f 0C U;%P  C „U
U % { 8 ‰
:H~  )         a D$   +Y E2   V    \ 2  2 3f ‫    ۔‬f 2 3$%
— '  8 ; U X 2 % R V 8 U ' "  F
 " "  " " F " 02  U E " "  2 3—$3" 2Re0n9E2 RV
3"% ac8 2 8+Y83U¸C/ˆ" 3" %UC 2 8D
E" 2 %% Dt2 -C (LL :?392 8 )' D95ac/­3’0/¤5E2 RVO!VU  ‫۔‬ " (HB ! 2 2
" " " 8    " X   F
  FR { 6 5 " "    "  { j Y
 ( /Z[ C /Z[
“2D/Zu2 $2 8£f \ 2 2 3f 0z|8 . 8 +Y$ 8 9 
Ÿ4   0« a¹ { (gL :K  —) '  8 U 2 3U O¢—z+ O<  '  8 U 2  2 C2 % 9  U
  G " "  " " " "  "  
 " " " G 
‫  !۔‬Mj}8py Y /!  (¯ f <| 
U " };U C 2 3r!  f <|8
q 8  E2 8.D3’Dt2 (-/2 C?B :B392 8)‫  ۔‬8 U2 3—ac.P—U -C.
RV  Z [ ' " C
" " F  
     "  " 2 RV ;— QDt2 ‫۔‬ac ( UO " "
 ;4— % Q % "
 -D950«E2 R! ; YU
j}5#! f 8 U0‹>5a#! . 8Dt2 C . 8 +Y SW  UE2 RS X O’XN1a#! r U E 02 3 $ 
"   G  G " F   
" ƒ    Ff r J   & ( X  &
# "  
$ %!  0‹>5 ‫۔‬E2 S 0«2 '  jSž Y /!   (¯ 9E2 R! a#! Cµ:— U  E" RVU  . 8
R    &O
    -C   C ! U +Ya Ÿ 9 "0«' ;t -C‫۔‬a  (
| U <  c
  ƒ  " |"8 " "
 ¬E2 RV.2 ‡  C . wo،µ:— D};5U < 8CD 0« 3 2%DU2 3’+ 02  "‫۔‬

! % U "  9 RV    9"
E2 v2 ‘  /! ®$  E2 D }8 . 3 02 0$  ‫۔‬E2 E2 U | #! . 39 02 E"  23—
R r R 
! R S
" q  "  W
8 ( ]iLN
 " "   " F
 f E2 RV . 39  /! ®$ 9" ‫۔‬E2 R! v%tX2 E2 R! U z#!  . 39 /Z« f E2 RV" E"  2 3— " " " "   F "
 "   G " ;9 ;GR3f 9 R! 68 "     ‘ E2 a $ 8CD$  a RY 2  $ U 
q 8CDE"  2 3—
U 8 U " R  { % % 9 c
"ERV ( /Z[1£ U 0)% (§8 ‡ U1$ r ‡ UD" 9)O 2 $  E2  ²  /! CD "  q |U f 8 " " 
    
F  " " F E2 C  a  2 £E2 5q8CD0°$ 9‫۔‬a . 8-C C ،'  2 3%;—
R S   % | R V c
 CD8E2 RV/75‹VU123% /ˆ a{%0« E2 RV?@ :HL€C9½ 35‫۔‬E2 R! M8ª5U 
"

  " " 
G " G      02 ‫۔‬ac UjSž f D3’ a#! U " ac$ U  2 8+Y9. 8 SW (K :?392 8)
deE2 RVO;9 2 ;R3$ fDQa–2 (H~ :I2 ;R‹§'d2D )' 8 !% ?I@8 ! 8 U "2  $ %0:2 ;<= /ˆCDa|UU Dt2 -C QU  .  8 —

  "  "
ƒ F 8 " G " G " "   · +Y0«a 2 a{% OŠ=z+
c
"
U " " ،µ:— E2 VH? :H~  2 3$%E2 V8CDO;9 2 ;R3$  C 0z 8+Y‫۔‬
9 R R f | " " U "   " |"8    
 &
"
 8 " G  0V   T C -2 3Š -C $  2 8+Y0z . 89 ‫  ۔‬E2 
f ‰ U $ 8 ' ;' R S
 C   .    Y  Rev.S.Kehan E     D$  ‫ ۔‬E2   " D E2  ‡ "}8 " t {
2 U 8 R  de " % "
+ 8 2 ! ' ' F F  5   
 %F U U  "  " 03fCY  C  jSž a f 1 2 £\$ $ f \{2 6 E" RV $ 8‫۔‬jSž Ot
 c 3 q
2 D v   0‹>5 ERV ( /Z[0C+(§8 ‡ r ‡ UD9) VP„U  
U f " " ‘ "
de " ƒ "   
q "  "     " "   ac E2 RV]<W    ( /Z[2  µœ<+E2 RVj9. 8+Y‫ ۔‬E" 2 %%2 
X
|  i2 ;œ9 C  —Š¦5v2 %SOw2;x9 D-C،E2 R! 8 8 $ . 39 9E2 RV ;2R0«  F   
"    F  " " ‫ ۔‬Uv% O5  U . 8+Y+ 02  C
8 E  " E2 V. 8+Y½ 35‫ ۔‬p2  3RQ 02 $ 0z 8+Y0« C ‫۔‬E2 R! U
" % R ; o | " " "     F " " "
—  - !#;ž% 0z|8 . U " f { j Y % 8 ‰ 
" " " F 8  " 8-C82 D €  2 C2 U0uRV -2 3Š O9
 2 ;'&

    " (B :? 2 3$ )"‫۔‬E2 E2 O C‡ ‫۔‬S& 1 !  (;ž%
Q U 8 % R ‹ 
$ R V f  " |" 8   " |" 8 
 F "  " F 8 -C D95. $ U 2 8+Y0z 9‫ ! ۔‬z N. 8+Y0z 02 $ 8‫۔‬2 3r
+
8 U R V " 7 5 3 % ˆ { % " " F F " "8 "
J $  CE2 };U C / U12 / a " (LH :?  2 3$%) "‫۔‬2 3—3%  8   2{65
 " " "  "   ‫ ۔‬2 ‡  $ ! 1>  O6$ 8P DO6P $ 80z| 0uRV‫ ۔‬a‰ £ E2 %!  2 3r
 . 39  ‫۔‬-/ 2 Z[C (I:H~2 ;R‹§CU0‹>5‫ @?(۔‬:HL€C9 )‫۔‬8 !f %2 R " " "   
"  %"   bkI~8 
Y N1! O9‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3UacE2 RV8 “2 D0)%. 8+Y
U 8 U0}—ª5 ‫۔‬E " R2 ! U |q —Š¦5v 2 S-C0«E2 R!  (Uv%F E2 Re3F 53" $902  U  "  "
" |" 8   8 ( Z[ t % „
" "
 % {R" " U  ^U  £ E2 %!  2 3r8 “e  ;— 8  (Tac +Y C  2 3U\{oU >5 N ‚  E2 RV
% R  ! { t $  " "
$ 0z +Y .   / D 2 $  
Q0«E2 ž $ 0z2  D>8 C b•Q}8
U ‰ ƒ"    W
y8 E2 RV£E2 %³/2 Z8 2 34f8  U92 3UE2 RV (T0)%. 8+Y8  E" 6< 8
 "
‫ ۔‬1£O2 ;qo F
‫(  ۔‬
U
F  F 8  F "5 #
" " |"8 " "
X f U U
  C   
>5    V ]fC   .   E2  bHKIg‫( ۔‬L? ،LH :~   2 3$%)  R V  #!  0« ! i6 3 + 02 $ %! f 8 U0‹>5< 8CD /´

F F F "" " " " (  ƒ ƒ  " "   
 02 N ‡   pq CE2 RV 02 35$ 865 a‘/¤5X9f 
>5U C 8 C f 02 35 $ 865  (¦5 0V  3% 9 a#! C]œ—0]œ—½32%‘U . 39 3$9 DC}58 J. 8-D95
"  "   "
" " U  "
42 8

J 0V  .x  C ¬z ،
!   E E2  (! .2 3RYD€ — UE" 2 %/! VU
= % f " 9 R 
! 0«E2 0S&02 ! $ 3%   ! E2 p C¬u2 8  UE2  C a D95E2 RV9‡ U
R ° Y # % U 9 R S  q ( R V c
F 8  G " F   " " 5 " "
 F  " " "  
 .3U  2 3$%0« ! v%02  C ‫(  ۔‬$ %a{fC OfD% $ %\2   C € C C
 U  02 8M9‫۔‬E2 Racde8  E" 2 R:;_ U " 9E2 R! E2 RS-C0uRz E2 R3 U\$ $  U . 8-D95
" F " F F q  "   8 f RV Š‰+  U  ;U U ;R Q
 
‫۔‬E2 8z{r U03f C YU | a|UE2 RV O<= U .2 3%U
R S " 9 R! |2 8 # R  U
E E2 a a ! E2 3U .   E2 0Q 
  OP  M2 NST0«
" " U  " 79  de RV F 8 ƒ <+ " f  "
R V %
E2 0V  
!  ./ 0«  E2 .E2 ³D$ 9 .3U   2 3$% % U  U ‫ ۔‬µœ -D2   OfERV ( /Z[
 "
F  F  "
 #
 3 j$03$%E2 R! f  02 N ‡ ‫۔‬2 DU0‹)$ %" };U a‘/¤5U! z{58 ! YD3$9
" F " A
 F " G    q
O PM‫۔‬N6QR2(‫۔‬J)
 0« 2 DUv%02 8  Albirght v% /Z‹2  ‫ '۔‬8 U ! ½VŠTj)U |  0«
   9Y  A A
" " 
 2 £CD 0V  E   pq C/´X t|53$9$ % ، 2 3r u—02 f - 9
U 8 U " 9 '
F F "  F
8 9J ^   F8Hd3/ jC c=  
F 8 " " F  G "   F " " "  F " "
 .3U  2 3$% 1 8f C/Za{$% /´X02 $ 8‫۔‬2 3rO5ac
U  U U Ž " uF 8C
" }8 E" 9E2 R! ;U .u  /2 Z¡ ./2 Z›E2 RV—Y$ z$03f±8  •QU 02 N ‡
F
  F
 G " F
 =  " "  "(
‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UM28n8 U" 2 3% " ( { f U " R V
 02 N ‡  ‫  ۔‬$ %a C $ %O<N  .2 3% C E2 n5U 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[f
 "
./7913q2 £2 R½3%2 ‘f \{2 6 2 3f0« v%ac02 f 02 N ‡
5"  F F
2 r. C E2 R!  " oVE" 2 RV " 2 % " f 2 8£-C0°"2 ;U O  f % "  2% "  F U
D v S.DSX
F 8    F  " " "
 " "  = 
‫( ۔‬.HK  2 3$%)  ! D -3%9  /´X- ŠT C 
CYE2 RV0V U 
! %
'  ; r % ' ‫۔‬E2  ² Da ! r$  O N  0Y>5OP  /  1 8f C/Za{$%
R 
! ;% # % < U ; U ( Z[ U Ž
" "  F
9  "  "
  2 3r1 $ 03%$ 0V  f 8   ( & U CP /´XU 
! % ./79
 U (H)
" F ƒ   F
 Ur— /ˆCD
! % 0« 2 3r!
j}5U#! . ‫ ۔‬2 ‡ UDE2 RV.3 U U8 2 3$% /! šf 9  (! ( & U (~ :Hg8 2 3$%) CP U 2 8‹E2 RVa#! 
" " " "  "  5" F  "  "
2 3t+0‹QUe+U DrD ‹V/75E2 RV0V  0°2 ;U2 3r/75f 0C U €„ jSžY /!  $ C E" 2 Rf \{2 6 2 3f-YDOfD% U O;yjY/2 ZXS0 2 «
F 8 F 8    " U  " " U" 
  -CM ª5 2 3% .3U  2 3%$ }8  (H@ :HL 2 3$%) U2 3U
9 8 U " U  U U 2  ‫ ۔‬a{ja{jVf  "   P%-D95E2 RV8Ÿ48 "    ‫  '۔‬ " d
" "   " "
 F   " "   865 (aca+ /Z[9)ERV

>502 0£T (2 35 DU 8  9 C /75U  0« 3 j$03$%f  02 N ‡ ‫۔‬2 3rU }89' 5{2 f‫۔‬ 
  2  
Q     2 2 3  1    0 5  $ Y 2 2 " 
F  " "  " " " " G " "   " 
‫(۔‬H‫۔‬L@ 8 2 3$%)2 3%8 2 ;yjuoU90ª9/2 Z›0‹Q2  a+D‡ "UC/ˆCD C ";R² Œ U   "U.‡ $  ; %
ž -C‫۔‬ '  ; r Á e 8 U$ 8 U;%E2 RV

"
  % c f  F '   ;t& F 8 G
+
a Y /2    0«   3j$ 03$  a  02    02  N ‡  ‫(   ۔‬I :k   2 3$%) " ;²RŒ  U
Z [ 
" "
 G
2 DUO52 3jV®$ <&Of8  " „O9 ‡ acu2 8 v  ‘
C  E 2 RV\   Uv2 %" S 
2 2 2
 " 5"  "    " U " % ;R z"  U FX
 / N ‹V  1 / a{%E2 RVp8 jSž U £ E2 %! D$ 913qf \{2 6 2 3f¹aX5./79
7 5 U 2 3 % ˆ R 
! 8 8 " ; j  2 
‫۔‬E2   $ 2 2 1 C 2  ،1 
  $ 2     { ! — 2 
 
(.Hg)‫  ۔‬8 ™Ž8f
'
" " 5" "
jSž % /! CDf  \{2 6  2 3f
 02  U   0«   3 t& Dr. Langdon 
" " G ¡3" R2 e /G Z« DG
 
(I) ‫ \  ۔‬E2 RV2 8/Z[
'
" F F  " " " F 8
  F 8

J  U (‘ UO42 8/ˆJ50« 2 3r!  v%02 f € —  U X 2 3— $ 9U;P%U E" %™. $     ; %
ž  8  1     2 ; %   U .  x 42  0  
« 2 2
  
‡  E R V  2 3$%
"      " "    "
{ 9 ; — U   T
02  2    .D3’ C E2  (U2 ‡ E2 RV1  pq — a 2 ‡ E2 RV. 8 UDE" 9
R f  a{< 2  f E2 RV E " 2 R!  (!.3R YD3R z"9E2 RV
>5U  " 8(HK :IH )
2 2
" "F  " "  G F F " 
 F
،I.C ،H@،g :Lg) UDDY U) 0‹£E2 RV.3 U U36RY ‫ ! ۔‬-§ 
8 1 O9$ 8‫۔‬$ %% $ %v% Cf 8 U0n;q$ %;%P U  
 " " "" 0« /! šƒ
"  " "" " " " " ;%   " q " ;% 
U  " 8U 2 ;R C  " 8U 2 8 J  C E2 RV  82 DYF  U|q ‫(۔‬.? 
D  U. $  ; ž %  U  C
   ž 0 
« 2 Q V  0 P   a • £    8 23 —  U E 2 R V0 n;  ž U;P%
  "  "  F " "  " F
F
‫ ۔‬DUM28n8 U8" 8  02 N ‡ $ 8‫۔‬E2 R% M8ª5 ‫۔‬2 3U$ ‰2{$%.x42 8 VU 0YaX ac8 E" %™ C 8 3%. C
  
" "  "
(?)   E2 0V  E2 /  (U   C if2 8./790« 3 t&œ2 RY2 8
'  ; r R V R V 7 5
" " "  G" F " " F " F  " ’  U 75 F U " " "
.>88Œ U r 2  U" C . 3'&U C/´XU " };U8 02 N ‡  U +    8  02  N ‡  ‫  '۔‬    /  -YD     Hyksos6 ! O9
=  "  "  "F  " " 
" "
R { <
‫۔‬E2 ! \ 2 .2 3%U 0Y>5NO;P U ( /Z[0«E2 R! ;'d2D#! E2 RVa{fC  U ‫۔‬ "  DU
2 ;jVac
U  9 C .x42 8a{42 8 2 3r2 3UUDac5/Z[CD C  DUM82 n8
 " " G

 U ( & U.V>5“2 DU  " };U C <2 2 %8  Prof. Garstang Á3" RY §/¤2RC$ % ‫۔‬E2R!
F   F G
U (.k) .3 U  U ¸62 8 0« E2 R!  8 U v% 02  8o U  C 2 8D  U  <22 % ‫۔‬ (L)
" " 5"   " " F 8  F "
rC 2 8DE2 RVi_8jSž U  \{2 6  13q£ E2 %³D$ 9 C E2 R! Of D1Ž—.2 3%  U€C9 C  2 3$%0« 2 DUv%02 8  (A.S.Yahuda) Dt2/¤2RC$ %
F  "  G G "  F  " 
E2 RV/´X8 !   '$  C  E2 R!  (! $ %a{$R$v%  U/! E2 % 2 8D02 ‫۔‬0}q CN+ 2  3 jVU#! f  02 N ‡ 03$%E" 9E2 R!  a#! C03R2 }8-CE2 R! € D.™9U /75N ‹VE2 RV83 U
" " "F

 R S  c  
 U " 9 R
!
‫ ۔‬2 3rE2 2 ©—a ® !  E E2 a 2 3% E2 /2   8 & • V  %"  —
Z $ › ; U a{fC a|2 8 $ % " 3%N.jY  C .   o ƒ U
w 8  U" 8CD 
" f .  F " " 
2 ،µ : —    3 u   ‫۔‬
 G
" F " " "  " "  F R!  ; Y <X % „  ZS U " 8 U
‫ ۔‬deac
¸62 8 C  UDj)U 2 8/Z[E2 RVµy9U 0+ 1š  .2 3% 02 N ‡ ‫۔‬E2  ® $   /   2 3%  83U ! . 0«  ($ %  " # 
 F   F " F  "  " "   " 
 a2  ‫ ۔‬2 3r1$ 03$%ac/´X ‫(۔‬IB :H@)‫۔‬2 3U\{oU/2 ZD/´X8 ¸62 8 8 UUDac .}q C‚ Ÿ480°‹E2 R! 8 UM28n8 $ % „
Qs/­0 U O<= U
 F  F F   " F  " " " F
E2 RV£E2 %³/2 Z/´X02 0« v% f 02 N  ‡ ‫( ۔‬Hg :Hg )¢fv2 %‘
 " U UDu8$ % 2 ;j23% /ˆ a{%8 2 8/75 0« deE2 RV.jSžU  €C9 ½ 35‫۔‬E2 R!
% F "  F   T  F ""  " "  F  "
1 03$ (gB :Hg ) 2  ‡ E2 ¸ 2  D   O2 /  C 2  ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U\ o
V  RV 6 8 U 9 ^ ; % ´ X  { 2 Ru Š
  C 
 /  -/2 D   8 t  C 2 3—
Ow65O<Xf
;2% ´X U Z › ; — U " ’
 F  F " F  " " c {R" " F " " F  "
 - CD'$ C Ž$ 9! D%jSž /´X02 0« 2 DUv%8 •QU 02 N ‡ ‫ ۔‬2 3r  0« !  a  0z2 02 f " ‫Ž™ ۔‬8D'&UC/´X8CD" 8  02  N ‡ ‫۔‬8 3%

 
 2 ;% <2 % 23% ˆ " {% RV  % U  5 F Re  5
1 O C  2  1 / a E2  3  £E2 %³/2 ZjSž f (\{2 6 13qHLI@)
2  /  ‫ !(  ۔‬M82 n8 U" 2 3%U .3 U f 9 ! D‡ \{2 6 13q£E2 %³ 
´ X 2 ° 
 "  % F c " 8 •Q  F  F ƒ f " R!  8  " % G
F " 
3 % ˆ { %
 12 / a 0« 2 D v a 02    ‫ ۔‬v%f 02 N ‡ U-3%U
 U  / 02 0« ! /! š  E2  ! .2 3RYDE %9U a{5f 
>52 U
´ X  
" " " "
G
 S$ v% 8CD  U D " 2 %  0 36! ‡  0 36! ‡    9‡  U  \{65 " 13q £  E2 %³/2 Z 8 F
:H@¸62 8) M8ª5E" 2 RQU " 2 3%U .3 U U¸62 802 ‫ ! ۔‬D%E2 RV£ E2 %³/2 Z
F  
ƒ  2 " F   " 
F  
U  S2 0« /! šf   ( & U" YO2 ;% C Dz+‫۔‬ac —U 2 3R 8!  E2 RV 5>5 .2 3RYDa NsPC9f 8 U ( & US‫۔‬
– ‰ 2  /2 ZCD1š
>52 2 ° ‫(۔‬IH
 Re
  " 
) %   F "F "  U  { 6 5 3q
‫   ۔‬0‹>5 ž Dž  12 / a{%Ru$ 8P  3f
 8 U j  8 8 U 3 ˆ 5 8 U
 3  /!    C 2 D     ‫۔‬E2     ž  a    \ 2  1 HLkL   E2  8 !  R 
! U j S  c f 9 R 
!
F ƒ f (  "   F  F "   G"
E2 ¸C/  £E2 !   0« /! š   & U.V>5U >5N‚
R V ˆ U %    C   8 f %$ %1Žf U %'9E2 R! jV . /!  9/752 E2 RV . 3'&
9 '
"  "" " "   " " G   9   F "8 %
0n;q$ %‹V" D QU— f -T 8 t{9' ;r ! D‡  a¥6j$ %1YU " };U  E2 %  -C Q ‫۔‬E2 R!  U  Amenhetop ،
J . $ 8  E " 2 R V   . / !   02  ‫۔‬ '    8 !    "  $
" "    "  "  " " " " u
  F F F
f 2 ;%};U€;œ5-CE"  2 3—،' 8 ™- #! ;ž% -C9ac0§ $ <• U2 ;y6j‫۔‬2 3—U ‫ ۔‬D95.DSX U02 N ‡ acMj};5U ! YD/78«;% C .<2{RY،
}9
" "   " " " " "  " "  " U " "  " F
‹$ 
  2 D   '  .V>5/2 Z› E2 RV0n;qU " 0°$ 9،;r 1V1*‹
% q “  8 t  ‹V 0V   ! .2 3%  C E2 2  U83 U U-nq C ¸62 8
U t   R z
 " F " 2
U2 ;j2 3% /ˆ 8 2 ;y6jE2 RV  " 35 DU \{65 1 " q
3  £ E 2 %³ 3r‫۔‬3—U1£03j"Q F  "  " " % <X R! 8 " RQ U 
 N  ‡ (k : g ،IH :I -nq) .3’ E    ‫۔‬E2  M ª5 E2    .™  a‰   U  /75
2 2 2 2
" "  F " "" G G" 
- Dt2‫۔‬2 DUD%U 2 3f U U0n;q$ %¬C3^U ST C DO6 Y$ %
>5U  TNE" % -TU Sir. Flanders Patri/Z32 $% 3R2 ‹/ˆ‫<۔‬W /2 Z¶ /752  M8ª5U 02 
 " " (" " "   F F "% f G Z› U ³ G *  "  "
 C 2 D -3  };     0«E2 8 Uv%acN ‡ U ;_q“2 DU
U % U U ¦ 5 8 t  R 
! 3   /   ±2       2 3 u2 2  E2 (-/2 [C H :Hk-nq) ' 9  V ' {  ! 8 R V Z
 " ;yjY " {$% 2 % ‘ U {65 3q "  F "   3— "    "   " G  "   "  "
 O a v   \ 2  1  H@L@ CYE 2 ‫۔‬2 3—3%O< 3$% U2 ;j23% /ˆ 8 V‡  C OfD%  %02 0«E2 R! ;t&s^5O9£‫۔‬E2 R! /2 Zv2 %Sv% DU 9
F  F "   "
‫۔‬D O6 $ 0Q;9U 8 2 ;y E 2 Ž;2R$    P9 E2 
2   ( 3% U
  Y % 6 j "   3 — "  " R V 
‫(۔‬Hk Hg :Hg-nq)2 3U ¦RY  8  
 "  " 6ŠX U  3' {!  U  |q aX  ‫   ۔‬3' {!
2 2
G " 5 " "  "  "  " G & ƒ "  F
2 D 8u2 8  C 2 ;y6jv2 %‘U \{2 6 13qKK@E2 RV0V U DC D8 12 3% /ˆ a{%$ % 8 ! ;%Œ U   e ;Œ Šc U C'*U " 0« 2 DU/! š02 8  ( & UC/´Xa¥6j
 "(  "  " " U "     
 0Y>5N O;P U /Z[ .2 3%02 2 3U‫;۔‬r ! 9-C C Žf! 01£03jQac{ '$U" 0«
U  0¡    u   šu2   C ‫   ۔‬$  N1   2    
f U " U " " 8 ; q R " 6 ŠX '  8 '& % Y U ' { $ % 9 '
 "  " "    "(  F "  "   — " FX "
`  E2 M82 n8$ % „ /2 Z¡ ./2 Z› U.}q C
8 U R S O U Z[ $ 8
N ;P  / .u  02  (LK :Hk -nq)3 Y 0e ;Š D;ž% UŽ6'& f
ƒ   F " "  "    "
 0«   !  /! š 8 E2 R!  8 U 0}—ª5  02  N ‡  U  0V  U  -nq #!  O9 ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UM28n8 U .2 3%U 0Y>5
  "
 " "" 5"
" C ac-DYv2 %S r  U 12 3% /ˆ a{%E2 RV\{2 6  13q£ E2 %!  2 3r C E2 %!   (g)
" " " 5   " " "    " " F "
N „ U2 ;%};Uv2 %‘\{2 6 13q£E2 %³/2 Z‫۔‬0 ac
v2 %S C $ <•E2 RV  Mj};5U /2 ZD.2 3%98 E" 2 %/! VU  02 N ‡ E2 R!  ž UUD#! E2 RV™N yf
)  ƒ" " " R F 8 " U  "" U
FR
e
 
U U F  8 F
 C‡  0‹  ‫  ‡   ۔‬y  ¬   ‡  E2  E2 V  !   N „   2 ;j23% /ˆ  C  E2 RV  r
 8 X " R V % 2 ° X R
D   €„a ‫۔‬E2   M2 n8 (IK :H@) ¸62 -C‫۔‬E2 ;U p Y

! 8 U 8 8 R 
!
G G  " ‰X ^  U  "( F " "  
 " "   F
 9 F " " {"% 
( $ ) ( ' $ ) U "  R 
!
 C        0°‹ E2  ² DDVE2   Œ   1 :8 0Y> N OP;U /Z[s/­
' ;% R V ; ' U 2 3 5 02  ‡ U 0V  ‫ '۔‬8 U/¤  r a•2 3 3q9' a| CC02 a•2 3% /ˆ 8 %
    =    U #  ƒ" U " XF   "
‫۔‬E2   M2 n8a   O   j2 3 8  —Š¦5
R 
! 8 U 8 c U < U _ œ :H~)"‫ ۔‬a ! C! 
j} $ ) E2 y   ®$ 9Ÿ /!  "v2 %‡  U-nq N.3 U
5 R V 8 < & <
FR F "  
 " F   RV  ;U U ;R Q  < = " "
f Otf E2 RV ‫۔‬ "  ‡ UD
2 C/ ´ X  2   D } ;5E2 OP  M2 NST ‫۔‬E2   2 0ux .™\ 2  0V   C E2 /2 Zu 8 U (k
R! 8 U 
$ 8 { U R 
! œ
 F     F
 " U    " j Y
U
 .2 3% P>5 . N 3Uf ;R« C b2 3f -V‡ % C  a ! ( & U.V>5 { r 5>5  C  a   &  .V>5“2 DU };U C 02 +Y،2 C2 %2 
" { r U ( U " {
F # "8  " % U  "(    " % "   " Rš   U  U  "( 
 02 N ‡ a !  .2 3  0Y>5NOP  / 0« 02  M 0°‹ ‫ !(  ۔‬M28n8
 ;U Z[  8 9   0 $  \ 2  C E2 C 12   NOP    0Y>5 N OP    0Y>5 NOP;U  /Z[  E2 R3o2  D  U
8 Y 3 % Š X ; U ; U

"  " " F "   2 ;% dY R! ( U c 28  8 U " % „ " Z¡"  Z›  R!  {— G " {fF
 0}2 8 D .2 3%a ½ 3 ‫ ۔‬DDVE2 8 ©—€'&U .V>52 UE" 2 %/! VU
U –  5  R V O ، ‫۔‬E2   a M n   $  /2 ./2 0°‹ ،E2 a Da C s/­
" " F " F
 S& " 91šERV8  -D  " 
‫Ž ۔‬$ 9©—03$%C/´X-/2 Z[C O2 ;%،<2 2 %،aT،12  Š X 
S‫۔‬ 2    2 V 959 a#! C
>52  90« 2 3r! 
j}5
 " ƒ  5" " " " " " "  " 
" 2 3%U 13%‫۔‬E2 R! 'de " U 9 "µ:— $ %E" 9E2 R! jV  Œ;R«U \{2 6  13q£a•S$ !  -§ 02 {9 C  ¬C3^  C  E2 RV 0V  U  -nq S)  -C
>5  2 3f
 F F  F " " &  c F " "  
F
‫ ۔‬2 %Ce 1š. S)D‡ 0¡ /´X2 2 R°e0« 2 3r! v%. f a#! 02 02 ‫Ž™ ۔‬8D 03$ a /   02 N  ‡ (-/2 C LL :L،K :H12 %ŠXH)
{ 9  ' % ´X 8  Z [ 3
 " F F  "  
 €„aX ‫۔‬D ‡ $ %
>5U  ->— 1š-D95 (-/2 Z[CII :?K -2 352 %) P_9/´X 123j§  02 N ‡ ،!  E2 RV 2 3f C 2 3rE2 RV>5N‚ f " 2 3% C  ! ¦RY jSž f  1Ž2 ;!
  " F F "   " G "F WDv  % " % {9" "
1:—  1š 9 I? :Hg  123%ŠX‫۔‬H)0}2 ;9  CY (-/2 Z[CH :HB ¸62 8) 2 3f  /´X 2  -/2 Z[C0$  $ 2 2 %_8 (U U02 {9  r‫ —  ۔‬Da{fC O $ 6$ < 2  
S 2 $  0     8
 " U  "(  "   "
%   R   F ;48 U ( T J  j}5 #!  V RS
"
 .2 3  0Y> NOP  / s/ .V>5 -/2 [C ^O2 ;%،12  O2 ;% (
% 5 ;U Z[ ­ U Z ;  R Y V 8
 ž -C0«   D02 E2    ž   O    N 0« 
 02   E2 T j S f
   F 5 "   " 8 "   G " "   " 
92 3r! -3%f ·‡ /Zu2 R$2 £- 2 3rf \{2 6  2 3f0°™، ŽfÁe03$%a#! f 4 { 9
.C Ÿ 02 02 ‫  !۔‬$  Á +‘9  E2 02 2  U;%P ) U '  ; ' & R V { 9
 " % c RV  ‘ "  "   ""  " G  F
 €„a ‫ ۔‬2 C-Ca E2  v CU a -2 352  C  a E2 .?12 %ŠX‫۔‬HUD
X { % % c  R V 3  U E2 R ’E" 2 %% ¦5 U0‹2 3R C ، 2 — E2 RVÁ39N" 2 35 UD™$ %®{R2 $ U/ZY
 " "  " ƒ     "+ "   ƒ
F " "
 02 N ‡ ‫ ۔‬2 ‡ E2 RV.L@-nq UD C 2 3r!-2 3f¾U1f ·‡ ac 0};9 ]œ—02 ‫" ۔‬03q "
2   ‫ '۔‬8 U ! 
ij3< U {² 9 ‫۔‬E2 R (! ]oz+
 "  
  %   2 ;% 8 " U  " U  ƒ
% X
S) D‡ $ 
>5a -C0«2 3—©—03$ 12 O 0}2 D  .2 3% 0Y>5N O;P U8
   ( 3% 0«  !/! šf 9  2 $ acE2 RV;R«a+ U (Palmyra) /2 ZW$ 
 " "  ƒ  2{65
U 0>2 ;Rª— v%9 -D95-C0« V¸ /ˆ €„aX ac ^O2 ;%‫ ۔‬pq CE" 2 Rª2 ;% -D95 0}oD2  s/­ "03q "]œ—‫۔‬D95acE2 RVr—U  /2 ZW$ € C 02 E2 RV2 8£a‰
F " " F  "  "(  "  "  
/Z« f E2   UDC/´X2 E E2 0Y>5NOP;U /Z[‫۔‬pq C$ %
>5
R V 9 R V + 02 ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U "02 "0 % S)(B :Lga{R±)‫ ۔‬2 ‡ E2 RVM2;RQSTOP;U
{ 9 )
  "  " F " " " "  G " " " W
 O<= U.2 3%U 83 U" f E" 9 2 DUE" 2 R};58  02 N ‡ N•Q\2   C 0V a{% C  !  $)U Á +‘02 {9r—U  /2 ZW$ 0« O95 a${6$ < Dac
"   "  " 
F " F F  "  F " U |q " " ˆ " 
. k\ 2  H C .LH¸ 2  DC/  2 C™E ½ 3 ‫ !(  ۔‬M28n8 U
8 6 8 U ´ X U 8 " 9 5  0.u     (H? :Lk€C ) Á €/ +‘a 02 12 % /ˆ 9  c { 9 3
8   F " F 
2 {ju 02 b•Q
. C  2 DUv%8 02  ‡ N•QUO5  U  "  ‡ E2 RV
2
" "
"2 {jY.  " 79 " RuF 8 " ;% jS f " 8 
— U #
" ƒ " "8 J (
"
" 5 9

  { 6 5 R 

+ ;
/  E2  ž  ž     C     -/2 CsC  $  !  Z [ „ U  /  CD 0« 02 O   D‡  ž 2 £D \ 2 -C0«E2 8 U
Z[ 8  jª ' j S U !
"        
d  " 35 DU \{6513q Kg@ C \{6513qK~gE2 R3f/´ U83 U
" rE2 Ra{r (3" %
‫(۔‬HKHH :LL \ 2 8‫۔‬H)   12 C /2 8 U 1Ž2 ;!  -C0«;r UO2 ;^CU
 U 3Š Z ¦
2 2 2
 5   " " "  " F
 U. T U1Ž2;! (\{2 6 13q Kkk)Y' $ 9U O5 a{$% 8  " 2 {jY ‫  ۔‬UjSž acf " };U\{o \2   UC/´X
" " F 
9 5 
 
¾ 3502 8  (\ 2 13  KgK)}8Y.Y C 2 3U¸C/ˆU
U /2 Z 8
{ { 6 q ¦ (k)
" c " F " 8 " Ž2;!  " " F "   " 79 r " % •23% ˆ    % F " 8  F •Q
D a  u C
1   ! U 0V N .D 9 (.~.L \2 8‫۔‬L)‫۔‬23U
8 ' x 4 2 8 %
،. ،
!   ./   a / 0« 2 D v  02 N ‡ N U
" F " F  "   " " "   " ŠX " F X
8 02 N ‡ E" 2 %/! V. E"  2 3— z+N+ 3jV ‡ U  0«2 39P•Q C 2 3r!  !P .™U 0V U -/2 Z[C " 2 {jY C DC D،C Y،6 ،’،¸ 62 8،¹a 5،if2 8
" " "  "+    " 
  "
! §‘CD 0š  (C/2 Z 8 t ‫ ۔‬2 3—©—03$%.V>5 ij3<  Y C 1Ž2;! 
" U 0}j a•2 3% /ˆ E" 2 %%2  UE" 2 %/! V‫۔‬E2 R! € 35E2 RV0Y>5NOP;U ( /Z[9' a#! CtP
" F G
ƒ
"E9 E2 R!  ;r 1VacsC„-CU" ‫ "Ž™ ۔‬8D'&acU ! §" ‘ U>5 (C "  C F 5 " R { j Y  F " " "
 X12 3 E2 f 2 C2 %$ %  ($ 9 U1:— 1š9  V0}jCYs/­،0Š3%
U
"   G '   8  ¦R Y  ‘ U " "  ƒ F 5 "
s ‡   )  !  v C 2 ;%‘9 C  2 ‡ E2 RV>5N.3 UUD  UDC D0« /! šf 02 N ‡ ‫ ۔‬v2 %‘U \{2 6 13q H@L@ C  pq Cv%
  "  " " F   G"   9  4;" ^   3% ˆ 5 
 U  123^:8  U  .2 3%
   8   02  N ‡ (H 0z¢^ bHKk? O6r  v%  2    v  C O  C  . z   12 /  N
q }8 U ( v2%‘ U  \{2 6  13qKL@ .5
U
"  
" "   F  "  " "
a•S$  U E" 2 Rš Y C (.~  .L ) .3 U /ˆCD  U \2 8 9   DU M28n8  a ! YD 
/2 Z›OfCDU 2 {jY9) 8  2 3^ C  ^‫۔‬a a{rÁe;'& O;’ v%
# U " c
 "  <   " {% U G  "  F
(‫۔‬E2 R! acdeE2 RV .K،BU  .3 U ¦5 U
.  ]f   . z a   -  C  2 ;5 U $  f U ; y 6 j (  1VYE2 RV
'
 "   F   F 
 0Y>5NO;P U 32 %E" 9E2 R! 8 ! v%a#! Cac .™U a#! YD U02 +Y ‫۔‬2 D 2 3'$
G ) " " " "
" " 5" 5"
 02 +YE2 RV0V U \{2 6  13q£a{'$ f \{2 6  13q£E2 %80$ z3$9‫ ۔‬2 ‡ E2 RV
" 
E2 RV  v2 %S C   \2    U  " }";U 0" V "   " 2 {jY 0«    U v  % F  F •Q
 02  N ‡  N
" " " "  " F  =  "  " " " F  "
F  "
¬ B~@
¬ B?L    U T-YDMj}8E" 9).™U 2 83%0}j U  Y Mj}8E" 9E2 R! \{2 <  .2 3%U .3 Ua•S$ UE" 2 Rš Y0« C 0V Y v2 %S
" "
5
U Of02 ‫ ۔‬f (\| 13q B?L \{2 6 13q ~?? ) 
5 " " " "
U ! 2  C f (
"E9E2 R! — Ž" 8D'&13y^ U  " 2 {jY8 E" 2 %/! V‫( ۔‬-/2 Z[CL~ :H@) f 0" V "
" " F  "
NST U  -2 3q9 C  -2 T ، -YD U  - Dt2  ‫۔‬E2 R!  M8ª5 U  >5 N.3 U  .™ Of ‫ ۔‬2 ‡ E2 RV (HKHg :K)E" 2 Rš Y‫۔‬HUD
  F    "   "   " " F  "   "
 U .V>5“2D C ،X+O2 ;%، 2 R°e C ‫ ۔‬a{r!  M82 n8ac U .2 3%U  O5   STU " 0°2 ;U' ; $ ;%1Ž2 ;! " Y —Q2  ;— U  DC D./79
G "F " "  " " " "  " "   "  " " " " "
 — Da{fC a|2 8 $ % 0V N .™U a{%-2 352 % C 0V 9‡ U O;yjY U- Dt28   ( & E2 RV .2 39NE" 2 Ra{%$ -CE"  2 3—‫۔‬a#! "  U CD$ %¬C3^  " acE2 RV0V U  C "
"  " " " "
R V   F
E2 
>5/! 02 N ‡ ‫  !۔‬E2 ac  R S " Ž5 a–]j"Q U|qa|UMj};5U  0 " « "E2 RV " 0ªq p2 RYC  ;— U  1Ž2 ;! E2 RV r" " a{$% 8 t E"  2 3—‫۔‬ Y U0"  D ‚>50
2 2
G F  "  "( " G    
 "
R  U " { jY  RV " R š 5 R 
!
 ² Œ  2 0« E2 E2 YH½ 3 ‫۔‬E2 ¬n5  .2 3%  0Y>5NOP;U /Z[
; U U  C  -/2 Z[C  e ، '{%$  ،! — ;—  U  . T C (L?  LH :L?  12 3%ŠX‫۔‬L)‫۔‬2 3— 2 9
 G F "
"%  U    " 5 j F RV % % <" U F
E2 C2 C3 D 2  ‫۔‬E2 8 UM28n8 U.2 3%U >5N.3 UU U\{2 6
RV f 8 J R  ! U ( 9 % { Y % 8
:H?)"    ¯$  $  2 C2     M  /  N-Y E2    E2 $ $   -YD
};9 " 6 2 R Y 7 5
"
F " F {j3F 5 F " " " " "
" YF 0uRV C -3q" 9 " U  " % " " " { o U "
E2  6RVa  t|5U .<2{RY0$ z3$9E2 R! D95
U - Dt2 
R V ! 2 U 7 5
 / 0°2 ; ، -3U$ C 2 8D  35 Á  D\  ’ ‫(۔‬Lg U U U U
" 5 "  " "   " F " F
  $ 8 U. HK،HBE" 2 Rš YLf 9  D95UD1nœ 8 U0‹)$ %- Dt2 1£\{o8  t $ %E" 9' 8 U D'&
U C/´X" $ %C 2 8D UC 35،-YD
"    F G G "   F 
" E2 Rš YL)  " “ 0uRV0« E2 RV p8C U" C/ˆ  J N-YF  C   (! M28n8 F "
-YDU E" 9E2 R! jV 
U C/´X68² ac$ %C U 83%+036 Y2 ‫۔‬ac U
   "  "  68 %   ;o U  F " F U 

F
X
9
deE2 RV   (!.2 3RYDa{< 2  ‫(۔‬L :? T، IB :I~-2 3462 8، I~ :HK D};   ² $ C §D2  .    u ! Y 02   ‫ ۔‬N E DU /75N " ’
5 U ! R J ' " " Š
 " F F " 2{5 " "  "( "   "
9،3 jVY N" VY C /! f   Da#! YU 1U "Dt2‹VN-YE" 2 R«2 "0«، a  2 D C µy  0+ ‫ ۔‬2 ‡ E2 0Y>5O;P U /Z[UDE" 9E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYD

‰ “  9 U  R V
  F 
 F " U  F  q

 .u   02 N  ‡ (I@ LK :Lg)‫ !(  ۔‬M28n8 U " 3%U E" 2 Rš Yf
2 ‫ ۔‬3 j$03$%C/´X" acf 8 3’ U|
F R   Y X "    " "F " F F " " "
 j " F
 ½ 35E2 ! ; ®< $ % „/ZS. U\ 2 8NOP;U U0Y>5NO;P U ( /Z[#! E2 RVa{fC  U  $ E2 V2 C2 %/´XU3% — C .™ 8 -2 3q9-YD0« deE2 RV E" 2 Rš Y‫۔‬L
( R { Y
F— G FR  "
  u % f 2 ° e U ‘ F
      a Y.  C  Y.  C % 8  J -Y" E2 RVE" 2 Rš YL "  F
/Z› " 2 ;_’-§ 3" % tF |5 U " 2 {jY‫Ž ۔‬91V0 3$%. ac —"  (L@ :L@)z{" t$
$ 2 $
F  j
F
F "  " " •YF F " F 
 { '
02     02  N  ‡  . (H~ :HB )"z2  U 2 C2 % $  U  -YD -2 3q9 ®Y U
f { Y BgI8 
J/7;Š -uRSXU 02  J (LB :Lk :KE" 2 Rš YH)‫ ۔‬2 3rÁe03$%ac
" "   "
F  F  F " F F 5
 E" 2 R«  0°‹ E2 R!  E2 RS 0¦5 X  a‘Y .  C   Y .  C   "  %  0«  3r! 
j}5
2 . a 12 /ˆ N-Y C a DO6 YU.‡ a)  C /7’D-YDU M65D\{2 6 13q
) 3 % c
" 8 F G  W  "   " ;yjY
 "
F " " •YF   F" F "
 ™Y0$ 3fa{42 1Y V‹2 3oOw2 ;x< a " " % "0z3" $9‫  '۔‬STa)oU  J N O %
:BE" 2 Rš YL)12 3 9-YD O^Q
S$)/7;Š ‫ € ۔‬DE2 RV .;o U-uR! Y 

$
 " " " F" F F  " " "  "   " "
:Ik  -23462 8)  ! /¤o   i2 ;$9 C   -3% ‚  -uR! Y " a‘Y . " ‫ ۔‬-ST   /2 '  /2  2 912 % 90« 3 t&U Uf . >9v2 %SUD (Hg~
Z › { % Z [ % 3
 " + " 
" 3% U  .3 U  U E" 2 Rš Y2 8 C  G {R2  $ % O  " <   G R
‫ ۔‬U !  /ˆ- 91z (I :IK -2 352 %) "  Y . "(L  8š% ‫   ۔‬U M82 n8  U  2    32   
" ;R«  (G % " {fF %
  "(  " " F " F " G
"  " " 
0Œ 02 ‫  ۔‬$ a C $ 0Y>5NOP;U /Z[f ;R«U /78U;%-Y !2 s/­0E2 RV ‫  ۔‬U1Žfa¼C<+ ($ 9 U9  3R2 V2   '{$%E2 RV0 v%zT
"  "      " " " •YF " c % _ 8 " "
  E2  \ 2   .}q C 0°‹ E2 8 UM82 n8 U .2 3%U 83 U" s/­
8 U " R } ; 5  U "  R 
! 5 ; Š
   Y / -CE2   -3Ua 2  2  $ % 0°‹  UD
U
U ) ; U 7 R V 9 
  "  5  F  "
‫۔‬E2 R! ;²% DDVacE2 RV . }„‫ ! ۔‬E2 RV\{2 6 13qB?H 0}q C02  0« v%f 03R« C 2  ‫  ۔‬U D € 9
"   
"
(~)   -Ž2 ;%$ ، € 9 U  ! 35  E2   . 2 %< C  p8C U  Tightath Pileser III J/¤2R‹$ 
U # R V
" "  " "" " 
 5   " F F F  F
‫۔‬a{r!{9f (\{2 6 13qgBI) .;o U 9  -Y /2 ZY  U1  ©8p8C02 ‫ ‡  ۔‬UD9‡ - Dt2N-Y C p2 RY! -YD9‡ U 12 3% /ˆ  C O6 Y
 "   U "  _ œ 8  % "  % < U " " "
 
" 3%U .3 U UE" 2 Rš YL
f " 9 R 
!  ( U U ; o 9  U 3
 E E2     D.    ® Y 12 v2 S. 2   0V  
CD Y‫۔‬E2 8 UM28n8 U (.H~C.Hg)
r R  ! 2 
 "( 
{ o
   "  "( "  F
 "
U  ( 8 U
N ;P  /Z[}8 \  1 ‫ !  ۔‬M2 n8 .2 3% 0Y>5O;U /Z[
O U U  U 13q~LLUD/2 ZY  U2 ;j23% /ˆ  C -YDU 12 3% /ˆ  ©8p8CU  (Sargon II)
"   "
  8 U  2 3R  U  
f
" "   UD"   RY   2  E" 9 E2 RV  \"  8 NO P;U  U  0Y>5 O N ;P U
 "
T U
" ) R! (  % "   U  5  
  ، H :H2  ،H :Ha )‫۔‬E2  \ 2  O  S  -YD ( 2 % /! 0Y>5
‰ 3  T U F
2 "
 "    ;o  5 " 8   R!  ;%  F U  <= U " <2  " ;R« U  F "
" f E" 9' sC¦5/2 Z[. RY 2 0‫۔‬E2 R«1£.   D } ;   2 8 D z  U ‰
 -2 3Š ‫۔‬E2  ² D.DSX O    Œ  02 N ‡ (-/2 [C Hg :k Z
2 F  F "
" F " " "  "   "   " X " " j Y " " U F F <"  F 
3%0ux8aÀ393$% URY U \2 8 NOP;U" 8 2 8Dz E"  2 3—‫ '۔‬iq CE" Š DU  ™ (H :L)  D ‡ 2 C2 E2 0V  C 366 -YD-2 3Š E2 RV.3 U
(  U 8 { % R V  ‰
 F   "      " + F
‫ ۔‬v%O<= U .2 3%U OP;U" f 9 U1£\{o a{UU  UM28n8 U0}q C 9%$ ž8  "  a 2  U02 N ‡ NE" 2 %/! Vf /75
ƒ +  R!  8 U  %  F " " –" #  — " 
2 3r /! š. $  M /! ‫۔‬E2   :;U $  .u  3$9a !  v „Ns<
!   % x < ‫ !  ۔‬.2 3RYD
U  " U  "( " R  — " & % " " {R " F R V  U 
"
( " 9 " 6F j23% F  %F "8  F
  .2 3%  0Y>5NO;P  /   ،E2  Ž8D'  E2 /2 Z$›a 8  02 N ‡ 0«
U Z[ f ! U
E2 .3U 12  D D / -YD0« 2 D v 02  02 N ‡ 7  U
"  "  " " "  F
 F  F  F 
  UE2 RSv2  D.aX ac2  8 •QU  02  N ‡    a{r! v% O<= D  (;% -YD -C (-/2 Z[C H :~)  -YD 2   0}q —  a C   Ow2 ;x9 D   2 ‡
" " " "   "
F "   G " 2 "  G
%
 U1Ž8f C/Za $ - rU  02 N ‡ ‫ ۔‬Uv2 %° 0Y>5OP;U ( /Z[ 
{ U " 9  D Ÿ8 U (
>5)O;Š‰ E2 RV/­/2 Z[ U. $  C 3R2  (Nobonidus)
 de  {65 q   "  " 
5 3q  F F U  (
{ r c 3 {
a a \ 2 1 ?Bg \ 2 1 £E2  D$ E2 3U 0«E2 8 Uv%
f 6 % ³ 9 R   9 R 
! ‫  ۔‬ª’0 D / E2 a ! YD 12  D0« 2 3R 02 U f 0C U9 U
U ¤ 2 R  R V #
 F  " " =  G " X " F
N  O9 u28 D (U 1Ž6Š "0« 3 'deC/2 Z¡23— /¤2 RC$ %0$ z3$9‫۔‬E2 R! \{2 <  ½}yq-CE2 R!
•Q  " a{jVDV%E2 RV ;'Œ‰ U >5. N 3 U U#! E2 RV 5 Ÿ48f •QU  02 N ‡
F + G " " F "  " F "    G  ƒ "" F
" 02 N ‡ 0dz ‫۔‬3 — DE2 RS a{fC a{%$ %v2 %‡ a|U0a|U U>5N.3 U02 N ‡ "
U T0«E2 R  (D '$ )E2 ReE2 RV ;2R&0« /! šf € — U  8½ 35‫۔‬
   ;R«  ;" %   " "
 "F  G "
  v 2  DŒ  ‫ ۔‬2 ‡ E2 1 %UDE" 9 3 ! U2 3% &E2 RVe+
8 !  R V 3 (-/2 [C L? HK :L?36RY ، K :HK 39 ،.L.C )E2 R°Y$ O2 ;$%3$% UE" $ 9
Z
"  " " " +  " "     " 8 
 \2  UDt2 
q C .™U r—U 0V 2  ‫ ۔‬PnoU 0dz C E2 R! ; U %  {r U
   2 ; };U -C 0«   a     2 3U U  2 ; 2 /  E2   .V>5 Ÿ     M2 Q NST j 3 % ˆ R V 4 U ; R
" "F   G " F "  " 8 " "  " " 5 G "
ƒ "
 (}5Cv—ª5U µ:— U >5N.3 U a{fC 02  C E2 R! ; ;— Da{fC a{%$ %O;UC •QŸ 0$ z 3$9' E2 
j} a 2 3' U  UC/¤ E2  /2 Z¨$ f "2 %="
4  R S 5 { 4  œ 5 % U ! % {
 F   "   ƒ  "
‫~(۔‬I0z¢^ )"‫ ۔‬a{%2 DUE" fCU ;²ReD +vP%2 8D€ Jf  Ÿ48‫ ۔‬vP%2 . 5D +f ]œ— 0«2 39
     A | q " ƒ " " " W —

I )#bW 4N O"=   ‫ ۔‬-3  ]œ 02 $   a  -©8     2  E2  /2 $ . E ‫ ۔‬
9 • U R V "   3
 )M  Fj C c=  
 U — %  V ‘ 8  < Z  2 '
 % F f 9 R!  (  c RV  ( " "

8

U  = U  " U  "( " F  2 3r!  v 02   E2  ! .2 3RYDa E2  & U>5N‚ E2 R! ©8" ‘ U

  M2 n  O N  .2 3% 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[s/­002 N ‡
8 U 8 < "  
"
"  "
ƒ
   F 2   < v CU .D3’ };U $ % E  E2  E2 ! § ‘ -C D + f "2 %= "]œ— 0«
‘ ( " 9 R  R  " {
(E2 R! D95E2 RV'!  #! . 9) E2 R3 U2 02 0«E2 R! ;²% DUv%ac02  0°‹ E2 R!  
| q |U R V " " 8 " 5  
 r de "  " " ‫ '۔‬8 U
 a E2   œ; U }8V C E2 a a  -CE2 E E2 ! i2 ;Rn8 U0V aX
_ R  { c R V " 9 R  " "  R ƒ
’ "
 " " "  E2 >5N‚  €  Dz E2 (HKHBbHKH?)2 Á39a•S$
RV 8 o  V  { y
  " "
 (! .2 3RYD. 2 %C3 fD C € — C /!  U8 V 2 UE" 2 %/! V‫۔‬2 3UE2 RSs/78 "  ƒ " "  –+ " " 
F  "   /Z[0«  (U/! š\2   UÁ39 ‫;۔‬U U ¦5 C E2 R aÀ39s U UP%
( 
" 35 DU bHKII C bHKLK‚_<W‫۔‬E2 R!
 Ua#! YD2  U Ugarit.rP 2 8 2
 G F ƒ ƒ  "  "  " " % 8 " 9 R •
8 ‡ " S$. /2 Z¶ "µ:— E2 RV 0« /! šf +  O5  U (.Hg —  !  j }
€   0«  
   ‫ ® ۔‬Y O 5 f   U
"
!  V C E2 DMj} E E2 ! a V€ " — -C
 ƒ " ƒ
8 " ^  " ’   9 o  " 9 U F Z" ¥8 U 5  ;U ( Z[ F Z" ¥8 U
‫۔‬E2 R! U jSž a–2 C E2 R!  C  p 3 ،  O C O n  ،O Y   / C     0Y>  N OP   / C  / C   
"  " " " " " 8
F q #
/Z[ 2 " U "   U 0Y>5N OP;U ( /Z[#! . 0}2 8 DU 02 N ‡ N•Q R 
! U |
‫۔‬E2   a ! 2    C 2 3% „،p  "
"      X ƒ ƒ  " " F
 f 0C U8 !  ¾C/Z¶ C ' ;r ! ¾C/Z¶E2 RVC hCDU }8V9E2 R! ; Y®< U µ:— ‫ !۔‬0ª9 V O4;^02  UK :KL 8 ½ 35
ƒ — " F   RS"  RV X 5 {<= " F 
¥ œ 9  ƒ R V 5 " " " Š X "
 a   ]œ 2  E2  ? :kB  ½ ‫ ‡۔‬E2 E2 ®< 
t¢ \ 2 
— 8 3 C  ،E D /2 Z® 2 D0°2 ;U"
"F   F 
ƒ  X
!  E2 a{fC  U µ:— 2 U  .D N•QU .rP 2 8E"  2 3— 2 3r2 3U " J <= "0)%
# R V r R 
‫ ۔‬E2 ! ¾ ! E D /2 Z® 2 D " Š
" "  = ƒ   "
HK :BK 8 ‫۔‬²; $! " J$ %—D "0)%\{2 < ]œ— 0«  ! 
j}5U ‫۔‬r E2 R;² % DU-3r $ % DUOf
" 9 $ %
q C  3U w5$ %O  f %" ƒ ƒ  "  "
 ¬3fC¬2 3f "‫ ۔‬2 3U]ju5U  2 2 D "µ:— E2 RV :! 0ª9 V O4;^02  U’/75U I@ :g-nq2 
F F  ƒ G G " "
E2 RV L? :Lg،K :LH3F 5 "‫ ۔‬- Y s„ U-YDDC DS0 2 « /! šf .P — UC/$ Z«Á ©8 U /¤2 RY"
"
 ƒ ( Z[ –2 " U R3 ! " 8 ƒ  F ƒ G G G G " "
2 ]œ— / a 0°2 ; ‫۔‬E2 $ ! "'* ' "µ:— 8 z U "'*-DuU "µ:— ‫۔‬E2 R! ³ U8 812 3%$ %9 .P— UC/$ Z«Á Á
" 5" R " " ( " G G " "  G G
‫ ۔‬2 ‡ E2 V;4  E2 V8  r2 8 C  J ،/75
R e$ %8Dr UC/2 ZY 9.P— UC/$ Z«Á ©8 8 ! ³ U8 P812 3%
"" "
% 5 9 — G " {fF ƒ " " " 8 •Q U  F
; jª 
 0O    Da C $ µ:—  s/ 0   02 N ‡ % ­ "‫۔‬
" ƒ " 8  ƒ œ— "  "
) F 
  <   µ:—  ² Ÿ . 0°‹ 2 D 0   a     1 % E" 2 R /Z¶ f 0C U
( U 6 8 4  U ) % ¥ " 8 3 ‫۔‬E2 R! E2 RV.Hg€C99 }f U O2 ;rU 2 +2 
F 8 "  ƒ"  "(  "
F  "  "

r { ^  ¥ 8 U 1 R34;^ “  "
RV 5 5 %
 E2  L :H " 2 "3%$ ½ 3 ‫۔‬0
j} $ „s£Ojª E  a ! \ 2 8 5 9 { R 
! R V
2  E2 D95E2 Š  0Y>5NO;P  /Z[9 E2 U  2 D C O4;^02 
ƒ "   F " "   F "
ƒ 8 " q U TF U " "  ƒ "
2 3r!/! š02 f    02 35  U ]t‘ . E"  23— "‫۔‬ac (UR39$ %2 ;%$ €C  U  "
¥ U | 
    Y 0V 2 0« ! /! šf E E2 !   $ /Z« E2 V.D N  (};U"" 9 R ( ( R • Q
  F R" 9  F "   ƒ
 ƒ | q   F F 8  F ¥ 8
 i2 a !   2 3r2 3U "a    3 "0)%9]œ—-CE2 RV0:2 8/ˆ02 ‡  0«
;y— # "  c ( U U  „ C   0« ! v%02 f  02 N ‡ $ ‫ '۔‬8 Ude }f  C E2 R
 " G" "F  " 
de   { 6 5  "( F
S)  !¦RY "™35 "E2 RV HH :IL36RY E2 RVE" 9  !¦RY E2 RV;45  !    ž 2 £-  C -/2  \ 2 E2 D95E2 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[9 }f
8 ' U j S Z  f R 
! R V
G" " F "  " "
 " "
"‫™ ۔‬35$ %$ <;ž% .>P’ 6²RŒ " de ¸C/ˆ CD2 3%2   C 2 3r ½03R2 ‹ „.D    (};U}8U 2 8£" 0°2 ;UE2 R! • Q
 "    "  " q 
#
+k  €C9)O2 ;rU 2 +‫۔‬aca{r! ;x5N „ C O4;^ U| /ˆCDE2 RV92 3r! 
"  {" t$ {R" " " " 
 
 /Z[ -D950$ r 0«،E2 ! ;ž< $ %0z2  ORu8 U0V  ( 3%  #! $ 8
( R
 "   " " 5 " 
U ; % ; U R   U %
    0°2 E2  2    E2<  8 " R : ; _  a SW  E2 E2 -Cs<s90Y>5NOP;U
+ 9 R 
! R S ) 

)  ) )
‫(۔‬CD! A)‫  
۔‬20 ;Rh i!]  " e!  2!f&  *\g ( ," b  Q( ) 
! 2Y>1A
 a6 c K*d*J 
1

! " f U 9 !  R S
" "
   8

( U R V " #  #
  0C    E2  C ¬ u2   E2    !   a !  3 Ž5  2 Q
!  f % " ; yj
"

      Q % R 

 c de "
8 " R! R S
"
 R   #
" 
R
   ‫۔‬E2 a  b2 3R 9E2 E2 E2 3Ua ! C0u z -C. 0« 0S&02 M   U   Y x <

+ (
 "    F G
E2 RV83 U2 
 UE" 2 RV 8 C 0«E2 R! ; YU¹’D02 ®YU ¬8C %#! U 
 " " 
 { < =  x<W  R  |2 8 #  "
¾$ f ¸ DU i2 8<  C \ 2  Ow2 ; a 9E2 ! O;P Ua a ! 0Y>5NO;P U ( /Z[

& $ ' * 
(
(-.$+,"%#   !) ‫۔‬E2R!
A  
    ;W %
 STU2$ >$   > V OGV U '%
- - X
Z[F=^bS
    
-----------
 .@ 74YE<Z
  C  
I )#bW= a  / N O"=
 )M 
r   " " "
:E2  2  0Y>5N O;P U U12 DE2 RV0V 
R 3 U % <
" "
 ""— "" ƒ " F "   " " 
‫ ۔‬V،12  D،.™¦ T،]’ C،-2 8،35 ، 8 ،/ ‡ ،-2 3Š ، T،\2 8
U  ( ZY ‰

S    `
dlM OK F im80
 "   
8 % % " "
$ C !!  f /2 ZY  1 12 /ˆ a O9 (! v% 3%  U0V 
U U  3 {
G " 
" XF "    RV  ƒ" "
 ‚z C /! ‫ ۔‬3jVE2 .E2 ' ‡ U -2 3Š U!#- ª802 ‫۔‬8 ‡ E2 RV‹V;%ž
%  ‰
F
 ’ ) f Z3"5 ( 9 " ;% " 8 {xo " T 
8  Š)r U G   U {j Y %
 O   /  $  ž  0S2    C ‫ ! ۔‬p  ‡   $ 1  2 C2
"
"   D
"
{ % R V " " "  2 3— R " U G %  "(
Va $ -CE2 /2 0V E E2 3f ¿$ 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[Ur" —U
ZY
  " "   "  
" P C 8 3%a{45 "U" C™ SW‫ —; '۔‬8"  a+ -C. C ' ;r ' ( /Z[
"   
  X "  ’ U  8 ( !  »G %
  ( /Z[ f   v‘C   ‫(۔‬B v2 %‡ )"‫  '۔‬8 ‰  U   . 3          a $
" " "  X  " 
  j <  U" G " " "  "  { j} 8
 C  ‡ a E2 1 1  D a ‫۔‬E2  1 8 C E2 R‰ ،E2 R3fU¿$ %
 c R V 2 3  2 3 t{
2 x o –  % U > r "
U 0}q C™- UV‫“۔‬e ;— 8a+ 3— 
’ C a{ -  U .z= 03o2 2 s/­
  " " "% " "   " "  " "  3% ˆ " {% U  œ! "
 ( "  U Š)
‫۔‬a  —DO2 U ” E  V  ./2   O V ž  t{9'  0S2{xo-Ca–2
c ;j£ % U Z [ !
 ; 8 U U U 8  8 ;5 U
    08  t C  ! p  Y  '$  12 / a }8 ; 3$9
"  ;" % RV t  #   U F 8
 ƒ
’" "   " "
{9 c U
 a . E2 D 2 N1! a ! ® Y  2 3$% "2 0.D3’ " { y 2  #! ORYU 8 Y" " C r E2 R! 3%$ U 
Ž9 U  -C0«2 3UST _9
" "   
5
‫۔‬2 3r! p ; 0‹ujYb2 3R  C a{r! 
yx /P´+$ %aX E" ! #! C C™ #! C b +  #!  C ،E2 R! ;'de C 8 UST$ zX
 " F " " 
"  F ‰  R! R «  % 9 R 
(I) " 2    ،2 3q£ ، Y  ، -2 3Š  ‫۔‬E2  02  ،E2  O  E2 P/      -C C  ‫۔‬E2  8 U
T % ; % ´+ 8 t { !
F JF   " " "  ;F% % ´+ " {$% " 8 "F "
-C0«a#! 02  U  (S{%  U-CrU 2 ;two" E2 RV0V U  /2 ZY  UDt2 N 1! ‫۔‬E2 O E2 / a  ‚zX aX $ 9،-/2 Z[C
R «
 " F " 9. ‫۔‬E2 R& µ ƒ <+  " " "
0a#! YD U  œ U0Y>5NOP;Ua{$% a{42 8.Dh al•V C a+q;ž% (L)
  " " ƒ
 F "     ’ " "  "F 
2  U v>8 C O!V،.2  C a•V U" 9E2 Ra{r- OP;Ua–2 $ U " Ž$ 9!  -2 3Š‰ UD9) "2 {y 10.D3’،‚zX aX $ 902  M8ª5U v2 % C Dt2
" 9  " 9 $ 8 R   { Y " +  " "  " F "r% U " 
F
 12 a  ./  ‫۔‬E2 a ¾C   uR a     ®  ‘  C 2 
 ‘ 7 U q U " U U %     ‚z -2 39$  C -2     -C‫  ۔‬E" 2 R« U ( E2 RV.H@B
8 t {9 ' X '
 U " " 
8 F     " U {"%  %
"
8
" ƒ" 
F  = " |"8  "(
U
 Y/ZY  /2 ZY 0V ‫۔‬2 3r2 3Up Y  DO2 ;  U 0Y>5NO;P .D2 3q2  aU % % U % U U > U U (
 v2 C  ‫ ۔‬1    y ®Y O<  <  0Y>5N OP;U /Z[
8 U U U
"  " " ƒ
  "  "  " 79 RV " 8 " j3<" + '  { y ’" "  "  "
‫۔‬2 3U1> ®YU O< v2 %SU0Y>5NO;P U ( /Z[2 8 Swo E
8 = " 2 RV0£T12 „  D./ E2  V i C   £U "2 0.D3’"  T./79 M8ª5
(
 " "
" "  U Dt2N1! E2 RV0" V "  ،E2 R!  ž 0S&#! u2 R 0°"2 ;Uacac.  "­ F U    " "  "  " "  " ) "
C/ Y  .  -/2 Z[C-2 3Š‰ ./79 C 1 ./79، U V./79،2 U ./79،a‰ ./79،12 
  " "
 r    8 % " " " F 5 " " '  f RV " R« U
‫۔‬a a !  a   ( /Z[03o 03o
c { + f X 8 
D.  $ 3R2 YN-UU¹a 5   "0« 2 ‡ E2 036 0$ z 3$9‫  ۔‬E2 E2  R V
 "  "  " " " " F   "
ƒ U %  F  F " "
 ½  E2 µ:—  CXNO;P  0« a 2 D v .DSX (C   U0YP>5NO;P UD9
T R V U { U % 2 3UD/$ ZYU ” b2 3R f 8 t{9DUr %“2 D C U¸62 8. 8-C8  C
F ƒ "
"F  +" " " { y ’" "  "
L : Lk-2 352 %،L :?36RY 'd2D)‫۔‬+ E"   2  !pq Ca|2 Ra&2 UCD R r U
"‫۔‬2 DE2 V D/$ ZY 2 0.D3’U 8 b2 3R C
" " "  " "
  { U RV "   U t2 !   8 9 Z" [  " "  "
 0Y>5O ;U 9 RS 8 ( U c
N P O 2  ‡ E2  0V u2   a E2  \ 2  D N 1 0« 02  M (-/2 C  0YP>5NOP / ‫۔‬E2  —f /2 Z¶ ‡ Á .2  C Dt2 ™- UV
f ; U ´ R S
G " " % U " c "  U " 8 U F |2 R & RV "  ) " "  " " "  F
 Q % U 
u2 R     ‫';Ž !۔‬$  2 D   a 2 39 .Ž8     a 2 a E2  T)2 3r! pŠ 0>j2  Š•}51£DrU  T./79E2 RV0V  0« v%
F
  " " " F " "  " " G j Y "

/Z› U 0Y>5NO;P Ua{$% E2 RV0V /!  C 0u2 R#! 8 #! " 3 'de2 R:f2 8€ 5Dt2 N ;P UUr—8 "0S{2 x  T "$ %$ 1 U 2 C2 %f  C 9 C (Hk.B
O o  {
 9 c{U " 8 " XF  "  F "  
 .  02 a  Ÿ a|UE2 RV.V12 „ U—YC /! ‫ ۔‬2 D.;%a•T
< U
U  0«02 
2 ;two ‫۔‬ " 3r‡ E2 RVD9C "0>jt2{xo "0E2 R3" f0Y>5
2 2
" " FR & ƒ  " "
   CD 2    C  s 2 ]œ—2  a  OP N ½  -C0« E2 
8 U 8 U 2  U 9 | U U ; U T U R S
F 8 " "   "
a¹   a !   2 3$% C -C0« 1 D02 E2 RV.yo UDt2 /! ‫ ۔‬Uac2 39
– W " f #
1
The Great Synagouge.
"  " " " {% " 8 o  " " X
U  ; 5
 > N.3  Y 
 -C0«D i C   .a   a $  Sw
5 U U ’ U q ; — U  X r " %  {
  E2 DN .D}fa a ! E2 8 U1 $ %
Ž9 U  C 
_ 8 $ % # R V T " '‰Œ 
 " U83 U
" "   " F " "
  X    " " "  ƒ "  " ­Nv  ‘ 
 / (B :B-23Š )"E2 R‰ . 3’U C E
( Z [ ‰ " 2 R 3%a{45U  ‫۔‬E2 %U ".C " " ‘f aX9ac2 %TN" a{$% „ UO„:9 U . C/ C80«¹a{9‫ ۔‬U
ƒ      " ƒ   "  " "  F "
Uµ:— a+SW U E" RV$ 8‫۔‬E2 %U0}—ª5®YU % C µ2 3R v2 %Sµ:— U E" RV O<X f  O<X 2 3q Dt2  0«   2 3r d2 D 02    E2 RV \2   03f±  #!  ‫ ۔‬DU
 "^ " R" " "  " " 
ƒ 5  "  U "  F " 

µ:— 0«;U p CE2  qCQ q1ln  C 2  v2 %S8 t ;— U 8 U1>8 œ  C 0Y>5NOP;Uac{ f "   U" E"  2 3— 8 UOf D% „ U¹a–W N
U;%x’
" 
 <= U ƒ " 8 "    " " "  "   F
E2 0‹V}5 O  µ:—   ‫۔‬E2  1 8®YU O<= U0 DS{%
R V U t  R  ; U > ‫ ۔‬80ac s92  s U E" 2 R‡ U  O42 8/ˆ
Ž
"   ƒ  "  "
 "  F " "  "
' { % U
2 ;  L،k :~2 ; C )‫ ! ۔‬Of$ ]œ—-C0«S 5 ;r % 2 2 3 —
 0}—35 (S{%
f    a{42 8)‫  !۔‬v—š  O42 8/ˆ  U C  " -C 0«  ‚ 02   0S{2 xo /! 
  m8 "  R " ( "   ƒ  
T   "

O< E V /Z[>5N.3 U0« !  C/­-02 a{f$ %]œ— E"  2 3—(k :I  U
Ž9  C E" 2 R ‡ E2 RV12 3% /ˆ  C  U1 $ %  C ( U0}—ª5®YU %C ’
ƒ <+ " ’ " 5    F " 8
 ‫۔‬ !   µ œ E CE " CVU U DO2 ;%%U83 U UO42 8/ˆ0S2{xo$ 8 (H@ :~ T)،" D2 {j}
"
F " 8  "  ƒ "  5 U "  RV ( Z[ " 8 " ƒ" "   "
 t|5$ 8 (H@ :~ T) D2 {j} UC/ˆCD-C 0«
™02 ;— U 02 3xo/!   µ:— 3Ru  E  /    ® y 2  O  2 +Y‫  ۔‬C8 U t  U U 8 % U ’ U 8 '  —
ƒ    "  " " " 
2 8£2 8 C (HH : HL  ] ’ C )   3! ©—3G 'À)CDrYF DrYF 
D/! DrU t{2 xo E2 2  ];^ 9UQ qC
Ž9 U .2 3R2D8 t ‫۔‬2 DUE" 2 R};5$ % „a¦yq U
R V % <
     "   "
" { j} 8  F  F  F   "   dV  "
t2{x   32%D2  U O42 8/ˆ E"  32 —‫    !۔‬O6$ 8 DO6$ 80‹ujY2 8 C D
o " U U/2 Zu 83Ru5 UP>5. 8‫۔‬2 3U1 f O;<+ C  >RY v2 %S' 8 ‡ E2 RS
œ
" "
{ j} 8 ( " F #! o '   ;— G ;$% " f Z" [    " F "   9" #! U  "  =  " 5"
2 D2   0u 2 R 2 3tw ،  $ O2 3$%  -/2 C. z -C0°‹0}50}2 8 D   .  a     3  >  C (LL :HI \ 2  ‫۔‬L)‫۔‬2 3  \ C  8 a{4 CD
U 3 8 U 5 8 U U
" F "
" j} 8 ( " o '   8 U U ƒ % " r F U "   G  "
% ; % {
 $  ² D2   02 3x 02 ‫   ۔‬2 3— ]œ9  D Y  U   8 U 9 ' "‫۔‬D©— D $ 9 O /ˆ "8 t E2 RV€ ª^ Dt2 ، U 12 C
r U 42 8
 F " "     F "
 j} 8 " " G j Y
E2 0Y>5NOP; 9)E2 O42 /ˆ ¹a C E2 2  (u8  U" 0« ' 8 U /­ ;—
R V U R V 8 – W R V { U
 C -C0«2 3— 0S{2 %02  .—$ CU2 C2 %f /2 ZY 8 Dt2N1! O9
U U 8 {
 "
F " " " " "    F "" "  F
DrY/! $ 8‫ ۔‬0ac" Ž5 8 ! ]jV]jU  8CD C   ‘%/2 Za D (ac 
(.H@B-23Š )r E2 %UC$ %034f/! U  r a+qa{$% U^P U O42 8/ˆ
‰
" " "   
F    "  ƒ 8  "    " 
 ( 0u2 R#!  ®YU O<=v2 %Sµ:— U 2 {j}  U (  ;%ž -C0«
™02 ;— U ’ 

 0« 2 3U0} ª5$  1  0Y>5NOP 0« (! M9™. C/­ U. 8
8 — % „ V ; U
 "
" {j}8 " f  " ;% " 8 " {j}8 U 68 |U '&   " " ƒ "
 $ 02 D9  D3f  ž    U9 D0
(
  2  +  ² a C  D2  U. 8 -CrU Swo‫۔‬E2 R! -§‡  (<f E" 2 RVn5 C 
Ž9 ،µ:— U   " 3—
8  "  "  " " "
U! " /2  Z›f 2 {j}  U. $
‡ 
 ’   8   “e   ;%² D2 {j}8\{2 65¹a|2 RQ" 2 3fO90« 0Ca–2 ‫ !۔‬ 0«‚02 E" 9' ".3 UN 1! " „‚0S{2 xo02  $ 8‫۔‬2 3—— 0VD;%² D
z /ˆ
"
"   G " " 
 8 " " " (   • V + q U t  U "   " 
;%² D2 {j} €„ U 2 3R NO9£0°‹E2 RS€„ Ut2{xoU  " ".‡ $ «  ;' 8
0  '       C a a   D 2 N1!   ‫۔‬E2 U1>8®YU O<=N  v2 %SU0YP>5NO;P U
r %
  " j % "  F 
<   F " U "   F  "  X
1    E2 C i2 ¦    D Y a  s/    02  0°2 (-/2 C LK :~ a )"  
 U " R u 8 8 U r X ­ ( ; Z [ { 5 ' U ; U % U 2 ; 3
 0Y>5NOP ‫۔‬E2  p  Ÿ a / E2 
 ND   C E2 3%v ! p ;— U U 8 T ˆ R V q R  2 % Š
   X ""
F " "     "  F 
2 rD Y/!  ‫ ۔‬Y 3f  ®Y O< U. 2 3 8E" 2 %%2  9' ;'Œ‰
r "   % U = _ œ (k :~)2 3rS& "0S{2 xo/! V "U Tf 0C U;% ،0>9&UO42 8/ˆ C O2 ;œq C1V
  op   " "  ""
n) #= dm= •Q>P5N.3 UE2 RVDt2N1!   0>2 8„ ‫۔‬2 %/Z™2 0OP;U- 2 
 M)=P ƒ  " "
)   "+   " " ‫  !۔‬µœ<+ C  2 8£03R2 u8032RY
 UpŠ zd2 O;P U ij3< 
 U M;2 RQNSTE2 RV0V aX 12 3œ„ U-CrU t2{xo
 r de  F     (G)
" " )
E2 a  E2 3U  Œ  }8 0V  ‫ ‡( ۔‬E2 RV¸qCO2 ;%% C pŠ  U" C E2 R3r
R 3 c R  X 8 r U
" " " " "  "  F "
ƒ  " HL،HH،k :~ T)' /¤œ51£ C /! V،WQU O42 8/ˆs/­002 3xo
:HI]’ C)"‫ ۔‬E2 S{%  U8 3%E2 R3 U "0« ! 
j}5u2 8 f  3% U E" 9
 R S
F "8 "
" F F 
"  +  D 1 N ! "-C E2 RV € ª^   U Dt2 N1!  0°‹(Ik ،Lk :HL ‫۔‬HI ، K ، ? ،H :B -23Š‰
‫! ۔‬0O2 ;_8s/ˆO2 ;—ŠXE2 RV0QŠ‰  acU.3 Ua|Uf E2 RV" E"  2 3— (HL "
2 3  R V U ƒ F U
" " 9
E2  .3U   ]’ C  C  35   D  E (I :HL ،Ig ،LI :HH 12   D)   "–C
  ( '

.1 M    4/ 50 67 " ƒ " F
" " (-/2 Z[C HH :K ]’ C ، -/2 Z[C HI :H@ ‫۔‬Hk :L ‫۔‬HI :HH 3F 5 )   ‡  /Z«
    "W X " ( " "    
   sCP  / 2  z  ]<   /Z[2 E2 RV0V aX
; r ; U ¦ R Y 9 ( Z[ 8  U 
" 9' ac68² ! C (.LIa{5)' O5 VN19' ·—68² S)E2 RV2 ;two
F  " ;<+ " 8 o j R
r
3 U > 8 R V "W X  "(  " F  " " F  "
U U
   0YN O  Sw 0>  ‫۔‬E2  1 E2  ]<  2 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[ C  " " { 6 5 " Š X j F  " =
" " ‫  ž   ۔‬D 0V  \ 2 2 3 a  C 12 ½ ‫ ۔‬u /2 E" fC v2 %S
' U j S  f U f ¦ 3 3 5 ' 8 Z
  =  "  "  "
 ®YU O< v2 S C ‫۔‬2 3—
f  3%2 D&E2 8  1 8U 0Y>5NOP;U
% R V U > " " " 
ƒ " " "  " " s   ² D 2  U—J 8 9 (I :LLT )‫۔‬D3 f —$ 8>P512  a•*
U ; %
{ y ’
،0>9&U2  8 0>jU Swor‫۔‬2 D
z /ˆU U 8 U13q8 t "  "  " (" " 
" " "
F " " DS)h s U Cv2 S 2 88 2 ;%Ž5O9 (I? :g)a  U3j C‡ a{$%
• Q " % c
" U " U #  W
-C    ¬C£ C    ! 0«  Q02 aX5 D9 U" E"  2 3—2 D
z /ˆ
Q U 5 T " G " "  "
" " $ % „-Qa#! jSž-C‫۔‬2 3r! 2 3R U $  C -D2  acf jSž -Crt{2 xo82 3U3" j
 R S  c " o ˆ
‫۔‬3jVE2 a 
02 3x  / CDa (HI :HI -23Š ) | U ‰   j
F   "   ƒ ";5 " 
{ Y
 a#! 3% U2 C2 %‫;۔‬r ! 3q NO9£ -C. (gg :L\ 2 8‫۔‬H)' ¥ E2 RV;Š‰
  G +  " "
:I q+ ،H :Hg a{5) ¿r dz   t{2 xo 0^  02 Dt2   0V  U (b~@)
"    " " "
E2 RV‹V9/! U " };U C ' 8 Uv% Y 0¡/! E2 RV>5 N‚ -Cr(-/2 Z[CLL
 F    
 {jY % RV
 Sw  2 3  -3 2 C2 E2 (b~@)O ‫   ۔‬$ 0S2 ! C  D‡ Dt2ac
o 8 r !  % 9 '  8 8 { x o '
" U   % " "8 " F " F  "
  
 qDt2 E2  .™E 2 8Vv2 S t ‫۔‬2 3r! 2 R 2 R 3q  C   2 3R
 R V " U
 U G G " ƒ" "
3 _ < 5 " % U " U  # U { y ;%
 12  nx  U 0«r E2  2 3% 1$ r ‡ ! ‫۔‬2 3—  /2 Z8  2 8N/ˆ
  G "  "
a{5 )' '{R² $ % "± U¹aX5 "E2 RV a{45/! -C‫ !( ۔‬1£ (2 352 a|2 R«E2 RV
‫(۔‬L :LI

 " ­ U ) %  8  "  "(   
( 9 f
0«  M ™ C . C/  0  ‫ ۔‬2 3  0  E2  2  0Y> NO;P U  /Z[
y ) % R V ( " 8 C
 )M   c
JW 
!  U 5
" "
" " a+ C iq C" f "  "  ( /Z[ f 0C URu8ΠE2 RV/75f  RuF $ 8Dt2 E2 RV/75 
" "   F  
  " "  0.D3’ "0« 2 3U.;%. $  S0« U J02  (Ur
 " "F " ƒ
‫۔‬a a !   DV   (2 8. C '  ž !  3f‡ f
c {r " U "   <=  2% " Š) U  "( " " R « { y ’
F "  U
® Y O v S C 2 3Up  0Y>5NOP  /  Sw 0>j C E2  "2 ; U Z[ 8 o U
   5
. 81S$jSž  C 2 3U¸C/ˆ
0)%\{2 6 13qY$ z$JCD8 b•QN "  & #  "
 ƒ œ—     " F  E2 a 2 "0« deE2  HI :L2 ;%Ž5L0« E2 ! E2 . 9  82 3U1 8
R  –   R V r R S R V U >
"
}8  ‫ ۔‬0  a .  0  02 ‫۔‬2 3U0  E2  (2 883 U Ui2 8/ˆ
U  ) % ¥ 8 ) % ) % RV "     "
    ""
"  "   "  "+ 8  0«E2 ! D95a E2 V /2 ZY:8 C . 2 %<  -2 3Š C E2 R! 2 %<E2 RV%D C . Q
R c R  U ‰
( " 8 + "  j )  % U " =  " " 
 2 - Cz D ‡ ½03 >5 Œ   ijY 2 3R Ni< C \ 2 8NO;U8 •Qij3<
8  "   U " "
"        DC D C \ 2   E2  C OP  b2 3R    E2  2 3U0OP;U2 
U 8 U " R š Y ; U 8 RV 9
{ t $ 3 d 5
02 ‫۔‬$ z U12 02 $ \{2 6 13q£2  0)%M;2 RQSTNO;P U
‫;۔‬U E2 RV
Š  "  "  " "    " ¦2;^" " "
 )
" "  G " G   i2   \ 2 8NOP    C p  Swo0>j "‫۔‬2 3Up U-/2 [C83 U
; U ;— ^ U ; U 5 8 Š Z
/! U >5N‚ 9)E2 RVDt21! ‫۔‬1  S&03R2 }RY0)%2 O;9 ;$R32 f0)%E" 2 RelC "
  F  " "  " 
" "  5   R F $ 8 )  % '   Ru8  C -2 3Š 0«  !v%02 f  5 
 ‫۔‬
‰ (LK :K\2 8L‫۔‬LK :LK\2 8‫۔‬H)
8  X " F JF " "
Z [ x 42 8
‫(۔‬-/2 CH :H. ‫۔‬H :H y$ ‫۔‬H)2 3r 3Ru  uP 0  02  (  Œ ‰ "   ƒ  "
 " "   -/2 Z[C-2 3Š C   UŒ8 E2 V8 U1>8 C O„:9 U0Y>5NO;P U8 t2{xo“2 D
‰ U R

j} ERV ( /Z[-C#! 0}2 8 DU  C  D95E2 RV'!  #! 0)%02 
" "
5
R 
 ƒ
 + R ‹ > 8 U  RV 9   c " "  "
 œ < ;U
‫۔‬E2 µ E2  0Y>5OP E2  2 3U a 0OP 2  8 ; U
 5"
1£  -D95#!  O9 ‫€ ۔‬C+ E2 RV /75N‹V jSž 2 8£ f  \{2 6  2 3f9 E2 R! ; YU   )  )#9B  # #N p    #@
#    " "    "  (    9 X j  
 [F
 -D  $   E2   0‹>50   2 E2 lC C E2  2   C ERV ( /Z[
9 5 % ! 8 R 
! 8 U ) % ( 8 " R e " % % "

"   " " U '   ;r "
8 R V 5  #  ‘   U ¥ƒ ’ "
=
‫ \ ! ۔‬C 3RQ 02 $ ERV ( /Z[
 " R  f U
0°2 ;   Áe uŒ E2 / Dt2 N1! a !  v C .;o  N3 Y
7
    F " " F
# ! # N p  # q4 skr"
 "  "
ac. z Ue+U .¦5C¬/¤50°‹U+1noC•Qs/­0/´X02  3 Y
"
 9 9 j  F 9r ;  "  "
ƒ " ‫۔‬2 3r!U+ OfD%
  W  {5
a#!  E2 RV  £ a•S$ }8 U  O52 3q .2 ¢„ C  .5 a{R2 ‹£  U E" 2 R Q a{< G " ( F {2 — G "
  "  "+  ‹2 3o a 8’ C$ %•QU /75
œj2 
  "   G  5
 S$)/! ‫۔‬aca{r12 3'$ E2 RV8Uij3< U 
C NO;yjY®YU  O’/ P ˆ% O2 ;<2{6
r   " " ("
Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
   "  F " " 5 5 "
) % R  R ‹  R 3 • $  ( !  R  R  —
 0    E2 2 362  02   ½  ‫۔‬E2  a       E2 2 362   C        2 8 s„
 ‹ ;— 8 " /75f ./Z« Dt2 N1! E2 RV0V U (\{2 6 13qL?k\{2 6 13q LBg )
F
" 6 5 "  " 5     " { j Y
"  %   " r F  8 RV
 J -D CD \ 2 2 3f0«3Ru   0  02 ‫۔‬E2  (U2 3U¦RY 02 3R234RY
U { ) % R  j f % U • 8 " ’  2
2    2 C2  b Q~L   0« v C 0«  ! E2    !  E2 '  ; r  %
{
2 65  (       " " " ("   "(  " "  F
E2 2 8£a  3% ‫ '۔‬8 U2 3U¦ Y E2 C2 %w8 C C2 %<a{$% UaX
R V ‰  R R V ‫۔‬E2  E2   2 80  0Y>5NO;P U /Z[ UDt2 1! ;— U 0OP;Ua#! Y0«
% U R V " ) %
 F  " "
 O5 N ChDU  0« -+ -YM28n802 E"  32 —! 2  j02 ! 2  jUb•Q8  " ’
 "  G 
 ( Š )   t* n o • Q " U
Septuagint. 1
0«  p ( -  1 C  )E2 02  3 D }  2    D 8 •QE2 RV
!  9 R V  Y 8 % t 
2
 VW   )  )#9B ƒ
"
ƒ U ) %   " F
s 
J J  (  €   µ:—  / 1  µ:—  0   2 3 2 8 ‡ U C2 362 R‹ U .¦5C¬/¤5
„ U ( Z[ £ U 6 R ‹
   F Z°     "  8 U " " "   X
 F  " |"8 G " G "
R
 " "   $ ./ .Y3R  0   E2 .:2 ;Rn   0$ z 39$ ‫ ‰Œ';  ۔‬a+SW
8 8 U ) % R V '
D95./Z°$  #! .0z U (O;9 ;$R32 f)02 3R32 4 Y0)% (2 8  
""  2{65 
 % 
"
" ) " ‫ ۔‬acV." ª^ a‰ 
 ½32%w8 0)%02 ‫۔‬E2 R!
 3 Y1 03$ . 3’ (2 81£  UE" 2 R /Z¶s/­0f jŒ >5a#! U E" 9E2 R!
 
$ " "  G   F " j % "
" |"8 "  " F j  < 
œ 5  "5 )  "  • Q  N ! 0$ z 3$9‫ ! ۔‬v%V‡  %0)%02 E2 V12 3 12 3 NO’Y Cp2 ; 3 E2 % -C Q
1  R
 1 <  ‫  ۔‬Y E2 /Z¶ 9 !  a ERV ( /Z[ 0°‹
n ; U " R   c " 
 ;F % U ( {65 U  Š•  " 79    " 
 " ƒ" " R
E2  .     z2    ”  03  ./ C   v‘C ;²% D . 9  .£ /Z[  U  Dt2
V
0«©2 ;%! \= C$ %E" 2 %„f 9r E2 %UE2 RV0n9 /ˆ CDU 0eY   #! UD F " GR 9   F    " 
#
G % " "    "  5  2 % " "  RV 9 5  "( ! 2 3t E P>5‫  ۔‬8 U2 3U2 R$.2 ‡  C .V>5U 0)%aX  PnoU  C2 362 R‹
X u '
9
 sC   0$ z 3$9‫  ۔‬3RQ 1  C  3 u v SE -D  0Y>5NO;P U " /Z[
R  "
"  " G 5  
 G " 8  " 09OfD%  %E2 RV'! U 2 ;<2{6 0)%02 0«d2D8 Dt2N1! O90«  3%U
 D }8E2 R!  'deE2 RVsC98 '$ )9 ‰| -CU 0)% $  #! -C QU <|8U F G   G "   " "   F
 "  "   C E" fCD2 ;'‫™۔‬ 2  v%‫۔‬2 D '$ )U¦RY U0)% 8 t 8 !  ! v%
‫§۔‬8 2 3UE2 RV¬ C U }8acUD" ‫۔‬E2 R!  f JE" 2 RE2 RV    " " "   " X
  " |"8   " 8 G " G  0  C  ² D  Œ   2      D 2 N 1! E2 £/ CD8  23Š
) % ;% U  ) % ( 8 ; % ; — U ¦ R Y U t   R V ˆ
8 !.2 3RYDE2 Va !  $ U < E" 2 %%2 Ÿ4 U O;9 ;$R32 f
R #  { 6 5 "  3—   5 "
2 "
"  G " "F F 0   2 362 R‹ a E 2 ‫۔‬2 D ¾ U   D
1 % U2 ;<2{6 "U03R2 }2 ;RY
) %  ‰ U % U 3

U "%$ ž8 .% "
Š¦—UE" 9) $ 3$9U .3 U U36RY ½ 35‫۔‬E2 R!  45 "    ƒ" U F 5 # ( 
 " " "   -C0« /Z3  C 3Ru5u2 8 0)%02 8E2 Vy8 2 362 R‹a /¤ ‫۔‬a !  U¦RY % %R ‘
8 !'deU 0V  02 0°2 ;UE2 R! - rE" 2 %%2 U 0)% ( 2 3U
J5f       "
" G  
" 
" ‫ !  ۔‬E2 RSac0)%E2 RV (" 2 81.3 U UU (2 8  a " • c  0  a  C   ‡ a     0  a ‫ ۔‬z   ( /Z[1£ f a #!  3%
U ) % X  ( •$  ( U ¦ R Y ) % – 
2 8  U
N a O9E2 R!  8 "
 " " 
"
F "F ‫(  ۔‬U2 {ju  3Ru5

 3 jVf E" RVU  02  3 Y0z|8E" RV" ‫۔‬E2 R! 1VY.LB LLU  36RY E2 RVC $    
 G " "8 p ! # N p
R S &
E2  S)0« 02  i E ‫¾ ۔‬$  2 a   E  E a{%2 C0z|  C
 y — "   2 3 —  f ; y j
"
Q = _
"
9 U " R V U " U J t  J  9 9 j 
u   #
 "   <" + " |"8  
 "  2{65
 E  /Z[-D95-CE2  .V>5   ij3   < U }8V E" RV C $ "
U " R V ( R V "  f 5 R V "
 0«2 3r! ;x u2 8 E2  CD 2 8£ ( 3% 02 3R32 4RY0)%02 E2 RV2 362 R‹ a‰
U
   "  " " " "  "+  8 "
‫۔‬E2 ! 8 UM28n8 ERV ( /Z[-D95 $ E" 2 %%2 02  $ 8‫  ۔‬M8ª5
R U " " 0$ z3$9‫۔‬2 3r! E2 RV8  Ue+ij3< 0)% 0«2 3r2 3U2 {ju 3Ru5 
" "  " " " " " 8 q " " {Rš   
"   
 / -D  ( 0£ -D2   Y /! CD )0 % (2 8 #! O9
( Z [ 9 5  T f 9 ) R V 8 < <= { 42 ¥; "
E2   (P  C 2 3 a )a ، a ™2  0   E2 2 £ ( 3%
2 ) % R V 8
  8 " F R    " " " " F | R
 o ƒ
 C . w µ:— D};5 36 Y0« ! 2 3’02 $ ! 8E2   0‹>5 ERV   % # R 
! 8 U f "  U ‹V Slavonie  " 2 ;jY C 39  C ® §N‹VE2 RV8  (T،a{5 ‡ ،"  a
" 2
 "  G ) {
2 6 5     " "
83U\$ a•S$ UM;2 RQNST$ % „U 3F 5‫۔‬E2 R! M8ª5U  /ˆCD2  8CD.2 ‡
 $ a{'$ f a‰ £/ˆCD)Œ %
02 ‫۔‬2 3r2 3U;— U C2 362 R‹ U! CE2 RV8
 "  {2 65
‫;۔‬r $ 
z a‰ £

Ecclesiastics 1
   " "   "   8 " {42 8

R V 8  U U 8 U ) %
E2  3  .   0   2 C .   / -D  ‫۔‬E2   .  a ( 8 8 ( Z[ 9 5 R e — U
"   U " R" R  F   "
-D2  O D }8 . 3 E2 E2 Y C 12 %ŠX½ 35O;P U“2 DrE2 R! . 39  $s/­
t  9 V š 3

 ;    " X "    "  "


"6. 90 1:2  "( ‫۔‬4%"6"75. <"8'

 . 3’1£ 8  0« 02 2  ac‰  U)/Z¶82 0C%-D2   U . 39 " ‫۔‬
"  "
 " " R F " ‫ ۔‬2 DU0)%D ‡ 

#! . 0«de "D }8 U<|8 "  " " ;’2 % E V¸C/ˆU 
CDN.8 #! " 
2  U  %F "   " " ( 
 %F   " |"8    "  / -D  0« 2 D v 02  .   YE2 0V  3% €„9$ 8
( Z[ 9 5  8 8 + R V
v 02 0}—ª5E" E2 ! ;r !.2 3RYD‰ "E2 %2  "U 0Y>5NO;P U ( /Z[U
" 9 R " % " "  " "   " " 5 "
" |8 " "  # "  RV ( Z[
"  02 3R32 0   2 8€„a E2  2   E2 ;_ U  
8 4 R Y ) % ( X R   U % <  8 " R : " 9E2 R! a#! C0uRzOP ;U
f U ‰   f 
 S&،v  02 ‫   ‡ ۔‬2  0V   a ! CE  / -D950« 3 2%DU
$  9
 { 6 5 " R  #
"  
; R Q  "(  F
  jSž 2 8£f \ 2 2 3f9E2 ! a ! C0uRz  M2 NSTN O;P U /Z[-D95 0« 2 DUv%
‫۔‬8 ! .2 3RYD6R² « C   " 
"  E2 R! f ORYU -9C“2 D C v%3 U-CE2 R! D95. 39 9 C E2 R€C+E2 RVDt2 N 1!
#!  0«  ! 
j}5 Of35 02  ‫۔‬E2 %D . 9  — J   " #!  0« jSž  f  
  9" "  j}8 (
 "

" "  " "   ƒ"     D  
QD C. 3   M  }5 C v—ª5 S)E"  23—
% % U r 9 5 9
0°2 ;UE2 %UUD.}q C3$9U \2  2  UDt21! ;— U O2 ;œq C UE" 2 %„  "( " +

  " |"8   " ƒ" "F " R 
! # < 
E2 a ! Cs s 0Y>5NO;P  /Z[-D950«3 Y0S&E2 02 M  (U0$ r $ 8‫۔‬
9 U  R S  x <
  O2 C O 1    E2  2  E2 „E2 a{fC  U \2  s/­
f ; #
Š! w2 ; x 9 £ U < " % % " % R V
q   " "   "  G
| ¦ 5   
 E2 ! U   Š 9 E2 ! D95 . 3 f Ot 0°2 ;UE2 \ jSž Y /!  (¯ 9
R  — R  9 R  
‫۔‬E2 R! ; u!iq C0>9&  " 
+ ( % " U   9" " "  2 3—
  W  sC   5 ; U f " R 
! # 6 8
 0Y> NOP   0«E2   ² -C0«3 Y0S E2 02  M  U$ 3%  . 3  E
!    & R S  x <
iv)"=  ; (W4'iuxciw]H(UC  " R S
" 
 8
2 3U 3RQ $  0«E2 M ™ -C.  C  2 3r! p C ; 2 E2  }5Cv—ª5U
%  q  {y’ RV " (
o
ƒ

F "    "  
N-YO9 0«،§!D2 U"  2 3U0}—ª5\2 8 M;2 RQNSTN O;P U8 .z= NE" 9 "
‫۔‬8 2 D ‘3fU" 2 8 
"   " 5  " " "
Dt2 8  82 DU0\{2 6 13q gkK1NO;yjY8 Cyrus  9 
"  " U "8 "
«  S)D D.    $ 8 CE2 RV‹V;%ž U-Cr2  U 2 82 3q
; % f
" "   6$F 8 " "
  " " " " " F
a .  02 U   9‫۔‬2 D E C €  Sž E2 CDU  -YD/78
c 8 U " „ j  R 3 8
 F
R ¦ 8 ; !

‫۔‬E2 eU/2 Z - CDU1Ž2  2 C2 %-C0«D D U { j Y
U "
; !
  R V

{ r  G '& Ž 2 ; !
 U — " " "
 D™C   2 E2  C a   - CD1 }   Y3$90$ z 3$9
! 8
"   " 9"  " G " 
"E! U  0" V  U DC D " À e
./  E!  D/    ‫ ۔‬a  8 ¯$ 9  2 3%‘ M8Y N RY
7 ˆ
5 G  "
O9) f   \{2 6  13q Y Kk@ D™C   U  C  " ;²RŒ  U    ‫  ۔‬8 '* U  ¬C£
" 
F " 8 G % " F% G %  ( %   "+     " % Ž2;! " F R •S$ " 8 " {jY  " 79
-YD 2 2   C ‫ ۔‬$ 0     $ O 2  / ;<  U02 Dt2acv%2 3—U
( ; U j Y U f 7 !  9 '  8 j 
1 O ‫   ž  ‡  ۔‬E  D/ ( 3 1 u2 eQa  2 ./ 8 !  " 
! ˆ (
"  " "  " " " "
( " 8 U " Rz "  2 3—  " " f 
YF  pq C  03Uª8   O * c   ‘  ; !
 { 6 5 q
  2     E2  E  ‫ —© ۔‬8 U  O;yjY $ %   2 ; yj Y D ;ž % ·—  '  ¬C£a v C 2 D -3%U1  \ 2 1 gB~8 1
U 8 U U Ž2 3
" "  F " " " 
" "  "  F
‫۔‬aÀe;“ E2 RVÁ ;ž% UE" 2 R;œ5. aca#! U%3 5UDt2f Y£CD9 v2 %S 02  U r— U  8 '* U  E" !  D/ˆ 8   9    -Yr E"  2 3— ‫  ' ۔‬E" !  D/ˆ
 " " " " 

 U  f O5   "
q  /2 Z[ " U /ˆ U  Of2   ‫ ۔‬0‹V}5  (C    2   02   E"  32 —
( U   "
z$ %-STM8Y U  U  " 8  C E2 %U D Ÿ8 a{! " V" ;ž% -C0«D.   "

2
"  " "%  " U c  "  % F F  " " F  "
8  {  ! ; 8
،
 ، Ÿ   a V ž M YN O  D 2 
  C E  D/  0°2 ; a 0 v2 Žf
J 6 < U t  ’ " 
! ˆ a#! Y (8 ‡ $ 8 CUs—VNE" „C;ž% 9)U— C8 '*a#! YU DC D8  E"  2 3—‫۔‬2 DU
 " " "    " "
c  U 
£
‫۔‬a 1 D ‡  $ 8 8 U D U-/2 Z[C. RYD C ‫;۔‬U 0ª’. 2 3R
" " " "
• " 8 " " ( " 8 % t2 ! RV T U  " %  U " " " U jY  "  
Q (
   2  ، ، 2  $  D N1  E2  S   C C V     02 3  ./79 D/ˆ9a{r! Of2  a|2 8 2  
qDt2a{%02  0« ! 02 0z2{R
F " " " " F " " " "
"    " " "   " 
‫۔‬2 3U% $ %02 {$%OfD% 8 O2 ;%2 8 C ./ˆ}5 2 8،  M82 „ (2 8N.D ( r U Dt2N1! -C‫۔‬2 3r! D/ˆOf2   C 
qa ! E!  D/ˆ0°‹0f 1u8 UDC D # " 
" " "
 " " F " "  F   " jY   U ƒ" #  "
،O2 ;%2 8 D350«2 3r!  2 3$%0Y02 UDt2  3%2 D0«;r !%3 5  
’Dt2   N  02 D 2 O N  E   
ª; a ! . V}5a D C  (C  s/­
% r J U t  ; y 5 "  2 3 —  % • 
 G  "  F "    "   
‫۔‬$ 8E2 RO5.2  C C
J a=_9O42 8/ˆDt2  U" C — U.Uv2 %Dt2 UDt2 CO<•n5 C a|2 Re$  U N O;yjYU 5P P" -C C ' 8 ! E2 RV'! U
"  F   " " " " "  " " " F  ƒ" F
  C ./ˆ}5N M28„،.2  C  UD  C‡ ;ž% -C D0$ /!  0«2 3—U
<W
T 8 t ‫ ۔‬U2 3U w5UC% r" D9 9-YD‫  ۔‬$U®U y82 R$
ƒ
| q R 
! 
F
%
"  2 ;" % " 8  {f %  % U  42 8 F ˆ U  "
  " ;yjY " 8 ¥’ "  Y RV {65 3q
U r
   ‫ ۔‬E2 0«$ z    ² /!  O 2 C a $ vP  O /  f j   U 0  NO   N 3 E2 \ 2 1 IIL}8U YJCDO9
 " G F " 
"E9' 1VYF ·—-CE2 RV-Cr ‫۔‬3rG $ % " " ¾ "a{42 8 "2 u9"
" Dt2 U .™  "   8 <  ƒ"  X ( ) U { j Y
9  Dt2 N1! ‫ &۔‬z M YNO 
ª; O 2  a  '$  2 C2 %8  82 DU
U  6 % f
2
"
$ " 23 " "  " 
" " " "
-C0° 2 ;U‫ ۔‬2 3r2 D
 "D3 f "2 " D "a{42 8 "E"2R‹Ž65 "E2 RV.3 U U12  ( D U ‡  U!  w5 % r   02 3%C>5  8 z  U  % r U    .  0« !  3%  s/­ ¬ ;—
 F  F " 8 F"  "  " G "
j} 8 U  X  "  "
{ 
2   Ur— C ' E2 V  € C CO42 8/ˆDt2a{42 8 DOf  C a$‰ R U  02 3%C>58 z 8 U D  2 %UO;yjY U —  C; U O;yjYDt2 C
U U   3
   "+ " " G
 f  "
‫;  ۔‬²% D
' O 2  D 2 /  E!  D/    ¬C£‫    ۔‬D  %U O;yjY
t 7 ; < "  ˆ 8 ' * U “ e 8 U  2 3
" U " % G"

  Epiphanies،/2 a$ 2 9 Antiochus IV
S$) C a{R2 O9 Z3 R
2  { U ‫  !۔‬/ˆM8YN O69
   "  G  "  " 5 " " " "
a#!  ;²ReE2 RV®! U O5 N " 3’8{2R$ %O;yjYNO<\{2 6 13qH~g‫
 ۔‬J5f 90n9-C0£;x5Ne+U  3 YE2 RV_9U E" 9)8 03’ U /75O9
F " " "  " " "  " " " "  F5
{ 6 5 { 6
13qH~H C DU¸C/ˆ  1DE2 RVv%S&0‹ujYU ;!  D/ˆDt28  "
v%2 3—UE2 V0n;q;%ž U};UE2 V\ 2 13 IHLU U1£03jQ (2 ‡ 1 $ %/75
R R q
" XF "  "% " " 
 Ÿ -D C$ 2   ž  C 2 D s„  E!  D/   v S&¬C£8  E2 RV\{2 6
< % ; % U % U "  ˆ U 5 "E9)8 2 ;UjY i2 89U /75O9‫ ‡۔‬0" ¬  (UE2 RV . 
™U  Of2  Dt2 ac

2  F
" F  " "  5 3q " '   8  "
— -QCf  8 -YDjSž f  w8‫۔‬2 D3%E" !  D/ˆU Menelaus™a{R2 V { o
\ E2 \ 2 1  HKBU};U (  ‡ e  (2 362 8 -DU\{oU  3 YE2 RV0n9U
R V { 6 " +
" Z›  V — " 8 G  ƒ " " RV " U  ;"% " 8 U t  U U F JF U "  + 
G '& F
 0¡  /2 -C  C   O9 "0« U- Y E2 RVµ:— ™- UV
U $ 3 q
1 H~L‫ §۔‬DÁ E2 Á   O2 2  D 2 1!      E /! -C0«2 3—
"W X " ;³ G % RS" "  G & " 5 3q   F ) "" 8 " F 5
‫( ۔‬H? :HI) ( \ ‫ ™ ® ۔۔۔۔‬C $ )E2  C !  '  S)'d2D
1 — <    \ 2 1 Hk~ C   ² D ¸C/   $   M2 „Dt2 8 -YDE2 RV\{2 6
8 { 6 '  ; % U ˆ j  % r 
F
5  " " G" " " ""  "" F "
U R
 DC}5‫۔‬2 D 1 Œ U. Dt2 N1!  
Ž9   C a{R2
} u 8 U  8 U U Dt20«2 3U D£d C 2 2 D ‘¸;Š+-/2 Z[C3%VORY،03R½ 35
J Dt2 a=_9
     F  " " " " |"8  (  " XF   
Of C a{r! i /ˆ U! E" %2  
q
 U
 JU 2 ;% 2 3fU  O2 ;%2 83$9 V‡ %0z  U0YP>5NO;P Uf ' U Ÿ 9‫۔‬8 2 DUD%C-3%U0Y>5NO;P U * <
G G F ƒ   F ŠFX "   %" " "  " "F U  "
U W f % %
 .D -YD  š O $  vP  /2 N C -C0«2 3— 02 3    2 3%$  V  8 Zu % U t  U !  8 8 +   C  3  02 D 2 
 0«2 D 8  ‫۔‬2 D Vf 
U 8 f t  d " U  ! 
" F R
" "  G  "   G "   % (" 8  U F  
 -D2  f 8 9E"  2 3—8¯ 88U;t&9E" ! 2 3'{5 2 3— ‫۔‬ " r E2 %U0‹>5  2 3R 
J  RY$ vP  2 8 z  
J a /  C E2   Y$ % U;%P 8 z
U % T ˆ % U
G G "  F "
    j Y
;2R $“2D C  (Ž5- Dt2;²RŒ U  C  U 8 Dt2 N1! ‫۔‬/2 ZeD C OŠ#!  9  ;P%U C2 8D2 8D1 2  2 C2 %f dU  E2 RV9‡ U YaX ‫۔‬E2 %U
U Ž; !
 U {
 ƒ" " "   " "  "  F
  ¥ ;5 
‫۔‬2 3r1V®YU 2 ;%Ž5a "2 u9 "0Dt2‫۔‬2 3—U U.‡ c $ ;ž% .D2 3q2 %  U " ' 8 U Cs
$ %   U
Ž9 U  Dt29‫۔‬a{rDU‚_<+;— U RY$ %
    " " " " %  " F "    "X
"E2 R8 ;r jž 8 ! .3<{oU UÁ3" 9E2 R9f € o a#! YF  C  ;r ! aTDt2 Of 2p; 0p2 8 2 3%U CD " " + /" ! ‫۔‬D U2 {jYC2 %8  ‫; ۔‬r 8 ¯GDWªƒ 5E" 2 %%O <
2 ! 2
G" F "  F  F "    " " G   " " " 
UUC a{R2 -YD}8U 8 & O6 Y$ % O6 YE2 RV“39% ;5 C O<X U—Y  C 8 8UORY
Ž9 UDt2 ‫۔‬2 DUO9CU3%
QU$ < C 8 ’  " 9‫۔‬DU
2
   F " " " " "  F q " T  F " F
r
a  ©—$ %O42 /ˆ C O! VDt292 DU€6RVU2 83%$  8   C  (‡ ! 
{ ( 8 " 2 DU 13  ™ C 8 U 1  $ %  O42 8/ˆ Dt2 0«2 D d C  2 3U ;<+ $ % 8 & U 2 3f 
9
  F R  F  F "  " r G "  RV 
  { j Y
 .PV ‫۔‬a a !     $   P E2  1  2 C2 E2  YE2  03 ±‫۔‬E2 
c # ( !  Y % U ; % R V Ž2 ;  ! U % R V " R  f R  % ‘ U Ž2 ; !
 R 3 ( 9
$  -©8    1  ‫۔‬E2   ¯$  2 3    ‡      E2  03  /!    -D  ‫۔‬8  % ‘ r U ; % _ q  U t 
2
 2 ;ŠX ;'  " ;% (   "    "     " ""
E2 1 O 2 Y ž  Ž5- Dt2 8 !O2 8\{o U2 ;%Ž5O9}8U
R V Ž2 ;  !  ( ; _  0}q Ca ‫  ۔‬O 8vP%U C2 8D2 8DE2 RV ™ P C ;r ;U " ‘2 % 39
X ; r ; U _
 " " "
"   " " "   "
‚_<+;— U .D3’ U C8 -C8N/ˆ  C 2 3U¾$ U1Ž2 ;! 8  ‫ ! ۔‬1 D "
U C2 8D2 8D S) 2 3r2 3UE2 (IH :HH،L~ :K).3U 12  ( DUD R V  U 
 " 5 "  " " G 
ƒ 
‫۔‬a{rDU 4
a   E2 V\ 2 Dt2µ:— 02 U 12   ( D‫ ۔‬2 3rS&.! C V — C8  U;P%
{ R
 {" 5 
 g  #   q  £ W " Z›"
 f/ N O"=
— 2 ; + U { R ‹ U " R  { < ;r
 M)
  J '( )y"
7 9
  /  a C  O  }8 Y D   .  a    E2 Q a  0«     /2 5 2 ! 
"  F "
!
 { j Y d 

—  "+ " " r " U ( " FX U 8 % R V
  O_ vP  E2 1  2 C2 0«2 3U D£ E" 2 b?@8  Caligula™2;r
U Ž 2 ; U % R V
t  8 £ 9 8 t ! 
D 2    1  3< D  D 2 N1  D / 2   Ž54Š O9
U r ˆ % " F
" "   
 8 "8 U
G" "" ƒ
"  „:9 U0Y>5N O ;P U U 12  ( Dv% UdU  q+>52 8812 3< 88  URY$ % U

 C .   
Ž9   C a{R2 ‫۔‬2 3r!  r Nnx5 O
U


hZ1lcn h8 f ) ) )   Q( b1
! 2Y>1Ac KjkG
 a6
! ! &
 h cf
 m i!] " e!  2! &  *\g ( , "
)
(CD! A)‫  
۔‬20 ;R
"  "  "  " " F "  " ƒ" U "  "" " 
CS  CD .D2 3  a V C .D2 3 a   2 ‫ ۔‬0 8 '*U ¬C£
T 8 U f { ! q d ‹ V 8 8  f -YDE2  Y  ‫۔‬2 D ™CDE2 C 8  Uv—/Z¶C  Ub2 3R i8z=
R V — ;2 R  U R V y
F "   " {% F JF   %" " "
  " "  G "  „ƒ " "
Dt2 O / N3%$  2 u90‫ ‡( ۔‬036$ 8vU902 UDt2 /Z«E"  32 —‫۔‬2 3—{RYU
 4 2 8 ˆ U O :9 0YP>5NOP a $   U C a ! 3%v2 S t  0C  (V/´‘ U
U ; U f # 8  f U
" F   ƒ"
" 9 8 G ;R  Y   " "  "  F
3
2 U
 /! 3 2  ² Œ   C 4 X‫'; '۔‬d2Df y8 U. >9 C .¢8U

R " Š  T./79€„90« ! v%f  H? :LU .3 U/ˆCD U2 ;%Ž5‫ ۔‬U
 "  " "   ƒ  " "
" " 5    
a{“‹Y  a#!  ·‡ 02  (\{2 6 13q H@? H?L )E2 RVO5 N" CDU Hyrcanus ( X  U
 Ž5- Dt2€„a 2 3U  0O;P U2  ;— U  O„:9 0YP>5NO;P U8  -2 3Š C ‰
G   "
F 8  "  { 65 " " "  " " F "8
"  q R R
2  " " + ƒ <+ U U Š)
'$ 8 !  R
  02    E2 O \ 2 1  H@I Jannaeus  3 O  ‡ ™‫۔‬a#! u < 3 2 3  Y 9 9 !
 q „ < & œ U ;U
O VC
  C E CNO 02 ‫ ۔‬µ   p  0YP>5NOP  ;2Ru U  C 8
"%  ’ ) U "  G " G  „ƒ  { " " {% R V " % "   c F { " " F
‫ ۔‬3 O    "2 Ru2  " !Áe 8 O’)%2   U2 u9‫Ž ۔‬8.'$ 
— 8 U  O :9 OP; a Va $ E2 ST ž -C SW' a  62 R$a ! VU 
qa{$% MJQU
U U ! ;
ƒ" "  "  "   X " " "
y ;%
— {
-Cr02 ‫ ۔‬U2 Áe a{%$ .D2 3q2 %  U "D3 f U a{f "8 -Cr /ˆCD2  ‫ Œ‰'; '۔‬E" 2 ReC N‚ 3$% U
" 
a{$% D! 02 ‫۔‬3 j$ $ 9CP" $ 9 $ %C Y U  C 3 %V¬D£D! U-;%ž
F  "  "  
   4'iuxciw]H(UC
  œ 8  { < = U  "    " G" F
12 C /2 "O " C \ 2 " .V>5 i 8 2 3R  C . 8UO’)
Zu f U jY  F    
  U   U " U T  "X  Ru Y% ;5 U0eYE" 2 R U! ;<+ 8 UC a{R2 -YD0«E2 R! 8 ‡ ® e$ %C #!
 -C  0C   2 3%   1  a{< $ %0Y>5NOP;UU 
U r f U 9 8 f " U U "     " "
" " " G       8 .;o% ;5 UDt2 . E"  2 3—‫۔‬2 DD ‡ a{! VUDt2 N1! }8U
j£ 9 U "
" "
a{%$ $ %b3% U L :?@ U0:2 ;<=U a{%-2 3462 88  ‫۔‬2 3r$ % "D3 f a{f "

V "
" & " " G  "   "
 " " " € o  2 8‫۔‬a  D ‡ N Á39 C 2 D  U .Q +" 8 - Dt2  C '  ;² % DU3j
( c   
  ’ )
;— U   #! E2 RV <=‫۔‬CUOf D-  UC E2 RV " 3% " 0«DdUO
2 2  "  "     "  "
"  F  C U  OPRY2  ‫ 
 ۔‬E"  32 — VC$ ®!  /2 Z3t;— U 8 U1£\{o8
 ’ )  $8
 C   — -  U  " 3% U  0Dt2  8   D   1 U  O
2 2 "  
   "‫۔‬CU Š!# - /! Y  " ¦8  F " "
" "  C 2 3'{! 8 Dt2 E2 RV 12 3Š  U
Ž9U ORYE"  2 3—‫۔‬2 D8 C¯D$ % u— Dt2 8 t

9;r Áe; E2 RVŠ{2 9E2 RV " 3% -C‫۔‬3—3" %
>5 £3" $% U  " ‘8 t"  " 
" " "  
2" 2 " (II،IL :HH12  ( D) ;r ÁeRuF 8ž U  RuF UC /" !  C ،©—0" ® U
" " "  "  2 !
8N/ˆ 8 t ‫ ; '۔‬E2 RVŠ{2 9E2 RV0V U ¹aX5./79 D  C‡ U " €„  "+ "   œ
" 3%a•2 3_ “392 %%9 8 " " " "
"  3< D9Dt2 ³D ‫ ۔‬2 $ E2 RV.3Ua•S$ U2 ;%Ž5
" " "  42 8 F ˆ U " 2
 CD2 3%2  E2 RV2 3%D0« r ! 3%$ U  " 8/! U O /   -C0«2 3—UST02  "  " "  " " G   G G "
" "     F 8 O;yjYN"  D9E2 RVO;yjY UUC a{R2 ³DP ،' 8 ! 8 D$ %8 U1£" 
 " ƒ
. $ ‡  ;ž% D  U O’) ‫  !۔‬hCD  3RY  C v‘ £Ca{f 98 ! ¸C/ˆ { 6 5 3q "
9 U  " 
8 (

" c c& '$ ¥8
" 
‹V\ 2 1  H?L ‡  C  .Qu D 2  .™ C  ‫۔‬a a 2 a  5 t  3
 ""  "  F "
¬D£2 Of "، " U  8"،"·—¾$ U ST "‫>—·۔‬P5U ¹ —}8  "U 9 " X  
  C $  ) Ž54 C 2 3r1 8f '! U O5  U2 ;UjY02 Dt2
( U ( Š Ž
"   "  C 123% /ˆ ، "O  ’ ) " r % U " " "8
£ U >8، "0>9O’) " UC  !  -2     ،"u F " "   "
 G  " F   " ‫۔‬2 3r!/ˆa#! YD 3 <+D9‹VU 02 Dt2 (' 8 ‡ 
E2 RV Á39
U 8 c
 2 u  a   v S¸/ ،12 C¬D£D!   ‫  ۔‬-/2 [C " 
R 2 9  U 2 % ˆ   U " '  ; t& Z " F " F
 " " "" U " ;!  (Š|9-C0°"$ 9، U0" :;U a#! $ %.D 
qa d ‹ V8  ( 5 " 4 Š X
 "  " 23 " " Ž
‫۔‬a O<X-D2  acf ".2  C  Ur % "
c " "
c "  "  { R Q  " 
U _ ’
-C0°™2 3— O a -STE!  D/  O  . 8  f ˆ U Š2 U
" U  5  "   "  " C  
  0   0 
  .   .   2  D8  O5 a+C ‫۔‬2 3— U0n;q
Q U   ‹ V ; œ  U ¦ 5 U  8
ƒ" "
;%
a  / 'iuxciw]H(UC
‫۔‬D 2 8 /ˆ U { y " F "
" " F "   5
/ˆ%  \{2 6  13q kI f  \{2 6  13q H?L  
5 " ""   2 ;%Š|9 a{42 8 2 ;%Ž5
( " U " ( | 9  R " 
 C     0 Q Dt2 U E!  D/ˆ  Š   Y 2    E2  a+C
  8 R z G "  3—   "  " " F 
 F " " " 5 " ƒ"  D 2      C D 2 /Z«E 2 ‫ '۔‬E!  D/ˆ a{! V C " ªjY C2 3%D-YD 02 ‫   !۔‬3q
t U " ‘ t
 .™aX2 3fU 2 362 8  (¦5 8 t E2 RV\{2 6 13q?@ E" 23—2 D8 U
ª;% ،. V}5 " "   "   " 8 
5 3q f {65 3q " ƒ"  ¬C£0« a +  02 0« (   0 C )   E2 2 {ju U.
U  = U '  8 U '  ;  Y U R S
{ 6 8 9 "% F   8 ! U  "
\ 2 1 ? \ 2 1 I~   2 D3  -YDD 2 1    DC/2  ®  8VU t ! U 2 Z¨ U y
" E!  D/ˆ0«'  ;t&-CE2 % " -C Q‫!۔‬E" !  D/ˆD™C  UE" !  /ˆCDa|U-C QU  1u8
ƒ" F  "  " 
}8U  ‫ &۔‬y8NV0u2R#! UD:5U 
C N O;yjY C  UO5 $ %P>5N‚  "  " " "  23—! O2 ;’Œ8 C ¾-C0« 
™ " 
" F "8  "   " G 9)f “39®! U ;!  D/ˆ E $ ;— U
‫۔‬2 DUs„%U 8 
C /72 E2 62 RQbkE 2  !E2  O<C  3R2 
; q R V "   3 — " R u " "  " " 
"
E" !  D/ˆ2 R3R2  3 YO9‚_<W‫ “ '۔‬f  " " 9U  " NMj C (' 0" a{! " V
" "  G
r‫& ۔‬U >5N‚ % r-DU w5U 
C -/­2 3qY®Y}8U  "  " G " " 9Dt2O  42 8 F ˆ " % G Z« "  8 " 8 U " 8  U

" "  G 0®! U  0°2 ;U‫ ۔‬$ %1P  / 3 $ /   ©—   D Ÿ  

8  Cl $ r  $ 82 8DC/2 Z¨! (b??b?H )YE" 2 Rs/­E2 RV —Y®Y"  G"  "
" " 9U “3" 9 XF Œ8 s/­
F ‫  ! ۔‬2 3$%f E" y8U —2  -C0°‹' “ f 

‫ ۔‬UacO5 -YD y8$ % 02 Dt2 "  " c R" {<=  8 F  "
" F   C‡ $   s„/! $ 0}q  ‫۔‬0a O6 e \ 2 -CO42 /ˆ8 C $ 8
6 U % f  % 5
 
!  U w5 E" !  D/ˆU Dt2N1! f  a#! 3%  U O5 a{$% -YD 2 8DC/2 Z¨! F " "  " " "  F " 
" "  " |2 Re – c " " F "8 92 3U- Y U€o U02  Ua{$% 8  ‫۔‬3 %0ac
Of D%C/Z£2 R3R2 ‫;۔‬r
U ; !
 ˆ % r +
   D/    a C }   ‫  ۔‬2 3  a $ a a  ;2Ru U  C
8 U U R 2 8     "
"   " ®! E2 RV2 <   " ‘NDt20°"$ 9‫۔‬DU
Q13q5q#! C /" ! U  8
& q "
!
 ˆ { R 
  3 ;  D/ 0« ! 02  0z2  ‫ ž  ۔‬$ C Y   9 8 U w5 '  ;j % F U " “ e " + " " F2 " " " " " ""
  ;5 YU 1z ;ž% U U 3 orU;ŠXD;ž% 8  ‫  ! ۔‬$ % O _’
# U 
a !  . £a P  (a v— Q £ UDt2
q9) 
X U U c " G 3t"{f8-C C 3r $ !   " "  " " "
2  F &

2 .jn5‫۔‬ac /ˆ U "
q /2 Z[ "0°‹ac0 /ˆ UO42 8/ˆDt2 92 D\$ {R2  $ %O2 ;j£
 " "
‫;۔‬r - UE" % O;2% F   "   " 9 "  F
"   " 02 U2 RQ®YU 8 ’a{$% -C C ' ;<2{$ f . QU D DN.Y C ¾'،2 3$%
+ "

 O V   -C0«02 - $  C   8 ! 1!
Š¦— % ra+C
J !  U 5   z „ % '     F 
"   ƒ"      C ;r 8 ™E2 RV13x5ž‰ 2 ;%U 2 82 3q.jn5f dU  ‫۔‬3 'd2D0Y
"
a ® Y® Y a ª;% E2  ‹V ‫  ۔‬8 ! iq Ca¦yqf  . RYD C
{ 5   U + R V $ 8 '  8   q )  % " " ;5 U d
" "
" " "  j Sž  . |2 ; r ; U 3 f 
 a  ‫     ۔‬1    a  Œ  v S   Y    ‡     C 8 + 8 2 '  U —
 C% C E2 RVDt2 U " ‘D C‚_<W C E2 RV RY$ %
qDt2  ³DP ‫۔‬2 3r! - CD hCD "  R  U" c
  " "
 { r { f c
 
 { r U " RV 3 % ˆ
" ˆ V ; U
 "U E!  D/  E2  OP    ‫۔‬a a a 0 C a a  0E2  12 / ‘
  "   " "    "
‫ '۔‬8 UE2 RS r3! O<VU "
q/2 Z["a|U-C0°2 ;Ua{ra•$a{j2 3'$ a{2R$Œ8 " F
 ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 D
 "E" ! 2 %/ˆ C
 5   % " 8 5 U  "  F  " F
 O  $  M ª   .VŽ9   i  8 2 3R  C O42 8/ˆJ5 0«02 PQV"
U jY "   6 5 6 5 " "
"  " kI9‡ ‫   !۔‬3q  /ˆ%\ 2 13 kIf \ 2 13 H?L  (Š|9 { q { q "
Dt2 N 1! 0« ! 02 0z2 R .™" ‫ !۔‬M8ª5U  ” .3 U9! -C‹VN E" 2 R q C ! 
  { " F  F F— "  " 5
$ >5N‚   DN O   D 2 8  € o  UO;yjYa+C E2 RV\{2 6 13q
% U 6  Y U   u t 
" U F {jYF F " "
" ‘  {% %  { % U  T | U U G " G U { j Y R ( " + "   3 —  " RV
0a ' $ $ ' $  .  a   0«u2 8 DzO;2% f O;2%  /´X2 C2 % % V
 2 C2 E2 b~@    /    €  a C E ‫۔‬D .C}8E2 bkk8
U U U ˆ U 8 o 2 U
 F "
 f %  % “2  ¦ 8 { jY F  F  " " F 
R V U %
O $ vP  D C E2  0«2 D /2 $  „ U2 C2 / - CD8 2 ;5C ‫  !۔‬
Z % ´ X  C   O42 8/ˆ Dt2   f  0C  U a#! 3%  U  1Ž2 ;!  ‫ ۔‬2 D3% 0 2 %C U /´X C  2 DU -3%U 1Ž2 ;!
F  G "  " "
" " F " 8 " {jY % ´FX t2 " 8 " F  " G "
;  ‘ c 
 C 2 D  0a a u C
2 C2 / D   t ‫۔‬a{r /2 Z E2 RVC/´X
" ‹V02 Dt2‫۔‬2 3r!  a -STE!  D/ˆ C  ! {9Of-/2 Z[C C¯$ 92 3%‘
{ 9 c  "  ;r
F
" " "  f% q f j Y  
‫۔‬2 3r1&.2 3%2  E2 RV\2   U>5N‚  C O $ 
  D% 2 C2 %E"  2 3—‫۔‬2 3r2 DUO<VU 
ŽP9a)o C €oa+C
U {
F  F  F F "   G "  F
  " " G "   F
-C a NO  D 2 O ‫  ۔‬2 R$2 R$Dt2 U  
8 • V 6  Y U t  9 ' " ‘E2 RV.C }8 E2 bHIL  ‫ ۔‬0 C ‫  ۔‬O 0V  D 2  ( 2 3fU O42 8/ˆ
R V 8 t  ; 5 ' ;   Y 5 " U t 
 F  G
" "  "  " 
 $ 8 CE2 RE2 R! § 8!   U" 9E2 RVC QU  3UU  DP+<E2 RV" 2 3%U 02 Dt2  .C}8 ‫۔‬DU.C}8E2 RVO5 NSTU  HadrianE" 2 % 2 3! /72 ;qa+C 0}oD/ˆCD
" " "  " F ""
" " "  " " ;% f " " F  "
2 %Tf " a{$% 8 t $ 8‫۔‬2 3U$ ‰2{$%ac! C" 8 € o a+C E"  2 3—‫;۔‬r jž 
 ž  .ª9U "12 /ˆ - D/! Y "8  Dt22  
4ŠX03’/ˆ 3 % 9 "
"     
"   ƒ G G "
 C ‫۔‬2 DU3%®YU O„:9E2 RV83%+ % %UC V„U 83 U>5 D ‡  U123% /ˆ "Y S$ (!   U12 3% /ˆ "$ % Y ‫۔‬ " 8 U¾ u5 Y U
 "  " "  " F " ŠX  " F
‫۔‬  ;r ·U$ 3'$)E2 RV C " Q 0:;U $ % D/ˆC2 3%Ds/­8 "123% /ˆ -D /! Y " 4 ‫۔‬-3U "Y /ˆCD
"
" 8    "
" ‫۔‬E2 R! ‰| E" 2 %%2 U M2;RQSTNOP;U9C V„ 
 " yƒ ;" 5$ 8 0 "
U 12 3% /ˆ 
q8  U9  D’5N \{2 6 -C0«2 3r12 3'$ 2 3902 E2 RV
’ 0°2 ;U U
5   " "
" 2
   F "  " G  "  
D C9 a#! CE" RV-D950Y>5NOP;U ( /Z[0« 3 2%DUv%0}—ª5C V„ U 
’2 3902 ‫ ۔‬z{2 ';— U 8 '$ )f D 3RY 0z{$%U 
C -/­2 3qOf$ %vP%
" |"8 "  "   "  
‫ < ۔‬U  ‘  D£¹;o02 8  ‫۔‬WQ2 39 C OfD% 2  9aca{6! >5a|2 R03x’ ( -C Q
  F ƒ  F 2 R$ " F
  
a   rE µ:— E2 / 2 8£ 
}j   "- 3f "a ! C4 X02 0«2 3U
R 
8HO)*J H(UCJ ' iux]HF
c U ( " 6 2 
$ % Zu 8 U 9  # " Š
G  "
 "   .‡ 5-C‫ '§۔‬n’2  f E2  12 % /ˆ  C §jŽ8- 3 f2  f E2 RV.x42 80«
U  R V 3
-Cf 0C UE" 9E2 R! 8 ‡ UUD®$ <& >’U " ‘D CDt2 E2 RV™N yf#! F " "
F "  F  " "EŠXDU  ‫ —§۔‬DG U¾ ! U — C8 U 0V©";! Of C § DUs£U V VU a) 8
"   F
C/´X8 t 0«' MJQ0 D U 0Y>5N O;P U C ' 3%$   U O42 8/ˆ  FR " " "
 
  
9 "  " F  8 RV " G  0C   E2 0£C  ‫( ۔‬HKH~ :L? a{R±)‫۔‬r !E2 RV0n;qU 
f U ( r " R u 2 $ ¢ 5
 _8 "O’) U123% /ˆ aw2;x "U. $
‡   ;%ž  - C ‫۔‬  — U 2 3R  !  E2 2 3%U '$ )U " 8 — G G " 8 F
 6F r    4 "   3 %  { 4 2 U + U " % " " ¦ f
 8 " " U " {% 8   " Dt2 Ÿ E 2 ‫۔‬2 3r$ 3R2 - 3fa (" v UN  " =a )v UNE 
Š
N  .  -CE2 0V  a DŒ C D  ،a   0« ‚ 02 E   8 U
R V 2 À 3 %   " 9 ' " "   " F "
ju 8 6 5 2{65
" " " "   " "U 8 t ‫ '۔‬8 UE2 2 D’5N\ 2 U4ŠX (a‰ Dt2‚_<W) R S  { { "
USTU D9 C E2 R! 3%$ U 
Ž9 C E" 2 R qCE" 2 R‡ U ijY8 2 3R C J5  " " 
"
        UYE" 2 RE"  2 3—‫۔‬2 2 D
 ( ".DN "a+ ) ".DNE" % "8 z U "vUNE" %
‫۔‬E2 ™$ C$ %M E2 DU
q
jSž f v QN v C¹a U®U  RY  C  ‘%
R  8 9 " % — ‘ – W "  "  " " " " "  
"    " " G  " 8 € o a+C ‫۔‬a{r! {9ac.C}802 E2 RVbHIg}8U “392 %  9 C % ;5
U 83 Ua{%2 D C E" 2 %D‫  ;  '۔‬2 3%U8 +8 —-C;— U 8 U $ 8Unx5 " "
ƒ" "  "  F 
" "
U { y ;% U  ’ ) " U " 8 U " 8 "  ƒ  8 t ‫۔‬2 DU13qUEP" $ 9EP" $ 9UC3%$ U O42 8/ˆ‚_<W C RY$ %
qDt2
^ 8 t 
 C  P   ‫ ۔‬2  O  „   DS)    ]œ< t  ; — U
 " " "  G   "^
F R R 2  " { t$ ƒ <+ RV " %  ‘ "  " "
N ;P U9 - Y v% U2 ;%Ž5 C 2 3  3 YS2 )r E2 R$z U DU¢2 ;U 2 3—
O R
E2 µ E2 "2 C3 Da C£ " C "  D0ª £ " 3 CD   ;U p Cy8Œ £

! œ f R Y 8 8 U U 9
 "     " " "" G " "
$\
’U 123% /ˆ a{%E"  2 3— (' 8 U¦RY ;— U  ‡ %Ojª5a{$% U0Y>5  E2 RVb HBKLf -/! .3 UUe 95‫۔‬1 E2 R! $ %$ %/2 Z¶;5 Y #! pq — a C
"   " "  "    " RS" c "  " XF    
 U ‫ ۔‬r8  U  _802 "    C  3% U" ‘NO’)0°2 ;Ur E2 R Ua  0C  3%E2 a 
O’) Ÿ  UO9a  (! .2 3RYD
| U f U 9 < ( c
8  "  " " "  " 
 M8ª5U 2 {j}  U" ‘1! $ 8‫ ۔‬r Uv— Q U
q /2 Z[ O’)-2 r%02  bHK?~f C QU " ‘D C.3 UU— C ‫۔‬3 j$E2 RSac 03$%/ˆ.3 U
    " U G " U  U {
"
% " "8  ’ ) # " " 9 ( 
;t 
 "0«   D . $  "-  2 
D" .3U a  -2 34 s/ 0 O  t 6 2 8 ­ ‫ ۔‬E2   1  ‡   DE  ! .2 3RYDE2 RV
r % U U 
$ r ! U
" "  " "  " "      " " " " 
 % 
a  "D 
D‡ " O’  M ª5 2 C  a 12  ( D0°‹ "8 3% 3RY U
c 8 ) 8 U U {  N P;U UM;2 RQNSTO9§8 ‡ v%0V 9‡ 2 3%D0«-2 3x’02  O’)
O
 " " F 
  "  " G "F 
 3q  C O5   U U1£ 2 3R f a{6! "
2 ™ 2  "8 9U D .$   UD’5a{%M8ª50« Hg :HB36RY ‫۔‬lC ‫ ۔‬r!  $ 82 3%rE" 2 Ru2 R$E" 2 R U0Y>5
"  " " 
 " ‫
۔‬J C §! DC DN  " % 8 ‡ D’5\{2 65‫
۔‬CD‫ ۔‬r! V‡
‫(۔‬LIHI :~12   ( D)‫۔‬U1£ 2  f 8 '*U C  !  E  9  § 
 " " " " "
  8   
0YP>5NO;P UM8ª5U >’a=_9U O’) "¬D£D!  "
V 0  1  DC D‫ !§۔‬/ O 2  E2  CD;% U 2 3%D9§! $ % (
V )E" !  OfD%
f u U  ˆ f R V
 " " "  "       "" " F "9  " 5
#!  #! C .}q CU 0V ;ž%  #! E2 RVOP;U 0 «3t&-CU12 C U 0U "C U ad2 "9§! -D /! Y<À3  C OfD% 2  -C§! $ %D’5N\{2 6 9
 F " G
 "    "
E2 RV 0Y>5P  O N ;P U #!  UD" $ 8‫۔‬E2 R! a{r U 2 3%rE" 2 Ru2 R$E2 RV U C/7’  $ %" D’5a{% "9§ DUV$ U U 8U 3q U  O;yjYa+C  C § DU™C
   
" " 9" " " " "  " " "
2 3 E2 0V  ‡  0«E2  ® Y  (:^b2 3R 02 0°2 ;U 3 jV$ % „s£
U R V R 
! 8 3 %  U ‫ §۔‬U2 $ z{t$€„ U¹aX5./7903R2 }8
Ž9 U  $ U r—U 
q-C§! 
 " " 9"   "  8 9  Fˆ W F " " "
 2 ;œq U " % „ƒ " #! 
 O C E2   ‫ ‡ §۔‬v 0V  ‡ 02 0« 3 E2 02 -C0$ r § U
U 8 U 8 % R S .   §! €/  Q C O / N3%$  3U$ -C§! $  E! 9 8 '*U C 
42 8 ˆ % "  f " 
!
ƒ  F R œ8  " " "
"  " 
‫ !۔‬0ª9 V‫۔‬E2 8  2 $/2 Zu  UII،IL C L?LH.2 ‡  UI~ 5+ „
R 
! U ‫ §۔‬U0s < 5N/ˆf 
Ž9 U ijY8 2 3R NO;P U C
 " " " " "    " " 
V
3$% 8 t{9 f O’)  U8u8 1VD P+E2 RV ))،)9K #0
 12C  U0Y>5NO;P UM8ª5U >’a=_9;ž% "¬D£D!  "O’)
"     
 ‰X  " " ) G"  F "  U 8 % % œ 8 U   U œ8
"-C‫۔‬E2  Œ O  0°‹ E2 3$% V3$%  C  2 DUpŠ E2 RV3o0«/Zu52   DC
R 
! ; ' ’ )  R S ' 8 _ 2 ‘
02 -C‫     ۔‬v  v   
SW  /2   C/2   ‫  ۔‬/2 C 2 ‘ U U Zu Z$  U  Zu
" — "   "  "
G "9 r F G  U 3 %
 12 / a 
 M ª5 .gL a %-2 3462 8Dt2 -Cr 
{ %  8 U U { " ‘0« 3 %2 D2 {j}8
.·—a 9 (LI :H~12 a  ) !. C " S$ž C  12 % /ˆ
{ R }  ‘ U ‰ U 3 ˆ
 ƒ  " " "  "" "" "   " 
R 
! & % { f
-C‫۔‬E2 '  ‘  C $  12 % /ˆ 8 t{9E2 R! 
q /2 Z[Wš-Cr E2 R— D
• š % 3 ƒ G "C U ad2  " " U  8 "v%r E2 R ‡ 
2  9‡ O9‫!§۔‬02 ;—
 "  "  " "
G G  F 
<+ ©t{rU 12 3% /ˆ  C r E2 %D
z /ˆ
v— QU UÁ39i2 RYN C%f
‫۔‬r E2 R— D.;— U 0u2R#!

The manual of Discipline and the Zadokite Document.1


F 8  " "  =
5"
  2 3$  \ 2 2 3 ‫۔‬E2    2 3 $ E2  ($ U  ‫ !  ۔‬.UE2RV
{ 6 + "  F " 
f % U f R 
! ( + j ‰ R V Ur— C   /2 Zu 8\{2 <  U N O42 8/ˆ9 UDE" !  :)G،)MK #0
 U œ

" 
3%" 2 35 DU 
CD  C .‡ 5N e+U $  ‡ U  C -Dt2 N ‹VN<02 jSž G   8
 U'&. T U O’)a|2 2  ;— U  -C0« 32%D2  U
Ž9 U  
"   { j } 8 "
"     " +
‫(۔‬I@H :L@\2 8‫۔‬L)‫۔‬3 2%D
 
‫  !۔‬$  ($ zXD2 3Rdz   U9
%
 " 
G  FR "
‰ —2  -/2 Z 80‹2 3RC0« UD1 C U VrN X5U bHK?~
+ ¦
 ( " R u 2 $ U 2 3 "
9    r E2   (  R2  3 Y) "E" !  2 %/ˆ "   S2 : MM ،M) K #0
 R
F 
F  G "" " F " 
<2 2 %/´X2 S)) E" 5 DN0U 2 8 S$2 D%U 1Y (¦5 —XU  D+N<
 " " 8 " j} 8 =  F
 
 R 
s U  C  3! E2 V¾ ("¬D£D! "a )— C;²% D2 \{2 < U O42 8/ˆ
U { 42 {
" j¯D  G "
‰ +‫۔‬a {rG ' ($ 9 ($ 9   U ‫   ۔‬$ 9  a" {$% (  D ‡   " "  " "

"
3 2
F
 ! 2
"
  ‫۔‬8 ! 0STU   C ” .3 U C  DU

 0« 3 ³8Œ _;5
" G  G
r0359$ z{t$$ U -'& U S$2   U U $ %83G $9 U2 8 S$ F "  F
 "  2 %/ˆ "U  #!   DUac0‹)$ % "¬D£D!  "U O’) "E" ! 2 %/ˆ"rE"  23—
" F " 
 Q 2   U 8d2 DU) 8  ‫ !۔‬a{rrE2 RV  2 Y0«2 39 E2 %‫۔‬ "   " G " 
"  ‫“§۔‬e 0¹;o$ % E"  2 3—§8 2 ©—
— $ % ‫' §۔‬$ )0E2 RV'! U "E" ! 
8 ( " f " U " ;G % G 8 U " Z›$ |U U  8 "  U G  ' {$% " 8 ƒ"  G "  
  ‫۔‬D 3  C‡     /2 a    Ž;2R$      ‫۔‬2 ‡ y8  + 
 ‫ §۔‬2  / 0
   8§8 2 ™E2 RVv— Q U O9
8 ´c < U
 % f G      F F " " "
C$ $ /ˆ ! C V  D-C‫ ۔‬3! v2 $ .' 2 E  (UE2 RV Y0«$J
U  % % " 9
"  " ƒ"
" " " G
 % ˆ
"E! 2 /  C "¬D£ D! " .2 ‡  ™ - UV 0« §! 2 3— v $  D9 8  E" 2 %„
%
G " F "
0«2 3r! C$ 8 C2 39 E2 %U— - !#;ž% UU — C 2  -C C j§ ‫· ۔‬U®U    " "
  2 D C  O’)02 E 2 E2 E2 2 3%rE" 2 Ru2 R$ U.}q CU 0V U  C -/
“ " "   3 — R 
! R S " 2 Z[C
" R 
!
 d2 
; '

% R V " "8 9  ) " " 9" ( RV "  F    F " "  
3$ ! CE2  D2 3    E2  Q CDO ‫ ۔‬$ 3 $ 0   UE2  Q Y
9 U 8 '
 N CD€„9aca{%2 D D ‘2 3%rE" 2 Ru2 R$€„ - <+- 9U.V>5U  0Y>5P NOP;U
 G G " F
" 3%+ G % G %
" 3%+02 ‫  ۔‬$ %G8./­ U‰+2  E2 RVE" 9E2 R! '& $ %  F  ƒ " "
" •u5Ÿ48U -/" ­
"     UO;48 U (TJ U.V>5Cµ:— Ÿ48U ” .3 U WQ
 "   ƒ   " " " F
U" E2 RV 83%+" ‫ '۔‬8 ! ;U 3%f  µ2 3R  C O„:9v%S/´/ˆf    " 
  " (T‰+ C J5N. 8 ".3 Ua{$% $ %¸^5 #! ‫۔‬E2 R! ;²% D ‘2 /Z›2 R$
" " " G  " ""
' 8 ! 'deE2 RV"  8V/2 Z[a|U9jV  V„E" 9 D2  U  $) 8 z U0 9 F 5
"   ‫  ۔‬UO<1nœ E2 RV0n9jSž U
" 0« ;—  V„3" $98 t"  ‫ '۔‬8 !  ;U 3" %/´/ˆf   C G ;Rž eE2 RV / G Z«
 (MgJ  HMiL=1C= 9 
$ C
 G "  " )
‫۔‬E2 R po35U UO9Ca${'$  $ 9U F 
FR    G " 2 %" (I :H? 8 3$%) " F J 8  D "E2 RV >5 N.3 U U DP+ N<
 $  D
0u2 $ f 0‹2 3R6² 2  M 8 C .T2  ‰+—C02 
9 8 j} 2 2

" " X ‘ ¤5 F " F F 5 " "
 " ) " F "   ‘ 9
: ?~  12  a  ) " 3  a / " C (?K :? 36 ) "¬/  Nv   2 3  8 2  D
Š R Y ¤ % 5
2 3U O9CU— a${'$  $ 9E2 RV" };U $ " D2 %Ub2 3f 0Q;Š+“2 D C 2 8 -C0«02   
"X"   "  "
" F 9  & d    ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 r2  D $ E2 RV9 3ŠW12 35 ?B½32%‘ 3ŠX02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ;r ²;% D
U (HB
C Q2 3f  0«   D O  D2 NO  0« 
 }   ‫  ۔‬8 U < 8 " % 5    j 5 U " '
" "
" " "  "
F " "   (K :L-23R:^) "  "'$  C  !  .2 $   ($  <   $ % 3U U  02 Dt2

" C  U 2 3f  0Q;Š+ “2 D  8  t  $ 8 ‫۔‬E2 R DU — 9 U  O5  -C E2 R‹V E2 RV
 "  " " •e 
 3 or‫۔‬E2 %UO9CU.Q;Š+Of! C0« 2 3U€ ‰ O2 ;%U— UC V„
 " " G  G
_<+0«;r jž v% U.;9 CPD U '$ )U1$ P U " D2 %8 2  D-C VU  DU
" " "  "
 U DP+< C 2 3U ;’.2 $ U0e 8 t ‫۔‬E2 R$ ® 2 D0U"  D-/´$ U  2 ;U$ 9 U
 |$F 9 " ( # " F"   " "  "
0  $ a ! 2  s/­ E2 RV 0 2 %Cu9
U .n5U  0°2 ;U8 ‡ v%
"  "  "
" U  c ƒ <+  ;— U " 
 0°2  a  µ    
>502 ‫   ۔‬D $   C 8 C ;— ;ž% U"  C
;  œ  ( ; — U
F " + " " "
 W   "   " XF  "
Š ˆ j S 8  U { t
Ub2 3f 0Q; / CD ž  t  \  O2 ; ‫۔‬0‡ Ÿ  (UE2 RV0 2 %C
 $ $ ‰ % <
 " " F  "9 
02 f ¬:8 ‫ ۔‬2 9UC V„  " 9“e 8 U  Ur DJ '$ C 3U O C
 2 2
F " "  {2 65 " F
2 2 %< UC V„2 Y0«2 39E2 %8  ‫۔‬a‰ ™ C; 
Y‹Vr DJ
R Y "   " G % — G Z32 5 U 6R‹ + F RV " " U q + " " " "(
2
   VE  $ C/  2 3 2 a YE2 ->8   >5  ،   2 /ˆ U 
  G G 5  F
F
   ¹’D02 92 362 R‹ a Y x E  $ C/Z32 02 ‫۔‬2 3r $   12 %ŠX¸62 8
 ( U  + ( 4 2 8 " % — — U 3
G " "  G "
 — D8 y$ 8>5D2 3R U9 ®YU ¾ 2 /Z32 $%U 02 3Uª8 ¯2 3f0‹ujY 0«
 " "  " "   " G G 5 c 
c  " ( c  (
C V ‫۔‬a   / 0°‹ a 0 2 / 2 -C  2 D 2   E $ C/Z32 ‫۔‬a
„ Z[  ˆ  8 d  U % <  8 " R32 — 8
" " G G 
‫۔‬2 3—2  U 8 E" R23—$ 8C/Z32 5U® 2 DO5  U
9 "
G" f
R 8 G "  " "
8  " " |"8  " " " " G " " "  F  " " "  "
a{ 32  p +a $ 82  ;— U - $  C 0z| /!  C 2 DU O9CU<  D};58 t N  O  8š%‫۔‬.J‡ P$ %v2 %S0V   (2 3RYD UC V„
‚ 8 ; Š r
" " F "
2  % 9 F 5
،   v  ½ 3 C 8 " D P N O5 ‫۔‬2 3—U1£/2 Z3UN f .u9U  /Z32 51
" ‘ "  G
#! 0«2 DU " Q  C  ;— ³D® f ‹VU U2 {6x8E2 RV2 8Dt2  C 8TU>5
!
" " " ¼"  "  "   5   " " " " " "  " 
Ÿ48„ U pŠ 8 2 8C‫;۔‬U 1£ V„acf -/2 Z[CD+v%9،.}8+  C O  D P E" 2 RV /ˆ U>5‚ ‫۔‬r E2 %DU —U ;
}  U 
   C  U a {5H?
G G G G     " " " " " 
  U..acU   " ' 8 ! .3RYD 9 C DU- - UC V„  P„U ‹V
‫۔‬a{r!  0e™f 0C U“39 C 2 82 %%9"  a#!  U O5  a•2 3% /ˆ

2 $ 2 $ $ " ƒ
" " " G G " 8  "  G G " "   " 8 "
% % U  ;9     Ÿ4  0« a¹ {9 E2 R°YU ^C ‘  -D2     0«  ²;% DU     / CD2  e   CD‫ ۔‬2 3r 0 M 8C¥ C  CDE" 5 E2 RV‚TC
U ˆ + ; % 8  !   6
 G  G  " f " %  % " " 8 • ; % U " " 
'  R V
 U
C $  C  E2 D }8 C /! 9UC   2 -2 Dv2 S  Q‫۔‬² D
"  
 G ) " RV 
Dt2 ‫' ۔‬$ 0E2 ® !  a 
ª;% >5N‚  02 3%š ‫  ۔‬f 2 3$%U 
 U | U ƒ" 8
"
% ' " "9
F
G "  G G " G  "  X   
E2 R!  $ %U8 UOf2 ;$%r#!   C /! ac C 2 3U2 U 9v‘DN /´U e+02 ‫ '۔‬NE DU " 9' 8 !  '*f  e+.T.Yf  s„/! 
 " " Š
 ""  G " "    " " "

Of2 ;$%E2 RV}80«E2 R!  ;U 2 U" $ )" $ )f a{%$ )9E2 R! 68² C /!  C
"
%2 3r%€o2 %“ ‫ '۔‬8 ! j $ %;R² e
DUŽ8f  " };" U C 8 U-3 %UDt2
" F
) " "  ;U  %F "8    { j Y F "  G" F
Š
p 0OP 2   D 2 0    0« 2 D v 02  2 ;% &‫۔‬E2 R;U
8 t U " ‘  U $  0n D 2  2 C2 / X8  ‫& ۔‬C u—U e+ .TGlubbOj§
% 9 t  U % ´
"  ƒ " "   " " U"G — G 5 ""
 +   
 V„J2  E2 C V„J\ $  ‫۔‬E2 µœ E2 3U  J\" $ E2 RV9& U
R V $  " R  < R  f $ Dt2 C .TU a  +>5->8  ER23 $ C/Z32  2 D%U 9DU 0er
 9 c q
    " |8   " G G " "  "

 U
 UM" ;2 RQSTNO;P UE2 RVC V„J2   ‫۔‬E " 2 R! ‰ U M2;RQSTNO;U  C 2 3r1Ž8 ½ ;<+f ! CE" R23—$ 8C/Z32 5- $ z{2 %$ 8‫۔‬$ z{t$" nx8O<Xf   0er U€ o
 " " |8  "  " 48   F  " "
" F
N OP  ‫۔‬E2    2   " OP Ÿ  C E2 D  (/ 8‡  8 36RY )E2 R3 U
; U R 
! ‰ f U ; U R 
! 9 5 ¤ E2 RV bHK?K ‫۔‬2 3r —  ac V„ -C ®Y ;ž%  C  2 3r $ 0°2+  U -  E2 RV
Y N‹V 3$9
  " 8 "  " "    " G G 5 " " "

r ‡ #! E" 9) ") % "O;U C ‰| U  02 3R}2 ;RY0)% E2 RV0" OP;U -C QU  0Y>5  V„02 8 00°2+ UC V„ E $ 8C/ 2  ‫۔‬2 3r\ t$ 0°2+ E2 RV9‡ U  ;9
— " " R 3
2 — Z3 r $ {
  " + " 8 "  "   "  
"  "
 !.2 3RYDac ")% " "  a 2  ‫۔‬E2 R! " jV ac‰| U (r E2 %UUDU1$ &
‫ €۔‬8 E2 0 C a O5  (U0E2 RV
2  " 0°2 ;U8 ! D%C-3%
" R S c 
"   
.‘U   " ‘D CE2 RVbHK?~9E2 R! -C‰|8E" 2 %%#! E2 RVC V„
 ‫۔‬ "  RuŒ8  " ‘Dt213qf \{65£a•S$S)8 ! .3R YDf 0 Q  V„0
" 2 2 2
 " G " 
" "F  " G  
9 V 0z|82   36RY .3 UE2 RVbHKgB‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYDf C Q 2 3rU  9C 8 " R 3
2 —
02  E $ C/ O ‫۔‬E2  "V     ".C Ÿ  C V   ‫ ۔‬
8 Z32 5 9 R 
! ;t & „ U " ‘ 4 8 U „ " $ 8 '
 "   F  5"  de " " " " {2 65   "
E2 RV V„ C 2  ‫ ۔‬YJE" 2 R /! CD C 2 3rde/Zu2 R$ 2 £E" 2 Rf  \{2 6 2 3f ' "
8 E2 n5E2 C 39  C 2 3U0}—ª5 8  Pnoa‰  C ;U O9CE2 RV0°2+  V„
R V R V "
"     " "
"
 ( /Z[E" 2 %%2 U 0Y>5NO;P U U M2;RQNST VP„0°2 ;U2 3r\$ +0°‹SE2 RV2 3%Da{! V C  (D "
   "
E" 2 %%2  E " 2 RV3" %D 39" O9‫;  '۔‬r 'dejSž2 8£ f \{65" 3f9' ‰|8
 L L L L 5  2 G 2 2 " "

 &) 6 Ko1 9X & cfx. uvu =2(Y>;2 5X &
5  ) 9
! tfG‫& 
۔‬6 ! A! A
 2 (Y>;2 rs،O=o1 X &
1
 "
 Š{2 q "   
" NO5 8a$‰ 
³D U< 8 ( /Z[ + |
  ) )      ~ 
R: 
 zcnY|& #  A (W]! f0 ;6<
*W${ &fK }fG0  A :&

9
! ، cfO،rs /NKo1 X &Y>d
   O C  U . " TC C ac ·ac D P
" |8 " "
)   "   ‰ " 8 
(CD! A)‫ ۔‬21 f1A ‫  ۔‬V‡     C  t  .V>5 D};5a   D  U 0‹2 3R‫;۔‬r ! iq Cf
; — U % ‰ 8  f
) L  9 ) 
‫ ۔‬2€Y>d‚! D! Af2
" "
" )  Z¶ U )  % U G " ;2R G ;$R32 f 9  9 5 "  RV ( Z[ # RV " )   " "
;5 U " R 
 Y E2 /  0    O    D  E  / a ! CE2   0« " % ".3U U. " 2 8 E2 RV0z 82  ‫۔‬jV 'de H?BCH?g،HLL،HLH/2 Z¶ +
|
 "    " 4 8   " |8 " + " 48 c R "
‫ ۔‬E2 M 5  / CD2  ERV;2R02 0« C 
1 R! o U ˆ " /2 :8Ÿ ‫    ۔‬a Ÿ a E2 C V„ "   ‫ !  ۔‬2 3U1 8
ZY ' ‰ U " V U " ‘  >
 " " "F f "  " |"8 " "  " |8  
0‹>5 ERV ( /Z[0C+C V„U  8  C 36RY N.3 U2E" td23  D$ 
f " 2 Y /! 2    <  /Z[ -/­N CD9  ²   C  $ D};5 C E2 
f ( U '  6 8 ‰ R 
 %"   " " " |"8 " " " " " "
 v2 S-CE2 ! . 39 9f  /Z[0C+U <  0« $ z{t$$ %0z{2 R U U
R ( ‫۔‬E2 R! U 0V 2 -D2  acf 
 %  X % " "   "
R 
! t
‫۔‬E2 v 3UN   -D2   E2  i2 9 R 
! ; œ 9 U 
CD .3U -2 34 E2 E E2 8 ! V‡ % V„.Yf  QjSžU  
U 6 2 8 R V " 9 R  ! " ‘
     W 
" de dV  " "
 )  " " |" 8 " |" 8
= U " R V ;R Q U U
UO<  E  M2 NSTNO;P €„ . QN.3o‡ 8 C V„
U "  C  ac 1 .3U U -2 3462 8E2 RV 0z|82  ‫۔‬E2 R! E2 RVv—ac$ v2 %S‰ 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ‰
 "
 % F c F "  " |"8 " " ƒ 
U 0YP>5NO;P U ( /Z[ 0 " « DUv
2  a
 2 0  C ‫۔‬  
 2 D U E" fC $ % " 3ŠWQCWQ
2 E2  /Z[0C+E U < 8CD b•Q‫ ۔‬µœ<+0n9 /¤2 RŽf E2 RV /ˆCD
R V ( " R V
 ( "   " ""   "  " " 
ƒ ƒ 
0Y>5NO;P U /Z[0C+9E2 R!  8 'de®YU . T a– 03R32 48sC9 C µ:— ‫۔‬E2 ! ]œje Mœ  $ % „PE  /2 Z›E V;2R02 0« E2 ! ž‰ $ %Œ‰ R U U0‹>5f  E" RV
R ; 5 " U " " R R { t $ {
2
{ < = # " |"8 " " 
    
"
‫۔‬E2 R! U  \ 2   !   CD ‫۔‬E2 v 3U . ‘  ¬ (Ur E2 RV
U f < R S %  8 
" "" "  " " "
" "   F 5"  ƒ 
" oD 8 9 “2D C   " ™ 0 35 E2 RV E" 9 '  Q 6²8  D E2 RV   " ‘ D C tXE2 RV<|88CD‫€۔‬C+/Zu2 R$2 8£f \{2 6 2 3f9  Áe03$%ac]œj
" " 8  "
" "" G  " G " " ƒ " |"8 F  
 C  $ !  /!  C ‰| f S)E2 RV ?/Z Q02 9D %f Of83 U‫'۔‬ :k)E2 ! E2 E2 (I :L) " S$U C  "µ:— E2 0z 2  ½ 35‫۔‬E2 R! ;jVacv%
R R S  RV RV
    G G  " ƒ ƒ
U „ U " ‘ '  U 8  U 2 R 
 C V    ‫  ۔‬$   3   E2 ½32   8 ! V‡ %  
J " R  % ‘ 9  $  E2  " D U   " µ:—  E2 RV (L :~)   de CD "C "]œ— E2 RV (I
8 R S
"  " # " |"8 ƒ c " 8 ƒ    "

" q  
%  " RV R 
!   U 9  U 
E2 $ < $ E  (E2  ž  D !   ) 0z   +Y 0« 2 D  /! š a  02    0}—ª5  µ:— 0«¹a ‫  ۔‬$ E2 a t  i2 U |  8E2 RV V„ /ˆCDE"  2 3—‫۔‬8 
{ 9 8 8 R S  c X ; œ 9
"  "
" " 5" 
p C\ 2  U ( E2 RV2 8+Y C 2 8Dt2O9 0V -C02 ‫{\ ۔‬2 6  13q£
q { j  ‫۔‬3 jVE2 RS¬ E2 RS&E2 RV. T U  sC9 C z#! U
  
"  q   {2 65 "
! a•2 3% U| a|UE2 RVE" RVU +YN . 8}8U a‰ £/ˆCD‫۔‬acad$!  -D2  f  /ˆCD V„2  f E2 RVE" 9E2 R!  V„CDacU .3 U U12 3%ŠX
 + Z" [ " " |"8  " " "
" " "
 !  "
‫ ۔‬2 3r E /2   . 9‫ ۔‬2 -D2  f < 
 U " ‘ 0z| 02  0°‹02 s/­0‫ ۔‬0z|82 
 8
 " " "8  " " G Z« G   de 3q  65" " |"8   
 C  ‫   ۔‬a{R± 0z|  +Y9   a#! C E" RV VP„ U   a{R± N.3 UU    " ‘  32%/ D‫  !  ۔‬1  2 £E2  \ 2 2 3f 0z 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYD " R  f {
"  " )  "
G " G "  R"  "  " " "
 U12   ( D‫;۔‬5 YU E" 2 R /Z¶9 Mo 5U E" RV ( /Z[ U O;9 ;$R23f $ z $ %0z2  -C C  2 3U0}—ª5%QE" RV ( /Z[0C+ C C V„ 8CD" 8  U
{ t$ { 

1
F.M Cross. The ancient library of Qumran and Modern Biblical studies
(London 1958)
2
Patrick Skehan.
 " "
 {
2 6 5   " " " " |"8  9" "   "  
8
;U 1> 8 P•QU C2 362 R‹a‰ 0°‹' ;U E2 RS 1> 8 Dt2N1! ‰ 02    8 s i2   S) C ‫ ۔‬M ª  E  / 0C a ERV V„U .3 U
3 ; œ 9 ( U  8 5 U " R V ( Z[ + c "
" "
"

U " " " U ' )
 F G  G " G  
% % R 8
D  2 CU2 ; u   C Dt2     € o a C E2 bHIg0°2 ; ‫۔‬  U ‘ 8 + R V ‫۔‬E2 M ª" 5 1  /  Š %E" fCD2 ;'  C O;9 ;R$ 32 f-CE2 R! 8 8 $ 
R 
! 8 U £ ( Z[ U
"  "
" cjSž f bHK?~0«  3%U#! C%WQ" 2 %“  tF |5‫ ۔‬DU
" " & " |8 8 R V  U 
U 2 8D C a " 2 9 Ž8D'   ² E2 bHKgL CC -/2 Z 8a{%f .}8+ D C
— ‰ 6 8 ¦
" 8 " "   " 8 "  " F +  " " " " "
 Ÿ4  U
>5 v2 %‘U bLH~0«  1 3 'de-C0$ z39$ ' 8 ! V‡ % ‰| f C Q "
 $ U " U1£D V  CC"  8 02 N ‡ 0dz ' ' E2 V8  2 8 C  ( /Z[
U  de R (
 " " " " "  " |8 "  " |8 G   
" ‫۔‬E2 RacdeE2 RV8  (2 8 C  ( /Z[9E2 R‡ ® U E" <2 C WQa‰2{65E2 R3 U a C  Ÿ ‫  ۔‬V‰ U \{2 6 13q£®‡ .YE2 RVE" 9;U v2  D6²8  Q
+ ‰ 4 8 '  " o 5 "
" " ! "
 " >8 U G 9 f  R V " " G "  "  R " |8    " q  "  " ;yjY
R
‫۔‬01  O; ;$ 32 9E2   2 8 0  2   8 .3UE2 < 2  ( " ) % V " ‫' '۔‬de$ % G $) C ' U \{65 1 3  £ / ˆCD 9  '  U 0"   U O
2 V
"  "    " |"8 " F 8
{ % ) " < 2
a $ U0 % 8 E C ‫ ۔‬VE2 "3%+2  v2 ‘U <2 2 %"U  0z 02  R V " %  .3U C $ %C $ CD€C9N .3U،- $ 2   2 3$%N .3 U$ %C $ U C V„ $f E2 RV
 
" G ƒ"  
 F
‫۔‬2 3—U1VYE2 RV $ 36 23! .3 U

0«‫ ۔‬1$ 03$%f a#! ;— Dy8/ˆ/ˆ$ %C $  ‫۔‬E " R2 acde$ %-  3" 6F RY
 $ 2
" G 2 ;j:68 G 8 ¤2R % U G {f ;" % 8  G G  "
8
  Outo Eissfeldt  O ‡  C‡  / C$    a 2 2  Halle  ! $  2   E2 C $  ‫ ™ ۔‬D $    3U }8 \ o8  2 ;! $ 3fU € o a+C
% f R V "   U 8  " U {
 " "  "   "  "
" " " " %  de 
 M 89  Uiy4;5v% U0}q C 08 U PnoU .¦5E2 RVE" 2 RVn5;ž%
j }  €C ) .V>5 $ 1  /Z[$  2  ‫۔‬E2 a H?H:?  0:2 ;<  a % -2 3462 8
9 U 3 ( % R  c U = U {
"  G
 W  " G  "F
 C    Q OfD%  2    2 362 R‹  y68 9   f  2 ;'Š ¾ V /Z32 $% U   02 3UjY  .2  ‡  U (LH  HI :HH‫ ۔‬K  ? :k36RY  C ‫۔‬Hk  HH :HI‫ ۔‬H@ H :HI
"  ""  " "  C D،S+0:2 ;j" bBLIf b~B@ " 6F RY dz U G RV " 4 8 U G ) de "  " R
0:2 ;j‫۔‬- E2 RVv NSTU C  3    DE2 2     2    ‫۔‬E2  E2 C ª  ;5E VU $ U R 
! ' R V q
 "  F! !
" 
" q X c f " U " ‘    " % " R
0n9U "E2 R2 362 R‹ (3 fC3!  C  (2 362 8  U¹a¥fCC " ‘ ".3 Ua{$% #! 0«u2 R3f)S+   a a  C Q   ‫¯ ۔‬$ C E2  C $   V،B k :k
U | % '
  U c F F G $% W " R F |fF     "   " 

‫ ۔‬2 3Ua  03935CO< f ¾ $ /Z32  Q ( E2  ž   DE2 V .U C R 
! U U ‫' '۔‬deac. 8N
Ž9 D-C QU  .2 ‡ ™- UV$ %E" 9E2 R! ;r 8 $ 2 48
" " F
  " " "   G j " 
‫۔‬2 DU0ac3%0E2 RV3! 8 2 362 R‹E2 RVO5 N ST;ž% 8 ¾ $ /Z32 $% { Y
12 3  Hg½3%2 ‘f 2 C2 % C s„ U.;91235- f  
5 " ‘. }8+D C
" "  " " " F "
™-  V،O /  
V ‡ /2 (
S$).” vU% "C /! U O2 ;j£"'d2D)
U jª5 ˆ % Z › U D +< $ %0‹£U 12358 $ 8 ½3%2 ‘f " ‘D C‫ ۔‬pq Cv% U¬/¤5.;9
G  G "  "  "  " " "
<v2 %‘U bB@@0«، ! 
j}5U¾ 2 /Z32$% 0«"   3%U#! 8C‡ 1£E" 59 ./79S) 0¡a#! C02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ;t&  ‘v%9U9 0¡2  v% U.¦5
  " 8 " " "
"
ST$ %E" 9E2 R! jV f  Qa|U9‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYD‰| 2 3$9E2 RV .n5U  D+
"  "
0C U8 !  " 2 %CC. 9. (kH :Hg¸F62 8)‫ ۔‬3 68/´FXE2 RV0" V  "
U ¸62 8
F
"   G "   "
G
8 ¾ 2 /Z32$% $ 8‫۔‬E2 R! a•VacE2 R3 U“2 D-C QU  C E " R2 acdeOP ;U UM;2 RQ ‫  ۔‬S& (  a{4Š )v%9f
 VW
Js zH
1
F.F. Bruce, Second thoughts on the dead sea scrolls (1956)
" " {% " Z¡W " G   2 ;<{2 65 9 f t2 Z345 U #! " G G
‫۔‬D a   E2 Á3 /2 Q/ CD8  Hitlerj3! E"  23—!   2 8£
U {   z 2 U R V 9 ˆ  O   D /   "   Sergius / ER23—$ 8C/Z235U •2
U de U 2 R 3 9 ˆ "
" |8 "  G "
"  G $% c " " 8
 D<   Š ¾ 2 / 2 a  Qirqisani (nq‘WQDt2 2  0
U U 2 R   Z3 U  <22 %  E2 R3 U 3$9 ±0£T  Y D 0«  ! 
j}5 02   E2 R!  U 1£ 2 {j}
 U" " ‘  &   ""
" F RV "
·—02 0« 3 t&U Uf 3f U D " +NE" % DC D D  0Dt2 C  U U "
!    ŽfE2 s „  .T2  0«E2  -C‫۔‬E2  (!.2 3RYDf  Q2  2 D% R 
! ; t R  !
ƒ"     F " "  " * " 2{% F 
0«§! D2 UE" 2 %„‫ '۔‬U 13q 2 £ $f 2 8%  C ' 8 UCE2 RVC Q  QeV;U ‫۔‬2 ‡ 0$ 8 C-Cf S)2 3r' E2 RV Q2  '‰ž $ U  Žf.3 U 0«
5   " " F "  
" {
2 6 " j Y F  "
2 DU€ f 2 362 R‹a‰ U D ‘a{ E2 RVbILgU2 /2 Z 8 1u8U U -2 Ž2;%
’ 8 UD" t2  UE2 RV2 C2 %8  Žf‫۔‬E2 R!  E2 R3 UaXOtE2 RV Q0« 3 'd2D2 3U8 % E2 RV
{
" 8    " " o t "
"
‫  ۔‬U
J5f 
 "02  :5 "U0Dt2U   " ‘i" ;_5Dt2 ™- U" V‫ ۔‬ 
‰| U 83 U UM;2 RQNSTNOP;U 0«d2D8;r   U  Qb n
"
P D 2 ‫۔‬D/Z› U0}q C
" "  " " "
  "   (  ´FX  G $% de G
a (bHHgI.C\ 2 ) 3f/  C (bH@?B.C\ 2 ) (C/2 Z3— € 5
c " • u5  0« 3' ¾ 2 /Z32  U 1$ r ‡ "‫۔‬E2 !  a  E2   ( /Z[ 9 E2 R! $ %  ! C E2 R3 U“2 D C
 de  R  c R V
" " " "  "  " "  " "
""
2  Vœ;_5Ue 958CD ‫۔‬E " R2 ! 8 UUD "
 0   E 2 2 %n8a{$%
R Vi ;
 
0Y>5O;P UDt2 9ac1£ OfD% 2  E2 RV
" " "0«S&8 — C" ;²% D/Z›Dt2
 ! ^   "  " "  U ;RQ "  £"
2{65
a 0z -C. E ،a a a E2 a £E2   a  "O! W \2 ".3 U
{ 6 ¢ "  2 3 — c  { r c d e R V ‰ % 8 9 c -C OP   M2 ST2 3U0«$ $    " E2 ‫۔‬1 ." D C•QDt2  C WQ
U ; U ) 8 f 8 R V
 "    "  
‫ ۔‬a{r! 2 3$%f 83 U" pq — a 2 3r2 3U3R E2 RV12 3< E" 92  E2 RV12 3< UDE" 9.V>5

 g +"
    
E2 R! D95E2 RVM2;RQSTNOP;U.V>5
-C0«2 D. 902 'Œ‰ 8  ‫۔‬E2 R! D95E2 RV
  M) F' iux= H(UC
 f/ N O"=
 " G   #    " |"8 "
  8 " % !
;%ž ¾ 2 /Z32$ '$ "‫۔‬E2 R! 8 !  .2 3RYDE2 R . 9E2 R! 8 8 $ ac E2 RV <  C
 3 _ œ
0« 2 3U®YU v— „ C 12  a|U0U " ‘NDt28 #! G
 <= U " % U " " " " G
 œ2 RYF " ƒ" ƒ" O  2 3  Dt2   ! "‫ ۔‬3' E2  ‡  ]9  ž UER32 —$ 8C/Z325
 8 #   de R V 9 U ; % "

 C aÀ3 f 0Y>5NOP;U U" ‘ N1! f ¬ C U \2  C y;5$ 8U " $ %E" 2 %„  " "  "
   
" «E2 R°YU
j}5D" 9 C E2 R! iq Cf aÀ368 C ®$ <*®$ 9$ 8 U. E2 RV/­/2 Z[ U f 2 8Dt2 /ˆCD;— U 8 U
j}5
0Y>5NOP N i2  E2 RV.™ 0
; U 8 <
" "  " "
" "  " " " ƒ" 0«deU.z= 3$9U ! C8 #! $ 8‫ ۔‬UM28n8 U" 2 3%U  ac 8 t ‫ ۔‬U
J\$ E2 R!  ž UUD$ %C #! 0«u2 RE2 RV2 %/Z™ U-Cr ‫ ۔‬/2 Z›0°zm5 U02 y8
$  "  ƒ " " " 
  "  ( # f % U " % <   "  2 3 — U | 8 " U
  F   .    !  v   2  
DE C 0ª     D9
^ 5 9 U 9 V <
E2 /2 Zu   2  C E2  E2 ‹ 8 U0Y>5NOP;U82  V „/Z« f E2 RVE" 9'  V„
% œ 8 U " R  R > F  "
  w2;x9 #! U 9  c <" X Z3 45  ( R S 
  8 " "  ;U # " "  N O     a Ÿ  /  C 1 u2 8  U$  ! S‫ ۔‬ # 2 ! E2
a  .3U / ‡   E2 0OP  0«E2  ž  2 3% u2 0$ z 3$9‫۔‬E2 
‘ U U ZY J R V R 
!   U " ! R  R 
  " "  " 
 " ‫۔‬2 3rdeE2 RV1 C U £E2 %8]902  "‫۔‬E2 R°Y\{2 '  ;— U 8 U v2  D
" " "   

9 C   E2 %/2 Zuœ   U /2 Z¶ +39$  f  E2 RV /2 ZY:8 C  E2 R!  a•V E2 R‹>8  U 0Y>5P  NO;P U

8
 ""  " F {2 65 G
    D UDŠ•9 ! Q‡ 0 a{’U Dt2N1! E2 RVD }8/´XE2 RV a‰ £E2 %'‡
 0Y>P5NO;P U·—U 0 ‫۔‬E2 !  ! .2 3RYDE2 /2 Zu 8 U83 U U¬x;9 C
R  (  % œ
 F   
"  F " "  " F O42 8/ˆNO;P U U¹aX5s/­U#! 0« 02 -2 3x’9  S&v2 %U002 ‫ ۔‬U
U E" 2 R qU O42 8/ˆ C ” 
 €„ U— C;'de 8  HHK C '  MJQU " "   "  " 
"
" r"" + " "
{ %  # " R —
"
r " " U " ' 002 ‫۔‬²  $  E2 2 3j>8 U.2  C  Ur % C ;²  $3'& D>;’ $ %b2 3R i8z= C
;  ( U R S
q 8 $ 
   a   C D ¢ a -C0« 02 a ! E2 O  C    ‫ ۔‬-e D } _ 8
"  "  " " |"8 " " "
—
-D95E"  23 "‫ ۔‬2 3U1£
2 3q8 E" RVa#! 65$ %b3% U! 2 -D2  f < 2 3f C 0V U 2 ;%Ž5$ 8‫۔‬E2 R! D95E2 RV” N.3 U9E2 %U/¤8M8ª5U 
Ž9 U
" "
 % F "  ( " RuF 2 R$ U "   + "  <+  RV " " 5
( " ‘
 /      D C . ‫  ۔‬2 D  v  ]jQ U  r E2      8  ;o2  D"
Z[ U  U  DP+N ‫  ۔‬E2 .™z ! s 0Y>P5NOP E2 0£T (2 35 DU 0V U \{2 6
<   f R V ; U
  "    "  "
" 0°"2 ;U‫۔‬E2 R! p8 D" E" 2 %%2 U 8 U
j}5UE" RVE" 2 %%\{<=U M2;RQSTNO ;P U‰|8 jSž 8Vf 8 'deU  0 " «  ! v  %F
s£f C V„  " U C 3" UU
2
 " "8  " 5  " " "   "    
"ERV‰| U E" RVa#! 65E"  2 3— jSž£& &f \{6 " 3fE" RV<|8  ( /Z[  N CD9 E" RV 2 345a#! CC V„
 C    !  
 Ž$ 9 E" RV 2 3450YP>5NOP;U

2 2 2
" " " " " " "
"35 DU <|8U |q8CD C E2 R! U }8£D C 8f \{65" 3f‰|8U ‫€ ۔‬C+0¡/! E2 RV-/­
2 2 2 2
" " " Y  
]jQNs90‹£2 £- 8 C V„2  . ‫۔‬ "  0‹£2 £- & & aC9 J '()S  H
‫ ۔‬2 DUD<+U3G 5€„ U  " 
  "  " " |"8   " ' !  ! . 0« 02 0z2 R#! f Of (2 3RYDU C V„
 #  { " ( ‫ ۔‬H)
"
" F "
a ! CE V 0«"  2 DUv%8 0}—ª5%QU < E" 2 %%2  (‫۔‬I)
# " R  6 5 "  " 8 
  % F " ‰|8 U " ‘ r % U U $ r # U"  ;r 'dejSž2 8£f \{2 2 3fE2 RV ( /Z[1£ 9E2 R! ;r ! D95‰| E" 2 %%2 E2 RV
 ² D v      ‫ ۔‬E2   1  ‡ !  D  ERVa#! JV9
; % U 9  "     " "8  " 
ƒ    "   " #! . E 2 3  E2 %2 . 80z| +Y0« 2 3U2 3902 jSžf  ‫۔‬
"   — " % " '
9E2 R! D95µ:— 1£ -CU . 8 C i8z=U b2 3R E2 RV'!  #! . 0«E2 R! " |8  
" %     "F F   "
" " " "  " " " % ; U
 E2  2  0Y>5P N OP 
/ZY‡ 8 36RY0°‹U i2 8/ˆ. 8s/­0$ 
‰ U
" " "
a•V، D ¢8 a{$% UE" f C‡  U #! 0" }2 8 DU " ‫Ž — '۔‬8f "  a{$% 8 ” b2 3R  5" ƒ 
     " ‰|8  ;" %  "" ‫€۔‬C+jSž 2 8£f \{2 6 2 3f9 µœ<+E" RV-CE2 RVE" 9E2 R! D95
O
N ;U ‫۔‬E2    v 2  D  99‫۔‬E2 R! ; Y ¯YU2 ;r a+q C
R 
! 8 8 !    " "
 " "     "  UO<  ERV ( /Z[0C+0« 2 3U2 3902 jSž Y2 Rf . (‫۔‬L)
= U "
< % <  " 
 DP+N E2 2   CDa 0$ z 3$9‫ !   ۔‬M2 n8 E  /  M2 RQST
R V c   ( ( 8 U " R V ( Z[ U ;  "   "
 G   0«U€ $ J02  C E2 R! ; YU¸9 a#! v% U0" 3R2 }RY0)%s/­#! ;— U 8 U
j}5
 G r " "  "
8 !.2 3RYD  U C V„CD! C‫ ۔‬a   ( &s„ UC 3U (¦5U
  { U ƒ R!  ; Y U " 
"  "  /! š‫۔‬E2   0‹>5ERV ( /Z[0C+f 1£ 0£C¢5 §! 2 3U1£ 0)%
  "
Hg 8 $ % $  /ˆCD C .2 ‡ Hk،H :HI€C9$ % $ 2  f E2 RV" ‫۔‬E2 R!  "   —  " " 
 ƒ ƒ  "  "  a  02 3R23 0  E2 ' !  #! . E 2 ‫۔‬00>2 8„a{R2 >2 8 (U 0>2 8" „02 0«
c f 4 R Y ) % R V  "   3
‫ ۔‬M ]œ ]œ  E  / 0C ERVC $ 8CD" ‫۔‬E2 R! acdeE2 %yf.Y U
 œ ;5 j — f " RV ( Z[ + " " c " " W | U " R R " " "( " |8 
" 8" 0a 2 39C. 9U Qa  D
 " 9C U  ‫۔‬E 2 
! D 9 5 E 2 V   / Z[ 1 £  ‰ 2 
 %F " "
0«   2 D  v  ]jQ 2 39 02    P Q Ÿ4  8  D9C U  C V„ 
 U • " ( ‫)? ۔‬ " " |" 8   G X " 
 " "" " " " " Dxœ5f $ %E" 2 RV 8 C ‰ 2 U  ( /Z[1£ . 0«' '{²R'‰Œ a–2  PnoOf‫۔‬
 C ac0€C+ a¦yq"   ( /Z[E2 RVxjDt2U >5N‚ }8U 0V U a{„C   " "  " " G " " 
 F 5 " " 0«deE2 bHKIK" 8 D>8 C WQOfD% 6R² Œ  1E" 2 R3R2 «¾ 2 /ˆ0$ z3$9‫۔‬E2 R! ;r ! 
R V
  { 6 " " " " 
‫۔‬a a $! -D+ 1Ž—jSž f O;4  \ 2 2 3f  ( /Z[
c d  8 U
" 9!.3R YD‰|8 ( /Z[68² E2 RV13xRu50" V a " |U # "
RSOjQ 0. "
"
2  U  ! 0 «E 2 2

1
Sir Frederick Kenyon
"    " ƒ  " "
"r "   " "  ’ "
 /! u2   E   ; YUs<+ M8ª5U  . D>;’ ;ž% UP>5N .3 U-C8
 8 8 t  "   2 3 — ' U  ¥ U " R V
2 D z  N/   O  E  0z  Y8 C V„U  
8 ˆ U Š U | 8 + " ‘ (‫۔‬g)
 "  "
" "—   " { U " 8 U 8 < RV " |8 U   8 " {$% c " 8  F
    ‫۔‬2 ©—0
 i2  $  / CDa 8 a|Uf E2 RVE" 2 R>2 8‫۔‬2 3U0
 Q % U 8 < % ˆ c c
a   i2  E2 0z  .  a a  2 8+Y0« 2 DUv% C 
F  "  " " 
 C 0}2 RYO’)€„  a 35 8CD ‫۔‬a a#! 2  >5.3 U U8CD
9  | 2 8 F U " c ‫۔‬2 3UE2  .Ž8
R S
 " 
 " F  "   " "  "  " |"8 
8 ©—
— " ‡ ‘i2 8<$ %ORY1! 0}2 RY 0« 02 s/­¬ ‫  ۔‬UORYN1! 0 R 9 R " R (
E2 ! . 39 i2 ;œ 9E2 VE V /Z[0C+ C E2 VE VU < 2  (‫۔‬k) R " R
 " " F " " ( "
 2 ;% ! 9 R!  {r U "    W " % U 9 U "  RS £  2 ;Š!# U |q |U U "
1 n  O N1  E2 a D € .2 ‡ 
 -C  ({’0:2 ;<=0«;t& C E2 R!
 o U  f & R S  U %
0S E2 02   Q2 D>8  $ b3  D C  ‫ ۔‬E2 1 O   a  
  
8  " " " F  " 1   " " R " "
 i2 ; C‡ w i2 8 0eY E2 z 2 3f0$ z 3$9‫۔‬E2 s U E" 2 %Y 8 :j C
<m " — < " R u 9 +  R  ‫  ۔‬/ -D2  E Vu8Uf E2 RV8CD0«3  Y
 ZS
 "  
F G G ) U"  F
16=3 4

 N }f $ )/2 Z$  ‡ ‘Ni2 8< CŸ 8f .PVE2 RV0}2 RY C a{f "‫۔‬E2 R! ;'deE2 RV
x " ¢—
 " XF F  " "  " "
8 ! 039C %U®< 0 8 :ja+U O" ’‰W CORYN1! ‫ ۔‬2 3r! ‚

 \ ^
"   " "   ¥ƒ 8  F
"

* 0> [,  ,-B  269 3_`
! ]
9
D ‫  ۔۔۔۔‬.S  f 2  ! Ÿ O2 %%C NO2 ;R32 902 ‡ ‘‫۔۔۔۔۔۔‬E2 R!
8  q ;
F  "  
 0}2 RY8 •Q‫ ۔‬- r U8 ! s<+U ‡" ‘-/Z345NO;U UE" 2 R>2 8 C ‡" ‘   "+ " " 
N ! f 0C U.™ ij3< E2 RV0V U 2 ;%Ž50«E2 R!  ž 3%E2 RV
CDN1no#!
1
"  "  "  
 ƒ
OjVCE" 2 %D]œ9 Ž8 ORYN1! 8 •Q C  %02 3x8E2 RV 0 " «E2 R! 8 U Ž"8 yf C 
" 2 RV$ 8‡ 0«a{r¿G %  O  Š= " + r F "
ˆ2   G ³DE2 RVDt2
  /ˆ U E   0
z 2 C E 2 R 3 ! ¸C/
"E2 R3 N i2 ;< 80eY " ªjY)  
% m " d " " F F  "  x8  G  "+  "
+' 2 D/2 Z‫۔‬L 0z¢^ )"‫ ۔‬f 0C U 0  8 :j ‫ ۔‬a{r!  2 {6  E2 RV ;’) C  2 ;% $  ،! Cr ij3<  Dt2N
q‫ ۔‬a{r Áe    U³D
G
" "
  " " " " "
‫(۔‬-/2 CE2 N.3UN .2 ‡ N Ÿ 8C
Z [ " R 3 5 x " F
f " 9" };U>5N ‚ O’U aÀ390E2 RVDt2 N1! 13q£2  f \{2 6 2 3f
5"
" " "  "  G  "
 C a|2 80°2D9C3jVE2 RSacE2 RS&
— u2 8 E2 RV\2  
 U
qDt2 E"  2 3— U " 9U  /ˆCD2  9a{rv%E2 RV2 ;qC£ C 2 Ru28
qDt2 ‫۔‬a{r! €/ˆ
" "  F "   G
"E2 RV " /ˆ 8 t  C ' E" ŠXD (U  /ˆCD ‘ Dt2  /ˆCD C a‘C£ " !  œ;5 c %    " 
2  M a $ .a E2 > 0«a a{r¿% OŠ=z+ U ‫۔‬
| U " R 2 8 c " ' f 3$%
2
 "
F
Mœ;5$ %>5N.3 U0u2R#! -C#!  ‫۔‬2 DUE" 2 R¡ f 
 " " 9U  /ˆCD U " };" U " 
" "  2 3—‫۔‬3r! + ¸q— E"  +" 
2 0 DD9C$ % /ˆCD8 M28a|Uf E2 RV E 2 2
 %F   F  ƒ " " "  " "
v + 02 2 3U‫ ۔‬1U O<= U C YUE2 RV O„:9 U 8CD C  a#!  8CD 0 " °"™©—0" 
" — 8 Us<+U0YP>5NOP;UU .C   8 "
Q C Ÿ4 ،D3’U
2
 w2 ;x9
"  q  "( "  "  "
. O D-C0« C  ! E2 p C ;o a E2 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[0«UE2 RS
R S  q | | U R V I~ :L@—‫۔‬LI :LLa{5،HB :HLq+)s 39 O<XE2 RV>’U x2 8
 
 " " "   "
  "
‫۔‬E2 RE2 RV0V U b2 3R -Ca|2 RE2 R!  3RQ N1a#! a|2 8Cac " 
  (!02  C.Ta{9 C U0Y>5NO;P UE2 RV—DU   " r ‫(۔‬-/2 Z[C B :LIT  C

1
Allegro, The dead scrolls p.73
"  "
 F  2{U ƒ  "% "
{ dp= ^bS
cde 8 ’ U 6R V Zu œ 8 U ¼ R Y " %  8 ; < 9 V
a 2 . 3 (   D/2  a 2 E2 e  ) .‡$ ‫ Œ ۔‬0ª v 2 39
‫۔"  "!            ۔‬  1 L
 65 
—
0‹3 0«2 3r2 3U;  02 ‫۔‬2 3U01 8 .‡
" >
" "
8  R V œ

8
$ (deE2 /2 Zu jSžf }89)0‹3q]œ—
ƒ JB G FG\=@G$"IK9M J H(UC =^Q|
" "  F
"  { 65 X " "  5"
" 
'$ 0 $ $ %.;%CO2 ;< ¹ ’DU  (2 DO9£ +U! v% Æ\{2 6 N.2 39
( 2 "  F 5   eu5 C f VU a  C 12 3j ( E2 RV0V U O2 ;—œ„ U\{2 6 2 3f
 ¦ Š
    U"  G  ( "  
"‫۔‬8  ‫   ۔‬/2 :8  C  ¯$  0YP>5NOP  i2   CD02 E2  Y V ‫ ۔‬
'  8 U ZY 8 % U ;U 8 9 8 R V R " '
F
 "  " " " ƒ " F F   U F RY % ƒ  U  48 F ˆ  "   " Š X
 UOP;U U (2 D8 + (S‰‡ ” O2 ;R8„35 t|5v2 %N 1! 0  C    $ 2 r  ]œ—/!  O 2 / -C‫۔‬36$  O5 v2 S‹u  a  (
U 8 % 5 ¦
"   
 " " "  R" F  
 ½ 3%2 w88 O9£ + "0«، $ z $ %0z2  U UE2 $ ) .2 ‡  (‡ ‘-DU2 R$
{ t$ {  " R " U   /2 Zu  E2 V 12 CC  /2 Zu 8  U 0Y>P5 NO;P U !  U   
œ 8 R œ " ‫>‹  '۔‬5U  0 D C/2 Z$ U  
  "  " RV  " {%  " 9 F "8  " " " j —  " " " r 
% X t & ( ( r R 
! cde $  DC N O £/! ‫ ۔‬C D ‡ -D2  O V 1  E ‫ ۔‬01 D /!   8 —
%    9   !  2 3 ( "  3 2   U
 v N 0« 02         ‫۔۔۔‬E2 a ]jQE2 83Ua $ .2 ‡ E D $
t — 5 + U
" " "   "  q   ƒ
"
f  cde
]jQ0¡O  C  a 0¡®$ 2 \$ 8 O9£ +v2 %‡  2  0« ‚T8 2 3r! 
9 $
"  ;o‫ ۔‬+ 
! 52  ! pq C ;o| a|UE2 RV0Y>5NO;P UE2 RV .™68² 0« /! š
  "  
" "   " " q |U r " ;U c  "  + " q
" "

Q +) "‫] ۔‬jQ0Sv%NtX$ 8 2 3U0)%D98 O9£ +‫ ۔‬acde
"  a  0°2 ‫۔‬a .E 2  3%C/2 Z}8| a|UE2 RV 0Y>P5NO;P U!  Áe 8
|
" "    "  "
¢ ^ "
(‫۔‬H0z  D‡ ‘   C  (2 D)
( U i2 8<½ o$ % /ˆCD2   ( i2 8902 8! ac{9 8 ! pq C3%C/2 Z}8
 " " "  F "   "
G 
" c{U %
‫—© ۔‬0a $  / CD2  8 2 ;% $ i2 89Dt2 .V — U | 
8 ˆ  " q 2   2 i2   E ‫ 
 ۔‬O  i2  2 8 C ;²% D©—

8 ; % 8 9 " "  2 3 — !  6 „ 8 <
"— U   "( " " —  o 8 <  "  8 c{U
. ‫¾  ! ۔‬$ 1  
  i2 8  0Y>5NOP;U /Z[E" 5 DDt2 1!
 Ž — f <  U ‫۔‬2 ©—0
  ; Ci2   C 3%C/2 Z} a $ % /ˆCD
 F F   " "
F F " " "  " F " G  /¤8+ v2 %1! ½ 35‫ ۔‬a{ Y1Vf 1Y a{! VU -/­N ChD3F 5 U
 0«  t|5135‫ ۔‬/2 Z›a{45v2 %SaX5 U2 ;% $ 
 U"  E2 RV " " F 
"  " F " "  " 
"2  ‡ 8 E" R:r D0«D Da{45aXŠ)" ¸  (¦8N O! V v2%)ac8 
9+a•3f "‫ ۔‬de$ % ~0z¢^bHKI@ (™9 Lgv%
 "  "  
q U " "   F s„a{%$  ً  
 ‫ ﷲ‬E2 RVv2% ‡  U‡" ‘v‘C2  €„aX  E2 RV
2 3%C /2 Z}8| ac{ E2 RV0V  E2 RV0YP>5NO;P UDt2 0«2 3r! v%$ 8  
"  " F %  " "
  " "  "  0z bHKI@a I@ 0 5v2 N1!  39 "0« de$ 0z a '$ ‫"۔‬a  (3%f
¢ ^ {5 ¢ ^ X  c
 Ow2 ;x9 D0YP>5 NO;P UE2 RV0V /! U \2  UDt2 N1!  Q%U  ‫ ! ۔‬0 2 3$% ;o %

 G " "  & " "  " "
 W c *
 3< 3’ —5 ،a  '  O9£ ¹a W  8  —5 E2 V 12 D U "
Ž—  M2; "   – R x <
‫۔‬E2 RD '$)8 ” b2 3R €„9E2 RE2 RV v—aX " "
;’ g
F "     " " "
2 R$ O9£ (¦8 "0«E2 R! 8 U" Q 8 ! 8 Vv‘}8}—  ©80V (¦8O9£
" " "
  %F f " 
1! €„a "‫۔‬E2  1 
}8 02 3$%C J\ $   v  ‡ ‘U (‡ ‘v2 %‡ -DU
 X % U £ $ U U
|8 "  F
 U) 1 O9£” 2 3RQ2 { —50« E2 RV g،?0z¢^/Z¶8 I@v%v2 %
"   F "
 % X q "98 " (
(-/2 C k I :LH1  H،L~ :L  ، LI :~3 2 )،!  0- $  aX5
Z [ 2 3 Š + U 
 ‘  8 U F < %   " 
U " "
$ 2 3x—  ! a•Q
" ks  S
v C  O $ 1 u5-/2 CO 2 3q CDP+،¬ š،€Ž88 .‡
 "+ 
Z[ 5
" F "  =^b
 " " 
.C ij3< . $ ‡ ‫ ۔‬8 U3%035E" 2 R:—z+U U2 R$3f U.2 ‡  U0Y>5Ni<=    
 $ 8E2 RVM9U ¾$ N. D U.‡
 "
$  9 E 2 R 
!

 8  V    U
"
D 
 2 ;

%  rE" R u
FR
2 2 $ U0Y>5P NO;P U$ %
 n bW/ 9o}480`
W
"        " ( " {65 " "
HH@ 8  ، ??  ?H :LIa{5 ‫۔‬H :I  U V ،H@ :HH a{5 ‫۔‬L~ : ~     —) E2 R!  2 C  .Y3R  0Y>5NO;P U /Z[8 \ 2 2 3f0«E2 R!  ž UUD#!
8 ; U U
F   " " "   " 
F   
 
E2 RV¸C/ˆU O;48” 03Š•O90«E2 R! 8 3%U! 2 8812 3< —>P5 (-/2 Z[C # "0« ! D Ca E2 ‡ ‘u2 R‫—©( ۔‬/´+ UM28n8a{$% $ %O<= UCXNO;P UN"
 c R V "
  " G   " " G
G   " "   " ®<+‫ !  " !۔‬z{2 '” s„ SE2 RV12 3% /ˆ a{% 0«،S&8 ¹a|2 RQ;R² Œ U 2 +
88 ! '&;— U ;³ $ %U>5P N.3 U.‡ $  C ;r E2 RV0.D3’U ./­
"  " j <  " W  {" 5  
U '& U ¾ 35N0:2 ;<= 8  .‡  ‫۔‬ r   D E R V ®     U  .‡ 1
   „    0 ; < =  U  a { % -3462 8  123 N 123 8 E" 2 R Qa{< (ki^) "! ¬n5P  E2 RV v2 % 89r ‡ f
$ 23 2 2 ! $ V  :2 2 " " " "  
"  F " X "
— )"‫ ! ۔‬$ 8;5 Y S03f802 €‡ 0«2 V C  U .C  U v2 %‡ a•S$ U.kH
   ،!2  ‡ 8 U€6RVU83 U U2 ;R2 v2 % 8E2 RV0«'‰ 002  "0« 2 VacE2 RV
 " " " " "
‫(۔‬L H :kH-}2 Ru2 8،LH،Hk :? ‫(۔‬H~ :ga{5 )"‫ !۔‬2 ‡ 8 U $ 80°‹E2 RS8 U€6RV
" " "   "  F   " U
1šU Dt2N1! U D ‘3fU.V>5U 0Y>5NO;P U” E" % ./ 79
"    " N "  a{$% UD i8z=U ijY8 2 3R  C O42 8/ˆ” 03Š•./79ac{ O9
" "W    m8  "  42 8 F ˆ "  F    
،?K :H?  ،HHB  ،\ ،II :LHa )‫  ۔‬8 U2 V\{2 <  U.™2 39
q + 8 { 5 '  C O / ، "b2 3R ، "O / ، ">5N.3U، ".3 e " V .‡ 42 8 ˆ 8  $ 8 ™$ %¾ 35
" "    "
" % U  8 = “2   " 
Ÿ48‫۔‬8 VM82 n8 U3f U  0Y>5P  Ni<= .‡
"
$ "‫  ۔‬de " 8 V s/­ 2 "b2 3R
$ 3  i z  D C .3U  8 (-/2 [C I~ : LL—‫ ۔‬IH :Lka{5 HL :K
% U Z
"   " " {% ƒ
 "  F F " " :HKa{5،H~ :B392 8)8 ™$ %¾ 35
" "  a $ Uµ:— U CXNi<=N" .‡ 
a{5، I : B 8 ،Hk :LHa{5)2 3U¹’D8 !-YDU a#! YD U 8 ” E" % $ .C
"   " " 8 "
 " <X U t2 j>— |q Z" [ " HH :H@a{5)8 V\= COjª5 .‡ " $ .  4 2 [C IK I~ :LL‫۔‬g
Z 
—
 DO  D O a (-/2 C HI :~12  ( D،H :HH@ 8 ، k? :Lk  C Ÿ ‫۔‬ ( -/

 B :k - 462 8 ،H? :HIa{5)ER!  8 UERV µƒ  — U O ;P U UijY 8  R" .‡ UD" HI :LK-234 )8 U12C  U.V>5U 0Y>P5Ni<= .‡
62 8  " $ . 
C “2 D(L~ :~—
 23 2 2 : 23  $   
" "   " " "
U .3 U U 8 E2 RVE" ! D¾ 35U . $ ‡ ac v‘CU  Q U Q- Dt2 (-/2 Z[CH@ HI :K a{5 ، k :k  p2 RY!  ، Hk ‫ ۔‬H? :HI a{5 ،K :k -2 3462 8 ،K :Hg a{5 ،
 F "   G "
  " " " " " ƒ "
O„z+U Dt2 N1! U U- Y v% U>5. 8” E" % E2 RV "]’C S$"(-/2 Z[C
ƒ
U  .2  ‡   U 0Y>5 N O;P Ua–  C  ‡ (K : ?H 8 ،HB :HI392 8) 8 ‡  µ:— 
 
D 1 t
2 N . !  $ ‡ "‫ ۔‬2 3 S&2 "‫۔‬2 3 S&  0«  ž E  "‫۔‬E2 8 V  U U
 r r f j § !     " f R 
!
W F     "+
)  L ) )   $ %0}q5/!  C 'Œ‰ E2 RVO<   Mj};5U 
Ž9 U ORY$ % .C ij3< f b•Q
 Y^1 lD AZ9
 ! 2‚ˆD‡OO{‫  
۔‬6  †
!  2;$
5   ƒ„F! fV9$KR:G
  [ *… 
 Y!>A{ 2d@ R:  &
1
"
" "  = " U D0e 90Y>5 NO ;P U8 .‡
<UE" 2 R:—z+0«2  3%$ % „ 
t¢5\{2 < 
Ž9  
) ) T 
) ) ) ) ~ )

 ! &'(
4 
5  [ *…†
   ƒ„F A‹YŒW3  Y^9 +R ‡z&
 C 2‚K  &‰0 ! f‫Š 
۔‬Q…# 0 ;RD4] $
) T ? )  …ˆ ) ~  J
(CD! A)‫ 
۔‬Y>ŽFR$0 ;R ! 2G :]  Y1>@1   *Qk  0  A :&1A HI
 — U " { " "    " F  " " ª2 RYF 0}2 8 D"
v  a  C 
2   ‡ 0«¹a (.?a{5)8 ‡ v—Q$ %62 RV ‡  U
9 {9

"9 8
:HI 3 2  ،HK :H? ‫۔‬HL :K  +)E2   q R  "  N " 9  U .‡ 
$  CX NOP;U a–2  ac  E2 RV

 
a{5‫۔‬Lk :L?CIB، I~ :LL—‫۔‬gk، gI،IH :Lk‫?۔‬L :LHa{5‫۔‬HK
  " " " " "
03Š•./790°32 ^T (-/2 Z[C I@  LB :HK392 8، ?kC ?I :LI—،?k :L~
"
{ % % " U U { ju 8 " U = R V j  " " Z¶  U r " " " {% " 8
$ U
a $    2  3  0Y>P5Ni E2    C / /!    a $  ”
f < +
 1DUO  ;F% 82  8 ´+
" ‫۔‬ M n" /
 " " "
" " S)a{<{58 62 8812 3< 0« iq Cf O  w2;x9 " " 9 2 3< 
3$9s/­U  N   1 /!
"  ƒ " " " 
8 ” 03Š•0« /! š02 E"  23—‫(۔‬-/2 Z[C Lg،LH :L@392 8) 2 3U3R•a#! U.•
 "(  " " "" "
0YP>5NOP;U /Z[0}oD'&™E2 RV—YE" 2 R 9‡ ‚_<W C E2 RV r 0eYIIa{$%
"   "  "
U 0}8 12 39 f E2 RV" ‫ !§۔‬2 3U3R 03%+ C /! .2 ‡ ! £ U" C §! 2 3UUD
ƒ " ƒ    " "
0« /! šf 0}—ª5U 12 39 ‫۔‬E2 R! '& µœ<+.Y3R ~@/ZYs/­8 — C;'de
c  F "
U  "(    " " " "
U % 5 ; U
2 3 a - Y v   0YP> NOP  / 03  £ $-C  .Y3R  8 C ‡
Z[ % + Q U
 "(  •   " 9 R   % F 8 " Ff
 .‡ U ; U
$ U0Y>5NOP  / ” 03Š ./ 0«E2   v M >9E C 02 ‫۔‬
Z[ 7 ! 8 U
 RS"  "  q  " "  " "
8 |
‫۔‬E2 1 DUs/7 U  a E2  ' ; V¹a N
Ÿ E2 €C+E2 RV0V
| U R V 9  % – W — R 

 "
‫ ! ۔‬.2 3RYD   D C9a %-2 3462 80:2 ;<= V„
f " ‘ {
   "   " q
(H~ :?—)2 3r2 DE2 RV-§.D3’U -/­U” 03Š•./79 V„| 
1
C.F.T.Henry. Our Lords use of scripture from Revelation and the Bible
(London 1959)
" "  "
 %     { U "  2 3— (   5 V "  5"
<
v2 ‡ 2  f E2 RV.2  ‡ LL U123 ½ªfC  C E2 R! 0n9 (L@ /H) 62 R½3%2 ‘12 3 <  C NOP $  a E  V O  C /!  D N1 8 \{2 6 2 3f
U X ;U % " c U t 
2 ! 
 U ;R Q  " F   " " — " 8 U <+
"E! !E" 2 R2 8i" ;_5-C QU .   "

Y3R  ‫ ۔‬D953R 0YP>5O

N ;P U M2 NST  U U R V   "
 0°2 ; ،C  E2 P>5N.3U "0«2 VU 0°‹‫۔‬2 ©—0
   s
" " 
 F " +   F   "" F #  X
 . Y \$ $ J2   /!  $E2 RV0QŠ‰ a•2 3" < 
M8ª5U  XU  Eugen Huehn '$  a 2 Da ! r/2 Z¶9 -C02  C  a U r  U0u2 R#! E2 R!  0«! ;'Œ‰
  {% #   { j V
 "  " " " 

f 0n9E2 %JDU E" RV1U  12 3j12 3< 0« ! 02 Ojª59،E2 R! D95ac.2 3UC
 " "E2 RUa{<{5$ 8‫( ۔‬IK :g3" 92 8)" ; $E2 RS" ‡  /2 Z¶ ;— U 8  r" " ac
F5  " $ $
{ 6 %  "  F    U ;R Q "  
" " UM82 n8 U83 U 
 
‫  ۔‬1  $  .2 3UC . Y  ،  .Y3R     0YP>5 O U N ;P U   M2  ST  0n9 -D2   (U;5 YU 12 3—DE" 2 R  C ، 12 3—D Uv‘ £ U  " 
 F " ƒ"  "  "   " " XF
a–2 ‫۔‬E2 R!  ž 3%E2 RV1no03f±#! u2 RacE2 RV
ª8O’ N
U ” E" % ./79 R! f U  
‫۔‬E2 ]qY  3RQ 02 $ 0YP>5NO;P Dt2 0«3 Y0S&E2 02 Ÿ R S  <
" " F  " 48 U ‰+ • <  ) X
" " AB A
V ^bS
" U 
،]9
 2 ;% /Z[½ 3 O;P UŸ  0QŠ  a 2 3 8'$ $ 8\$ 0°‹‫ ۔‬D95ORu8
5
   "     "  F
. _8،.™2 39U 0YP>5NOP;U UM;2 RQNST
 U
-/2 Z[C.3 U U.:fŽ5   o } 4   `

| ƒ F   ƒ  " W W  W  ~ }  
n b / '( ( M J 9 80
ST0«  E" 5/´¼ f  XCD }8 ‫۔‬1E2 R!  Š¦5f . woCµ:—  C .،
 Š
"
 "  "   ƒ" " 5  W  {" 5 "  " G 
"
 3RQ 02 $  C 3f Ub2 3R N i8z= C  8 C. 8E2 RVy8 U E" 2 R:;_ U NO;P U U 2  U E" 2 R Qa{< 0«E2 R! iq C (<f Ow2;x9 — C;³ $ %U12 3jN12 3<
   "   " "
   
‫ !۔‬a !  3RQ™ ]qY-C C !  !p C ;oCi2 8< (UE2 RV" 0°32 %0$ p2 ;o v2 %S
{ r q  " E2 R! ;% #! ‫ ۔‬UM28n8 U  " 82  C 2 3U™3f f 0YP>5NO;P Ua– ac8 2 8 9
  " " F"  
:L )  8 3%0u8O5 Vf 0C U0}q Ca{R2 ‹£UDt2 N1! €„UE" 2 R 90«
T '
" "
 ( U  2 8 9   " Dt2 N 1! (-/2 Z[C .L 2 ;5C  H@ :H? ،H~ ‫۔‬HI: I ، LI
"  F
  r c " Š X
-/2 Z[C HL : LIC IL،L~ :HL،k@ g? : ~،LH :?T ); !a E D
 U  "  " " "
s<+U CX NO;P U $ % Dt2N1!  ac{  E2 RV  .:2 ;Rn8 a{$%  8  2 8 9   " E"  2 3— (-/2Z[C
 U
; U R  ‰ {2 65  ;— U F R #! U  ;U U " " 8 t
"
 " " — "8 U
N P  2 362 ‹ a   0u2   OP     0°‹‫۔‬2 ©—0
  
O
"
9   ;F%  ;<{2 65 U " RW  {<{5 f  "
 ‫  ۔‬² D. O2  E2 Qa  0Y>5NO;P Ua– C 2 D ‘0Y>5
 ; %
" "  ƒ"  F F "
b2 3R UE" 9E2 R! a#! C0uRz0YP>5NOP;U02 E2 RVy8 U" 0«2 3r! v%€„ UE" fC N C f
 "
‫۔‬de8  ”
 " "  "   
U .V>5 8$ z$JCDU b2 3R i8z= C  8 ،. 8E2 R" V2 STNO;P U
 ƒ F5  
 { 6  
1
See Franklin Jonshon, The Quotations of New Testament from the Old,  .Y3R 02  2 Dµ:—‫۔‬E2 1 $ %.2 ‡  IgL U12 3j12 3< 9E2 R! D95.Y3R
“ R! 
considered in the Light of General Literature.
G " F 5 " |" 8 " 8 "" 5 RV "  j " 8 "  2 3— R! "  2  A XA
a <
{f % " r | ‰ 4
a 2 2  E  a    Ÿ    -/" 2 D   ‫۔‬E2  2  E2  36 ©  E  ،E2  E +
; 8 U Z› R 
! { x

R  2 ; ‹V U " XF “2  " ‰|8 " 48  ;— 9" " 8 $ $ 


"

!
‫۔‬E2 O  ‚z  D Ÿ  C  " 2   Michigan University
  
R ‹ > 8 U 9
 <" +
E2 "   "   _   ij3    i2 8/ˆ 1 % ‰|  - 2 3r f  E2 RV -/2 Z›" D 
U
F
3
 " 8 "" c
 U2 6b ‫۔‬16=2
 " 8  G " G   " 8G " "
12 3< ‰| E" 2 R C E2 R! U  O;9 ;$R32 f0)%U 83 U U" M;2 RQNST‰| ®‡ 0$ z3$9‫۔‬E2 R! 
" |"8 " " |8 " (QRPP -*QOP')
 C < U  ‘D C€„ 0«E2 R! !   ‰ 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! E2 R‹ 8 U83 U U
"
9 # >   C
"
(  U " |8 " X c
 
 { r +   R V
" ( 
‘
"
j " " |"8  T S) U
8
  2 3RYD <  €„a a a \ 1 1! E2 2 3%D D v C   3R2 Y0z $ $ U ; V U F
" "  "  " " + q U t    U #  U { j Y %
c r
‫۔‬  DU 2 3$% 1$ z•!E2 RVCD>8 t  9  
 O ‫۔‬2 3r! 0 a   a   D 2 1! ® Y a ! 3% 2 C2
" |"8 F  8 " |8
"  F " F  F " F "( "
R 
0z 2  ‫۔‬E2" !  U   .3U     2 3$% ‰  CDE2 RV OP;U  U  M2;RQ NST (‫۔‬H)
U   P /´ >P5 ،. 9 a ! YD  ،v JCY C/2 Z U" 0«d2 D8
U " X " U # U " U
 " "  R  
G " 8"  "  62 $    "
 1     CD C  1" C  £a $ 90z|8 /ˆCD C 9 C U £/¤2 R
U V ' { U ‰ | 8   U c VaspasianE 32 2 C0}oDa S$ ' ! U E2 z a+C .V>5>5 C 1Ž2 ;!  U 
" R 8 •   " R
 {q " |8  F 8  G 
R 
! { Š2 % " ‰
2 ;UE2 a $  „‚  02  C  C$ . 8 
  ½32%w8 .3U   2 3$%  %

 U  U  D%E2 RV (bHIg)v‘CU  HadrianE" 2 % 2 3! /72 ;q0}oD/ˆCD C (b~@)v‘CU
G " "8 " " "8 F JF G  " & ƒ +  ""  " " "  
j  "  U "
  ‫  ۔‬U 8/  ;' µœ< UE" % 9a2 ;%ž 8 t 8E2 R!  ž ! -3% C
U ˆ U
‫ ۔‬D950n912 v2 %S.3U E2  VaticanusE a{%2 C 0z|  C 3R2 Y0z| 0«
3 R V " U
 " "   F 8  F JF   " {% " " 8  
r "
 ""
% " #  "(
  U C 08
a $ 8 t $ ‫ ; '۔‬- E  U  a ! 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[ 9
‫ ۔‬D  E  2 E2  2 .3    2 3$%
$  #! . $ 8
 9 5 " R V ( 8 " % % U U
" F "  %" F5 F  " " "8 U0}—ª5P U  0YP>5NO ;P U
{ 6  " ‫۔‬  D  s „ 
]99v2 S9‫ ۔‬1 $ 83U 36 Y  C a{R±0z| 2  (‫۔‬L)
  % U R
 " |" 8  "
©—
"  " "
  8 c RV " |8
CD  .  a E2 0z  $ 8‫ !  ۔‬de" 2 35 DU bHg@ C bHL@ C 
" U U E" 9‫۔‬E2 R! "8 ! .2 3RYD‰ 2 Ÿ48U 0V  U#! E2 RV£E2 %62 R
  "  " " " |8   G % $ "  U "  RV  "( "
"
"E2 R>2 80E2 R#! f ;jVU  ‫ ۔‬3r! .3RYDE" RVE" 2 %%2 0)% (" 2 8U 83 U
 0   2 8 02 ‫۔‬E2   $ \  E D95 0Y>5NO;P U /Z[#! 0}2 8 D
) % ( ‰ R 
! ;  Y U U
2  2" 2
5 F " " 8 G " G {2 65 R! U (O G " ;9 G ;$R3f " R ;RY
U#! E2 RVv2 %‘13xRu ” bu8 ‰|  C U  O;9 ;$R32 fU" a‰ £a•S$ 0« 2 3r!  "  " |" 8 " "  "
‫۔‬E 2  2 ) 032 }2
 G " 8   48f  " 3 f/Za¥;q E2 RVbHKIH
R V  — c$ )
E2 v a $ z$ E2  E   ¬ C®‡ J2  U ‰|  ‫۔‬1r E2 R! .2 3RYD
 R V " 9 ' E2 RV83%+9jV ‰  (2 82 Ÿ " 2
G "  F " |8  " " " " U '  "
G G ' & R V R Z« ‰
 E2 2  C  3%+/   /2 $ ž E2  V  $ 0" «0°2 ; ‫ ۔‬3%
; e 8 U Z  8 R V 8 8 %
‫۔‬E2 R! D95  U <¢^ a‘ C " " 8  
F G G G
¬/¤5 U E" 9) 8  A. Chester Beatty. a{R2  /Zu2 R$   /Zu5  ‰|  02  ‫  ' ۔‬8 
F5  " " " G " |"8  "
O9£sC¦5C t| 02 ‫ —;۔‬2 9 ( ;98 U{U U< 2 U .¦5C
T   
! f
  2Ž 20 ;Rh    

  c Q( 0 ! f0 ;6<
 6  ;) $
Œ +! 
   ƒ„ab6  
 
 *€|
 5 1
! !& K ! 2 e!
)  A €) 9 T *Ž €| \Z9 (
(CD ! )‫ &  



۔‬g
5 o>@ &  25
"
    " |8 " "  " 6F RY  {R±
" F " " |" 8 G
" " "
R 9 R 
! " % % ‰ ( 8
.2 3 YD E2 E2  2   2 02   3  3  C a ،
CD U 8 U U 9 C s£0z 02 ‫ !  ۔‬3'$ 9 0:2 ;< U a{ -2 3462 80z 82  (‫۔‬I) = % |
  " "  G " " ¥;q F "
‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U0}—ª5E" 9 C E2 R! 8 !   £/ 0z|802 ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! 'de.8E2 RV
U ¤2 R "  a $ %02 3fU  C  ]9
 " |"8 " ( " =
" 
9  ! .2 3RYD0z  2 82  0:2 ;<  a %-2 3462 8E2 RVb HK?B12 $ %
 U { ‫ ۔‬1 C
5 " " " " "  "" "
 ) {
2 6 "
E2 Vv—a $  C  a £a S$ 0z 802 ‫  ۔‬Vf ->82   U>5‚
R c ‰ •  | £/¤2 R2 9 ‡ U £/ˆCD9¬ C 3$9U 0:2 ;<=U a{%-2 352 % (‫)?۔‬
ƒ +  F
(Civil and Military Gazette, Lahore, April 14, 1948)‫ ۔‬µœ< ‫۔‬E2 8 ! 'deU ¸C/ˆU
R 
!
" |"8 " " " + U " G R¡3" fF " |"8 "  " |" 8 {
F5
6 % 8  U  ZY
"
" 9 " |8
"
‰ ( U  R V ‰
   2 8 D  1  C CD E2  0QŠ   E C -C Q   <  ™ - UV U (  
 3U0z 02 ‫ ۔‬1 $  3U / ‡  C 12  D،12 a  0z 2  (‫۔‬g)  (  ‘
" G )  " " " " |"8  " 
" 6F RY " |8 ˆ  " 
{ '$
3 0z  / CD C  £a 9 0 % 2 8.3U  8 0z 2  ‫۔‬E2 R!
) ( U CD/ˆCDv%.3 U U12  a‘9‫ ۔‬de8 ;%CDU9 %$ ž8
" " F5 "  F G G  "+ 
" { 6
deE2 V9 C U £E2 $ < $ ½3—Q9 1 $ %02 3R32 4RY0)%U 83 U U¸62 8 C
R %  /Zu5 LKf E2 RVE" 9،E2 R! ¬ C-  J2  U  ‫ ۔‬ij3< f v%U 83 U
"   8 R V  8   d e " |8
"
 " |"8   G " G "8 G
 C E2 3U$ $  .  E2    2 3r  0z 02 O90«  !
j}5u2 8 ‫۔‬2 3r
R   <  U 0z 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! E2 RVv—/ZS9E2 R! $ U a{f 2 ;%2 8E" Ru $ % LH C E2 R! $ U a{R2 
 " " "  
F   " " ;RY )  % ( " U
‫۔‬E2 1VYac E2 R3 U U.C  C -nq
R   032R}2 0   2 8 .3U 12  ( D‚_<W C  1 C U £/¤2R
U  U 
 p  " |"8 ƒ " 8 "
$ W 
^ (/  9#j ‫ ۔‬0z /2 Zª 8Œ E2 RV8 U
j}5
" F5 " "
{ 6
{‰ $%   " "  1 $ %0n92  U ¬ C /ˆCD C ¬ C $ 82  90z 82  (‫۔‬k) |
 .#! u2 R82 DUCE2 RVb~@U.C}8 UDt2N1! 8  € o a+C O9 
 { j
F
Y F " 
 ‫ ۔‬£a $ 9
 c
P>5 UDt2 C 2 DUD%C-3%U2 C2 %/´X8 E" 2 Rz E2 R!  ž ® eE2 RV
CD1no U "   " |"8 "   G " G 
  U  F  j } ;5
 ’N1 E2 CDM U <  U M;2 RQSTNO;P U UO;9 ;$R32 f0)%
 R
a  ' $ $ ' $ a "! CM ª5  (rE" 2 Ru2 R$ U” NE" % 0«u2 8 C 2 DU |5U 1Ž2;!
‘ {% % {% | 8 U
""  F "  "+   " :E2R!
U  r  U
q C ;r !/¤R35E2 RV ‹Vij3< Dt2 (.2 ‡  L H :L?a{5)!  0 "  " "   F 8 " "
F G  " F" F 1 E   2 E2  2 .3U  2 3$%U#! 12 3œ„ U<|8CDjSž 0«02 C
V " R V ( 8 " % %  U
f  C2  s/­$ U C 2 3—U 12 3% /ˆ a{%. ‫۔‬2 3r!  2 3$% uR E2 RV034f/!  F 8  "  U" nœ5 " 9 RV " U G {% " |8 " " |8 
" "
   U
 U " R ) "  8
.3U   2 3%$ (§ 2 3U-3%‡  D1 E )E2 E a 2 C0z  C 3R2 Y0z ‫ ۔‬2 3r
. ‫۔‬0YP>5NOP   E2 -C C a a{ YU pŠ zd2UD  -3r $ %U 
q9a{r-
; U c "  % " " |8 " 
"   
 "
 F fF % 
E2 $ < $ 9$ 02  3 Y0z  n<  #! ; U E U .3U — " R V    . C  ‫۔‬ a c ERS
" " =   G " "  2
 U+ $  0}—ª5   b2 3R  N i<  C  . 8 E2 U
  U C 3—  a{! V C  a+q 
% U R u " F  "  " 8 " "
 R c 
‫۔‬E2 ! U ¸C/ˆU £ a $ 9 C 9 C U  £/¤2  ‰ 02 E 2 3 ‫ ۔‬0z 8£ R | "   — |
  "
LK :Hg،gB :H?q+)، d2 DjSž U1Ž2 ;! f .2 3x’0SW C9‫۔‬E2 R3r!  " &  %"  " " F 8
" œ2 RYF & R  
£2     C E2 2 v S-   E  2  .3U  2 3$%. $ 8 " R V (  U
" U "8  F " F  " " ! 2 r U 8 U
0°2 ; ©— d2D®YU a aX  2 R$ 2 RU0YP>5NO;P U” b2 3R . (-/2 Z[C
À 3
 F
 F ‫۔‬E2 R! U /Zu2 R$
‫۔‬2 3r- $ U " 0 Ca+q Ca–2.
  "" " "  ƒ 
 }
I ) / H(o 
 E2 RVbK@$ 82 3r! nx5 C r  U .  UO„:9 U0Y>5NO;P UN"
ƒ U  RV 9  ( " + " "
  µ:—  0YP>5NOP;UE2  ‫> ! ۔‬4;5 jz 2  E2 RV02 3R)
>5 U Pno C P•QDt2
N ;P U Dt2  s/­ (      bg@@  bL@@ 9) E2 RV J V 
O "
+ "  
" "     "   Cyf <  83UE2   ‫۔‬2 3r2 3U0‹n2   E" RV 2 3452 
U U ¢ ^ U  R V jz ; o 8 U
 ž $   ‚D3f D 2 ‫  ۔‬8 ²;% D Da#! $ %E" 2 RVn50>j};5U  C 0
;% % „ t  ' " Y>5 ƒ   ƒ  
  
" "  F  F   U ]œ—2  0« ! 0‹n2 ;oac02 ‫۔‬a{r!  w5D }8 Uµ:— U yf/! ‫۔‬a{r U w5D }8
Œ8 $ %.2  C " C (E2 R (‡ 1$ 03R2 u803R2 YO6$ 8 DO6$ 89)$ %/2 ZY:8 UD  C‡  G ) ƒ  <" + "  <" +
     " 8 '$ U " U
>5‫    ۔‬0‹£  2 35 D µ:— i  C 2 35 D sC i j 3 U 9 j 3
‫۔‬f 0Y>5O N P;UMj}8E" 9' ;²% D C "
" "   " 0«3U0‹n2 ;oS8 t"  ‫ !۔‬a#! 3f UÁ" U C |qU ;— U " ;'deµƒ :—
  2 2 2
8 - Dt2 (  ½ £_9 C CD3f Dt2 UC/2 Zu 8a{%2 C  C .2  C  " œ "
 q   " 
"
" "  "F " ) ;%‫۔‬²; $! ;jVE2 RV3—U | UU;%v‘CU ;'deU83 U ¾/Z35
‫ ۔‬/! D a{4Š ) " 0365 "
    C  2 3U pŠ  0 ¡ 2   $ % „ -Q v2 %‘ U  bI@@ "  ƒ "
" 
 " ƒ  
" " 
" %  
 { j} 8  " U "F U  Nv%]œ—/! 0°2 ;UE2 U1>8®YU O<=v2 %SU]œ—/! 0«a{r Uv2 % ! U
%
 2 39E2 -}8‫۔‬a  D  /! D  2  .2  C  0°2 ; ‫( &۔‬¹a{RV = (T
c ( U ( U " " "  " 
  F " " Z [ 
(-/2 CLH :L@ Hk :HK€C )de8 '!  9
( " 8 " " 
“2D C - Dt2  U 0Y  V U  2  /Zš‫۔‬8 ! 0p £ "0365 "2 .2  C  ( 02 0«
  
1
Z2 {r "  Zuœ8 U 
 " /2 "
 ). /2  .2  C  C  ‡  E2 2  0š U -
9 " 8 — R V % < " " Y JB ]H(UC
"F " "    G  
 /2 Z2{r C 0365‫!۔‬2  ‡  $ 03R2 u8032RY9 E2 R! ;t&U•Q " /2Z2{r"‫۔‬E2 R3ra{³% (2 3r& ;r 1&zf VU 2 8 C DE2 RVxjU  Dt2 N1! v2 %‘ UbHL@
+ 8 "   " + ) "  F "
13qbgB@0QŠ‰ 02 ‫۔‬2 3r& (2 {j} a{4Š ) "DPŠ•"
0QŠ‰  C 2 3r2 DUpŠ zd2U8CD s/­ •QE2 RVJ V" ‫ '۔‬f VU 2 /ZšC 02 /72 ;q، ef V t|5-D2  E2 RVE" 9
" 8 " "    G  " "
" "     " 5 )
 U 0°2 ;U، 03R2 ‡ /2 ZY:8 C .2  C ،.™2 39Dt2U 62 RQE" fb?@@\{2 6 U 12 3 0Y V 2 /Zša{ Ue 95‫ '۔‬8 8 ¯$ % /2 Zu 8•Q C 2 3x;%•Q، <C
' 42  œ
 F
dV 5 " "  " "  "  "
" ‫! ۔‬1 E2 RVb?@@f bL@@02 E"  23— f (\{2 6 13qgBk/2 ZY 0V  3% 0 C +Y (U0E2 RV
>5 ‫۔‬sC¦5 C  t|5-D2  f Of C pq C 3U
 " XF   " "   F 5 RV "    {
2 6 5( "  
 0Y>5NOP; 9Ÿ -C "0«' ;t& ( Dt2 0«2 3r2 D C 3% $ %0}—ª5U OP;U
f U < |  ‰
0¡02  C  t E2 2 3%DDt2 
0Y V0¡ ‫۔‬3 Y- a  U0 C Of$ %vP%
" "F  
XG  ƒ  F "F " 
‰   UO„:9 UO42 8/ˆU0365‫ "۔‬MŠ) 3 %E2 RSU0365E"  2 3— iq C E2 V
j}— Da  (! E2 RVbLL@.C U9- Dt2 ( ‫۔‬ac
j}— D2 r UDt2N1!
R X
"   ƒ" U +   F X " 
  
 0} 35-C0« 
/ ™ O C  E2  8 2 ;% Dt2 0QŠ‰ 02 ‫۔‬
U — f —  Z› 9 R V y ‫  ۔‬ ž - DrYU 03R2 >’ ( E2 RV
j}— DaX   C ™ 2  ،392 8 ( C ‫۔‬D3 f
'
"    " F 5  {r  F    "  65
€„  . 8 "‫"۔‬U. 036  C a DUDO / U¹a 5 "0«  ;t&
U  " 42 8 ˆ X ' e  2 D،3jš 
j} D 82 3— / U0}jDt2  8 O2 ;<{2 O9
+ “ U — U ˆ 
" "   " "

0«u2 8 2 DU 0‹u 2 C D! C8 t ; S) C  ; U Ž51 8U
jY 8 r r ( >
" " "  

j}— DU 2 /Zš8 
j}— DDt2U E" 2 RV /ˆ U1 3UU . 8 2  D

1
Gemera,Talmud, Mishna ‫۔‬2 DU.VacU
 5 " {4Š )  % RV ª^ "  "F F " F
$ + 0" 365 E"  23— ،
 02  E2  }  ‫ (  ۔‬0    1  a ) "  " E2  €  Dt2
  . 3’ a" +
R V 8  ) % n œ  C  E2 RV £ /ˆCD 0365 "‫  „€  ۔‬U 0zWn5 DRY9 /2 Z2 {r C  €
"    F ¤8 ‰2{^    
" 2{65
R  de 8  U
‫۔‬E2  CD3f   J V 1 C};U9 E2 ‡ E2 2   0š E2 / a 8 U  " R  R V % <  R z 2 ‫   ۔‬E2 a £a $ 9 /2 Z2 {r
'  ; r ' d e R V ‰ c
"  " F " "    "F  ƒ
 bH@@ ) ")%a• " Ankelos or Aquila™ 2  2 j2 3 C  t|5-D2  E2 RV "  0°2 ;UE2 R! D95 .Y3R U 0YP>5NO;P UE2 RV /2 Z2 {r C 0365،DŠ•0« /! š02 
 ƒ     
   "  "  
E2 RV
j}— DU 19 0)%a¥œ—E" RV U . 8%-D2  9 (L@@ 
-D95 s< s9 ½3%2 w8 .Y3R 02 ‫
 ۔‬a ! /2 Zu 8 U0Y>5NO;P U Ow2 ;x9 DDŠ•
# œ
  " "   "
 ¦R u5 o 8  " " •
‫ ۔‬1  2     1  P>5.3UE2 0V D ‫۔‬E2 M ª5 ERV ( /Z[
U ;t w ; — U 8 U > U R V Š  R 
! 8 U "
" F5   "  "  "  
) " "9  %"  5  "
f U R
  e C 9 E2  t Ot "   };U "-C Q 0  " jª8C

! |  % ( U ) % U  C 
 v2 SU0Y>5NO;P -C0« ! 02 0z2  E2  (Dv2 % ! 1nœ v2 %S
U { R  9 R 
 " F   "   "  

HL : gI HI :gL-2 3462 E2 "0 %U E 2 8 "½ 3 "‫۔‬E2 !  %"/2 Zu 8-D2  8 RV ) " R  5 R  ) œ 
‫ '۔‬8 U2 3U1 8®YU µ2 3R
>
"  "
a{%82 U'&DU "
D "E2 RV.2  ‡ a‘E"  2 3— 2 3rS&D’5\{2 6 U- Ct2
DE2 RV
 5 " p  
" " " FX   " "=
 M) 
  2 3r 2 3U .       v     D"   12 / 
  2  C  s„    12 % /" ˆ
 6 R V U " % U ; Š U 3 % ˆ q U 3 " " "   
5 " "  " "+ ƒ"    !
j}5Of35acUUD " 1)%"NO;P U-C QU DŠ•E2 RV0‹ujY
{ 6
D’5\ 2 s/­0 "- Ct2 N
D  "E2 12 0«E2 a¢< f E" 2 %„U 12 3j12 3< ‫۔‬
 R V 3 < R S " 
" 8 8 " "
   _œ8 5 "   02 3       ‡    C   /2   12 % /ˆ  a{% O9 ،  0«   Ž$9! UD $ %C  ‫۔‬
8 x o T $ 8 f ZY 3
‫ ۔‬a{r ( 3%12 3  U'&DU D’5\{2 6 acU'&DU 
D0°‹ 
 "
"
( " " "   3—  G % " ; 5 U " " | 8 (
" "
 F
  "
"  iq C  /Z[3— 
’0°$ 9E 2 ‫¯۔‬$  Y  0z  /Z[O42 8/ˆ
' f
‫   ۔‬.2 3 YD "0  ".3  .2   HH/  QU    U " ‘ DC  
 !  R ) % U 8 f Z  G  " "  " "
"    . 3’ 8 (!a»$ %" P  C "8 3 %a{45U " C™ SW' ;% a#! "  a+  C
U
X
8  ¢5 
 ‰ U
’
t .3Ua  M2 QNST0«E2 R!  ž 3%$ %C  #! u2R ") % "02 | U U ; R "  " " 
"
   X "
" " 5        0°$ 9 C 2 3rE" % RYD-Q02 E2 RV0V U }8V(BH :B-23Š‰ )"‫ '۔‬8 ‰ U
6 " F
U 0V U \ 2 2 3f0«E2 ;² D v  VP„U   ‫  Œ '۔‬/2 Zu 8;— U
{ R 
! % U % " ‘  ) % œ " |"8 " ( " "  " 
 "
"
"
" #  " " "   " " "  2  2   0z   /  ž E2  .D3’ SW‫ ۔‬i C  ( /Z[3— 

U Z [ j S  R V 8 ' q f
{ % c "
a $ ! ‫۔‬a 0 -DP+ /Z[;— U  ‫ '۔‬iq C < f  ( /Z[ (  C ‚ 9
( "  ( " +  %   & " % " XF   G 
 E2  a v2 ‡  ، S ") "9Ÿ  C 2  '$ ،a  (a»$ %v2 %‡
R V " <  c
  "  "  
a 02  C E2 8 ‡ U O9£C UOw2 ;x9 E2 RV "0}8 12 39 O2 ;j£ CO5 ".3 U
c R 
!  X   " ƒ " 
 " " " ‫ ‰ ۔‬U. 3’ M8ª5U >’a=_9U Dt2 N1! E2 RVµ:— ;ž% U U0)%
  \n8 C3$% U
’ E2 RV a+  
f "  "  DV a{$%  ac  ”  0 3Š• ./  " 79
 0« E2 R!   ž 3%
 "
"    
 
  F
"   " œRu5  )" E2 . 3’ / a SW · 0«  0 .3U (U-C0«dU)/Z¶
9 R V ( Z[ + — U ¦ R Y 

$ " 0« C ' 8 U2 3UO< E2  /Z[f 2 ;% Dt2 C ' 8 VŸ2 ;  R (  "  
U .‡ V {2 ^  8 F )  % " Z RV ƒ U )  % ( "
{$%  "  "+ " "
ƒ a  -Y0   ‫۔‬E2  /2 E2 µ:—  0     C (a  (! acdeE2 RV.3 U
‰ R ° Y U c
‰ d
. 0n9
CD‹' 2 D)E2 !  Š f ;4;  
uq ij3<    ( /Z[]’ 5
 R ¦ 5 ^ U U "


(۔‬CDCC
) ) ~ )    
  ~

5 a! lA =! lAŠ[4{ & *
 V| "a! lA "G :] f
 a6b0 W24
 "a‘&) "PQ4  &0 ;R +! 1
)
Taragum (CD! A)‫۔‬0 ;6<’k
" |"8  {<=  "( ƒ  &  " " 
‰ "
 E2  \ 2  0Y" >P NOP;U /Z[E2 RV
j}— DU Dt2N1! 0« /! š02 
% % U 5   1 %Ž2 ;5>5E2 RV0V a|UU9 . T2  E2 RV-/! 2 
; t r 2 3
    " |8 "  RV {<=  F 2 R$ " { 65
2 " U '    " "  
'  ; r ; U ‰
‫    ۔‬2 3%   E \ 2  /  
3R  a £a 0°2 ;  D95 U Zu f  U ‰ • S$  
2  M2 NSTNOP  0¡ ‫۔‬2 3rE 0.D3’Dt2 E2 bBBL0 02 ‫ ۔‬
U ; R Q ; U f " %  R V r '
" "
 ƒ  "    " |8 " '   8 ³ G % '& RV f 8 9 R!  8  %  " |8
sC9 C µ:— U 0YP>5NOP;Ua{$% Dt2N1! 0«، 3 j$03$%U#! f  2 N STNO;P U U
 .0z  ‫   ۔‬$  E2   2 £ ‫۔‬E2  ! V‡  .0z
"  ƒ   "   " " 
" U D C $ %O<= U µ:— U " -C‫'; '۔‬d2Df -©8 U
/Z›  C O4qCUU -/!  "
9 deE2 RV .3 U2  8  Prof. E. KahlejS& /¤2 RC$ % U  .™
" "  ƒ    G " G " " {R±
    0>    Sw  C  39  1  "O $  ]œ "   ‫   ۔‬8 U 2 3U  ™3f  f
8 j U o £ f % — " ' { f ; % 8 œ 6 U R V
 a 2 2  D  ‡  E2  a !       ‫  ۔‬The Cairo Geniza "  a 2  U # U 9 
" |"8  "   % " RV "
 fF " j};5 U 3% ( Z[ " 8 U " ¤2 R % RV 
 "  "
F
 < E2 /  C 3Ru v2 SE2 ju8U UbHHB C bK@ C E2 RV
j}— D
f " % Z S  5  03 ±M  1  /    V/ C$ E2 .3U ‫ ۔‬2 3Up8Y8 2 8$ % 
 " ƒ ƒ  " " "   = F   " "  "
9 ;— U ;'& µœ<+UsC9 C µ:— U 0Y>5O N P;Ua{$% -C0°32 ^T‫۔‬2 3U 2 3%E" RV\{2 < 
jSž f . ‫  ۔‬O< $ % O<  ERV ( /Z[ C  2 3UUD.Vj}5 U£i_8
 U = U "
"  "    " " 
O;P U E
 " 2 RVyƒ 8 U ‫۔‬ "  8 UMo 5U v  ‘
2 3— C •Q;%ž ' ; YUac®$ <& . E"  2 3—‫ '۔‬0D95jSž f a‰ £E2 %$ <$  ")% "Dt20«2 3902 b•PQ
{2 65  "
 "  " "  F 8
"  C>ŠW a{98 t"  " SW (HB :ga{5)، 
/ Z› ™ O9 C C ¾0YF F J  
!
 & " R
; t U ¤ 2  % 
0«E2    V/ C$  0$ z 3$9‫ ۔‬D  1   2 3$% U ” NE" % -C0« 2 3r! v%
R '  9 5 3 q f  F
 $ 2 2
 G " " ƒ   ƒ  F " " "  "    
#
0‹>5E" RV ! O9‫' ۔‬$ )0a‘/¤U (UE2 RV;' µœ< 
N O<m Uµ:— & + 8 8 !¸C/ˆE2 RV0V U  T./79)%"‫ ۔‬a{%2 D
j}5Of Dv2 % C Dt2 02  "
   ƒ ƒ "    " " " "    c U # f
R ; 5
‫۔‬E2 ! 8 $ Mœ  ½32%w8]œj]œ—U 8CD8E2 ! 8 Uf ERV ( /Z[ 0C+ R " U .
‡ C   C 
‡  0     j 
$  0 $ %  a  0     !    .   U  "‫ ۔‬f v %  %  U" C
$  z « 3 3 2 3 3
    "(   #   " q
#
! 8 R
.02 $   E2    0YP> NOP  / 0‹>5  C D ! O9
% 
! 8 U f 5 ; U Z[ ) % Š• ‫ '۔‬8 U™8"  a+  U| U/7’#!
ƒ ƒ  { <= ƒ  " RS&  "   ƒ U  "( "  

]œj]œ—-C 2 3r2 3U3R \ 2 µ:— a SW E2 OP  E2 S)0«  !  \ C + R V ;U  ( = 8 2 3U  µ:—  0Y>5P N O;P U /Z[-D950‹>58CD)% C DŠ•r
8 f
"   F #  "  G "F 
   ƒ
  /Z[90«E2 ; 0S&02 ®YU ¬8C! $ ‫ ۔‬3jV®YU . 3’ ( /Z[-D95
( R 
!  Y 8   CD3 f U J VDt2" ‫ ۔‬a{ Y$ %a{fC Ot$ %0‹365U  O<= Uµ:— U "
 "  "
" "     f U "  RV  8 '   ;'d2 ¥jQ ( U RV " |8 G   "+ "
"  C E2 RD95E2 RV0V  9E2 R! a#! COw2 ;x9 D-CE2 R! E2 RV'!  #! 0YP>5NOP;U O D E -C   Da   E2 0z -CO9‫۔‬2 3U{U U8 ‘ij3< 8
   " 

 "  " " " |" 8    F ƒ { <=  

"
‫۔‬E2 D   3RQ™ ]qY-C 0C    E2 p Ci2  a  (UE2 RV
R  ‘ f U 9 ( !  R S  q 8 < | 2 8      1   ‫  ۔‬² D® $ 02 3   ]œ \ 2 0°‹    E2 
t  ; — U 8 U > 8 U < ' ; %  e % f U —  ' 8 U R S
F " ;% " 8 "  "   F de  _ œ 8 "
r
CD Y ž  t ORu  v 3U sC 0u5 C E2 .2  ! 12 08
 8 U % U 9 R  3
F  ƒ   " " "
 X µ:—  C .2 ‡  U.3 U2  /!  U0YP>5NO;P U8 t ‫۔‬2 3U-§‡  C  D/Z›U
 " ;% " 8 "  " " " |" 8 j"Q   "
C‡  ž  t ‫۔‬8 ! 01 DE2 V< a  €„a v‘C8 U1>80«2 3U R ¥ U | U
  " 8" f G  3" R2 Y j};5 U ƒ U "  RV
 
® (a  ‡ a 032 u 032 Y  C M  µ:—  E 9)U.2  C  UD 
 e c ( •
$ R R %
F "
‫۔‬E2 %DUCDrY;ž% U
  " r U "8 "      
2  E2 Y 
 D 
   -3   ™E2 RVD9CN‚¦5U0)% 0«2 D Jupt / 5( Wz HJ N OM"=
 M)/ 50 67
R V U q t 
2  ; — U
 "   F
 " " " 
 0  2 3%2     Dt2 N1! 0«  (‡ 2 R$. C/­02 U" . $ 8‫۔‬²; $3'& - C 03%+
) % ;— U     c )  " ( "   "
" "
"   " "( " U 8 " " (" /ˆCD9;r ;U a Œ % 2 8 C E2 RU 0YP>5NO;P U ( /Z[E2 RV0V aX "
8 '  " f " R V "    
  ™ 2   P+ ‫   ۔‬iq C      /Z[
’ 0°2 ;  ‫   ۔‬2 3U E2     2 8 " ‫ '۔‬WQ3  2U 0" V " " ;%ž 9' b•QDt2 )/ Z¶U " ‫ '۔‬8 ! E2 RVa‰2{65£
"
‫۔‬2D
z /ˆU
 v2 %‘U bH@@  F G  X "
" F )  % " ‘ R  )  % ¥ƒ œ— ( Z[ )  %
" ‫ '۔‬1 E" fCD2 ;' C  23Š  C ™ 2  
U
 8 2 ; o
  2 3U ” p -Y0  ‡  u2 ، 0  a  / 0  02   " " " #! E"  23— O6$ <WDv  % " "   U ) % "
" " (" " " "  ƒ
" U ™ 2  s/­ n;9 N‚¦8S 2 $ 2 S\ 2     
"  "
 - Cz    2 8 C < Cs/ NQ q 2 8E2   0   µ:—  ( /Z[E2 RV
U + U ­ ( R V 8 U ) % U    %  % +   
"   "
ƒ ƒ ƒ
"  "  C   E2   b 0>  ،  O $ vP a C 2  ™ 2 ‫۔‬E2 8 U€ DO2 ;œ2 ;U U0)%
 f R V + j 9  f    R 
!
"
 /Z[0«a¹  2 3r2 3U0 %E2  2 8 ]œj]œ—µ:—  ( /Z[0°‹a{r U E2 RS C$ % ½>jª5
( { 9 ) R V (  "  " "" U 
C /72 ;q
 ƒ F ƒ F $ %
 /ˆf dU /72 ;q-C0}oD2  ‫۔‬3 '& 0š®YU  
02  f 0C U9‫۔‬2 3r2 3U0)%f µ:— MRu5U  M8ª5U " Uµ:— MRu5U  n5  " 5 r"" U 5 F
c  8 " j $  ‰ {
2 6 " "   3 — ‰{
2 6 { j Y
"  " " " "    C a 0 M ª5U E $a      0°$ 9E 2 ‫۔‬2 3r!  a -CS)2 3r2 C2 %
X " F
8 ‰ 3Ru5E2 RVDt2 N1! 0)%02 ‫ !  ۔‬a{458Œ  C /2 Z›0°zm5 . C/Z« 0)% " {
2 6 5 G
j Y
F "    F
 8 2 362 R‹a /2 ZeD“Va  '$  2 C2 % SW3 !  3RVE2 RVa{f$ %
! C  C ¾/ˆ-C
‰ X ( ) U {
‫—©۔‬ " "  " "" "  "
"
" "  ƒ " "  "     ‫۔‬2 3r'    0n    z    8 ¯Y U  r  a{$%  ™ 2   ‫  ۔‬U O5 V 02 3% QU
8  f ’ 8  U
  ( /Z[1£ U 0V  $ 8‫ ۔‬0)% a¥œ— "   ( /Z[1£ 0)%02  0°$ 9 " F  F " "   5
E" %pj35 2 3f9U
J CO42 8/ˆJ5 C 2 3—U 2 3R O! VDt2 U U¾%UO2 ;<{2 6
9   Š{2 q F 2 R  2 % " f  jS$ " 8 "  ;— U " 8 U j}5 ƒ U "  RV F " "
O C  O   v S C  CD     
 µ:—  E X  5 F
  & ƒ"  03R2 >’ E D (U O2 ;<2{6  C WQ t|5E2 R V
j}— DDt2 U 2 /Zš8  ‫۔‬2 3r
( " Š
Ž$ 9-   v šE2 
j} DDt2   2 / ™ 2  0«E2 ;' y8NVU. #!
• Q — R V —  U Zš R 
!  8 G
 " "  " "     " "  ‫( ۔‬$ 2 {j}  UE" 2 %DN
jQDt2U®{R2 E2 RV5U

j} UE  /Z[3Ru U 0V  0  02 8iq Cf ERV (};UE" 2 %/ZS C
5 " R V ( 5 ) % "  " F 5" 5 " "
"  ƒ "  "  "  U 2 ;%“3R2 u2 R$ UV‡  U\{2 6 2 3f" 2 35 DU 2 ;<{2 6  C 2 8Dt2E2 RV8Da–
  ( /Z[-D950‹>50)%a¥œ— #! O9‫> ! ۔‬8 rv2 %S;— U 8 U  % F  <) " {% G " G "
R
 " "
( ‰ {
2 6 5 c   ( F  
"
F  " " U R!  8  " "  "    v O a $ U (O; ;$R32 )02 3R32 0   " 2 8a ‫۔‬a    ! O< ORu8
9 f 4 Y ) % U
Ž6 Š
1 E2  CD0°2 E2  $ ¬:8 /2 ./2 E2  CD E2    ERV
R V 8 ; Z¡  Z › RV 8 8 R 
! 8 U f "    F    F  "
 F
   "  ƒ"   "  (UU Dt2N1! 8 J/Zu2 R$f O’Y  U12 3< ‫ '۔‬8 U2 3U2 R$;— U 8 U
"ERVa#! C½32%w8]ƒ œj]ƒ œ—E" RV ( /Z[-D95 0« ! v  %F f
  ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ‡ y8. 39 " " 2{65   G % RS" )  % " ( " 
; % U  U –  ‰ "  2 3 —
 ž  .3U a a . E  3³$  E2 0    2 80Y>5P O;P U U"  /ˆCD
 " 
‫;۔‬5 YU )/Z¶ 9  {65
% 2 " ) % " 8 " " F  F 
 { f   ƒ œ—  " " "1 a "
0     2 ; Dt2  SW‫ ۔‬8 U2 R$E2 RV.;%U  >’
3 ‰ %  “ e
  2
U  bH~g 0)%    E 2 3  ‫ ۔‬0)% a¥  0)%  (2 8  ™ 2
"   —  " " " G "

  ƒ"  " " ƒ "   0S&S2 88  ( Dt2 2  0°‹2 DUp;5f ;³ $ %U  U8 Dt2 N1! C 2 D®U
 Zª 8
02 ‫ ۔‬3 2 C /2 Œ E2  % (2 8f µzWU 
8 R V Š) "   90)%- Cz+(v2 %‘

1
Aquila, Symmachus, Theadotion
 " #  " " "(  " "
J 8  U {%
 V ".3 a  u2 )2 3 2 a Y،2 3 0  D E2   2 P/ˆ‫۔‬d23ff 
$ ! R 6 R ‹  + F
U ) % 9 R V " "  "  
E2 RV.2 39E" 2 R U 9) 0)%02  8  0« ! 
j}5u2 8 ‫۔‬+Y1u8)/Z¶
 
G  " "   "  " " ("  "

F
ad$  $ 
2 3qE2 RVO;yju— DU E" 2 R2 D E2 RV9 C U £a•S$0«E2 R! 8 ‡ 3%E2 RV "3! V "
‫۔‬2 3UE2   2 8  2 8+Y ½3—Q ( ! p8Y- CD
R ;— U
  " U F 5  G  " F G  
 "  2{65 
02 35$ 86 
‫۔‬v  ¬/¤  .  ™90u2 8  £/ˆCD C ،a 
 5 % U ( f c  (2 80« 02 nx5 (v2 %‘U bHBg)E" fCD2 ;'WQa‰ )/Z¶ /¤2R
" ƒ"  " " 
 "  {2 65 9 F " G " G
‫۔‬2 3r! U+C2 362 R‹a‰  U ™ 2  €„ ‫ ۔‬U y80}2 8 DU ERV ( /Z[0C+ U (O;9 ;$R32 f)02 3R32 4RY0)%
( "
"
   " ) % ( ˆ  "  { 65 " 8 )  %
2 " 
 0  E2  2 s/ 00   2 / 02 0Y>P5NO;P U}8U 02 3R234RY0)%
 ) % " % % ­ R V R ‹ ‰ „ X

QE2 2 362 a  0   € a 2 3—  E2  D D 2 N1 8 0)%U
U ' * R V — U t  ! 
" F  " U" F " 
 ‡  ‫   ۔‬D>8 t|5  ORu8   ERV U    ‫     ۔‬2 3U X #!  -D2   f  Of 0°‹
2 8 ‫— ۔‬U1£ O2 ;—;x5
"
    F   G ƒ U "  RV ( Z[ U " "   "+ 
E" RV a#! JV 9  a#! C E" RV 1£      0«  3 2%DU v% 0)% 02  0«  3 t& ;2% D‫۔‬  µ:—   E  /  (£/ˆCD)0V  f CjS$ ij3< ) %0Y/! 
  "  "  "
‫  ۔‬S& f  %0Y/!  ERV ( /Z[-D95#! O9‫۔‬E2 R! V‡ v2 %S;— U 8 U
j}5U
) "
" " "( R Y
"
  ƒ œ—  ƒ "  "F
"
 "
R (  ƒ % #  R!  8 U
 R
 2 3r2 3UE2   2 / -DY C  - Cz 0°‹ E2 0 % a¥  0)%02 
V ˆ 2 ‹ +  R S ) 8 R V Z[
µ:— 3$9 DC}5 36 E  / -D  0« ! /! š$ ! 8E2   0‹>5
Y 9 5   
  5   "   " U   " "  5 RV — U  "
1  F 8 ) % " % %  {
2 6  
03R2 u$ 0  E2  2 2 362 R‹ a 02 ‫۔‬2 3r! \ bHg@& &0)%02 ‫۔‬
 ‰ ) % "
Š   0°2 ; V3Ru E2 
j} D 2 /Zš9 ERV ( /Z[a#! C. woC  "
 " " "( " "( "   "
"ERV ( /Z[-D95-D " E2 RS&acf O
"
G " ;9 G ;$R3f ( " 8 )  %  8 ƒ U
 0)%02 0°$ 9‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3UE2   2 /ˆ¯2 3ff   /Z[ C  (-DYa{4Š )
R V " "
2  2   2
  0   C  + Y  µ:— 
N  .
 " ƒ  " {2 65 " G  ƒ
;— U 8 U
j}5Uµ:— U E" RV ( /Z[U a‰ £a•S$ SW 02 $  ¹a•Q  % ‫۔‬E2 R! ;jVf µ:— U
  "  2{65  " -  - 
0YP>5NOP Dt2 -D95ERV ( /Z[U 0)%a‰  #! O9‫ ۔‬V‡ v2 %S
; U  "
W XV. Y ) *>2Z 83>A#=
 \>  Y2 :[
"  " F    "
 ƒ "
2   U 8CD  .2 ‡ C µ:—  3$9  8 3Ruf 8 E2 8   0‹>5 f  ERV   ( /Z[ f R 
! U " "  " "(  R " " X c " 8 R  ‰2{65 U F
" ˆ ; U  V
2 / 0Y>P5NOP Dt2 E2 0V a a  2 362 ‹ a  
YN‹PV
 F   ƒ ƒ 
 ( /Z[-D950« ! v%02 f 9،E2 R! 8 $ Mœ;5 ]œj]œ—®YU  /ˆCD "   " 5 
 {" 5 E2 RV£a•S$ ½3—Q0)%02 ‫©۔‬2 ;%‡ E2 RV
CD0n9U 0eY aX UD1nœ 9‫۔‬2 3U 0)%E2 RV
   RV " { 6 5 " " W < "

‫ \ ۔‬E2  D \ 2 2 3 E2 Qa   a ! CERV
 8 U f R  { 9  # 
‫۔‬2 3r2 3Ua#!
 C "
j p4
  1 FG F U
"
! 
"
a Y. ‫۔‬2 3—  2 3R O VD 2 v ‘ b?@8 -YDU E" 2 R2 D  N" 
+ t 2 % U F " "
 " "  {jYF  — " 8 " "
 "  "  " {2 65 
0Y>P5NO;P U‫  ۔‬±WQ2 3l 9 C OfD% v2 %S2  E2 RV2 362 R‹a‰ E" <2 Ch 6 . C/­02  ‫ ۔‬e  Œ  2 C2 %; U 8 U1£2 {j} ‰ž  U " 
< + $ 8 “ 8 ‰{
2 '
 " "  " " 
" {
2 6 5 

" " "(   
 C ERV ( /Z[ 0C+E2 RVbL?@8  ‫۔‬/74— 2 39C C 0V 8 3  2-CE2 RV•QU
" R V ‰ •
E2 i_8U a £a S$  C 8 2 3UE2   2 / R V P ˆ0)%0Y>5NO;P U0« (! 
"" 
"   (/ˆ0)%_9U OP ;U C O ;P U“2 D3" $9 C .   8
O9E"  2 3—‫۔‬2 3r2 3UE2 RV 2
"
( U X  " "
" " %   (  F U  RV F
1
 /  ® a U  2 362 ‹ N§  8 ! O’Y  2 362 R‹ E2 ‹VU 
Y
Z[ < 8 R 
The Peshitta
 " |"8 " " " 5  "  F G  X  G " G
0)%02 E2 RV< U 0V -D95‫۔‬r E2 %UE2 RV
CD0n9U 0eY  #! UD1nœ E2  ) 0   ž  C     EfCD2 ;' C  23Š ،™ 2   CS)%U O;9 ;R$ 32 f
R V 9 U ) % ; % U ) % U "
"  "
  U   ^  F yƒ " 8 U )  % G " ;9 G ;$R32 f " 8
v2 ‘ bHg@0  02 ‫۔‬E2 D95 D};   r‫ ۔‬E2 D95


% U ) % R 
! _ 9 5  R S  U ˆ R V
 1 >5  / CD2  E2 0z a ! 2  (a     0  O    ¢ # c U (
  "  " "  
  2{65 8 
U_9D};5U  U U¦RY Ot 2E" 2 %/$ ZY C €C+E2 RV2 362 R‹a‰   ‫۔‬2 3U1 UERV ( /Z[8  E2 RV ªqa•S$0«u2 8 ‫۔‬de CO2 ;%%E2 RV Pyf
U > "
      " –


"
"  "
0C+0‹>5.Y3R U E" 2 %/$ ZY>5 C _9D};5" #! O9‫  ۔‬U.Y3R R R  ; R V
E2 V ªq/¤2 ‫۔‬2 3U1> E2 Va NsC9 2 8ERV ( /Z[ E2 RV ªq/ˆCD1>5
R ‰ ( "
 " " " 
ƒ  wo U " % #  R!  8 U   U "  RV ( Z[ "  X R 
 ( !   5 8 ! 8
‫   ۔‬/! šO    CD$   E2   ® Y E  /   E2  ªqE2 $ $ ‫۔‬2 3U1  0    E2  ªqa $ 9 C U0)%U ™ 2 
8 R V % <  > 8 U ) % U   2 3 Š V c
  F G  " " G ) " "
F ƒ" " 
j p;k# ‚4{F0 6„ ƒ O"M
" f ' 
E CD2 ;   E2  ªq" ‡  C a ‫۔‬2 3U1 U    (y8 U02 3R32 4RY0)%
8 R V 9 { ' $ > 8 U U
F " " |"8 " ¦2 ;<= " ƒ
’
" 
" XF { 9 F { y
 " " { Rš  " 2{65 /´XU >5P N‚ 0z  02 ‫  ! ۔‬E2 bL?g
u— 2 02 ‫۔‬2 3U1 80)% R V " >
Ÿ 02 ‫۔‬2 3U0  E2  a 2 ™0Y>5P NOP Dt2 8 3
C/2 Z›WQa‰
< ) % R V " ; U  "  "
" " " "   W F "( E2 RV bkIB8 .TO9‫۔‬2 3U0}—ª5 8 
C/2 Z›P>5S)‫۔‬2 3r& E2 RV 02 /72 ;q
R V R V
E2 J V Dt2U };UU E2 /ˆD3f U   C  Q¬‡ -/´X /Z[  " |"8 •   "
 " G 
  ž  2 {j}8 ‫۔‬2 3r! 03$ ™0z a 02 }8  2 3U\ oUP>5N‚
 %  Y 8 {
0YP>5NO;P U0«2 DdU 8 4J² D. $ $ 28 E R Vb IBL  $ 8 ‫۔‬ ' " "
 W " " " $  U   " U U0‹>5 0 " «deE2 RV yf1>5U) %ij3<+" 8 E" <2 Ch

  Q0Y VU 2 /Zš D3 f 2  
C/2 Z›‫ ۔‬UE2 RV"  a{R2 š™f  ( /Z[0)% "  " " "
 "
W  "
"  5 U Z› "  " " " 0«$ z  $ % 0z2     Q OfD%  02  ‫   ۔‬$ 36 ! 
  .3U   ‫  ‰ž۔‬U . 39
{ t$ { R  1    
 3Ru  
C/2 >P5 ‫۔‬DDVU E2   0  E2 a 2 ™  " ( /Z[8 9
$ 8 R V 8 U ) % R V { R š f
" " U
"  " "  ƒ "  8 " F R
   G " " " 5 " " " |8  " " R V £ ( Z[
0V   C E2 1  /     2 C $ .2 ‡ Cµ:— 3$9 36 Y U Š ) % ( 8 "
c R
a .2 3RYD' U jSž %C 3 f 0V U \ 2 2 3f ½3—Q9 ‰ U ERV (};U
 2 Y { 6 " " "  " "
" " "    R S  Z} 8 ; % U  " ;<+ U W ‰{2 65 " % „ƒ "   RS  RV "  RV ( Z[ U
 " G " G 2{65 - E2 /2 ² DD D  O   Q a  E2  ‫ ۔‬E2 ¬ E2 E  / 
  3% C  3 —Ž82 3yjQ3$9E2 RV (O;9 ;$R32 f)02 3R32 4RY0)% WQa‰ 02 ‫; '۔‬ Y!  ƒ ƒ
" "
 " |8 ( Z[  U " " " ;% U  
"
( #  <" + " (   ]œj]œ— ½3%2 ‘ .0z  / 
  0V  ž   0«  3%ac02 U#! -C‫;۔‬ Y
  / 1   ! O  C  i 3 f  /Z[1£ 0)% 02 0¡   0«
U Z[ £ U 9  j   
"   "   ƒ   f µ2 3R UDt2N1! 0«  ! 2 3’02 $ %#! f 9' Mœ;5f  /ˆCD2 
 2  3$9-C‫۔‬E2  $ M 5 ERV ( /Z[-D95U" 8E2 R! 8 U0ª9 VU .Y3R
R 
! 8 o U "   " " |" 8
" " " 
‫ '۔‬8 U1> U< 8
" "  ƒ # 9   8 R 
0V  0« ! /! š$ % ! f   Ua 1> E2 VsC9 a 2 ™U.2 ‡  ( /Z[ c R { š
 
" |"8 " " "
D9C. T E2 RV<  ( /Z[U 0V  0$ r ‫۔‬M8ª5U . T -D95]œj
 ƒ  j p;k# ‚ C c
" " F   " " |"8 " <2 " "
"   
‫۔‬$ z{t$U
3 R E2 RV?@g C  ! ¸C/ˆE2 RVbIKL0)%02 ‫۔‬0ac f U V R
 0z  E Ch 9،2 3r2 3UE2 a 2 ™  (2 80)%2  M2;RQNSTNOP;U
R { š f
  "   "
 ‫۔‬E2 R! ;t&0)%a{R2 š™ "2  "U f 0C UO5  U ‫۔‬2 -D2  ac
2
Cyprian
3
Jerome
4 1
Pope Damasus The Hexapla by Origen
"
 " 6F RY "  RV ( Z[ 9 5 R!  ; Y U ’   U F 8 #! ƒ " )  % " R 5 {<= f 8 G 2 ;“e 1 )  % " {R2 š
 8 3 E  / -D  0«E2   ¹ D02 ® Y ¬ C C ‫ & ۔‬µœ<+ 2 3 V0  3 u  C \ 2  2 £ (O C) 0  a ™
C/2 Z›P>5
r
 "  "  " "  
"  ƒ " "
‫۔‬D95jSž YC /! 9 a#! C0uRz.
 2 ‡ C. woCµ:— 3$9  / 1  C ¯2 3f€„ 0   2 P/  0°‹‫  ۔‬E2 0)%0)%a|U-C0°$ 9 C 
( Z[ £ U ) % ( ˆ  R S
  ]  ] G   %" " 
 T   =\  \J5) acWQu2R2E" 2 R36r‡ P>50«S 2   0
 2 $   ¹ a • Q v 2  S   S W‫۔‬   23 23r  U 0 )  %f
 "   " "
   " N " C‘0)% ‫۔‬2 3rÁe8 U¦RY U

 " V3" R u5U0)%aX E2 RV8D9‡ " ;ž%
 E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYD $ U £/¤2 R C /ˆCDŸ48f   " ‘D C
"  " " "F "   "  "" G
" 8  " 79 " |8   "
R  ‚zX  Ÿ48 0«  S2    d2 D f  ! ©8  U  v—/Z¶ C  % E2 RV ¹a¥fC
،2 ،-Ž2 ;5./  $ 02 ‫۔‬E2 !  $ U < E2 %2 U  02 3R32 4 Y 0)%  (2 89
R " %
   " X 
" G " G
 "
"
R  U  " " " "  0  02 a E2 -/ N ChD‫;  ۔‬r Áe;'‰Œ a+SW acU0)% €„ UO;9 ;R$ 23f
) % c  RV ­ '
2  N   P ‫۔‬E2  $  OP   i 8 2 3R 2 U  C ،-2 3R:^،¬x;9،
9
8 • Q 
! U ; U jY
 " |"8 " "  "+ " "    "  " ƒ"
G " ;9 G ;$R3f 9 5 "  RV U   ij3<   U2 3%D8 2 362 R‹ ‫ ۔‬0)%E" 2 %% /Z345 C 3Ru5 v2 %SE2 RVy8 U 2 362 R‹a+C
   0‹>5   E     O  2  -D    E    C $    <   (2 8 E" 2 %%
U U f " R V U U
  " "
 "
  "  " "  " " #! O9‫ ۔‬2 D ‘3Ru5UŠ)%U aX s/­ C  2 DU0)% E2 RV8
02  a  f  2 3RYD   C $    ‫(   ۔‬$  Ow8ª5 /2 Z¡  ./2 Z› E2 RV ;RV U   8CD
c ( U "
" "   ƒ % #  R!  8 U f "  RV ( Z[  "
5" 5" " "  F -C0« ! /! š02 $ !  E2    E  / -D950‹>50)%a{R2 š™
   8
D N1 E2 8V U \{2 6 2 3f C \{2 6  13qs/­002 3R32 4RY0)%0« 2 3r! v%
t
2 !  R V
 "  " " "
ƒ "ERV ( /Z[-D95.   o ƒ "  8 " F RY  )  % 9 " R (
  "  5"  2 ‡ C. w Cµ:— 3$9 36  0  02  E V };U3Ru5
 0£T f £2  ac}8U O52 3q.2 ¢„ U\{2 6 2 3f0°‹€C+ E2RV 
 
"    ¦ R5 ‫ ۔‬Mœ;5s90s9f
/!  C    x Dt2 2 8£E  0« C !  ! 1 u E2 RVDt2 
q
U j " R V 
" "
 F "    U " " "
f 8  U 8  "  5 U "  RV ( "
 U
 };  P> N‚  2 £-C0« 02 0C   3 u  E  };U
5 ! R
" C ' MJQ  U 02 3R32 4RY0)% Dt2 1! ‫ ۔‬d2 Df 
/Z›  C O4qC   " 
    8  =   %"  "  RV "  5
 %  ‫    ۔‬2 3U1 ® Y O  µ2 3R v2 S9E 3Ru t{2 xo C 2 ;%
' 8 U >  U < f
  0«a   v C 02 E2  0«a .2 3x’ C E" “e  f 0)%  U
U { r !  2 R V " c
"  G "  G  "
" "  
8 • ‰ {65 9 "  2 3— '   ;r  ;U
2 ƒ U )  % '  " XF –•V " R)  Z¶  € 5 Dt2 ‫ ۔‬E2 ¯  0 C  E2 3'  U s  a  0  v C 8   1 8  0« dU 
R  % R  * 9 | U ‘ U > "
  b Qa O E    
SW µ:—  0   C  ‚z  E2 / F"  "
" X  " G
"  " " "  " "  02 UŸ< a|UE2 RV2 8£
0« 3Ru5u2 8 E" RV02  "0« 3 t&f < %œ2 RY2 8
½¬ n;58 t 82 DU
DE2 RV¾ PnoDt2 U Ua{RV1™D;ž% $ %3% U0)% F  " 
 X G" "  " " " - " 9 "‫ ۔‬DU12 3 % U2 RC&Uµƒ :— E2 RV0Y>5P  N O ;P U0« (! E2 RS.  9
U Š)% U   23Š C  ™ 2   C  2 3U 3R2 ¡$ $ % s  U  0)%  "V‡  Á3< V‡  Á3% 2
"  ƒ " " "
"
“e ;²% D\{2 9%
 ( Y
Y 1! 9)U-2 3x’U" - 9‫۔‬t& Of$ %]œ—- 9t&0 2 8D C ;<+Ut2{xo
‫۔‬ "
" |"8 G " G "  " |"8 "
"
E"  2 3—‫۔‬CD ‘ s U 1>’E2 R! E2 RSv—ª5 -2 3f$ 8E2 RV0YJ/! U  0YP>5NO;P U U" 0«
F F F 
9   (O; ;$ 32 )02 3R23 0  -C Q < ™- UVU " ‘D C
‰ U 9 R f 4 R Y ) % U  "  "  "
"     " 
" " {42 8 ‰2{65  ®YU NO<= v2 %SU E" RV1£ U 0YP>5NO;P UDt28  .™2 39C." U "
U !   E2 !  U (b?@@  b L@@  a ) a  £ E2 $ < $  C  a $ 9 ، /¤2R
# R   %  c
 =  œ 5 " " |"8 " " "  
U < U ; U U
  O  OP "  2 N S $  1  D  " 2  ‫۔‬E2 8 ! .2 3RYD T % „ n U < ( 8 R 
!
" " F " 8 "   " " 8  " 1

0V N.D 9‫۔‬E2 R! ‰| 3Ru5U 0 D¹a•Q  C /Z345v2 %S‰| 02 ‫§۔‬8 2 3UE2 RV-U
Vulgate
2
Augustine
#
!  F  =
  " " " " •
 —  
8 " " |"8 " 9 " 8  U ;R Q 
R U
E2 .DSX  O  E  0Y>P NOP  / E2  ‡  0V D 
 < U " R V U 5 ; U ( Z [ R V 9 U Š  E ،E2   p £E2   Ÿ Ÿ  OP  M NS  ! U
9 "  2 3 R 
! ; r !  R V < _ 4 U ;U 2 T '
"
" FX " U  ( RS"  q   "   9" "  8 J "  RV ( Z[ 9 5 R!  ;% U  % F U
; D Dt2 N1! -C0°2 ; ، ! E2 p 8U#!  U9 a{jVf v%a|2 8 2 
Š U   . 3 2  3$9  E  / -D  0«E2  ² D v  +  -CE2 R! -D95
"  F  F  " G  F " "  
"  " |"8 " F
2 8£;5 YU .DSX ‫ ۔‬.DSXOfD% %.DSX02  SW‫ ۔‬D8 ،E2  ! p £¬ C  Ot  0z U 3R2 YN -U½ 35‫  ‡ ۔‬$ f jSž 9 a#! CU
R 
! ; r 8 f  U
 F "F G F 8 G " "8 ƒ +   U R " " "
9 f .DSX U (TNJ Ojª5 #! ‫۔‬E2 R!  D<|8/ˆ‚zX C CUf   2 3$%f E2 VE a 2 C0zP ‫۔‬E2 ! µœ< OP;U
 M2; QNSTE2 V02  3 Y0z 8E"  2 3—
U R " U { % | R R |
 F "
F R #! X  " " "E’CE" 5Ÿ_9a‘E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R! E2 RS HI~ H@g 8  C . "
U
  .‡ $  0u2  D 2  ‫  ۔‬E D O<X U   (T J   Dt2 N1!  ‫ €   ۔‬35 E2 RV ‡" ‘
 t  '  " Š 2 Re$ )jSžU .3 U
" U ( FU "    t U  U ;R Q 

% F " |"8 " ƒ
   TN J E 2  2 3rS&  /  C aTUDt2 N1! 0}oDa{UE2 RV " ‡ P‘‫ ۔‬8 3 f
"   3 —  ˆ  O   OP;  M2 N STa   a  ½ 3 < “2 D2 3x—  ! a•Q‫۔‬E2 R! µœ<+
f U c f  { 2 5
ƒ" U  ƒ 8  "   "  
{ y 4 F  f  " "
‫۔‬d2Df y8 
/Z›  C 2 0u2 R#! U0YP>5NOP;U U  " 8 C O  C aX%  2 3U0‹>5O9f ERV ( /Z[-D95 Ÿ_9-2 {qE"  2 3— E2 R! ;r ! p8£Ÿ_9
"
  "  " " XF  F 
¾$  C E" 2 %/ZSE2 RV
 " YF  U0YP>5NO ;P U U  C  "  1U 2 3R" 
U  .‡ " $ 8 U i2 8<  ½ T8 Ÿ a|UE2 RV M2;RQNSTNO;P U 0« ! E" fC $ % Mx< /! + 02 8
 <  +
" U " % „ U F "" " "  F    "
3$9 12 D$    35 C 0  ‫ ۔‬8 U¦RY a#! Uµ:— E" 2 %% 9 Š  Ru 5  ƒ
‫۔‬ U E 2 R S .  8 
2 3 Ž 
ƒ  " |" 8  " "  F " " " F  "
:! 0ª9 V.2 ‡  ‰ 2 3$9E2 RV—Y3$903f±-C QU <|8sC¦5C t|5E" 2 R™- UV
" F"   " G " ;9 G ;$R3f 9 R!  8 !  
"D952 3%u8s£ "E2 RV (s>9 ) "‫ ۔‬OŠ)  C 
V ¹aX5N.3 U" /¤2 R C / 
ˆCD $ 02 ‫۔‬E2 R!  $  C C9U O  2  E2   .2 3RYD
 "
X — "8 &   " " 8   G " G  " "  2{65
U — < 
D2   C®  C  C D- .3 "-C‫" ) (۔‬.3  C ² D 8-C‫۔‬E2 R!
 U „  U — ; % 1uju  C % 8O;9 ;$R32 f0)% (2 88 ;o2  D ‫۔‬E " 2 R! U a‰ £
 % "F "  q " " " |"8 G " G f " R)  £
{ f U
" v2 !  C  a C    r — 2 ™ a¹ 59 .3U " -C ( E 5)  "  C 8 ™D X  " 5  — ‫۔‬p C2 35 D 32RY0z  C O;9 ;$R32 E2 /Z¶1 9 2 D3G 5U0:qC U U
U
  8 F  " "   "  " F 
OŠ)  C   v2 % !  C  123_œ   U f /!  C    1V $ % . E" 69 "-C(
}8 ) R S 
E2 0  E  /Z[9 2 3r2 3U0 % (2 /
) % " R V ( ) P ˆ C 2  -C QU 02 3Ru$80)%
" " " "   "  " "
 
OŠ)  C  v2 % !  C  ./" 2 Zn8  ;—  U  
  " u8  ¸8 a{% -C "‫"}
(۔‬8 )" R  8
 C a 2 ‡ ،§،a 2  ،a ،-C QU  % ‫۔‬0)%02 3R32 4 Y0)% (2 80°‹‫۔‬
{ V w ¥ ; q ) "  R 
 "  {2 _8 " {fF   <" + "    U ;R Q " "
 C    Y$    O<  C  a C  E2 RV 
y f U R % "  U  C 

"  C  ¹aX5"(Ÿ_q)"
! !     i  ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U0  OP;U M2 NSTacE2 RV8  (T
# 9 ) % j 3  ) %
ƒ " ƒ"  8 " " " " "  F
= œ "
‫۔‬E2 %U0ª9 V02 {Š E" 2 %„;—  U 12 3_ ‫۔‬-/2 Z[C-/2 Z[C (b2 3R )"‫۔‬  0« a32%DU‚T$ %S2‫“۔‬3²%UE2 RV
CD0n9U 0eY  ®YU ]68 C €/ˆ
" "  "  "  " "
"‡ ‘E2 RV " YF  UCD3 fP  C — C8 U1>8U E" RVU 0YP>5NO ;P U ( /Z[ 
0« ¬:8 u2 8 E2 ERV ( /Z[-D95 C E2 RV) % 0 R V " " «E2 R!  ;r \$ {t$$ %0z{2 R E" 2 R>x<+
""   "  ƒ " ƒ  " " " 
F "
E2 RV 9  U    v2 % 8 8 (a#! ) #!  u2R"‫  ۔‬U ¦RY  µ:—  U  12 D  (T ‫ & ۔‬µœ<+€„UUCXNOP;Ua{$% 8  0«  (- ÁD1>’
" " "
" " "  %  A
a{%)‫۔‬b2 3R ( 3%) D/ZV U   ‫(  ۔‬ 8Hd3/ ' Mix
" 2  ) N 8 C  v 2 ! (  U €„/! )
"   
2 8Dt2 -C Q 2 3R ) C E2  ‡  ž  ² D U2 8Dt2 M ª5 a (12 % /ˆ
 U R 
! 8 j ; % d  8 U X 3
"    G ƒ " U c • "  F " 42 8
%
 )  s   §D C$    C/ ¦2;$ ‫ (۔‬/ˆCD9 C ‫(۔‬$ % )a•V (.3 U
V f „ U % U " U Z  '  ;r 8 ´c  + U 
(-C) C    / ]oz  ” .3 0°2 (a )b  C (\ u5a{ ) ( (U
U ; Q
 ‰X R "   ( "
% " #! % "   ""     ƒ
! C  Œ E2  ( €„a )a E2 2  a  E2 (C/ ¦2;$  
# ;' S U | U c R V | U f R V Z  ‫۔‬$ 3 'deCn2 ;%Mj};5U v2% ‡  () 2 %0)%-V) "‫ ۔‬ac8 UOyoz+ U
 " ""  " "
UO5 P  ($ 8  (TNJ  C () 2 %0)%‫۔‬w8 "‫۔‬E2 R!  D/ZVU ( 2  )aX #$ %&  ' () *&  +, ' ً -. '  # / 
 "  % " " "   ƒ + " 8
ƒ <+
.3 U  C  $ % (‰+) J U   C  C™  2  $  ” !   8   • u 5 "   S & C   U  023 %
R 3 U  
  ‫ ۔‬3 µ    OP P1 ]oz $   C a{42  0-1  23  4
" ' & œ 9 ( ; U %
" "  F  F "
(f ‡" ‘)9$ %83 UP"  C ‫   ۔‬$ % (‰+)J ;ž% 8  9$ %(‡" ‘) 
"‫۔‬$ .3% C O    3%2 D.DSX C  /2 }8
% < = U "   f Z
 F " " XF "
% " " #  "
ƒ  "(
 C RY   C  !  ” Ÿ 9 C E2  ($ C/ ¦2;$  /ˆCDjSž
U   3 5 < %  % Z > 8
 8 8 ! "lC ‫۔‬8 ! 1 µ:— U 0YP>5NO;P U /Z[0¡CDE2 RV (T‡" ‘
G G    " " " " " F " "
3' CD%(f Of - )-C8.9‡ N C  C —J U  C 83 U U 8 #! C "‫
۔‬CD C (b2 3R )"‫! “۔‬. CU E" 2 RV \W £N" §3% /2 Z¶0« deE2 RV
""  " " "    

() 2 %0)%‫۔‬bu8 )"‫۔‬23r (-V)"® ‡   ® ‡  C   0« 2 D 2  UDt2 E2 RV. 8
   — U    " — U "  d  % <
  F "
F % " "F " 
v 0«،  8 U2 39C 0>8u2 8 Ut{2 xo C 2 ;% Dt2  (TNJ
2 ' 36RY ‫ ۔‬L@ :L? 39 ، L? :LH€C9 C  LK :I~ 8 0‹>5.2 ‡ CDN" #! O9
 8   " "    
 v2 % C  C E2 %D2 {j} D3 f  C  ( Dt2 9 0«2 DdUO5P a{$% 8 . $ ‡ 0« 2 ‡ E2 RV

 Mjª5 U $ 9C" $ 9E2 RVO<= U0Y>5P NO;P U" 8E2 R! 8 Uf  IB :ga{5 C  LH :HK
 "   "  " F "
‫۔‬E2 $ z C/ˆCD C E2 U1>8U" E2 %U
R { t$ % ‫۔‬a{! E2 RSa#! 8z{r
" F U  % f " "8  ( " %  "
" >8
(bHBK~ 8™ ¬ u5) 0«   v2 C  -D3q   E " deE2 RV HK¸8
 
  "  F F  "   " "
 8 •QS& C q02  (TNJ ./79 C .DSX02  Ui2 8/ˆ" ‡ ‘S& Of UOf9،E2 R! E2 R J$ z$J2  E2 RV 8 0«' 8 US&02 #! 0«S&8  t
 " " " " 
   " " "  " " "F ƒ
 ( D N ‚ T  µ2 3R 
Q  U 2 8Dt2 . 8 " 0« q 0}q C Ns  C  D2 3R Œ8  
Y UDE2 RS& (C /ˆa{42 8)DC C Ÿ8  C 
9C E2 RVN" C E2 R! E2 RV3% C 0ª’ 5
  " " "  " 5  " " " "  "  " "
%  J
E2 RV Mj};5U  /Z¦2;$  ½£_9 C "‫ ۔‬a{r! \| $ /ˆf . >8 U  0V C U 8  F
   .3U2 3%02 2 3U " 35™ -  
.  0«2 3U2 3%    C E2 ac J " " 8 r — R S
  
"  f U t2 R  {Š•   7 8 9   F " ƒ ƒ "
U % Ž —
2 D  D   1       s/  O U " 8 7 8 N  D  D  E2  .z2  C   .z2 /    2 CM2 STNOP v2 C‡ ‘ ‫ ‡۔‬E2 ¬D£]œj]œ—$ %3F 5  C E" 2 RVn5
U ; R Q ; U % " $ 8  R S
"  " " F  " RV   U  " " 
F 
¢ ^
‫(۔‬HL~0z C ‹ a -/2  (¦8a•3f)‫۔‬ { R e ZY ¬n5U O;U E2 2 3%  v £a $ D9‡ ‘0«a 0Ca–2‫۔‬E2 R! ! YU  O<=
‘ { % " c
 "    "
z&0Ofz& - N.C:8E2 R0 ¸ a–2s/­$ U  (TNJ  C ‡" ‘;— U .3 UN1! ‫ ۔‬U¹’D  8 ! 
" " " "    "  "  
" dV
 E2 RV02 {Š=U .3 U 8 #! „ U8 U1 U¸^5U i2 8<0‹365  C D 2  ،  )0«E2  ² D   O P a  TN 0«a 0Ca C a 12 3—D2 
t  8 • u 5 R 
! ; % d U  5 { $ % ( J c  – 2  c
F < nœ5 U {65 Z« G Zu5 9 + % J " " " "( =    "
 U
‫ €  ۔‬DO 1  \ 2 / / 
  $    D   -©802 C  ‡ ‘ f  C 2 {! % 9(¢;² <  C ، % $ %#! 9" ‡ ‘ C E2 R! 8 ™" 2  $ %” 8#! 0«t&(02 U¹ n8
"
  %"8 U " "  ƒ" " 
‫۔‬E2   :;U $   C35v  02 = 08 UE" 2 %„S2 #!  SW
R 
! 8 U % U { Š 9)U¹a|2 RQ C ¹aX5 C ($ % " ) % $ %.x42 8ND™C  C .x42 8 C ¬zX  C  1QX

AB 
>&@ ? " % +k #
 " 2{65 " "  "+
a–2 f O;P Ua+ Y  C œ;_5a‰ ،J VDt2a{42 8f v% 9ij3< $ 8
{ dp= FGH  " " "  9  "(   "
 !  $ ” b2 3R  E2 a ! CO 2 DC NOP  / 0« a{%2 D (3f £2 
(  % 9 R 
! # w ;x X ; U Z[ 
  … "   " 
 " RV  <" + 
 ; Q  M(rG R 
! ( • $  ( > 8 U 
‫۔‬E2  ‡ a  ! 1 ®Y O<  v2 SE2  CD ij3  C E2 
= % R 

(QE^PP -*QRPP')
H'> `#_
< = R " "  " " U "  " 79  " ----------
 \ 2 E2 0V D  C 0V   T./ 0«  2 DE2 ™N  8 #!
{ V Š•  d  R V y f
 " 
 F 6$ 8  F 6$ 8 RV t{2 xo   8 
 O DO E2   C 2 ; Dt2 9E2 D95.2  C a ORu8 U8 ‘
%  R  |2
"  " " "    "
" 8 . • +
™a V C a qU Dt2N1! E2  R V 9‡ U 0V DŠ ‫۔‬E2  (‡ a•$03R2 Y C
•  R 
" Š 1    
a ) " -  "  2    2  ‫ ۔‬E2 ‡    E2  2   0š  U .2  C   
{ 4 6 5 % <  8 R  — R V % < " 0«3U ;<+ U
2
   = " " F    %
) { < " 8 ‚zX E" 9‫ (  !( ۔‬3%  U (v 
deU DO2 ;%% C pŠ U8 ‘\ 2   2 C
"  = "  "
"
E" RV\{2 < U  C ‫۔‬   2 3U
J5f 
" U . C a {42 8 "a#! 65 "U "
 "F " 
‫ ۔‬3 t&‡" ‘E2 RV U E" 9' ‚zX 1£ C WQa#! C02 ‫" ۔‬E" RVa#! 65
 (
" 8 F
42
"  " ƒ { f "
" 2 ;%— C
 ” .3U b  C  a ‫  ۔‬02 3  C” .3UE   œ<  ™C
9 • Q { X jQ 8 5 y
  yƒ o + U    G ƒ
" (~¸-V- J) ac8 UO z   -C C    / ]oz+U '  ; r 8 ´c
"  "+ " " "
 "
 C 2  " U U#! U. 0z|8 ij3< 0«0V 2 8 t2{xo C b•Q a#! 65
" "( "  " "
   C     /Z[ -C ‫ ۔‬2 D$ z{t$  & U E"   C  ‫۔‬2 3U 0}—ª5 f  -©8 2 3x;%
U "

1
Massora.
 " "

 | q — Š¦5 68   9" "  2 3— R! ( & R3  % ‘ ( " ¦5 ‘ F ¤5 9 " " 


; — • Q  "
' U
      ² . 02 E ‫۔‬E2  S E2  "   C a / "  C 3  /  Sw a ‫ ۔‬/! V  /2    C 0Y> NOP  /  C ‫ ۔‬Cs/­
( Z[ 8 o –  '  U Zu œ U " 5 ; U ( Z[ <
 " ƒ "  G " " ƒ  " ƒ  "  "
02 O 0«E2  ® 2 Da ! D9E2 „،$ E2 ¬E2 RVa{45U ]œ—a|Uf  0
9 R 
! ;  Y    # " % % R S " « ‫۔‬2 3U w5U.3 YCsC9M8ª5U ]œj3Ru5 C ;U Dz2 . T U " 
 G " " ƒ  " " " "     F "8
 ( $ %E2 RS¬E2 RVa{45U ]œ—a|Uf E" 9)$ %. 39 i2 ;œ9f i2 ;œ9•Q  /! 2   E  0YP>5NO;P  C  E2 U " 12  oJ "b•Qa#! 65
U " R V U U '  " R u
F  "    
 =  "  " G  „ƒ 
-D eD C MJQ  U  O<  E VU  0YP>5O U U " R N P;U ( /Z[ -C8' ;²% D C   2  2  U OP;U  U®{R2 $ % "± U¹aX5 "2 r-C‫ ۔‬8 UO :9Y
ƒ   "    " RV    U  F F ƒ
a–2  C " ]oz+ UO<= U0YP>5NO;P U- 65 "0« q03R2 >’ ( `r ! 0 E2 b  ‫ ;  ۔‬sC/75. DE
RV •Q " ' 2  ® 2 D (HB :ga{5) "0YJ C ]œ—"
 " F "
‫۔‬E2  ‡  1 8$ %C f ~¸-V- J#! 9 acq" ‡ ‘
R 
! 8 U > 
jSž f    " "" WQ ‫ ۔‬E2 RVbKLg9 
" /ˆ‡ E" %C  " -D 
" ! 2 f O" f
ƒ   "(  "+   "  "  "  F
،sC9،µ:— ،.2 ‡ ،. 8 U CX NO;P U /Z[ij3< b•Qa#! 65 ®YU %C ’E" RVU <|82 s92  2  U E" RV ( /Z[f Ru$8\$ $ 
" "
  F "  
" 3F 5‫ '۔‬8 Uyƒ 8$ % „µ6RVv
"  % " % Z" [ "
9
  { <=     " F  "

U O42 8/ˆ8 Swo ½ 2 S$ -/2 C. T  C 0ªx82  2   0«E VE2 %\ 2 0«2 ‡  $U0}—ª5%Qf  (uœ8v2 %S
" R " %
" " " "   F  F  F  =F F
 "  +  " " U "
.0z|8 ij3< 8 t ‫۔‬E2 R! -/2 ZJ®$ 9E2 RV D }8-C0« 2  3%U U X
Ž9 ¾ 3502 E2 0V  C ! }8 0}—ª5  u ®$ ‫۔‬8 deU U !\{2 < 0YJ
R V U U R $ 8 9
ƒ  "  ƒ <+ RV 3 % ˆ    F "
µ:— E2 RS&S) C ،E2 %DUOf DE2 Rd2D2 3yjQ Uv%3 UE2 RS&S)U U0‹>5 ‫ ۔‬µœ E2 12 / ‹V. E" RV0‹2 3Š)a{’u5 URu$ 8®$ 9" ‫۔‬2 $ 
z /ˆ


" ƒ " " U U " • U "  8 d  U ƒ "   F  " 

t ‫ &۔‬µzW Ÿ—   3%     2 D µ:—  —Š¦5/2 Z[2 ،2 $ D  3F 5Œ8 a|2 8 O<= UE" RV ‫۔‬2 3r2 3U}8U Cv2 %SE" RV 2 34502 
 " " "  2 3— " •  c U "   9" "  F 2 R$ F  
| U R V " R V (
a E2 E  / ‚E ‫۔‬2 3 3  a    ® 2 3 .  Ns 3 8
Z [ U % U U 9 ‘ Zu 8 f ˆ " % "
 / 2 £ / ‡ E C !  )E2 8 ! .2 3RYD V „U " ‘D C9. 0« 9 R  !
  "    "  "    G " " "
U -C‫  ۔‬8 U2 39/ZS2 Of D-CU . ‘90°‹‫۔‬D00¡U. ‘/ˆCD
' _ 8 
i N.3o ‡ O 2   ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U0}—ª5 / E C (   $ %
w ; x 9 ; —  ´* " 9 ' oVE" 2 RV N 2 %
   " G " F   F  " "   F
 UE" RV C ،' ;t& (3³$ %a{42 8) "‘ "-CU. ‘ U02 3f ‫; '۔‬%² D® eE2 RV02 3f
 "ERVU <|8U " ‘D CE2 RVE" RVU P•Qa#! 65" 0« a{r! E" fC €„ U S" {—
  G     "   
 
-Cv‘C;³ $ %،U®U Áe U8 ‘2 8‫; '۔‬t& ( (! acdea{42 8) "O;U"U. ‘ ‫( (  ۔‬$  Ow8ª5a•E2 RV
  "
  ‘  8 U >8 "  23— '   ;³ G %  F  RV "  G
0¡E2 E a !  .   E s/ -Cv C  1 E ‫  ۔‬$  . ‘ U 02 3f
R V " R V # U ‘ U " R V ­  2 £  E2  M2  2  ‫  ۔‬M28 %CDU b•Qa#! 65
f 8 9  j  8  '
"  "      " "
"% F " "
/   2 ¬T C  uo،a ! DE a U
  bSwoa ! 6  ‫;  ۔‬²% D
ˆ f ( # " % |2 8 8 # 5 " ' - 65S)2 /Zš U+9E2 RV" };U M28 /ˆCD‫۔‬U+1noC•QDt2
 <" +  "   <" + U  "( " " " "
R  "( 
ij3 U 83UP  C 83Uij3  0YP>5NO;P U /Z[8 t 0«2 D
z 8
 /ˆCD2  M2  8CDE2 0}—ª5U 0YP>5NO;P U /Z[‫   !۔‬2 8£0}—ª5 V
"  " " F  ƒ    "   " "  "  G G
U .3 U2  /! 0°‹ U0O’3qa#!  $ %8 U XD }8 Uµ:—  C .2 ‡  U_9 ‫ '۔‬2   v2 %S9'  . 39 2  3$9E2 RV8 ‘ U8CD‫ '۔‬U¿$ 9¿%f
" "  " F  " G
( " 9 — ƒ " — DE" rsPC9
D2   -C E  3% }f   8 U]œ9UD Q   C 
U 8 ; U
F   " {R« ƒ     ? ) ) ) )
¸C/ˆ .2 ‡  .3U  03%+a ]œ— 0«' ; Y3 %02 -C‫; '۔‬R² eU   ) ) )
U U U U 

 ’ M{ & *V9 2Ž &h&K "a 9n8 " ! *AK
  $ '(“
! *  %
 V|0 ;R‚& ! 2 79 “6 <
1

) ) ?
( Qiddushin 30a)
€9 
  2=•K”fX &X &
 " " 
 F
5 ƒ "
 " F " "
 ¦ R u 5  " {R « ƒ (  % ( U   <
"+
 ¦ Ru5 RV 9" " 35 D
 . ½ ‫۔‬2 3 ]œ   C  3  }f     1 03%+a  s9
U 3 U 9 U 8 % 8 t   !  — 5 2 5
 C  ]œ   2 3 D ،v ‡   2 3 D    3   i  -C ‫    ۔‬1  E2   ‡  2  ، 8 U j 3  ! 
" "   "   " 2
 & 
8   RV
 t ‫! ۔‬deE2 0YP>5NO 0}oD ?LI~~ "i "s   8 UD2 
; U — 9 ;— U ‫ '; '۔‬.u9s9 (2 35 D
   " F "  
" Z¶ U  " Swo C  3U2 %<E2 RV83 U-z{2¹ jQ- 65E2 RV 3%
R 
! 8   "
E2  !  ?LI~~z .u<  /2  sC  3%  E  3%¦fE2  ( /Z[ 9 ( U " 9 8 R V  D¦RY 83 U  2
 F "
" " "  F F F " F " |"8    
CDa ! ®YU ¦f „  (! DD2 8 t ‫۔‬8 !  5 Ua|U¦f D35 C
# U  „U aX 9a•2 DE2 RV02 3fU < U M2;RQN ST-CE2 RV}8E"  2 3—' 8 U2 3Uv‘CU
" " " "   "
"    %  U " |8 " 
 Y "‫ ۔‬E2 R!  12D O69 9 H~ :~ a{ ± C  kk :~ -2 3Š‰  a{42 8 ، E2 %D ® e ac .2 ‡
R v 3U  0«02 C ‫ &';  ۔‬2 39 5 CD‚_<WSwoa#! 65‫ ۔‬de$ %
< '
"   G  " " =
 
 ‘ a Y C "  ®YJE" 2 R /! 2 Re2 3%U 1VOfU Of·—U O’)
( U { 5 ' ‫۔‬²  $ (! 2 3U. ‘\{2 < 0«02 
CD‫ ۔‬de2 3UE2 RV
; 
" " G " "   ƒ
 "  "   ƒ

UD Q U .2  ‡ 8CD "‫ ۔‬%\$ $ ،  \$ $  C ³ 3R2 V\$ $ ،12 3%CD;— U
"  ،' ;'& µzW $ % „‚' E2 RV0YP>5NO;P U9sC9 C µ:— " Swoa#! 65
 "   " "
–  " " 2 Z¶8E2 %UpŠ) F F  " " °"2 ;U
U s9/! U a sC9 ( /Z[€„aX ‫? !(  ۔‬LI~~ /
‰ f  /ˆ  (S C ¾$ 0YJ C s92   2  0Y>5P NO;P UE2 RV2 39U  0
ƒ U  "   F  F " + G " " 
" 
 C µ:—   0YP>5NOP  Sw  a !    0>2 8„ ‫۔‬E2  w5.2 ‡  C  }f ;—
;U 8 o # 6 5 " f R  j 5
 39 0«2 3U
 } 02 2  C 3rs 2  2   C C O;< %8 t ‫۔‬P$ %
8 9 f
F " " U |q "   " ƒ
"  F    ƒ
"
¾$  J¦—  /!  C  2 ;y  C>Š a U ERV ( /Z[ C & µœ<+UsC9
f f j Q W {9 "  C  s  2 35 DsC 
  i2 8/ˆ. 8C C]œ— ( /Z[U  ?L :HH
 9 ( 9  U
F   F    "
9 ƒ
‫ &۔‬ i2 8/ˆ. 8 " 2 3U Ot "0)%CD  ]œ— ( /Z[ Hk :H@ 39
" " F   "
F  " F"  ƒ " " "  ƒ (
$ %" E2 RV 02 3fU©—.u8 C .V Q$ %µ:— Ÿ488 Swoa#! 6502  E2 % -C Q 8  2 % (
IB : ~B   ‫  ۔‬v ‡   2 3 D   i2 /   .   II :I 3  ‫   œ]  ۔‬2 35 D5 U 8 ˆ 8 9  —
 " "
  ¦ R u 5 RV  ƒ  ( r F 5 '   8 U   G " "  % ( "
 ; U #
-C8! 1 E2  0Y>5P NOP 0¡a ! 2  s/ ]œ— U ½ 3    2 D® e .8 ­ s  2 35 D.3U E2 s  H? :B@ 8  C  v2 ‡  2 35 D U 8 N.3 U
9 (  " R Q 9 
   "  "
¦ R 5   ƒ G " " U U XF U.  ƒ  " "
-C!1 u 03%+.Y-Cr ‫; '۔‬²% DU€ D "E2 RS2 $ E2 RS& C "µ:— E2 RV.8
  U   ‡2   C sC9µ:— U OP;U
8 t 2 3x—  ! ¹a•Q‫۔‬
      ƒ ƒ  F F F   " F"  
" ‫; '۔‬%² D® eac— 9a#! ®YU U2 %< "‫!  ۔‬D C03%+.Y]œ—02  "µ:— H?kE2RV "®RY/2 Z¨! "0n9U .3 U U8 2 3$%½ 35‫;۔‬U  w5.u8 C .V Q ;—
ƒ G " "  U " U " ZT " " " " 
‫ !۔‬0ª9 V.82  3$9U U  9 "
 z D }8 sC  0°2  "€2 /2 "
0n  8 t  SW‫۔‬E2 R! .2 ‡
; & 9
F    F F    ƒ

E2  i2 8/   . 8 " E2   (! ¸C/ˆf "
" s9 .2 ‡  CD E2 RV i2 8/ˆ . 8"
R V ˆ R! ‫ !(  ۔‬H?kf µzW

 " ƒ G  " F   % c R#! F  "( "
 C CE2 9 ‡ U E µ:— ® ‡ "‫۔‬E2 !  !{9 C ¸C/ˆf "" "s9.2 ‡ - 2 3r
R V " 9 R ( 2  3 a 02 E2 U U XUsC9U 0YP>5NO;P U /Z[8 Swoa#! 65" N
G   " ƒ  G  F    "
³ $ %®YU C C ¿E2 RV9‡ U E" 9µ:— -D$ 9‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ³ $ %®YU ¿s9 "i— "،s9½ 35‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U¦RY E2 RV0Y>P5NOP;U
0}oDa{R«s9 0«
" " F " #  " " "  G "    "
U " "  2 3 — R 
! % R e
  E ‫۔‬E2  C}5  ² DE2 35-D2  ! v  s ‫۔‬-/2 C-/2 C،E2 8 
f ; — „ < Z [ Z [ R 
! -   J CD /!  5&6 ". " s9 C  03%+(?L ،I~~ /Z3f J E" 2 R /!  2 Re2 3%
 " 
 ¦ R5  
 ; U 8  D2 U. C   ! 1 u E2 RV0YP>5NO;P U03%+(IgLHB)
— U 
" de  " " " RV ƒ " 8 U t  9 t _" <W "  
;5 X o   
{ % c # ƒ" " R
 ( 
‚ E2 y  D 2 1!  )- C 2 ‚ ‫۔‬E2 %Us£.9U³D
;'  j
M ® Y    1   0« a D3 a 02    8E2 2  
}  U   }    2 % U ! y
" " " " ƒ
‫۔‬E2  1 ’-CjSžf
% U u ‫۔‬-/2 C-/2 [CE2 R! a{45 $ %0¡ U ]œ—   "‫۔‬
Z [ Z
F 8 "    F 68 "  "   ƒ"  G "
. §Cu E! C  !  /! D9i2 8 0‹365E" 2 %„0«E2 R! ;²% D3F 5 C 2   U.8U Swo 
< " #!
" "
  " " " " F  "  " " "
Of  (D 8Π&" D%8
 ;!   C ، (uœ8،O;<+،O2 ;%N‚j، 2  a|2 R«Swo0«E2 R°YU
j}5 C E2 ReU0‹2 3_o
" "   " 
G ) " 35 D U  s9 0«  d 0 F  8  <= U 5  ;U " {$% f X  %
E2   0¡     s/   C    1 8 
% ' $ % % ­ — 8 U > 2 2 9  R V
O "‫ ۔‬E2 H :K¸ ‫   ۔‬1 ® Y O  0YP> NOP a  a  62 8 ' 8 U >  U
" G% ) G ƒ " "( " T

9
" 8
42 "
" F "
8(K)}8U s r /2 Z$/! ‫۔‬E2 '$ 0¡% %U s98 '$ )2  " 2 35 DU  µ:— C  C 9، ، };U، Š  C a (a ) $   D2 98 ! YDOf { { U %
G   " " G " F F " 
D '$) E2 %yfE" 2 R}8U 0U .3 U/! ‫۔‬E2 Rdes r /2 Z$2 3%U '$ )0¡ UsC9 " C " iy’Ns9E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R! 
U !YD®$ 9E2 RV0:2 8/ˆ 02 ‡  U "‫۔‬3f' aX;2%
" F    F " de  " F G "
.3 U9‡  Ui2 8/ˆ. 8O9‫۔‬8  U¸C/ˆa{' .3 U/ˆCD'$ C E2 R 02 E2 RVDU  Swo" . ‫ ۔‬2 ‡ jSž U 
U -YD ;')ž  C  /ˆCDa{42 80¡CDs/­
"   " "   " " " "  ‘  8 U >8  %  (
"
ƒ "F F  F "
9‡ 0«E2 R;U 1> $ % „ µ:— 9‡ U  88 ‡ $ %8 ! {91>8 U36RY
8 R V ; — U 8 U
E2 02 3     p  i Ns v C  1 v  U2 Y0«2 ‡ 2 39
f o U y ’ 9
"   " "  " " 
" "  F ƒ
/! ‫  ۔‬1   E v2 3—Dt2  $ 8v ™ C  1 ‫{ ! ۔‬9yf
U > 8 U U " % %  % 8 U > 8 8 de 02 S)‫۔‬2 D D0e 9 IL :IHa{R± C ;%² D® e "J;— U ! YD "µ:—
 " "  " G " " |"8 " "  "
| U U c
a r C 8  f €„a     U D-/2 ZU 8 ' ،$ %\$  0z $ ) " d e   U iy’Ns9 C E2 R! 
®$ 9ac$ %S2 "0u2 RY C ©8 ،! —،13R2 $،$ C  C J "]xo "
 "  "  " " 8
| q " " " " " "  % " G ; ')
U  aX ‫۔‬8 2 DUE" DE" 2 RV N2 % U0z|  8! 2 3yjQ-D2  f CDE2 RV0z|8 8  v ‡  v  S ‫  ۔‬p C ž  
 ž  C  / CDa{42 0¡CDs/­ " C "
U 2 % W  !  q j S f ˆ
 "  " "  " #   F""  G

Ž9 
    ‫   "  ۔‬E2  1   v „ Ns<  !  U E    
Ž9  “2 D 2 Ru2 R
 8 U R S  > 8 — " 9 ' ‫۔‬3  Y\$ f ¦—2 8 C 3  YU
j}5U0¡2 3' Uiy’Ns9U® 2D
 &  " |8  "( " " "  "(  " ƒ" 
.2 3RYD ½03j>5‰ U 0YP>5NO;P U /Z[0« ! 02 0z{2 R (d9‡ ‚_<W C ) N " ;P U /Z[0«§8 ! \= C$ %E" 2 %„f 9E2 R! ;²% D3F 5 C 2  S2 #!
O
 " |8 " "     " "
  " ƒ " « ! 0- E
 C O<=v2 %SsC9 C µ:— U 83 U 0 2
" "  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R! 8 !  
‰ U 8. 3’‫ '۔‬8 ™E2 V
Uµ2 3R   Swo02 E2 V8 U1>8U 0YP>5 R U R
  "   =  d " "    "  
' 
‫   ۔‬1 8®YU µ2 3R
8 !  > { < 
\ 2  C 2 -C0«    C  1 ‫   ۔‬1 8®YU µ2 3R 1£
 U — 8 U > 8 '  8 ; U >
 " "  "  " " "  F   F
" "
" " |" 8 
f aX%  C 2 %‘T،O;<+U0«E2 R! ; Y©—-  #! f —3F 53$9" % U
0‹U ،SX 9 E2       3fC  -2 3f Ÿ  s/  C  ¦ R Y ( — ­
"
U 8
E2   1    <  E" 2 %%
% > f
"  " ƒ ƒ  " "   " |8   "
G  "
t .C Ÿ48‫ &۔‬µœ<+UsC9 C µ:— U 0YP>5NOP;Ua{$% 8 Swoa#! 65"  9' 8 ' $ %C$ U . 2 ;96² s/­‰ 02 ‫۔‬a  (! a{%f 1 C
 d e ) 8 c
 " —   "  
" " " |"8 " " " "
F F ƒ ƒ " " 
"
"   R c
%  6²8 -CE 2 3 E2 $ a  2 3yjQ  v%3U — C8 U1> E2 V< ;%ž 8 U U 8 R  8 U1> U0YJ2 s9،]œ—2  a f 0ªoU— C8 U1>8‫ '۔‬-/2 Z«$  C
U 8 | U
      "
  4q " { % RV U "  ;— U  " de d e ƒ     "
a O Ca E2 D     sCP P>5 C NOP  C   8 ! pq C
c 9 U X ; U '   ž   C E2  ® 2 D ]œ—2  2  0«a v !   ‫۔‬a O 8+ O<X
j S  f ; ' R  U    U c 2 % U " c 4
F " = ƒ "  " " " " " " "  " " " G
E2 RV02 3fs/­0°‹،2 3U0\{2 < Uµ:— ]jQU E" RV 8 t ac$ %8 U
j}52 3yjQ0« U•;ž% jSž f ;'deUbX " C E2 R¡VQDjSž 8“e ;'de
U  O9‫۔‬E2 R¯$ %U
F G ) —" " ƒ " " " 8 F =  ƒ = F "
U  ƒ " >8 8  4  { <  { <
 e R V f U U '$
2 D® E2 02 3       0¡ ".  "]œ }  "/ "]œ 0°‹ 2 3 01  — 8 U ´ —  U 1 .C Ÿ ½ ‫۔‬2 D z  .  \ 2   2  µ:— \ 2 $   aX 9a•2D
> 3 5 U  U ‘ U U % < % „ U
  "  G "   " " "  
 
 3%U! Sw 02  "‫۔‬E2 E2 RVv%3 UE"  2 3— 2 ‡ E2 RV. ‘ "‫۔‬2 D D.8a#! ®Y C
8 # o R S  Sw 02     p Ua  ‫ ۔‬de- CD a Qa#! 2  v‘C8 U
o ; — U 8 U o ¥ j Q  f ¥ j
 ƒ      ƒ " F "
‫۔‬E2 R! ;%² Dac— 9U " C E2 R! µ:— 68² D1E2 RV M2;RQNSTNO;P U0«E2 R!

E2 RV. ‘E"  2 3—، 2  ‡ E2 RVv%3 U "' ;%² D® eµ:— U 12 DE2 RV02 3fU©— " uF 8$ %]ƒ œ—
" G "
 F f À "  # U ƒ U "  RV " " F " ƒ "
"
U  C  UO S a !  µ:—  E s/­08 Swoa#! 65  " $8 E2 RV I :gH-2 352 %½ 35‫۔‬²; $ E2 RS3³$ %U ‫۔‬#!   2 3rde]œ—02 0$ r a{42 8 "E2RS
" "  " "  "
–  " |8   <" + c  {< =  ƒ ( Z[   " &
" &9 "µƒ :—
   0‹>5 2  C i a    \ 2 0°‹ 2 3U1 8®YU O<=
U U < j 3 U 8 ‘  >  Sw a !  $ ]œ  /  C   - CDE2 E  / "3$< R2  
8 o # 6 5 % — ;r ' de R V " R V ( Z[ {
  F" " " "    " G "
"ERV' \{<=E2 RV39" U " 9Uµƒ :— " 0« U3" Š|8 D08 t a#! ® Y C z{t$ 8 c R  #
 3%a 02 E2 Swo02  "‫۔‬E2 E2 RV. ‘E"  2 3— 2 ‡ E2 RVv%3 U "‫ ۔‬2 D.812 D
! R S   "
2 2 " ƒ" 2 2 $
" " F  " "  F "  ƒ G 
" ½VŠT8 — C8 U (y8 U0)%2 %“ ‫ &۔‬DCz+a#! 02 3f0°‹D00¡ ac— 9U  -C C E " 2 R! ;r 'de- CD9E2 R! µ:— 6²8 ®‡ P1E2 RV0YP>5NO;P U0«E2 R!
ƒ  "  "  =  F ƒ 
Uµ:— U E" RV C  2 D ‘]jQ8 z U8 ! . ‘\{2 < ' E2 RV02 3f9U µ:— ‫۔‬E2 R! ;²% D
" "  "(
" c {<= " 8 "  F  " 8 =  "% F 
CD ‫ ۔‬Va \ 2  t U8 ‘ U02 3f" .C Ÿ48r‫ ۔‬2 3U2 {ju \{2 <
 "2   C v 2 DC  v  C  1  0YP>5NO;P U /Z[ % — 8 U > 8 U
" ƒ" " "
  V F c 
" F  G% 9 ( ƒ |U RV " |8 ƒ " 8 F 2 R$ U " r '   8 U >8 f
 M2 „a 2 a (1 Ya i—5.3U E2 E )— C   (y8 U0)%
8 –  c R V " 9 8 U ‘
 a  C   s  U]œ—a E2 0z y     0«   1   D
"  " ƒ F ƒ    "  T " |" 8  ƒ   " "   G
-D2  ORu8 Uµ:— U 02 3fµ:— U E" RV½VŠT0«' 8 U2 3902 ac-C‫۔‬1  0z s9 U]œ—a r 2 ' ;² DU1 80uRzU -C
( | U  % > " 88 ! 'de8 '$ )sC9
=  de  " 
" ƒ 
‫۔‬E2 R! \{2 < ‚-C0«;' €„ Uµ:— U yf v‘C8 U1>8-C8 ! de/! f  yfE2 RV
" |" 8 |U   " |" 8 ƒ " F R$ " "
H +C / 8 E2 0z a  ‫ !۔‬E2 0z y8N2 U " P 3R de/! a#! 3% f yff s9
R V r R V
 im "  "    ƒ"  
F " G G )" 2{65 ® ea ! u2 8C0uRz 8 z  8  Of DU -C8 ‡ y8  Q8Œ  C  U  2  U"
#  U U ( r ( U % <
a Y2 35 D £E2  ‡  C a{'$ 8 Swoa#! 65acd2Dd2D U2 362 R‹a‰
+ U % '   
G G    {2 65 ‫ '۔‬8 U2 D
Dz2 U. T  %8 '$ ) C .^ C vU9COjQNsC9acd2Dd2D U2 362 R‹a‰   ‘  8 U >8 
" "
" 8" " "  ƒ  ƒ  " " $ %4q56²8 ‫ ۔‬- ]ƒ œ— (Uf ; %v C  1 .C Ÿ48
 03R2 u 032RYE2 VDt2N1! f 0V 2 9]œj U µ:— U CXNO;P U ( /Z[U U
R
ƒ  " " "  ƒ 
" 
" |"8  " "   F  0¡ ]œ— E2 E   t ¹ SW‫۔‬E2  € DE2 E U]œ— 0« (! 0. 902 USwo
U R V " R V 8  % U R V " R V
D  E2  
  0V  .  a ‫۔‬2 D    C ;— U 0u2 R#!  ‡  $
9 5 R V <  U T – 
2 U ‘ %
  G " " F G "
ƒ  U ƒ F # ƒ  <" + " ( E2 RV v%3 U 2  ‡ E2 RV. ‘ "‫۔‬2 D D.812 D C 2 D® eE2 RV02 3fU U '$ ) —
]œj µ:— 1  C µ:— ij3 U  /Z[#! f 0C UD9CU . T  ‫۔‬E
Ž6 Š! " 2 R!  F " " "
" G ƒ
ƒ  "+"  " 
"
ƒ " # E2 RV I :B  12 3%ŠXL ½ 35 ‫۔‬²; $ 3³$ %U   E"  2 3— 2 3r E2 RS de  ]œ— 02 r a{42 8 "E2RS
 U0z–W C iqC$ %µ:— ij3< 8 Swo ‫۔‬E " 2 R! ; YU/2 ZE2 RV (}5U µ:—  C‡ ! C  "9  " % U % "  "   ƒ
"   " "   02  µ2 3R C
  C  Dv 2 D   ‫ ۔‬2 3r-  a Q Uv% ". "]œ—
U ;  f ¥ j
ƒ ƒ 
$ % „2   Dt2N1! ]œjµ:—  ( /Z[#!  0« 02 0z{2 R9‫۔‬E2 R©—ac.V Q
U
 ƒ " ƒ   "
 " " "
   ".  "]œ—}8 "/´ "]œ—v C  1 Uv2 ‡   t 0« 35¹ (D
U  ‘ 8 U > 8 % 8   F
  5" 
v a  . 3’ C a \ E2 12 % /ˆ b•QjSž 2 8£f \{2 6 2 3f9E2 R! ; YU
— X U c  R V 3
q — Š¦5  2 % "   9" "  2 3—   9"     G  G  
R 
! U |
E2     v S. 02 E ‫  ! ۔‬a E2  s .2 ‡  C . wo 3 ‘ R V " 3  b  a !   ‫  ۔‬8 U¯$ %Swo2 €„9E2 R! ; Y¿$ %®YU iq8 C 0z–WC
U • Q # 6 5 " '
 "( " XF
— <=( " ƒ  " |"8 "  " F F  "
s UC NOP  /  0C  Ÿ 1 \ 2  U0«E2 #! 6²8 C
<+ X ; U Z[ f U " < > 4 { R S  < + " R V R V ( Z[ 8 ; ')
9 µœ E -CE2 <  /  ! ž ž -D950« 02 0z2 R6fU  {
" "  "+ " " " "
 "  " "
U  ‹V C 8V ij3<  E2 % -C Q‫۔‬ Y U2 39]qYf  3RQ 02 $ U" 2  Y " Dr  ( /Z[-D9590« 3 'de 1i;_5 3Ru52  ‫€۔‬C+E2 RV0V U ™5 ¾ 35 #!"
" "  <" + % " " " "  "+  " " "  G " " "  " 8
U  ‹V C 8V ij3  E2 -C Q‫۔‬ Y U2 39 ]qYf 8 ij3<  C .0z|8 bH@L )Hadrian،E2  2 3! /72 9E2 ! 1>8 U0z|8 -CE2 R! E2 RV'!  #! ‰|
" R ; q R
" " "  " "  "+  " "   " "  " "
02 f  (Y‡ ¦8² DU 2 3x;%^ ! f DV U %U 8 ij3<  C .0z|8 # )  b ‫۔‬E2 DE2 2   D 2 N1 8  O9‫۔‬2 3rdeE2 RV0V U (bH@~
U • Q R   R  U t  ! 
"  # " |"8  " +   "+ "  
5 " " & " & " R #    F
8 
! jV
a UE2 a U! E2 < ij3< 9f E2 RV8 ‘ij3<  0
| R { R V «E2 R! ; YU
j}5 ‫ ۔‬M  0V     E Va ! 650« Mœ;5$ %. v2 %/Z«
 j } ; f
  "    =  Y  A A
E2 R! E" 2 %%2 9) %-C‚_<W C ) %
;— U Ojª5 ‫{\ ۔‬2 < . ‘ aC9 J '(rB(;…Q  (r"
 " "  " "   " " |"8  " + #  "
( R (
0)%  2 /ˆ C 02 3R32 4 Y0)% 2 8. 39 U < ij3< ! ‫۔‬E2 R! V‡  v2 %S " " " "  "

"   G  "  F Ž8f " };U¾$ N ‚ UDt2N1! 8 j)U .TN 13q C 
Y N1! 9‡ 
. ‘a 8U0«E2 R! ; YU
j}5U U0‹>5f 8 3’ UO2 ;“eC0)%a{2Rš™ C 03R2 u$ 8
| " " " " " " "
" " |"8   U 
3 R U 0V  ‫۔‬2 3r! 
3 R 0V a#! 65 f 8 !  ‹VU   C  "
2 D
-D2   a  <  C Š)% 
f  U "   #
!  ; —  U 
  ‫۔‬  \ {<= C 2  " " F ƒ
$   2   ’ 
"     —3œ8E" %.x42 8 C 1$ 368$ %
j}— DDt2U 2 /Zš/ˆ‡ E" %" C ! ¥ 02 3xov‘C
 "
.0z|8 C ) % E " 2 RV ‫ ۔‬3r3UE2 RVCD 0)%3" %9.  C  D95D }8 F JF  " "
2 2 2 "  F 5 " 
  " "  " ƒ "  U C>ŠW a{98 CD3 f .;Re •u 8CD" ‫۔‬1$ 368$ %0Y V Dt2U 1
S)E"  2 3—،  /Z¶a#! . D U s/­8 f ª9 C a¥jQ‫ ۔‬2 3r& µzW‚  " |8 –"
" F "" " | q  " |"8
  "  F JF  ‘ ( "
" .0z a  C ! ¾$ f J¦— C 2 ;y Q  /! .0z U  0Y VU " 0« U
j U

¢ 5 ) %
 D 
t . 3’ 0  2 3%CD 0« a   U02  3 Y!  v š u8  { r U  f F F  " |"8 "  "
 " " 5  "( 0YJs92  2  .0z -D95 C  2 3r2 3U1>8E" RV ( /Z[-D95f (bKBK)
c  c de " R : ; _ –• V " XF 
‫۔‬a a 8 E2  U 0YP>5NO;P U /Z[9 U " — { jY 
5 ƒ W U "8
 f < ; y (
-D2    Ÿ p 2   2 3U‫۔‬E2 M   / CD2   µz  0ªx  C
U R 
! œ ; f ˆ f
#
+k   
‫ ۔‬3  YUpq8 UO<=
" " 2  G  F "  "+  " "  U  " 
"   F
f -©8 a‰ 2  UY /! E" 2 R³ Y03f±$ % „/7;< v2 %S8 #! Uµ2 3R  €„/! v‘C8 U1>8UCXNO;P USwoDt20«2 3r! v%$ 8
 " 
" "    " " (  "8 " G   
0V  ‫۔‬E2 ‡ E2 2  0š 0YP>5NOP D 2  O 0«  2 D02 8 #! ‫ ۔‬d2 D
R  R V % <  ;U t f 9  d  02  C>Š a a !  0V  3    $ E   S)‫  ۔‬8 ™E2 RV

W { 9 # f % t  % " % f " '
  F "  ƒ   F
5 F"" F 8 " "  U" F JF
-C1S$jSž ‫۔‬a2 {r UOf SÀ C O„:9 U"  (bH?~~)¦RY U 8ž $ )f 3  f X (
1 ‫¾ ۔‬$  t  C ¦— C  ™‡  u8  €„/! C NOP   0«  U U  X ;U U
 "" "
ƒ
'$ ‫ ۔‬/¤œ5 C ]oz+U   D b " " "  R ƒ + R ;! ƒ 
،µ:— D};5ORYU O5z= C O5  UOP;U  ‫۔‬¹
  "
a¦fV™  " u8 e2 Re0«  tF|5
2 3R '$ ‫۔‬E2 ! µœ< E 2 V1Ž2 C  ™ P
" "    ƒ  " F "
;%ž 0VDO<= C v%3 U،O„:9 U0YP>5NO;P U8  12 3% /ˆ N" ! Y C ” b2 3R
  " +  " "  F " G "
 C  > O v S
02  39  C \ u5 C  ( Dt2  }8‫۔‬2  $ %³3U
R Y ; < 2 % 1
Renyon,Our Bible and Ancient Manuscripts p.39
" " F  " |5  "  " " " " " 
f r  " "  +   "
(
  a )" a  \ $ /  .  0V  C  ( DN‚ T ‫۔‬µ2 3R N
Q
¦ 8 • 3  { !  ˆ f > 8 U ( "   
 u E /! 0Y> NOP 0« E2 E D2  a O 02  8 Uf 2 % ¬T
8 5 ; U  R V " ³ X f 
" F JF
 j | q  "  RV " " 
‫(۔‬HL~0z¢^C ‹-/2 ZY  Z¶ f ¥ Q T
 C ،  /  a ½   " /! E  C ‫¾ ۔‬$  ª9Ct 
   U U  f X  f
  "= "   FF

N.3U E2 O;P 2  C 2  UE" 2 RV 8 C 0«8 ! .2 35  E2 RVJU -C
f R V U { <
X " = 
 U¹ ’D ‫ ۔‬3  Y‰ 3Ru5 C \{2 < E" RV9‫ ۔‬.3 Ua|2 8 2  a#! P>5
   G  F G " G    
)% C DŠ• C ) %“2 DCO2 ;“eC C 03R2 u$ 8CO;9 ;$R32 f0)%‫۔‬+Y N. 8M82 n8
{
2 65 " R U { 6 5 " W  {" 5  "
----------------------- (
 TNJ  C 2 362 ‹ a  C E2 9 . R  ‰ $ ‡  C \ 2 2 3fE2 Q a{< ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U-/2 Z[C
" R 
"     F  F
f  (2 35-D2  12 3—D U% 82 3U‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UO;%$ % /´+ UM82 n8i2 8/ˆ‡" ‘ C
 "( ƒ "  " "
 0YP>5NO;P U /Z[0« /! š SW` a{ Y! $ 36$ 9$ %.3 U C a|U$ % „\= C-D2   C
" " " |U 8 < T " 8 " XF  "  "
9 U R S  c 
  E2 a E2 0V a i2  ½   Ÿ a|UE2 RV"  C E2 R! O;P U3Ru5v2 %S
R V <
 "    ( RV "
R 
! { r U > 8  = |2 8  Q % q
0«E2 a  1 ®Y O< a -C    ‫!۔‬2 3r! p C ;o  UE2  f
U U
"" U  "( 
 "   "
3%V 0YP >5NOP;U /Z[.3U (U UE" 2 RV 8 C "0«E2 R! ;t&E" 2 %/! VU 2 3x;%NE" 
" " " 
"    "% 
E2 0z   a   3  ‫۔‬a  E2 1 ® Y   Dv 2 D C O<=1V
R V | 8 — Š ¦ 5 | U U 8 U " { r U R S  > 8  U
   RS"  F "  "
) "
sCP$    ! E2 .3U ! a$  1 €‡ 3R3jVE2  X3% 2 ;yjQac
% U 9   RV  ( { ' $ U 
 G   "
"‫۔‬1! ;r ³ $ %f µ2 3R v2 %S
"   G F "
" " "
92 ‡ E2 RSu2 8 0V  (UE2 RV^ T12 „U —Y /! E" 2 R³ Y03f±$ 8
 "( 
U  " " " XF
O {
N ;P U /Z[-C0«!  (‡ ac .02 ac E2 RV" *C! C C 2 39C. 9U Ÿ< a|UE2 RV  #
" " " XF "   " 
E2  Ds„ OV2 Ÿ a 9)\ 2 ‫  ۔‬.Ž8   i2 8 E2 RV0YP>5
R S  U ! < | U U 8 U <
  &  "  " 
 % G )
 2 8Dt2 . 8 "0«E2 ! ; 9 a 2 D ‘' C .DUr—
 ( (U
U R  t {

1
Qeserley and Robinson, Introduction to the books of the Old Testament p.13
"  "
R 

r  R V U R V " R V 3<  f  <" + ƒ
! ; 
E2   1 DE2 2 £ } VE2 E  1  O  - Ci 3 µ:—
! 8 8 U 2 RY U 9 j


 
 ;
"
" f "8 
،E2  €   CD. ‘ C v 3U-C،deE2 8 œ;_5a•£ UE" 9 C
R U
 " 5
 %

 R S
" "

+ U
"
 • < 
" 
 de
  
c
a a   ' !  E2 c 8  U " R : ; _ U "
  9. 3’a  0QŠ  OP; a 2 0« • £ U ‰ U 3


 

 

‫!۔‬D95acE2 RV'" !  #!


" 5  "   
-C  "    ‫۔‬E2   Y    2  U12 3jN12 3<
U œ ; _ U r R 
! ; r !  J 2 R  8 !  % <
 #   ƒ +     " " " " |" 8
 U12 3jN12 3< E2 R! 88 ! µœ< v‘C ' 'def ®! ;%ž 8 t 9‰
" "  G "
 "  q 
 . t 2  02 E 2 ‫( "۔‬$ %0v‘D U| a|UE2 RV8 U
j}5U . 3’a•£ —
?
(
 
"   3
" |8  " " "  " %

"  "   "


 SW‫ ‰ž۔‬0 C ' ; Y\$ 0‰ -C' ! U 0V N.D 9‫۔‬E2 !  (!  (2 3f 02 9‡  0°2 ;U

 " " F R F


J
ƒ " 5 "
; _
2 3Uµ:— a•£ U E" 2 R: a•2 3 0« $ %U
j}5U! 0}2 8 DU j>8 U<  <  G " # " " " |" 8 "
F GHC D  (<"7 E I
" " " "   F " " 8 tX '  " " 8  % " 9 '   
&8 t r SW £>8v2 %/¤8  <" + U  %  ƒ"
" 23 " "
6 C  C  u v 0°$ ‫۔‬ 0>9  
uq i 3  v Nt  C O 2  E2 %Ni2 ;<m8E" 2 %„r
& f j X w; x 9 U " R 3
"      " " "  
2 3yjQ Uv%3 Uf ;%v‘C8 U1>8U0z|8a•£ #!  2 3—
f µ2 3R  C 
9 ^
1 8‰¢  2 RDU .3 Ua|UD9-C0« 02 0>2 8„1SX 8E2 R! ; $!iq C
> "
 <" +   <" + "   <" +  " |"8  <" + " "  3— R q "  " " " XF "
 ij3  C .C ij3 8 ;%ij3 U.0z ij3 0°$ 9E 2 E2 ! p C a 1>    C ،E2 D D;— U 8 U1> UŸ  /ˆCDa|UUa{$%  C E2 %U
| U 8 U % 8 <
" " XF " " " " " XF
U c 
 SW  a  / CDa ! C  Ÿ 2  a 90«‡ E2 
™02  C deE2 RVe+
ˆ # U < ¥ j Q  R S   <" +    <" +  " • R 8 < R

 02 $ i  C  i $ z$ 2 3x  ! ¹a ‫۔‬E2 C 1  Ÿ  / 
U j 3 ;2 R ‹ j 3 — Q  U > f ¤2
U ¥ j
" " "
Q | 8 
U R  #
"  " |"8  <" + 
" " XF "  " " "
، a a U8 v   0«E2 ;  
j} ! f 8  0‹>5 .0z  ij3 % 
!  Y U 5 U
" . 3’ .3U1 1  Ÿ  ‡ '$ ‫۔‬E2 D    1 E2 8Ur—
U  £ > 8 U < 9  % ; — U 8 U > 8 R ‹ >
T ‰ +  RF <   ƒ " R!  " |" 8 • < F " ƒ   " ƒ" T" 
a Š O2 ;2 3 0« /! š SWE2 D95$  #! .0z a 2 3  X8Œ 0°$ 9 C /! šOw2;x9" Uv%tXs/­0$ %E" 2 %„f 1 N „ ‫۔‬E2 %U0‹>5®YU
"  " " 5 "
" ƒ +  ; _   "  
2  8 v%2  r 0°2 ;U‫ ۔‬r! µœ<  C/­. 3’a•£  UE" 2 R: U a‰ E2 RV" U  12 3j12 3< /! VU  2 3x;%N E" f 9§8 ! •Qac  0>2 8„ 0°‹ r8 ! 
" |" 8 
% | U 
U ¥ j
" 
Q (  ‘  8 U >8 ƒ |U RV ¢^
"  
f U
 0z  v  / CDa" 8  a  Uv C  1 U]œ—a E2 0z ˆ  ‫۔‬E2   
 }  ERVa•£
R 
! 8 U j 5 U "
 " |8 ƒ  ƒ "  "  
،D2 CD2 2  E2 D }8‰ r !  3 Y! 
j}5]œ—a £ C   ! /! ša Q-C
R  • ( ¥j F  F 
V 0«E2 R! 8 U2 R$ 12 3—D02 ½VŠTE2 RV.;%U 12 3< Ni2 8< (" •u5 #!
" |"8 " "      F G F G "
0z 2  a|U8  9 2 3yjQ Uv%a|U0«3 ! a‘{9 +  88 ! 2 R {r "  " 62 8
a DU€ v2 %‡ -C" f E 2    C  D95v2 %‡  E2 VE 2    12 3
 R " 6 2 8 U < 
" " |"8  " 
 ‫ ۔‬E2 RS 02 < U OP;U U2 NSTE"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R°Y! 0
j}5! " UE2 RV
 "    2{65  "
; $U .C  U12 3< aX s/­ a‰ 0« 12 3—Da–2  U+  .a–2  0°™ 
 " "   U " " " 8  " " 5 
©2 ;%! \ CE2 . 8 -3%‡ u2 R،E2 D95E2 D }8  /! \$ $ $  #! ‰| U
= R V R 
! R V  
9 C ‫۔‬2 3U2   E2 ;_ U OP;Ua+SW UE" 9!.2 ‡ a#! Cs/­E2 RV9E2 R!
% < 8 " R : 

F5
{ 6 G G  " |" 8 " 
{ < m 8 "
 " "  <" + ƒ
de
' _9 k،g،?،Is/­$ %E" 9E2 R! 1 $ %C s/­-CE2 R! 2 ‰ 9E2 RV " 0z2   C ،E2   \ 2  a"   / CD2  .0z  i  0« /! š$ 8
{ R  R 
! 8 U U ¥j Q U ˆ | 8 j3
G G "
 5 "  " |" 8 3<   F
 Tacitus8a|2 R€ 5‫ ! ۔‬.oE2 RVbH~ C  !  2 3$%\{2 6 13qgKi;_502 ‫۔‬E2 R!
U . E2 ' !  ! 0z 12 90«E2 R! ; Y" 0S&®YU ¬8C $ 8#! 0« 02 
R V  #
"   F5 "  " " 5   >" 8 U "
{6
a ‫۔‬E2 D95 ? H/Ls/­ \ 2  . E 2 a 1 $ %_9-D$ 9\2 
X R! _ 9 U "   3— c ‫۔‬de œ  12 9 1   0uRz-C‫ ۔‬D95
8 ; _ U 3 <
 " " " "
F œ8 " % ‘ T  2 % " " U  " |"8  <" +
  .  E"  23— '  _9 0eJ U  9   Annals " \2  " .3 U C  2    U i;_5 (
-2 D، u  2  " v S 0‹>5f  /ˆCD2  .0z ij3
" |"8 "

 "  " dV " + j  <  ‰{2 65 " "  3—  FU  " + # " % "
$  CDs/  n E  i2 %n88CD U ‫۔‬E2 R! Ds/­_9 1 U
% < ­ < " R V U ; ; % U 3 3
 Va SW  12 12 a  0°$ E ‫
 ۔‬a :9 C / ،O;< ،a ! DE ،2 % 9 2 | Z £
"  2{65 " "R   " +  " RV " 8 U   ƒ "
 8CD 02   0«   02 
>5  ./2 Z› C  E2 R!  U  a‰  £  E2 %!  2 3r C  E2 %8 9  32 e
  > CO;  C / v2 SE2   v 2  DUµ:— 1£ U   SWE2 R!
f R Y < Z£ %
"
" " "  G X  "  r de +  "   X 
3 q
1 ?k@ Thucydides 32% Da ' € 5 !E2 a }8U 0QŠ a 2 3 i2 ;%n8 R 3 c ‰ • < ‫۔‬E2 R! ;'Œ‰ E" 2 % D.D}f
" " 5 " " " "  " 5 5   " |" 8   " |" 8
a 2‫ ۔‬0V U \ 2  }8YJ80z|8E" 2 %%2  \2  U\{2 6 13q ?@@\{2 6
– { 6 #
! 8E2 U0‹>5®YU < U O;P U2 “2 D< " U  2 N ST#! r
%
"  " G G " "  # 8
{6 5 3q  { 6 5 3q ƒ U  U “ " ƒ < ƒ
   \ 2   ( \ 2  1 ?LB  \ 2  1  ?BB ) Herodotus 8CDC/2 Z¨! 
 U (
  Y‡ -D2   "µ:—  OP  2 D ،µ:— a "  12 ! 0«§ ! /! š+ 02 $ %
f f ; • £ U 3
"  " 8 F
" 0°"™UE2 RSYF $ %O  <= U 8  U U " " 5 >4— {<= ( U " ­ F "  " 
  3   €  1 \ 2   -/" N CDE"  23—  ½ 35‫۔‬E2 R! D95‰| 2 C /!" U i2 8/ˆ12 3< $  #! 0°2 ;UE2 R! ; YU
j}5
 "  " 8  " |8 " " G
‫۔‬E2 R! U }8Y" J-/2 ZU i2 ;Rn8 U" ‰| -D95U  (Uf E2 RV C E " 2 R! D95‰ $ z$s/­E2 R" V0V -D95U 5 DU  j2 8N
1
 " " " |8 "  " |8 "
dV
U { o
D \   02 3 3 a -C C E2 ‰ 3$9 DC}5s/­U ‡" ‘"
U " f ’ c  R! ‫۔‬E2  
a .Ys" /  E2 E E2   ½32       ‫۔‬E2 1 ac
R 
! U | U ­ f R V " 9 R 
! ‰ J % ‘ U 2 R ‹
2 o J R S
" " " |8 " "
" f RV " " ƒ <+ R! " |8 " R F
3$9 E2  ‫۔‬E2 E2 2 -D2  f <#! £/ˆCDa{42 8E2 R! U }8Y2 R
R 
! R S U % c 
 £E2 ³D$ 9a  -C C E2 µœ E2 < E2 s/ E2 8 UTY357‰ R ! ­ R ‹>
"
"   " "F " +  " F 5 R " 8 U " |"8
#! UDv—/Z  U
C ™5;RV‫ ۔‬D95E2 RVbHKLgs }50eY UD2  ‰ • <
 ½ 3%2 ‘ f  0QŠ  a 2 3 "  Gallic Wars  E2  ‹2 3r .3U t| ‫۔‬E2 !  1>    0z  2  R ¡ 3 9 
"   " 8 "
 " " "
 ( $ % UYJ.Ys/­-C C E2 R!  ž UE2 RV0‹ujYU OP;U UM2;RQSTC 0n9 " C E2 R! D95‰| D2 8s/­U  E2 RV0V -D95E"  2 3— 2 -D2  YJ2 
+  5  " " 
" 3 fC3" ! D" 9،E2 R2 ;U PCD‫ ۔‬.3 U "  "  "
de  " |"8 " %  
 a{œ ORu8 Uv—QN" 2 8D‫ ——۔‬U
‰ €  a C ‫۔‬ 5 +
" 2 3rde}8Y /! 2   F    .3U0z E2 %2 f E2 RV U 8 ' U
" "    G G " " |8  5 "
dV " 6
 2 3%D 2 8D1 v Q "0«E2  V$ ' .2 8 /Z« DM8YO9£M<W 8
f  — R 
! 8  { j} D95  Igs/­  E 2  1 $ %_9 H?L "
C \2 " U Livy—
‰ U "   3—   {
" " " "  "  " F "8 " F  ƒ 8   "
U v—Q 8  0V  “V ‫   ! ۔‬0 a‘   u C
 ‡  /! ª    C   Ž$ 9!  2 3R$ ‫۔‬E2R!
" " = "
f £2   $ 892 3UC E2 RV2 3%DU¢;² <  }8%$ z$ $ 8U >;%
"X " " "
 E< 3$9;ž% 8 v—Q‫۔‬0ac
–  " "  " " *C#! CD9CU 9 C   G $ %E2 RV:9" 0YF r 1
Aeschylus
 " " " " F G F " F
 C 2 DUD•$ %3% U8 ! Mj}5 C 1Ž650n9 % }f ;ž% f - 65U .39 Sophocles 2

3
Catullus
" ƒ ƒ  =   " " " c&  " " "
F ^
2 E2 RV;— 89 3 %2 D® e]œ—u2 8 0¡ U]œ— Of D C \{2 < v%.C Ÿ48 9E2 R! 2 3%u8a$‰ a$‰  U 2 8D¦2;  E2 ReT-2 %$ C/ˆ02 U 
" " 2 8D 0Q;y5 C 0C+
 F ƒ  = " " |" 8 
" " 
F " " " "  "
¬2 3f C Ojª5. 3’E"  32 — ! 0u5U ]œ—Of D C \{2 <  E2 RV;'d2D ¢^
،L 0z   02 2 3Š  0z ) "2 3r!  p £   ž     ! p8Y f  36$ 8 
) 8 jS  f 8 Y‡   U 0V  8 3%
" = ƒ  " ƒ  "" "  "  
‫۔‬²; $! ، \{2 < 9]œ— 8 z U C ‫] ۔‬jQ]œ—02 0« 3 2%D3 %½ o¬3f ‫ ۔‬2 3r! 02 " 2 8DU" . $ ‡ C ' - v" —Q./790« . U 1ac (?
" |"8 G ) ƒ  (  'de  'de   " " "
ƒ —
<  “2D ]œ— u2 8  E 2     '$  ]œ—  U ;  ;   . 3’ v%  .C  Ÿ48
"   3  
2 U Ÿ_9U  C  1 2 3< ‫;۔‬² R3f<|8U O ;P U U2 NST.
"

"   "
R <   " " "
 " " "
"  " |"8
V
‫ ۔‬1  8 U0‹>5®YU
 f 0)%a{2 š™U 12 3 ‫  ۔‬f  /! \$ $ ،E2 R! E2 RV  (2 81£ 9D }8 U<
 "  " " "
ƒ ƒ  F " "  G   U " |8 U G “e
'$ ]œ—a#! Cr C  3 'deU]œ—2  v%0« ! acu2 8 .C Ÿ48 U ) % Z[ { R V ¥ ; q + 
 Š  -/2 Ca 2 a a Y C  -D2    /! ® ‡ D }8 <  O2 ; C f
 G "    "  U " |"8
U yf /ˆCD-C C   (/´c® ‡  Uv%$ % 8! der ‡ yf¿D‡ 2  - CD $  #! v C 0 ‘  jª 5 9
" « 02 O  ‫ "۔‬v ‘  /! 2  D }8  "
 %
2 U  <
 "  " =  " 
ƒ 8 " " ƒ 
 C E2 R! ;— ® e8  µ:— 
U jSžf  0« 3 $9J C ‫  ۔‬Áe;'der ‡ \{2 < "  (U2 3U‫۔‬E2 R! ‰| -D2  f  /! -D$ 9 ;— U 8 U
j}5Uµ:— 1£ U 12 3j 12 3<

" " "  "" " |" 8  " "  " XF
 a  E2 y CD2  02 E ‫۔‬3' E2  C  3 %2 DU  •Uyf ¿D‡ 2   -C2 8
9 c % f "  2 3 —  de R S 12 ! E2  D   -/2 D      /! -D$  0« 3 Y0S& Ÿ  1>4—
3 < # R V r 9 5 U Z › U < f 9 "   <
F
 "  " |"8  G  " ƒ 
2 8 35  ‫۔‬E2  1    0‹>5®Y <  /ˆCDE2  ( '$ )
U R 
! ( V f 8 U U R 
! `  E2 
j}5Uµ:— 1£ U O;P U U
;  Y U R S
 G G  "   -
8  '$ )U'0n9 Y 'V;ž% E2 RV- 8 U8 U¢fu52  0«
"  "  4N &
 . 8 Ba
 " 2{%   "
1 € a" ‫۔‬E2 ‡  ® Y ž  V   u  " C8 ‡ 'ž‰ $ a#! #! U  C
> 8 „ X R  —  ; % U U  5 — ƒ RV  " 4—   "
"]œ—E2 O ‫" & ۔‬Ow2;  E2 3 Ni2 ;< 8"
. 8 #!
x9 U " R % m
ƒ " 8   G ƒ " 8    " " " 
]œ— ‰| a‘8E2 R! ;%² D '$ )U'U]œ—a|UU ‰| a|Uv%O9v‘C8 U " "  " 5
/! !  U. T 2  Us92 !  U0ªx8ª902  9‫۔‬E2 R! Uª9E2 RVv%3Ua{ U i2;< 8  4 m
 ƒ " " " 
‫۔‬E2 R! ;%² DU/! šU
f   C  !  " u8 9‡ ! /! VE" " ;%ž C 1£، 3fF ! ،µ3 <+a#! u2 R«- " 9v%
" 8"   ƒ
" 
 " " XF " " " 2 " 
4 R
Ÿ  SW E2 ! u 2 O" tµ:— U j23< E2 a S$  0« 3%"  Ÿ /!  " R •   < " "    8  "
D /ˆ2 3yjQf ;%v C8 U1 ‰ U 12  12 $ ‫۔‬E2 !  (! 2 3yjQ
‘ > 8 | 3 j  3 < 8 R 
"

% ƒ ƒ U 3<  | U  ‘  8 U > 8 3 <  
" "   " " " |"8 <" 
 ² D®  0ª  µ:—  12 / CDa  v C  1 U12 2  v%.C
;   e f o ˆ U { R U U
2 3yjQ bz#! ‫ ۔‬0z2 v%NtXD }8-D2  f Of  2 ;yjQ < a•2 3 ‫۔‬E2 R! 

 " " " |" 8  ‘  "
"  "
 0« " 02 0C  ‫ ! ۔‬Y ' ‡   0z v C  1 80" $ r ‫۔‬E2 R!
 U  ; 5 U d  U " 8 U > " G
³ R  |2 8 "
"   3 — R  U | q X "
9
    ½  $  C $  E2 a 2 3y 02 E E2   a 2 3y i2 v2 %S“2 D C
o % — ; % 9 ! j Q 2 ! j Q ; œ
 " "   " F  F 
12 3< 2  v%.C Ÿ48 SWE2 R! u 2 ½32%w8" 2 3" %0}q Ca#! 2  E2 R‹2 3< E" 2 Ra•S$  R | q |U c U <" X |U RV " 8 U j 5 U " ƒ
 "  " E2  v D  a a  Ÿ a E2   
 }    C E2  (! /! š
R S 2 $  ‘ U R 
!
 ƒ ƒ <  U     
8 U1> 0$ " r ‫۔‬E2 ! ;%² D® ef 0ªoµ:— U 12 3 /ˆCDa v‘C8 U1>8U
8 R |  " " " ƒ " | q
  $ E2 .3U C  39 /!  C E2 !  ‡ 0 C E2 0ª9 V #! 2 3yjQ   ‫ ‡( ۔‬
( ( R V R  ( R V U
# R ‹ 3 <  " R • 
 U  "
5 d
"
 U " " |" 8  ‘ " " "  G " XF
2 S $
a ! 2  E2 E2 a  0" « 02 0C  ‫  ! ۔‬Y  ‡   0z v C    ; U '    G
‫ ۔‬3R2 eUOf DD< D9U2 ;yjQ v‘C;³ $ %Ÿ< de¯$ % —Š¦5/!  C E2 R!
"
U U 3 <  " 8  % F 5 R!  ( U RV ƒ 
" 3%0}q C
 .H~ C 12  v ½ 3 ‫۔‬E2   E2 µ:— u 2 ½32%w8 2
 " "
ƒ F "  "  ‘  8 U >8  % %
E2 R! 8 ! ' µ:— 68² E2 RV02 3fU 0z 8a|U0«  ! acu2 8 .C Ÿ48
de | q +  e U q
?@ :HL  2 ‫۔‬2 D® }    LK :K  v C  1 Uv2 ‡ E2 CL@
8 U +
" 8 G " G ƒ " ( "  F   
Ÿ }8 " 3' "]œ— 2 8E2 RV ?L :H@ a{5 ½ 35E2 R!  8 U $ 8 U v2 %‡  a|U 9
4 U I~ :Hgq+U I~ :LL—2 ‫۔‬2 D® e}8U  HI :LIa{5U ?~ :L@— C
"  "  " " " 
U  ƒ R V " |8 ( "
8 % |  R
 v a 0°‹ E2 0n9E 1 9   de "  $  " ]œ— E2  <   2 8 S " R V £  ( —U k :Hgq+2 ،2 D® e}8U  Ig :H~—U ?@ :L?a{52 ‫۔‬2 D® e}8U
 F G  ƒ "  
‫۔‬2 D® eE2 RVE" RVU02 3fU  2 3r.'$ )f v%jSž]œ—-CU 2 39E2 % :HHa{52 ‫۔‬2 D® e}8U  HH :HBa{5U H@ :HK—2 ‫۔‬2 D® e}8U  Hk :LI
F 8 F " " " 
 ƒ "   ƒ ƒ
' \ 2 /¤  y8µ:— 3$91>5U v2 %‡ a| E2 RV02 3fU 0z|8a|U .C Ÿ48
de U :B q+ U µ:—  U  HI :Hk a{5 ‫۔‬2 D ® e M8ª5 U  µ:—  U  Ig :~ — U HK
 ƒ F 8 " %   " " "   

2 ƒ
0n9E µ:— a / -C0«2 39E2 )v C  1 8U0z|8 v% C E2 R! 8 ! 
" R V ‰ ¤ ‘ 8 U > ® eM8ª5U µ:— U  Lg :~a{5U ?B :k—‫۔‬2 D® eM8ª5U  HB :K— C  L~
ƒ " '   ;r  ;U F     de " |"8  
µ:—  (   " € DE2 02 3f C ' ; - v C;' 0z f v%jSž9،' R V  r ‘ ‫۔‬2 D
  "    "  "
q ƒ 
j  < ¥ j
;%U 12 3 12 3 a    E 2 3  3%2 D D0¡E2 VE Vv‘C8 U1>8U Q U | "   —  R " R yf U}8U  C  3 'deU]œ—2  v% 0« ! acu2 8 .C Ÿ48
" " "  " 
  ! po acŸx80 f 8 U0  5®  U " <|8“2D C   (! D / "
ˆ&v  %" f
2 S  R2 eU1>8-  CDUyfaX '$ -C8 C   ( G$ %$ %]ƒ —aX -  CD® "‡  U '$ U® eU
 2 ‹ > Y 3  2  œ 
" F
‫۔‬ U L@ :Hk2 ;5C ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 DU1>8- CD}8U  Hg :~U K :gq+½ 35‫۔‬
" " "  "
" |2 8 " " F  " "
U2 NST (2 8E2 RVbHgHk8 9 ErasmusŠ 2 % WQ2 %“  35 | U
8 v%a E2 0)%CD U ]9U 2 ;% /Z[‫ ۔‬2 3r2 DU1 8}8U  LI: Hk
R V >
" "   "
" ! ƒ U ¥f c ¥jQ U |q "  2 3— 
3 ! C  2  "µ:—   I? :Hg 8  0« 3 t&،2  $ ;'$ ) a•S$
8 3 f “V T  ( !  j }5 o  (
‫   ½  
   ۔‬C    a  a a    E ‫ ۔‬2 3Ua#! u2 8
!  ‰
 "  " ƒ "  ƒ   m8 ƒ  "
 ™ "
 2  D
   ž 8 S&8 ;j23o "µ:— U  I~ :BT  C "/ZS
 f  ; % r  UE" 9E2 R! µ:—  C .2 ‡ -Ca–2" ‫ ۔‬a{r U \{2 <  Uµ:—  C .2 ‡ ™-U35.
" 5 "   " f 3<  "   
"
"‫ ۔‬3G R2  \{2 6 ¸62 80«! ™ " 2  E2 RVS&E2 RV. 98  ‫  ۔‬C 8 R { r U
2 35 ‫۔‬E2 a "  €  12 . -C0«E2 8  ‚ /Z[  •u  #!  ORu8

! R 
! U ( " 5
 " 
"
"  F " |"8 <  "
"  ƒ F " ƒ ƒ"
9.2 ‡ CD02 €„ C 2 3—U1 DE2 VE VU 8  C 8 $ $ %2 RYU < CD R " R _ U 12 3  (2 8a•£ .2 ‡ Cµ:— -Y€ 02 0«§! 2 3r! /! š$ %E" 2 %„. 0«
9
" |"8  r "  " "
  "   "
 2 O ‫۔‬E2  1 DE2  E2 E2 P91Y— T .3 UOw2 ;x9 D
< 9 R 3 !   R V R   R S ‫ ۔‬2 D®  ½      0°‹  E2 
  e t X U " 8 ; %  '  R S
" "
ƒ U  "9 8 " f "  RV U  "  8 {
2 65 | U  = F 5 # j |q
µ:—  B~ :H3 2 H€„a ‫۔‬2 3r2 D €  E  .2 ‡   2 3r2 3U0‹>5f X U ‰
Ua a .‡ $ ‫۔‬E2  ² D \ C 35 Š 2  ! Ua Q U 
R 
! ; % U f — ¦ ¥
 "    ƒ  " 
 d  de ƒ
E2 R! E" 2 R C ‫۔‬E2 R! 2  ;2R02  C >— €C  C 
 C . $ E2 R! ;%² Da#! r$ %" X‡ " { 5
K :ka µ:— -DU2 %< U  0«r E2 D. R  2 $ ‡ ‫  '۔‬µ:— U  ( 8 QD-C0«E2 RS&
 " F " " " "
"E 2 3—‫ '۔‬E2 RSE2 RV2 8G  /ˆCD C a•S$ UNST (" 2 8 U2 RX2 % "$ %E" 2 RV  9
ƒ
!M8ª5U µ:— U  ?L :HH—Ÿ48f E2 RV C  " r ! ij3<+f  HL
2 " 2 " "  "
F G " " " " G   " 
E2 RV bHgH? E" 62 82    U  2  NST  (2 8  U Cardinal Ximens/2 Z D  12 3%D  
8 Uv%3U U ( 8 QDU®U ;5 YU—12 3 -C0«E2 RS&U .‡ < $ r ‫۔‬r
"
F G  " ƒ " " 8 Š{2 f % $ 8 '  ƒ  ƒ " "
E2 RVE" 62 82  /¤2R U.3 Ua{$% E2 RVbHgLLUµ:—    2  ‫ ۔‬D95 ‫۔‬r ! M8ª5U  µ:— U HLK :ka{5µ:— 3$9E2 RV1>8 0« 02 v—QN " *
" 5
4 ƒ " (" "
R

{ o R

{ U ƒ ("
" "
‰ $ " F f G "  %   )  % " % “" " 8 % f "
{ U y œ —
2  a    2  CD " Y  C " Y "]œ  2 8E2 RV K :K
8 8 2  Š2 2  Š2 — 8 % U • $
CD  $  £a  C E CD  0  2   $ -C S)2 D 1 D '  U 
F ƒ " " "  " 
‫ ۔‬Y" ‡  / CD C  1 5]œ—2  r "3³035 "a{42 8E2 R! a#!
 " ˆ  Ž6 " " " " µ:— 00«  ! 
j}5f 0}—ª5U <|8E" 2 %%2 E"  2 3— ;r ! 1 DE2 RV) %
ƒ
2 "
 "  " 8 " "   " " f "  RV U " "   " " |"8
  1 8-C C E2 R! 8 ! ‰| 2  39$ ;5 YU v%WQa|U .C Ÿ48
8 U > 8
€  E   $ ‫۔‬E2 E2 0n9. 3’1  12  C E2 E2 E2 < R 
! R S  £ U 3 < R 
! R S  R V
U " |"8 +  "  " "8 "    ƒ  "  " {2 65 " ƒ
2  a O9E2 V< 0« E . ‫ ۔‬3! $ Uv%+0z| 3Ru52  v‘C
| R "      (! /! šO2 ;%¬£ C  Dv%2 D UP•Qa‰ f € 9 U  µ:— " ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 DU
ƒ U " |"8  " + "  " 
q  9" RV ƒ {2 65 
; 5 F 2 ;j3F  % x’  2 ;R"  U {65 " f  " "
— | f R V
]œ 2  a  E2  i  v 1    p Cs 3 E2 ]œ—2 s9
< j3 < 8 % £ 8 !  • Q ‰ R 
! j } f
‫۔‬P a  C E2 M   O -2 3  C O  \ 2 2 3  .2 ‡ ™0 35 0°2 ;U
" F " 5 "  3—   
" ƒ = ƒ
 E"  2 3—‫ !۔‬0]œ—1£  C \{2 < pq — a]œ—-CE"  2 3—! 2 3—® eU U2 39]œ—/ZS2 \{2 < U
" ƒ  =
U " R 3 5
 E2 50« a 2  9 P Qa E 2 ‫۔‬  –  ! U • ‰ {
2 6 8  U 0
"
€  
"
 f E " RVU " 8 ; $r
" "

o # " |" 8  j"Q |q " 
" 8 t"   " SWacacde8 œ;" _5U 12 3< 9! . 
"  <  # 
(
‫ !  ۔‬p f 0‹>5a U < ac a¥  U  ! 3’ a • 2 3 a ! Cs/ ­ E 2 R V ' 
" " !
    " " 5 +  "  "  ƒ 

 $ %
>5 0« ‡ D2 v‘C8 U1>8Uv%WQa|U.C Ÿ48 E" 2 R:;_ U 83 U U0QŠ‰  a•2 3< 9 2 DU€ f E" RVp2 8 D8Œ U.2 ‡  C µ:— 

  "  " " "  " "
" ERV0)% (" 2 89 ‡ ]ƒ œ— E2 RV0)%a¥;qa{R2 š™ (/ˆ ;— U ]ƒ œ— (" 2 8 ‫۔‬E2 a E2 8 •U
R   c de R S
2 2 2 2 " "
 ƒ  "  ƒ " " " % f RV "  R V U "  " |8 j3 <" + $ 8
U U % U " R V ; % $ 8
   ¾ U]œ— E   ž -C ‫ ۔‬3 Y  D $  „/ZS U
t  ]œ— (2 8U   U %  ¢ 5 U € 2 D 2  E2 E  0}8 12   0‹>5 .0z i  3 9 f U
 <" + "  3—  " 5 # " " "   
 ƒ  ƒ "
ij3 E 2 ‫—œ] ! ۔‬sD /Z¶ C a ! U  9 32%D® e]œ— (2 8 C 2  { 4 ‫ ۔‬2 3r! 0e a¥jQ U;%pf— a{92 8 C E2 R! a{rDU
" "   ƒ   "
F | q    ƒ  " ƒ  
/Z« 2 3yjQ U  ‫ ۔‬Áe½ o03$%a•23% Uµ:— f jŒ >5U .0z|8  UsCP9U µ:— 2 O2 ;%% Uµ:— U  wov‘C;'dev%.C Ÿ48
 ;q " "  " "   " "  " " |"8  " +  "  

2  Œ) %a¥ 2 a{R2 š™2  (2 P/ˆ C E" RV (2 81£ E2 RVE" 9E2 R!  ( ($ E2 RV<|86²8  (! 
j}5f 8 U0‹>5U < ij3< ac  2 3yjQa|2 8  3 2%DU12 3%U O2 ;%%
"  ( " " |"8 # R  =  "+ ƒ ƒ
E2   D /2 Z0z ! E2 V
CDN1noU1$ r ‡ ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! 'de1>5U  /ˆCD
% U U \{2 <  UsCP9 ij3< U ]œ—2  2  C ]œ— 2  2  U  wo2  2  E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R!
F  "  "  " " " " " 
 "   "  "  
‫ & ۔‬U%35U /ˆCD2  8 0)%a 2 ™ C ERV (2 8E2 RV9r { R

š "   (¦5 0$ z3$9 ‫  !(    ۔‬. C/"­  U   >RY C /Z£  v2 %S ;—  U  8 U
j}5 O2 ;%%
- c)\d  - -  f)C ƒ U "  RV •£ U 3j 3<
µ:—  E a   12 N 12 0n   C 02  ra{$ 8 CD>8U e+ 9
 FR
% 2  T
" "% " "
=  
e0 b  "
" " " "
G G R  %  9 c  ;x9 U   9" • < U " ƒ"  J0« S&.98 D>82  ‫" ۔‬2 DUs/­E2 RV€'& Us92  2  U
8 
/Z« D ،E2 !  ;² D 3  a   Ow2    . 3  a 2 3    P  $ % E" 2 %„ #!  S2 G
 =  " "
 "  " " " G " s92  2  . 3’\{2 <  U12 3< ‫ ! ۔‬a#! Jac- DG'$ )f 8 '$ )
O;P U U 2 NST0« 3 'deDUs/­E2 RV2 3R>8NE"  T02  ra{$% 8 9. !  "
" " " " ƒ" "
 F F " ƒ ‫>  ! ۔‬8 r-D2  f 8 JE2 RVy8 UCD>8
pq Caca•2 3% i2 ;œ9f  i2 ;œ9E2 RVE" 9،E2 R! a•£ U 03fCYa|U /2 Z}8" 9 µ:— -CU " " XF  "
  ( RS"   %  U " |8 " 
% ƒ "
9
G%  
t
" 9 % G ‘ R 
! 9

8 3 < -C C   v 3U 0z D Ÿ  Q (U0«  ! acu2 8 .C Ÿ48
  U 9 < W
$ µ:— P 0n   O 2  P E2  ‡ a ‫۔‬E2 0n ~/B½32  1 -C ! E2
' % w 2 "  " " F
"  " F5 F ƒ "  ƒ
  9" "  2 3— R!   9"  " { 6 2 ;'{%UH½ 35‫ ۔‬3 2%D® e]œ— ‡Y sD /Z¶ 8 z U]œ—8V/2 Z[2 1Ž65a|U
. 3 -CE E2  . 3 i2 ;œ9 v2 %S“2 D2  s 39 E2 RVz#! U E" 9 1
 " "
"  " R V

 U 3 <  R 
!

;  Y

8 &   9" w2 ;x9 RV ( {<= 9
 C /! 2  E 
  1 ‫۔‬E2   . a E2  }5\ 2  2 S 3
?  " %    9" w2;x9 G G ¢ ^
"
"
 O  ". 3 a "s^5 / D (L0z  (2 82 NST0$ 32%D)‫ ۔‬10n9
jª 5 f Z«

L ; L <
 (QR ( ; " F " 
 U "S&8  " ½ 35-/2 Z[C¦RY %=8 z UX ½ 35‫ ۔‬f D U µ:—
 "  F ƒ
?"MC 4O P"%K2N  C    " " 
 " ‫۔‬-/2 Z[C "S&8 y$ 8 "8 z
D08‚s„ Ue+ 
" " f £0 3fF " ±8 E" 2 %/! VU 02  F ‡  N•Q "
 t&D " 8µ <+ C 1  RE" R3" R2 «¾ G /ˆO  Ru8 U 9 % " 
 " U  "  "  ‡ E2 RVP>5N.3 UUD " " 9 3 > 3  u2 2 2  0n E2 C /! 2  
 .2 3% 0YP>5NO;P U8 ;o2  D U ‫۔‬
U
2 E  8 2{6 5 " ƒ  "
"  +    $ %2 {j}  a‰ 9E2 RSu2 8 ac]œ—2  2  v2 %‡ 2  E2 RV0n9E2 %C /!  2   0«

S$).U C 0n9#! UDM82 n8 U0QŠ‰ U O;P U UM;2 RQNST‫  ۔‬UM82 n8    " "( " G F
"  " "  "  $ ` a ! p 8 O< -D2  !  P$ %Y /! CD9f .3 U2  2 3U‫۔‬2 Y $ %%
8 {  Y q U =
E" 9r E2 %UUD\3 %  U 02 N F ‡ #! E2 RV. ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ‡ UE2 RV9‡ U "
" "   "  " +  "
"   # + j <   " -C0°2 ;U ;'& E2 RSO4qC®$ <& !  9O2 ;j£ 9E2 RV-©8 UMx< 2  . 39 02 
E" 9r E2 %UUD.03R«s/­! E2 RV. ‫ ۔‬f 0QŠ U 12 3 N 1" 2 3 Mj}8 ‰  " XF "
 +  " " ( "  "
% "  " |"8  " # R "

R <  j} 8 0YP>5NOP  !   a Ÿ u2 R 2 DO £ + S‰ ‡ ‫ ۔‬iq Cf  O2 ;’8 U
; U U  ; < c < ( 9
9 r U U
  E2   D.0z 2  ! E2 .   ‫  ۔‬E  " 12 M  V 8 j §  f V U 3
" = " F 
" |8  "
 E2 RV z\{2 < a{%$ O9£ 12 3’X E" 2 RzW 
V  #! "‫ ۔‬U ‘ 2 8O<= U
R 
!
‫۔‬E2   E  a 2 ‰ U " R V • 3 < "  ƒ 
"  ¢ "
" 0«  3t& C (L~I 0z  0e )"‫۔‬E2 S  i2 8< a¥œ—  (U E2 RV 83 U  
 ^ R  " 0« E2 R!   ;'de

.V>5 -/2 Z[C (IL :?) — (LI :L) a{5 ‫( ۔‬LH :H) q+ P>5 ‫۔‬H "

 " " F "8
 " j Q
 /PZ¶f a¥  C tXi2 ;—µ6RV (U UaX  C  (T0« 
j}5.9UC3Š| D
{ j} 8 U RV " "   Š• " " " 
  2 D2  E2 0.D3’” 03 S)  D0.D3’ 
 ¢UE2 RV
8 U  U U < FR  )  %  X ƒ  ( "  (  ;— U " XF  "
 "   O a a ! v 3Ut r]œ— U0 U  Ÿ P 90‹3 E a ! E2 
2 $  < – X # < 9 "   2 3 — {   Y R S
^  " " & " "  F
M2 n8  12 :8  C ‫Ž™ ۔‬8D' U0.D3’  E2 /! V 02 N ‡ ‫ ۔‬
8 U 3  8 " %  U  ' F " " " "  "
   " "  "  9f   $   UD;%ž "-C C "‫ ۔‬3  Y!  SX2  ;— U 8 U
‫۔‬E2 !  ( ($  Mj};5U 0.D3’ E2 RV12 39 9 a{r! 
R 
<+ " X 
" " " "  " " C E" 2 R>2 ;x s/­E" < 8 C  #! E2 RV0eY  ‫( ۔‬g0z¢^E" 2 RDn— .V U) 3 R2 eU "
E2 RV0V  8 — C;%² D0|R$3%392 80« deE2 RV (H :I )—P>5‫۔‬L  F " " " " " F " F "8
F F  " " F " " " " ;R² eU "9D3$% f  $   "9‚zX "90‹2 39 "‫ ۔‬f "C3Š| D
M65DUE" 2 %/! VU 02 N ‡ ‫;&۔‬R² ‹ 2 3%u—O92 3U¸C/ˆ3f
C  " "
  " (" " " F ‫۔‬E2 O„z+ #! ، a{%2 0‹ 
E" 9 C E2 R!
R S
   ! .2 3RYD03R« 2 82  f 0‹ 
>5v% U.¦5X12 35 HBf
9 
 G G " "  %F "8
‫ ۔‬Tetrarch "¾ /Z32% "2 3%u— 23 5 D U b LK  C b H? 0 « 2    D U v 
 F " " " "
‫۔‬2 3U¸C/ˆ3%2 D¹a–W 
}2 ;$%UDt2E2 RVbL~" 8 392 8P>5
 " F 
  ur /72 ;q9‫ ۔‬UD X
PD+E2 RV ? H :L—12 3jN12 3< ‫۔‬I
U R
"   F 8
1
"   ŠW " New Testament in the original Greek p.2 (1882)
 ' 
·—Of "M ª5  a  ! v C  2 3$% U\{2 6 3% f d
8 de 8 U 9 c ( ‘ U 2
Textual Criticism of the New Testament p.7. By Sir F.Kenyon.
  " "  F G8 
 ‘ U  " <    "  +  "   F " " 
v C .C U. $ ‡ 0«E2 R!  (UM28n8 U2 3%a•2 3 \ 2 8 NO;P U U9 5 ij3< R
E2  2 2  %9  !.2 3RYD%$ 8ž  2  . "‫;۔‬r U /´X;ž% ;ž% ;— U
V ; 5
G"  "% " " "
G 2 ;G% "
"¾  O "  12  0^ $  a    DC/2  C    r  02 Dt2   2 3    ;$%
3 j§ { R 
2 2 8 Z !
¨  „ $ % y "
0°$ 9 " 0«2 3U   V E2  bH@? 8  % r a+C  U  /75  0«  de E2 RV   ‫۔‬
R V
  " " XF "  F
U  d " "
‫۔‬E" !  D/ˆDt2N1! :2 ;U C Tetrarch  ž  0Ca  ‚z 9 0« 2 D  SW  (U ! X
D+ M8ª5U " 
; % f |  
 5 { R ‹£ U " " "     "  "   "
U —  f  /´$CD " D " U  .  a 2    C z ‡   0«  3 'de a{5 P>5 
D+ U"  RYDNO690«E2 R\$ {t$ E2 RVC'*;%ž $ 8 C-CE2 R! 8 ! ;r /! U pj£
    " " X  % F d  F
(  % U  2 ;<{2 65 " RV R 8 
 3  O  ‫?( ۔‬g :L~) "‫  !۔‬2 $  /2  E2 ‹V
 /  /  ) Z¯  ´$  ¤2 E2  I :L  >50>2   a   0«  v  02  "‫۔‬8  U X
R V 8 — 8 „ 9 |2 8  U
"  "   "
— { ju 8 '  "     "
E"  23 2 3U2 U0}q C 8  Thallus j23 i;_5Dt2 /2 Z[2  E2 RVbgLE2 RV
2  ‫ !(  ۔‬M82 n8 U" 2 3%a•23< C  f 2 VN .VE2 RV O;yjYa+C -C de
    
2{65 RV 5"
a  E2  . 9 U  12 C   a  f 0C  U E" t* € J  ad2    02  0«  12 C  02   U 
‰   c ;r ;U .jn5v2 %‘U bI@\{2 6 2 3f0« ¬:8 $ %+  b•Q

 " " 
" ƒ" '  8 " "  " " 
 ]jQ02 y8 2 0« 3 'deE2 RVbLLH AfricanusR32 x2  2 Re9i;_5
j3 E2 %³ 3$%U O5  U2 /Zš/72 ;q8 — C;²% D392 80«E2 R! ;'de—P>5‫'۔‬
 {" 5 " 
" "
"  "  F "8  "  F " " " "
. n S)a  C  ‫ ۔‬. (t ،3“eE" t*€ Jv‘CU 1VN 0°2 ;U
j 5 { < 9  ‫ ! ۔‬E" 2 Ru O<E2 RVbH?/72 ;q02 ‫۔‬2 3U¸C/ˆ$ z{t$
C UDt2 N1! E2 RVY

" '   "  " "   " ""  F "
D ‡ 2 /Zš/72 ;qj2 3 0«  3%U#! œ2 RY2 8€ 5‫۔‬ 2uR-V-D$ 9-C8 !  N ‹V92 3U 2 3R 0>2 8„a#! C Q‡ U Ya|UU O5  U! YD8 —P>5

 1  " U " " F " " 2 890>2 8„a#! C
YF N‹V C ، €C+E2 RV
YF
"  ‫۔‬    
Q-D  Selencid UjYN" a#! YU  "
" "   {$% F " "  { $% " 
U 8 'deU 0}8 12 39 0«E2 R! 8 ‡ 3%E2 RV‰ .U C 0n9#! ‫?۔‬ U !YDU   (E2 R! 8 ‡ UE2 RV
CD1n  U .#! UD9)
" o ‰
G ) " ‘  {%  { % | U F "   ""
 j  6r   U
‫' ۔‬$ 0a ' $ $ ' $ a   0«2 D ™C0u2 8 U2 C2 %8 € o a+C }8
% U U { Y 
C E2 bH?O 2 / / ‫ !  ۔‬E2 
2     ; / f Q‡ PjNE" f
R V Zš 7 2 ; q R V U % U Z {
"" F   F "    G  "
3%V UC/´XU RY$ %v%P 92 3r2 u8/´X2 3%2  $ %
>5U  E2 RVbHIg0« C ‫ ! ۔‬pq CE2 RV%;U /Z{fU YaX jN E" f /ˆCD $ 8‫{۔‬R2 "$ % O<U
" F F "  " 
" F { j Y  o o 

 C . 
02 ‫ ۔‬E2 S 
Y‡ U
j}5U02 N ‡ U 2 C2 %/´X8 P$ %$ 8‫۔‬
R " pq CE2 RVbI@\| N2 3’/¤2R‫ ۔‬2 ‡ UDC2 3’E" 2 R U\| E2 RV
S$)12 3<

 "  " F " " " U  F " "W " 9 8 U" |o ’ RV 9 '   ;r  ;U " " " 9 ( 
 a  z v S D‡  / E2 0V -D  0°2  2 3r 1 5-D2  ac
 { r !  " { r 2 % U ´ X R V 9 5 ; !  Ž 6  R V
-C E2 \ HI :L3 2  D\ 2 3 E2  ‫   ۔‬. C z ‡ O  ! j n 5
 "  F "   
" T  j "
#

>5‚ U!  0« 0Ca 2 ‫ ۔‬a ‡ E2 E2 1   ( & U .V>5U  C
 –  {  Y R S  R V  2 C2  M ª5   M ª5  L@ :L392 8\ 2 02 ‫۔‬a  (! pq CE2 RVbLB€ 
{ Y % 8 U 9  8 U c $ V
" "   "  =  "
5"
E2 RVbII~E2 RV0V U }80$ r ‫ ۔‬2' 8 ! .jn5\{2 6 2 3fS)3 jVE2 RS03$%\{2 < ‫۔‬aca{%E2 RV—Y 2 Re$ ) 1Ž2 ;!  U
 G G "  F "  "
The Church of r/ZP>5. S)2 3r2 &D
>52  UE%E " " Ru8/72 ;q U E2 RVbLB$ 8‫۔‬ac U¸C/ˆE2 RV2 RP 2 RE" f. T02  U1Ž2 ;! 8 2 8DC/2 Z¨!
"     
 "
 )YE" 2 R” E" % ./79M8Pª5U .u9 ‫; '۔‬r ! Y2 Re$ )8 ! /2 Z 8  ¦
 " " " "  + " 
 C ،8 !.jn5E2 RVbI@.‡ $ C 2 $ z{t$U NMjN
}2 ;$%O;<  U  (bI@bL~
1
Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 6-4,
2
A. Parrot , Golgotha and the Church of The Holy Sepulchre (1957)
 ! " " %  " "8  F " %  #  G &
œ "  2 ;j£  5
 E2  . ‹/ CD "0} 1  O CO  " ".3 a{$% 8 #!
de RV { U ˆ U 8 2 3 9  U 2 ©—03 .V>52  39$  02 N ‡ E2 /! V! ‫  '  ۔‬The Holy Sepulchre.
$
F " "
 "  ƒ
 ‫۔‬   ™ C   2 C2 %‚" 2 8812 3< 3" 92 8P>50«
; { j Y :! 0ª9 V0$ z3" $9‫۔‬
" "
"   8  "F "  " G  R {jYF  "
 2 8812 3< — P>5 0«E2 R! 8 U2 {ju UOw2;x9 36RY  D>8
‫۔‬K 2  $ U - C D/2 Z E2 V2 C2 % "‫ ۔‬E2 RV L H :g12 3<  U392 8 :g 
" " "  " " + " "
 F
CD0n9U ‹/ˆCD U.3 U™- UVa{$% #! $ %Ow2;x9 ‫ € ۔‬5µ3 <+ v2 %S  E2 RVbHBBB8 0dz U 02 N  ‡ "‫۔‬E2 R!  V‡ %\$ $ U 9‫‚ ۔۔۔۔‬9
" "
 ;F % 82  8 ´+ %  w2 ;x9  F F 5  fF  + F "
O M n P/ $ O  a 8 " 02 N ‡ ‫۔‬E2 R!  ž UO<1nœ E2 RV
J C
c  03  2  $  2 D C E2 .  \$ E2 RV 2 8D —X U
>5 ‫ ۔‬D'&U0¡ U‚9
U % 8 R! < $
 " " " " "  ƒ"
 % G ZY  %   
 U ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ‡  Df  H :I12 3<  3F 52  #!  E2 RV™N yf0$ z3$9‫ ۔‬DU  ‰ {
2
 D95‚92  ž  2 ; /2 (?v2 ‡ )  ! U $ 9  (‡ y8. ^
U ³ ( 
F "  "  " " " " " F
F %
½ 35 DU8 02  ‡ acM28n8 U1" Y— T i2 ;Rn8/ˆCD R  { " R Q +
 C ‫۔‬E2 ! ž‰ E2 U 8 < \$ $ ™- UV9E2 !  V‡ %\$ $ v% UXU 9
2  R 
F F "  
 "  { j Y " "
C D-STU  O;yjYa+C   E2 RV1Y— T  C 12 3< —P>5‫۔‬H@ XU 2 C2 % 8 P $ %
>502 ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UM28n8f N"   U" 2 3%U 392 8 P>5
"  w2 ;x9 " "   U  " ;yjY R!  8 U U" " F
R 
! q ( < f
E2 i C     O   D\ 2  
C NO ‫۔‬E2    DCST C ‫ ۔‬pq Cv% U¬/¤5
 ‘ — ¦5  (  " XF  ( "  "   " " F "  " "
v 2 3—  Š  U‫۔‬0   U 0«' -D2    E2 RVD }8 ST  /ˆ0«  E2 R;U 8 02 N  ‡ ‫ ۔‬UD "E2 R;UU .x42 8 "E2 RV k :?392 8‫۔‬k
  " "   " G G F " "
 0°32 %0$ ‫۔‬3  YUE2 RS /2 ZE2 RV. 39 U CST %8 '$ ) X8Œ " " u8   U" 2 3%U J P>5 C  pq Cv2 %‘U 0š E2 RVdY2 02 ‫Ž™ ۔‬8ac€'&
 <= U "  { <= " 
 O   DCS   P> E ‫   ۔‬RY \ 2 5U CST" -C
T " — 5 "  3
2 — U ¦ ‫ ۔‬UM82 n8
" " " " " F
 UC D-ST-CE2 RV k :H~T 0$ z3$9‫  ۔‬-  / " 2 Z› " u8 0«  U® YU F + "
U 02   ‡ 0dz ‫  ۔‬UUD "‚9U  €j2 3fE2 RV HH :K392 8P>5‫~۔‬
"
  " " " " " "
G 
& ) % R
02 ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U "Š  "0  E2 CD  ' "¾  $ 8 "-C0« 3' ORu8
V 9  —  de ‫ ۔‬D95v% U.;9 U1Ž2 ;! ‚902 ‫ ۔‬2 3r1V¸ /ˆac‚9
" " "
F +  U" " "  "
/ˆCD8 02 N ‡ 0dz E"  2 3—‫۔‬2 3UE2 RSa#! ¦RY ac{ 8 i;_5 /ˆCDa|U
 E2 V ( /Z[ C -%;9$ 9U0¡ "0« 3 'deE2 RV HI :HK392 8P>5‫۔‬B
R
 G " " 
" " " U  {2 65 ¤2R f {65 3q   % { <= 
 U %  Y U
02 ‫ ۔‬2 $ -3 -ST02 $   0V  £a /  \ 2 1 £ ‰ 02 ‫۔‬a .   2 3% 0} 0¡02 ‫ ۔‬2 3r1 03$ \ 2 . a 
>5 "‫ (  ۔‬S&3 R±
c U U y8 j  V c 
"   F 
$\$ f E2 RV Y ‫۔‬ "   ! ¦RY  ;— U G ;2%/G Zu<+U C/´F XU 03"%C>5-ST " "
‫ "۔‬rp8+ /! E" 2 R½3%2 ‘9 "a+C 2  "-%;$9 "
"  2 F
{‰2 65 5 "  F "  " "
{
2 6
a £/ˆCD C \$ $ E2 RVa‰ £a•S$S)E2 R! U  3R² ‹u /´XU 02 3%C>5 Y
'
™ C ; 2 C2 %2 8812 3< 02 0« /! šƒ s£f 12 3<  U3" 92 8P>5
 { jY
"   " " " "
  " "  " F
.H~U T .3 Ua{%$ —P>5‫ '۔‬E" 2 R};5 "¾ G —$ 8 "®$ 9E2 RVi_8U <
12 3 a{$% 8  9.2 3% -C $ 8‫۔‬iq C (<f $ 9Ua•§ U/´X C
5 " " u'   ƒ" "  F9
G
"¾ G —$ 8"UO2 Ru'*U2 ;<2{6 “2 D C  " J،uœ5S)  UUD
2     3 ²R‹ E2 RV  ‫  ۔‬D E2 n a   02 y  !   O  ‫ ۔‬-  2 D|$ E2 R! 'deE2 RV
9  U % 8 c U 8 # 8 w2 ; x 9  r
8  Š2   de R
 &
R F      + "  Z› " 8  F '   ;r —
 C  / C0« 3  P> ‫۔‬E2  E2 -§0Y -C0«² % 2 DU vP%
2 Z32 ' — 5  ' V ; µ3   P> } 2 £ 0>2  ¾./2  02 N ‡ ‫   ۔‬$ U
< U — 5 8 8 f 8 „
  
" %  % 5 U 8 Š " % " 5 jS U Š " F  DUM82 n8 U µƒ :—  C " 2 3%
 3 2 3   2 D  C  3 " 3  ž C   " 3f0u2R$#! U 
U U ‫۔‬
   "
"" " "  {% 
6o ‫¬ ۔‬n5E" 2 RU — >P503R«02 $ 8‫ '۔‬8 U/¤8 r f " rDJ‡ " '
"0.D3’ "  UE2 RV.2 ‡  B،? U.HBT —P>5‫۔‬HH
U
" " " "   " "
F  F "  "
 Y‡u8  /! LgE2 V 0« €   -C‫& (   !(  ۔‬ac U-§YU
( " R 2 ;%2 8 C 2 8Dt2 C  UO< C  U ORY/!  "—$ 8P" >5S)‫  ۔‬UUD
   " " (" " 
{% 
‫۔‬E2 R! ; YX
 2 $ 03 «2    2 $ - C D Ž52 2    U. "‫  !۔‬U1
R " 8 % U "  U '
"  F  F    B :H? T ‫۔‬H? = " "  "
03RU -/Zu—/´XU $ U8 2 362 8 E2 RV. " " 2 
‡  L@    2 3r!
j}5$ % „\{2 < U#! f 9‫" ۔‬0.D3’2 ;% /Z[ " de$ %9 2 3r
F G " " F "  "   ƒ
X
:fU “3— 2   C  D /Zz 9  U 12 3<  8  —$ 8 P>5 ! C ‫   ۔‬2 $  UD ‫ '۔‬8 U2 V]’C—$ 8P>5E2 RV9
 " "
"
3%%P>5acYU .
‡ C    8D2 RV/U;x5NJ 8 C" fF  U  C‫۔‬aF |<  "
]fC . "‫ ۔‬D 0^  02 39  2 ;j§ O9 "‫  ۔‬E2 RV HL :HB T  ‫۔‬HL
$ 2 ! 3 
 " " " !
" G  G
" " U D
" 2 8  " "
 U-/Zu—E2 RV0V  ‫۔‬a#! $  (U (‘ Uj2 3%r ‡ U   U " V ‫  ۔‬V-3U" V2  2 8D /72 ;q$ % '{$%2  U Delphia•:2 8Df " 2 8
"    "  " "
    jS U 
C 2 RV/! C2 8D8CD" ! C0« 3 j$03$%f E" 9E2 R! 8 !.2 3RYD;Œ R«f  ( & #
!  \ 2 ‫ ۔‬-V.Y ž  bgLV 02 ‫" ۔‬1 8UC$ % "02 39 2 ;j§0« deE2 RV
 " u
   " "  " XF  
 
‫۔‬E2 ! ¬Pn5U 2 3%U —P>5;Œ «02 ‫۔‬a  (U ! P$ 8 U2 8 
R  " R c 8
0« C   !  w5 "1u UC$ % " ;  U  .V   Y 2    Ÿ  02  0«    ( 3% U
— U <
    "  "
 d  ƒ d 
}8 U  Duo U  -/Zu— 0« E2 R!  ;'de E2 RV (L@ :H?) T  P— P>5 ‫۔‬Hg  " UbgH2 ;j§" ¾2 3r! /! š$ ‫ '۔‬8 ;U  w5$ %-ST;%ž f  (™9  1u8UC$ %
2 8  2
"
F" F  " " F  " <  RV '{% U  8 " 
" u8Œ8 D/´X'! U 0V N.D 9‫;۔‬r jž UŒ8 D3%% C —$ 8P>5 12 E2   —$ 8P>5O ‫  ! ۔‬5V$ -ST 1 UC$  C   (™9
3 9 % U u % U
    = F G "  "  F  F
v%، (!   ( &S2 O9‫ ۔‬$03$%
>5\{2 < U /´X E2 RVbHKgkE"  23—‫۔‬2 3rO5 U —P>5s/­003R«02 ‫(۔‬9 ‡   HH :HBT )' YUE2 RVO’Y  U12 3j
F     " G " %  
 Y  C /´XŒ8 D$ %;R« ‫۔‬ " ' U bHg~98 ! .3RYDŒ;R«f 
>5  E2 z 2 3'  a u5a¦2 ;j3  U—$ 8P>50°‹  UM82 n8C2 3%  UO<= U" 2 3%
R 2   U T 
2
 " " "F "
 C DUM82 n8 U " 3%U —P>58 02 N F ‡ $ 8‫  ۔‬UD  C 3 f 
‫ ۔‬32%DDVa E2 8 U w5
 c R V
2 2 $
 F" = F " 5
‫۔‬2 D 3%ac" u8
>5\{2 < /´X9 D95UD1nœ Duo E2 RV.E2 %C HKU 1Y— T ‫۔‬HI
" "  F " " F " ƒ
2 ;5D‡  $- !#;%ž —$ 8P>5O90« E2 RV9‡  H~ :LHT ‫۔‬Hk ;²% DU2 R$;5 YU 'd‡  #! 0ux8Duoµ:— U  " 3%U  ‫ ! ۔‬E2 RV6o
2
" " "  • "   F  U 6o  F  " +
2 ;%2 88  0« ($ z+1$ z ! U® 2Df 8 2 8Dt2 U 02 3f‡ "8;r E2 RV1Ž2;! U— U 0Y   03R«2  . ‫! ۔‬E2 RV "-§0Y "D>48 jz 0« deE2 RV ‫۔‬E2 R!
" G  "  " " " " 
" & "
/2 ‫  ۔‬$   8 U13qU C "‫ ۔‬2 DU¾$ U
>5¾$  U™E2 RV1Ž2;! U
Z[    ; — U  a C "2  0«  E2   a 2 ™ C  (2 8$ %9‫ !  ۔‬.2 3RYDf -§
+  de R V 8 { R š
"  " "   " G 
"   " “ " 
-C  C ‫ !۔‬1 DO5   C E2  2 ‡ a !  2 8D (C/2 Z U1Ž2 ;! 0«dUDt2
r  % U #  39$  2 D-C C 2  ;%vP $2 8D   Vibius Salutaris 2 ;jYR3%2 C
% Š 8 %
"   " F "  q "   " "
' {%  "
،gk8 .‡ $ 8' 2 %$ 
2 3qE2 RV/´XU"  U—$ 8P>5O9‫۔‬HB  (U D35 C ‫۔‬r ! 13 8 /ˆN O9Ru5-C8E2 %U. 9 U8 E2 RV0n9 (C 
" " "  " "  "
F +  " U 9 ( Z 9 % 8 " U U" •
9‡ U ]9 ‫ ۔‬1VYE2 RV0QŠ‰ a•2 3< 9de]9U
C 8 2 362 R‹" 2 35 DU  bg~ f (
 0n  C   0n  C/2  $  2 D   $    0Sa ΠDt2 /2 [
9 8  Q 8  Z
 " " "  
  " 9 F X R Y " " t Z" [ 9 '   ;r ; %  F RV " 8 " " {Rš "
 {' 
O9 (LI :Hk)  3<2 
Y U  " a$    /´   " 0« "   de E2 RV .
 ‰  ‡   D 2 /2  0«  ² D©— S{f E2   a 2 ™ C  2 8z  a  (U 
8 (  c
ƒ" F     
9 {
2 6 5  ' {% "  5 " {$%  q" 
$ % ‫۔‬2 ‡ y82  a £a" S$ ! C8 !  &  UE2 RVbHKLK
‰ • ( ( U ‫  !§۔‬C0VD.‡ $     .   a  - C C   §  8    2  D U  1 3 p2 8 D8Œ -C§ U. 9 U
" F " 
¥
ƒ
;RV        " " "
{$  8 R
a  02    Curator  U0VQ. T "0«de$ %903R«2 
% Y $ E E2   .2 3RYDŒ « (2 8U 
% " 9 R 
! 8 !  ; R " Šm5 E2 RVbHKIg C bHB~H
" " " "  "
" G  F  {% F " " 8
 UD "O2 ;U V UOfr "E2 RV03R« C 2  U ' U/´XaX "‫۔‬2  ;%f -r  C  C   C   $    2 8D C/2   1 0«E2 .  Ua|2 8D$ %a|U " de
( U ( Z  U Ž2 ;  ! R S
F " G   F " "  " XF " "
 U- Y v% UO2 ;U VaX J ‫۔‬3  Ofr$ %8D U8nqS)‫۔‬ % 
a $ -C C §8 2 3—U 3or-C§ Uu2 8 Ÿ 9! 1 D2 35 DU _9 (C/2 Z
{ <  "
   F  "  F  " " " 
0«E2 R! 8 ‡ jž 8 Uv%\3 %
U 02 " N ‡ . (Ig :H@2 ;'{%UH) "‫  !§۔‬C0VDD9.5
" " " 
de " 5 + <  "
<  8 "    %F  f  F
c 8 œ ; _ U Š ‰
a    0Q  a 2 C  2   12  ! Y /! CD.}q C C E2 R9
• 3 68 8 3 2 D v O P D 2 3% .3U  8 v2  D U02 N ‡ $ 8
U U " U U T
  # % —F " # < = œ8 +  ƒ  " " 
‫۔‬E2   :;U a ! $  353$9S2 ! ‫۔‬E2 \ 2  ½ 2 3  C ½  Of O6 C‫۔‬E2 
R 
! 8 U R 
! { _ ‰ U 
! R "µ:— U —$ 8P>50°‹  UM82 n8 U" 2 3%U T s/­08 ;R«" ‫۔‬
G  F  " G  " 5
 2 {—C/ˆ C %2 3U‫\۔‬$ 2 ‫ )Œ۔‬08 U" #! ! ¬J0}—ª5U 8" UO9£9 :L2 Ruo ) "‫ ۔‬2 3—U2  UDt2 /2 Z[ C Dt2 U¯DU 2 8D  ( 8 ¸62 8\{2 6 U
 " "
"  " = W  2 ;<{2 65 % " ŠW W " % " Z›" " {45 U
1
‫۔‬E2   C3 v% UO;P U UP•Q“2 D C 
9+ 2
R 
! 8 U 5  U U Z¡  U
‫ ۔‬2 D \ C  /2 Q  O $  2 3 QC Q C  2 D3 /2 a  ‫(۔‬H? 
" "
 UD  " D/ˆ " U  3G —V -2 %9 E2 RV (~ :L~ ) 1Y—  T  — P>5 ‫۔‬H~
" "   
" G " ƒ
 a 2 ™ C  (2 8. ‫ ۔‬D-ST %f OfE2 RV-2 %9
 f  µzWU 03% 9‫  ۔‬U
{ R š
" "
" " XF   
a 2 ™ C Protos 2 8-ST Ÿ "  0« 3 j$03$%02  f E" 9E2 R! 8 !  .2 3RYD Y
{ R š ( <
ƒ RV 3< U " 5 ƒ 
2 3r2 3U D  " D/ "]œ E2 12  CD  a{4 U µ:— U E" 9‫ ۔‬Primus E2RV
f ˆ — U
" U  RV " 9 '  F  " "
 C /! E2 E   ST X8Œ E2 RV O;yjYa+C 0«E2 R!  ž UUD$ %C #! ‫۔‬
U
 F " "  "
 " " 
3 jV.;%8 !  i;_5 µ3 <+U — P>5S2 ‫۔‬3 '& E2 RS O2 ;j U8 U/2 Z
  "
f j2 3_ 82    C  œ " ' ;% U5" O  f U
PD C 2 ST .‡ " $ 0«

 <= U ;" %  8 U   3_œ8 ;œ9" U |q 
1
Josephus, Jewish Wars. Vi2.4
J. H. Cadbury. The Book of the Acts in History. ¬n P  O  i2 n   . 2 i2    ‫  ۔‬iq C0>9&
5 U '
William Ramsay. ‫۔‬E2R!
F %  <= U   )  " " " " "
! Y$ O  2 S N OP  E2 D  a      -/2 C 2 /  C a{R2 š™
T ;U 9 R 
! 9 5 c % U 8 Z[ ( ˆ
.S ?  " % 
‫۔‬E2R!
ƒ     " 

L ;
<
 (QR ( ;
 µœ<+E" RVOP;U UM2;RQST0«d2D8 #! E2 RVC 0n9U 0eY  ?"MC #  "%2N  C   
" "
  8 " |8 R!    % RV 9 #! 0 r ‫۔‬ERS]  " r/! f   RQ 0 D C 
+Y.  0z E2  ž  3 E2 C 0 " n $  2 qY 3  
"    $  #!  C E2 R‡ E2 RV2 %<0š E 2 RV62 RQ£a•S$O ;P U UNST
" 8 2
#!  E2 R! D95E2 RV]<W X /Z[‰| E" 2 %%2 U OP;U" N $  #! . -C QU " |"8  
• Q " 5  " |"8   ‫۔‬E2 R! D95‰ U }8U  C 1 C U £/ˆCDv‘C
   ! 2 35 D œ 1  83U C < 2 U YJ 2 R"
U # " U ; _ £ U " |"8 " Re  "  U1 " "
" 
"    $  !  9 0z  E2 C   .:2 ;Rn    „   ¢   (2 8 0« E2 R!  ;'d2D #!  O9
# 8 f
E2 R" S02 O;P U U 2 NSTE"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R! 12 £CD½32%‘ M8ª5U v—-D95 G 2"  " 5" ("  
" 8  " c  5 DU  /2 Z‹ oJi;_  2 8 C  }8YJ-/2 Zf .C U  D95
 ‰| 2 U 1 C U £/ˆCDU 83 U  "  Ž93UUDa
$ 2 u2 R0°‹  " "
" G  " "
 F "  JHkf .C U 0z  2 %2 3$% 2 8 C "  }8YJ-D$ 9f .C U 0z 8
| 8 3 |
®YU ]68 C €/ˆUDE" 9 C E2 R! - rU  O2 ;j£  U" 9E2 R! D95$  #!  " |" 8 " %     
  !  !  0z E2 %2 12 3jN12 3< 0«E2 R! 8 - " /2 Z›#! " 8 }8Y
'  # 9
‫§۔‬8 2 3UE2 RV.  " 5 
C   VW " „  O9‫} ۔‬8YJ2  s/­U  .C UE" 2 R:;_ U 12 3<  D95E2 RV
 
FGHJ a  / '(1 F "     "
U ¬8C#! U 8 ! 12 £0eJ C -D$ 9-/2 ZD9Cv% U O;P U0C+ U-/2 Z[C
" " " |"8 <" 8  2{65  " 
0V  <  a•2 3 $ ‫۔‬8 ! Dz2 sC9U 0$ $ )E2 RV a‰ £E2 %³ 3$%
" V " R  
E2  C ،E2 a   ! U  
R • Ž 8 f ' " 9E2 R! a#! COP ;U0C+ U 0 " «E2 R!  ;t&0® Y
  2 
x8  " " "  2{65 " ƒ"   " 
2 3U2 {6 E2 RVŸ_9E" 2 R0V 02 ‫ ۔‬0£TYJ-D$ 9a{42 8a‰ £E2 %³ 3$% 
y80C (U8E2 R! a{r! ]qYf  3RQ 0$ -Cf 0C U9 ! E2 RSpq C ;ou2 8  (U
 "+ "  "  #  ( RS"
: 3  Y % | q
0«  D2 ‫۔‬E2 U D£¹;o  - < - 9ORu  2 STNO;P U! 0«"  ‡ E2 8 U
F  " "   " |"8 " " 
¸C/ˆU £a $ 9U— f 
c " 35 DU £a•S$‫۔( _'  ۔‬E)
2 -3%‡ u2R" )$  #! 0 CE2 ! 8 U. <  (2 8 1£ s/­U 12 3< S2 #!
R U
 U " " X  U " R:";_5 U   "
G "  " " "  U 3 < ;U ¤2 R  ˆ • S $   =
2  /2 Z$E2 RV3! 6Œ9 )%$ ž8 E2 R3 U
Š¦—E2 RV0V  (bI@@bg@ )‫۔‬  12  0V a C OP  E2  £/  C / CD،a (©2 ;%! \ C
""   

 $ €„ UQ -D959‫۔‬E2 R (acde (E2 R! ;t&š‘ C b:9E2 RV (T C D%
  F   F
"9 8
3 2 L، L :HB234 )E2  a  $  a a E2 3U 0YP>5NOP ‫۔‬a f
62 8 R   ( c d e % f X c R  U ; U c
  8 8 F   " 
 $ ž E2 ‡ ‘‫۔‬M ª5 p    9u2 8 a 2   „ C (HLv2 %‡
% 8 R V " U 2 ; y x U f c % <
" "  ) ƒ  Plato 1

‫(۔‬-/2 Z[CHH¸
}8 )  ! ¦RY 2 Rš ‘pŠ  U C š‘]œ—;— U Sophocles 2
Euripides 3
"    " 
 "  9  % U 3<  ;U c (  U |q ;j}Ru8 ( de '   ;Re G ;$Re 
  bI@@ ")   a‰{2 65   E%" 8 f  a‰{2 65   ac9 ‫ ۔‬.> /+P.> (‫))۔‬
.3 YC.  v  12 NOP  C a  !   M2    ‫  ۔‬²  O2 2 £ $
ƒ  "W   " 
      £ "
( c { U  c { U c { U c 8 G  " "
2 ]œ—u2 8  Ua O ‚_ ‫  ۔‬² D ® a a a -/2 [C.V QU iqC
9 < ' ;%
"
  e Z
 U  p2 ;yx  2 %< C  E2 R  ( acde $ % ¬  a{42 8 $) 0YP>5N O;P U E2 RV 0V   ( bB@@
    F " j "    G
iqCN .V Q C . -C3 Y!  0u28  a E2 2 39 v  S) (!  . 3’ ¥ Q R
9 V U

% ‫۔‬a E2 RVsC9a• C  %M8Pª5
c
   " de "  " "
  D¬ C2  s/­%$ 8ž ;— U ;' U]9U  (3ŠW U VP„‫۔‬U2 D©—  "
(bH?@@ bB@@ )£E2 %³ 3$%f £E2 %8‫
۔‬JN hCD (‫۔‬I)
 G   "   
2 C ‫    ۔‬Dv ?2  Is/­U %$ ž8  ;— U ]9U 2 Ru2R‹2 2 ;$R‹ ""  " "
; 5 ' ¦ R Y c
 a Q bHL@@E ‫۔‬E2  (acde0YP>5NO;P U$ %¬ ½VŠTE2 RV0V 
f "  2 3 — R 
G   F  G G  " "  G  " " "
، vHg;— U  .:fŽ5‫  ۔‬D " V„3ŠW v- 2 3r³ Y;— U ;" 'de]9U f c  R V 9 ) % <  U
  / CD2  9a E2 sC  '$  C 2  2   0V  ‫۔‬2 3rÁe8 ! 
ˆ 8

 G  R32  % ³ G  ;— U 3< U " G         "
 a ‫ "۔‬v   Y   12  392 8‫۔‬vHK;— U 12 3<  Uq" +
U { 5
‫ '۔‬8 8 V#! 0°‹' 8 ;U E2 RSÁe
 G  G  
U 123<  U— C ،vIH ;— U T U —J ،v I@;— U 12 3<

% c
 
 
"
v ‫۔‬a  ! \  Hg \ gp2 ;yx  U VP„‫  ۔‬D V„vIL;—
(  $  f $
"
8  G  
  "  G  G  
R   ( U $ 
CD‫۔‬E2  !  \ E2  Y2  (¯D½VŠTE2 %yf U9' 8 UdeE2 RVC ªq
" R  ³
 F 2{"%  G " G G 
0¡; U 02 3fž‰  C $ %C U  V„‫ ۔‬2 D '$ )0‹£\$  ¿2 %D½VŠTE2 RVC ªq
—
V
  " "      
4%"6"7 T2<"N %0UJ
 ƒ G
‫  ۔‬- E2   1  v     µ:— -CS)a  (D '$ )
'  8 R V 8 U > 8 f % 9 '  8 ' d e c
 A 
8 yr"M / 'F M(g (<‰ˆˆ <‡ˆ )
  " 
ŠT ( W U „
"
9  ( 
 ½ V  3Š   VP 0°$ 0«  ! \ C. =  $ %
" "
#! f -  ™ -  U
" 
   V
  "  " " 2
 "   " " G  Y  gh ' 7> i
9U" 0«' ;'& 2 39. 2 8812 3<  SW‫۔‬ac (! E2 RS-D2  f vI@  
" 9 8 U" F f  {2 65
"   ƒ"  " "  " " G " 3 2 L D  ‫۔‬E2  (acde$ %%$ ž8 E2 R3 UE2 RVa‰ £a•S$
R 
0z{2 R ‫ &'; '۔‬y8NVU n;9 -C SW‫۔‬8 ‡     U  vI@-C 3'de®$ <& "  ""  
 "  " 5   5"  12 %8 2  DE2 RV/75 D$ 802 ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U "Q "0)%CD S) 2 ‡ E2 RV HLv2 %‡
U 3
E2  -2 3$ -2 3$  s/ -C E2 -/2 [C. <¦  C .3R2 šN.•U \{2 6 2 3f0« ! 02 
R  9 9 ­ f R V Z   F" "   F "
 G%f  " ="  '   ; Y  e #  ( E2 R3 U9 U%$ ž8 0« u9a|2 8 E" 2 RV /ˆ U/75‫۔‬2 $ ./Z°$ %C 3U
8 5
‫   ¿ ۔‬V„O z 0°  ® a ! " F  "
8 ƒ
"  G  " " " f \$ kp2  f  ‫۔‬E2 ! a ! µœ< E CNE -CE2 !  ‡ a $ Df 2 8£ž‰ %U
 ;y x U R # + " ’ " 5 R ( • ( {
2
£a•S$ SW ! 3ŠWv2 R VP„ 0°$ 90«  ! ];R36502 0z{2 R C 2  G G G  G f   U  

"
F  12    VP 2     E2 3Š      O    C a  ! \ Hg
 „ 9 „ U 9 R V " W ' { U t c  (  $
"  " ) 
2  ac0}8 12 39 0°‹+ 1Ž652  ! pŠ E2 RV‹a#! 2  O;P U U 2 STE2 RV "       " " G 
  1 v   V„ ‫۔‬2 3U 2 3%! E2 -D2  f v2 R½VŠTE2 RV
U U > 8 % U RS
  "  "   <" + U   "
 ’ F U  2 ;<2{65 RV +Ÿ48  de
E2  a ‫ ۔‬3 Y2 3  E2  _8
P9UO
R V tÀ  |2 8    U R S  Y  O E 2  e  -z2 OP i  2 S E2 £a  ‫۔‬E2 a a E2 E2 RVC VP„a#!
{ jQ ;U j 3 T R V • S$  $ 8 R  {  Y c R S
" " "  
 "
"E9 E"  2 3  ²;% Dz{t$ E2 RV n5 C D U U 1>8 ‰|8 ¹a•Q  \{<= v  % " "8 
" 2 %/ ZS
—
$   2 2 2  S    ; %   E ‫۔‬E2  (acdea#! E2 RVC V„Áe -z2{jQ
R 
" |"8  "  F  5 " 2{65 ƒ "
 ½VŠT‰ ! Cac  ( U " _8 Qf ‹V C 
P9O’Y  UO2 ;<{2 6 E2 RVe+
 œ;_5a‰ U }8V 0« /! š02 f 8 ! E2 RVC V„-z{2 jQU 83 U"
 "  " 8
"  "     " " " W   G  G " F   "
‫;۔‬r \$ f 8 ! p8£‰|  /2 Z3t Ž$ 9! UD$ %C u2 RE"  23—‫ '۔‬8  ;² % DUij 0°39E2 V0V  ‚_< ac  ($ %v‘D%E2 RV8 U  U— 9U O;U 
R U
"  F  & " |" 8   ƒ  " " 5 2{65  " F 
8 9
 U1> 0YP>5O;P U$ %f   0« ac 02 0C2   Ua  U< U  CD ‫; '۔‬R² e
f 0ªo%-D2  E" 2 R:;_ a‰ $ 8‫۔‬E2 RSD9C  XU .2 ‡ C. 8
  — c$ )  " ­ F  "     " ƒ f "    " "
  
a - E2 v a -/  ChD½ 3 ،2 8£0«a E2 D $ a -CE2  (
{ Y R V 5 c R S  |2 8 R  { r q R V = U R V
a ! p C2 3yjQE2 O<  µ:—  r—E2 8 U .Y3R f OP;U  r  SW
G G RV 5 
8 " " |"8 " "  F " 
 ¦
 
8 &
S)$ %C U 3—DE2 /7 N ‹Vs/­‫۔‬2 DUp £U<  " 8 . % U  ! C.‡ ‫۔‬ R S U

‫۔‬E2 . O  < ®$ < 8 !  VW
 " " ƒ " 8 F" C
.2 3RYDU#! . C ' P" oVE" 2 RV N2 % 9E2 R!  µœ<+‰| a#! C u9P  ! C.‡

JsM J ^ 91 
‫۔‬E2 R! ;r !   " 
 V W C
    " " {2 65 
 CU 1>8  U 0YP>5  NOP;U ;—  U  .C  0 C   E2 R2 362 R‹ a‰  f  a#!  
(
s   - 5   Y W   " "  " |8 " " 3%

J  cJ 8 M( /  9/ ƒ  J‹ ³ G%  ‘ U  
 $  v C  .D3’0«   E2 C  C  .D3’"   Ÿ ‫۔‬E2 
'  8 ' & R V  r
8 ‰ 4 8 R 
F " 2{65 " "  5 "  "+ " 8 " 
E2 RV ¸C/ˆ U  £ /ˆPCD  C 9‡ U a‰ £a•S$ 0« !
j}5u2 8 " E2 RV8OP;UU 2 ;<2{6  eV3$9 DC}5U e+ij3< ‰|  Ÿ48 C ‫۔‬E2 R
"   " " G   " " F  2{65    " " "      " "
 V„a{42 82 3r2 3U¸ /Z› Á3³D C 2  ®Y®YU 8 3%1Žf VP„%$ ž8 a‰ f "  '! U"  RY$ %v%P E2 RV 0V  0°$ 9‫ '۔‬8 ! ;— U .C 0 C  U
" "   " "  " |8     {" t$  "   "X
<  d  F R a{$<  E2 R   E" 2 %%  O
2 U U$ % „ UP" U U3%CP9 U¬ C U %$ ž8 8 z U8 3% ij ‰  U  12 3  0« !  02    a#! Y C  "  E 2 2 <  U 2 362 R‹
 ^ ( U  <" + " " " "   " 8  {q  t U "  
R V
2 E2 . P  3U ¬ C i 3  QE2 -/ N ChD€„ ©—8 2 DU
j U R V ­ 9 ‫;۔‬r ! ij‰| a{Š2 f O "    CD    S W  ، E 2 R;² % DU
F " + )     " 8 F  " " *
E2 RV1Žf V„9)E2 R3 U-D2  f 2  0«2 3r! E"   02 €„ ‫  ۔‬2 DUpŠ  E"  2 3—‫ &' ;  "'۔‬E2 RVCr9' -C
Š¦—‰ -Yij02 0" « 02 v—Q |

6 5  G   "    "  ƒ "  "  "+
{
2 U 8
E2 V2 362 R‹a ‫۔‬E2  ‹z U U a { E2 RV‹a#! 2  ‫(۔‬E2 Ra{ Y UE2 RS2 
R ‰ R U + c U 12 3<" O90«  ( 3%U#! 2 362 R‹\2  ‫;۔‬r - µœ<+
Š¦—‰|  ( D0«D  ij3<"
    '   8  ;U  " " |8
  " "  5 W
0¡/! 0>2  02 E2 £a $ 90«¹a{92 3r! 
QN ;x5U U1£€ C 036! ‡ 036! ‡  „2 3%02 
 8 „ R V c 3 <
 12 -C    O     i  2  Q C  ‰
U 8 j š ; — U 8 U j  f ; < {
2 6 6 2 R u q
"  "  " G  " FX " + ƒ F   " |" 8
bT! ‫ ۔‬U36$ 8a#! UC VP„0>;„b +P E2 RV2 8£E" 2 Ra•S$E"  2 3—‫۔‬2 3r! €C+ U R V  U Š
 Á3³D   DE2  ' !  ; D-/2 C0QŠ y C½ 3 OP  2 D z " 0z Z [ ‰ ’ 5 ; U “  8  U
" 2{65 "   "    " |"8 F 
·—U 0>;„v2 %T
Š¦—a‰ 0°P$ 9‫۔‬2 3r! M8 ;x50>2 8„. " ^ (3 UE2 RV ‫; '۔‬² e$ z U< U i2 8/ˆ12 3< f
 R 
   +     "  "   "
E2 RV. P^ (3 UE2 RV2 8£/¤2 R C /ˆCDO;P U U" 0QŠ‰ U  12 3j12 3< ' 8 !   O;yjYa+C 
s/­" 0O;P U U2 NSTE2 RV2 8£E" 2 Ra•S$a{42 8E2 RV ChD
" " " 5 2{65
 &  # G " "   "    " ;%  
‫ ۔‬a O2  E2 \ 2    12 N12 ¸ / 02  ‫۔‬E2 8 acde
 { ' ;Š! % RV   U < | 8 U 3j  3 < Z › $ 8 R ¡ e ‫   ۔‬P>5 12 ® Y ž ! C  E2 }j3  a‰ S)S)0°‹،E2 R3r12 3'$ E2 RV
; r — U 3 <    Y " R
 V W C  "
 U"  %  "
Js  ch! WJ Z[F= FGH U 3 <
  1    3 2  >P  O     " E2  bHBKK 1   ž  03   ¸ /Z›  
2 9 8 5 9  
$ R V S$  jS  $
   
  " |" 8    ‘  ¬ C /ˆCD C C 0z¢^12 3<  ¬ C S$f E2 RVE" 98 ! .2 3RYD¬ C CD"
u2 8 2  E2 RV "  E 2 R! 8 !v D‰ E" 2 %%2 C N ChD9v C-D95   "
" 2  q  
"   G  E" 9E2 R! .2 3RYDac E2 R3 U“2 D U%$ 8ž U |  -}8‫۔‬0z¢^ 9‡ 12 3<
U 392 812 3< $ %9  ! .2 3RYDf /75 C  UDU%$ ž8 9 - $  " +  G G  
 {2 65  G 
" "  ;U " G "  " " |"8 "  8 0QŠ‰ U %$ ž8 U a{2R/Zu2R$‫۔‬acMj};5f .2 3%D a‰  D }8%Ot U
0OP  3R2" e . 0z 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! acde9‡   I~CIIIH.2 ‡  U.HB  F "
  " "
ƒ E2 RV CDjSž   0« 2 DUv%$ % „a¦yq+ 02 (E2 R!  ž UE2 RVC 0n9#! UD9)
 
S$)12 3 E2 V2 362 R‹ /7 N‹V9 D95E V-CE2 V0z 8 ‫ ۔‬µœ<+E2 RV
U < R U 5 " R R |
G  +
"
 " 
 " U 2  " " "  E2 RV‹a#! 2  {U UOP ;U U0QŠ‰ a•2 3< U U3" %CP9 U¬ C U %$ ž8 ac
02 0« 0‹n 0> 02 b 0°2 ‫€ ۔ ۔‬C E2 v  a V}    i2 n8
 2 ; o œ ; 5 • Q ;  + R V 2 % ‘ = 8 U 8 !  ; R "& & " |" 8   " " |"8 " "  )
 U   ‘ U " <2  % 72 ;q jS c f " |"8 R 
2     r‫۔‬E2 ! ‰ U "£/¤2 %-D2  E2 < ™- UV  R  R V ‫ ۔‬2 3UpŠ
; U 
 OP   2 NST  C  v C E   /  ž a   2 bHI@ 0z  " |8 " " " " "

"98 " " 
R V  " R  U " " |"8 " %   U £/¤2 9 )E2 V‰ 2  0$ z 3$9‫ ۔‬a i_8jSž U £/ˆCD0z 8
R R  c  |
9
3 2 P>58 t{ 2 3rdeE2 .2 39NE2  r— 9‫ ۔‬0z E2 %2 " 
 " |"8 " 
5 +  " " " "  / CD 0z  C 2  ‫۔‬E2 R! ‹z+E2 RV ‹2  1Y— T C 0}8 N12 39 ( 1 C
ˆ 9
 U! E2 Vv2 %‘13 Ru 0« E"   E" 2 RQ‫۔‬d2Df 'd‡ a{$%" D9U2 8812 3<
# R x
" |"8 ) "  "
  " |8  "  £ /ˆCD9E2 0z  C 2  ‫۔‬E2 R! pŠ µy9
U —$ 8P>5 9‡ U £
R V
‫۔‬E2 ! .2 3RYD‰ 2 -D2  acf
R   " " 
" 9 R V " |8 ) "F
  G G "  ،12 a  E2 0z  C 2  ‫۔‬E2 R! pŠ E2 RV‹2  E2 R3 U U36RY  C a{R± 1 C U
 ‘
jSž f bHg@9E2 R! 8 !.2 3" RYD  Ÿ48U %$ ž8 E2 RVa#!    "
" " XF  F + 
 " " |8 "  E2 RV ChDjSž  0« 3%2 DUv%+ 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ‹z E2 RV‹2  E2 R3U U/ZY‡  C 12   ( D
j23 C $8  E2 ! U ‰ -D" Ui2 ;Rn U Ÿ 68² a|U $ 02 ‫۔‬3E2 R! U
< 9 R  8 <

"
   " RV  "
+ 2{65
 " "     G  " G E2 ‹2  U OP 0QŠ a 2 
 ½3—QE2 £/  C / CD8 2 362 R‹a‰ ac
R V ; U ‰ • 3 < ¤ 2 R  ˆ
 ‫۔‬E2 R;5 YU i;_5 E2 R‹2 3< C $ v‘C;'de‫¯۔‬$ %f %C ’ %U  F " " " " "  )
"
 " " {2 65  "  bHL@E2 RV$ U 8 2 362 8 0}8 12 39 E2 RV2 39U 2 3% ! D>8E" 590$ z3$9‫۔‬2 DUpŠ
iq C،0>9&f .2 3%U 0}8 12 39 a‰ 
’0«02 nx5 C;'de0eY 02  " F  F +
 F5  " 0« 3 t& ZahanE" ! DWQ t|5‫۔‬E2 R3r U1VYE2 RV 0QŠ‰ 2   " 35 DU bHI@ C
c   {6 %  {j}8  9  J U " " "  U 4 R !  2
‫۔‬a 1 $  .2  C .2 3 N\   C z ‡ .3 02 ‫ ۔‬E2  ) + " "
pŠ E2 RV0QŠ‰ 2  µy9U —$ 8P>5 C 0}8 12 39 " 2 35 DU bHH@ C bHB@
  (" F 5  " F F +  
 C2 362 ‹  ¦5 C a / 
C   02 3Uª8 /  
YN ‹V0QŠ 02  C    ;r ! 
U R ‘ ¤ f ´X U ‰ '
  
‫۔‬1 ! ¦RY E2 RVCr

2
See C.H.Roberts, An unpublished Fragment of the Fourth Gospel, 1935.
3
Fragments of an unknown Gospel and other early Christian Papyri. By
Bell and Skeat. 1935
4 1
The Times Literary Supplement, 25 April 1935. Beginnings of Christianity vol.III By Ropes P.CCXC and CCXCI (Margin)
" " " "
 <  " <  "  8  " < 
—P>5 ¬ C.Y C E2 R! U 12 3  U392 8P>5¬ CCD C E2 R! U 12 3  U" q+ |
dev2 %‘U bL@@9 ! .2 3RYD0z 2 2  392 812 3 E" 2 RVbHKgk
  "  " "
   R V " |8 
‫۔‬E2 R! U .3 U UT U —J ¬ C-/2 Z C E2 R! U 12 3<  U 9 % " R V U 9 j S  U 3 <
0n  -D2  E  . 8 .Y ‡  C .-D$ 9 ž  12 E2 0z  ‫۔‬2 3r
" XF "  % " F5 " " |"8 ƒ
{ 6
   %
 ]< 9v2 S9 1 $ µy  —$ 8P>50z  /ˆCD (‫۔‬L)9 U ‫ ۔‬µœ<+
" "
 ƒ    " " " "
 C .YjSž f  E2 RVE" 9E2 R! ¬ C $J2  U  ‫ ۔‬µœ<+E2 RVv—ac$ ) Ot C U j2 3<  392 8P>5 C —P>5E2 V  V0z 8 C 2  0V aX
U R 9 |
 " " " "
 c " " |U  ( U  ƒ " " ƒ
R V 5 "
.2 3RYDa ¬ C02 E2 0V a 0«    2 3 02 E ‫ ۔‬E2  ¬ C $  ‡  2 3 — j V R S  9 ‫۔‬E2 R! µœ< ]9- Dt2  C µy9U y$ 8P>5E2 RV 0z|8 C 2   C ،E2 R! µœ<+_9
+
" 
 " " "
"E 2 3—‫ '۔‬E2 RS1VYF µy9 (3j$ U —$ 8P>5½3—" QE2 RV0" z|8 ‫۔‬r E2 R! 

sL   VW   k#  6$ #
" |"8 " 8 " F "  " 8  (o 48+ J ;  0
0z  2 ; 23 L½3—Q‫۔‬E2 ! D95_ /Z« U  µy9“2 D
U 2 ; 23 ‹u L8 J
R ‹ u R  9 R +  " ‰+ + " G G
" 8  " " "  " " E2 RV0QŠ‰  ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ‡ UE2 RVC 0n9UD1 #! 0QŠ‰  DU 1a{R2 /Zu2R$ "
{ 42 R | 8 R  
a ‫۔‬2 3rdeE2 VbL@@ 0z 02 ‫۔‬jV E2 S 92 3r2 3U1>8$ %<¢^9‡ U  " 8 "
" |"8  "
 F  C E2 R! 8 ! 'deU  bHg@ C " bH@@9E2 R! $ U  2 NST9E2 R! 68² ‰| Ÿ48
 0z  02  ‫  ۔‬2 3r 2 3U 1 8 }8 Y 2 Re$ J 2   s/­ U .DSX  U —$ 8  P>5 -C
 >  " "

F LHH?U 9 ac12 3<  U392 8P>5E2 RV" ‫۔‬E2 R! U v2 %‘U bL@@Ÿ48
‫۔‬2 3r2 3Up8YE2 RVbHKL   " "
"98 % 9  "
"  " 3 2  $       bHLg - $  2  ‫۔‬E2   !  p £    (2 35 D Ÿ48 U   . 8
R 
! ; r  8 _ 9
  H@ :Ka" {42 8 1>8 U0 9 (  U . U U.  F " |8 ¤2R
" |"8 "
 n S 3 :fŽ50z  / (‫۔‬I)  
   F  .3U  E2 <  ‫۔‬E2 R! acde.2 ‡  IB،I~،v2 %‡  II IH.HB
U  U T R V
{ 65 ƒ
 !de1 C U £/¤2R02 ‫ ۔‬1 $ %¬ C D C ‫ ۔‬µœ<+ L@ :H~
  HH :LI T E2 RV $  C  2     µƒ œ<+ v  %
2 ‡ H~ .H~ C v2 %‡ I@.g

‫۔‬ " |" 8 " G " "8 
"  " G G ‫۔‬E2 R! U bLg@   ‰ Ÿ ‫  ۔‬ 0z| U £/¤2R9 µƒ œ<+LK
4 8 G
™- UVE" 2 R s/ ­f E2 RV¬ C bHLkU 0QŠ‰+U a{R2 /Zu2R$#! r  " |"8  
"
 + G G
" j <
 U%$ ž8 9E2 R! ‰ E" 2 RU OP;U U12 3 12 3 E2 RV0QŠ‰ U a{R2 /Zu2R$
" "  "F   U j <  G " |" 8
(
µy9 3f$ 8 36RY)83U
 12 3 12 3 $  #! 8E2 U{U U< %
" " |"8 q  " 
 " T C 0}8 12  90z 2  ‫۔‬E2 R! U | #! v2 %S C E2 R! ‹z+E2 RV. ^ (3 U
3 9
R 
!
Á Áe bLI@ C  £/ CD E2 8 !D95¬ C U (
QN µy9 C
 U U ˆ 9 " |" 8 " " |" 8 F5
" 5 9 { 6
 0z  C 3R2 Y0z -C0« 02  Ojª  ‫ ۔‬ÁÁeU bLL@ 1 $ % 1Y—
j SžY0eJf . S)0« /! šƒ f +  O  2 ;Š!# U " <|8 " R! 8 ! 'de   " G
   ‫۔‬E 2 " "
 " "8   ""  " 2 f E2 RVE" 9' ¬ CDJ" 2  U 0z|8 ‫  ۔‬$ %YJ2  acf E" Ua{%2 C
R 
|  "
U  . ' ‰ U £a $ 9s/­$  #! ; U ; U1 % (2 8
 c — % 3   " ƒ
   P>5¬ C®$ 9 C E2 R! U 12 3<  Ua{5P>5¬ CCDa{42 8E2 R! µœ<+_9U ¬ C  C

ac- rU 1 C U £/ˆCD0°‹U ÁÁeU bL?@- rU" O<= UE" RV
#  % "  ;— U " 8 U 5 "  RV U " 8
U "
  ‫۔‬E 2 R 
!  ! v2 S    
j} UE  P>5N.3 U‰| 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! D95
"
  " "
 U 12 3<  C  ،E2 R!  ;r  U ;’ U 0£T -D2   f    0°‹ £ 2    &  & #! 12 3œ„
1
Chester Beattys Biblical Papyri.
- " |"8 "
 RV    {" t$ " " U " 
j5 j  <
L) *  -C 1 1 E2   !  ! . C E2  \ v   0V  i2 n8
‰ U 2 3 2 3 ' #
 
R 
!

; r $ 2 % ‘ U ; R
2{65
ƒ % #  R!  ;Re "  %  " 8  5 ‫۔‬E2  (U2 3U¦RY E2 RV2 362 R‹a‰ E2 RVbL@@9E2 R!
R 
/! š$   E2  ² - 2 £E2 a a{42  ChDjSžU O2 ;<{2 6 #! "O9
 ! 8 8 " R  • S$ 
F5
" { 6 %  " |"8 
‰ {5 R! # " f f "
RV\   U0QŠ‰+U 12 3j12 3< 0«  !  u2 8 ‫ ۔‬1 $ ¬ C E2 9 0z  C 2   %$ 8ž  (3 U -C QU 
  " R  
aN ‫۔‬E2 ! -D2   O   0 E 2
"  
2 2 £  2 "  % U" 9   " |" 8
 j} 8 " " "    W a $ —P>5v  E   ! de' ! U r— 0z 02 0«  ! 
j}" 5
{ %  "
.2 39N\ J C 2 {  U C z‡ U2 362 R‹.V®$ <&}8E" 2 RQU .5a{R2 ‹£ UE" 2 R Q
" "  " "  " & % "8  
"   RV "
{ %  " "  ! E2   0«   a    $      ;t " 0«  3 'de E2 RV 0$ 3%2 D U   12 3<
# R  9  »
U   8 " ;t " E2 
2   a  (I :Hg  2 ;' UH )' 
j}5  03R2 u8 03R2 Y  (
–
   
 " " ƒ " (H:H) "‫۔‬E2 %U  " 3% D  O2 ;%% U   "  E2 R!  pq C  " 35 D
" "" " (H :H— ) 3—Uac3" R• µ:—  U  q C E" 2 R 
12  -D   !  CV2   C  (  ‫۔‬
3 9 9 5 # f % < 2
2 2
r  % F f 9 R!  F 6r "  8 "  E2 R!  U  0}8  12 39  8  . Cz+ C "  
" f RV " "  5" v  02      ‫۔‬E2  O   £  U  
2 3 E2  CDaX ‫ ۔‬E2 R3  Ui2 ;—  U Y2 RU .C U\{2 6 2 3f0}8
1 
" "
2 2
" {t$ " " " 
"   "+ " 5 U  C 0 " }8 12 39 O9E2 R!  ž \$ 2 D%U 0V  U £a•S$! 0« ! 
#
2 8£CDa•S$‫'۔‬deacµy9UC2 362 R‹ij3< 8 —$ 8P>5 C —J U \{2 6 "    ""
" "  6 ŠW " RV
" F 5 r  F " " 8 " "   2 3% .2 39N\   \ 2 3% E2 ¬ C  ‫ ‡ ž  ۔‬2   ‡ E2 2  V
9  "  J U { " '     '   R V % <
  . C ¬/  C  E2    ./  E" 2     2  E2     µ  C  12 39  E2 RV
U ¦ 5 ¤ R3 U Z°  R V " ( 8 R ‹ > U y9
"   "+ "  "+ "
  F U.}q Cij3< f 12 39 ij3< 0«  ! 
j}5u2 8 ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3—f 12 39  S$)/! 
1 8E2 RVC VP„ Áe Áe ½ D ½ D E2 R‹2 3< C $E2 RVC§ C C/´X! £ ‹V2 Ru2R
>
"  R V  U " u ju 5 RV " |"8 " U—
)  + de Harmony of the GospelsE2 . ^ 2 3%1 2  E2 0z  U 
" acµy9 C T U —J ‫۔‬2 3r! pŠ acE2 RV. ^ (3 U 0QŠ‰ "  C E2 R3r U 
" ƒ
 +  µ:— U  HI HL :g— C ،I L :Ba{5 C ‫?۔‬L  ?@ :Hq+E2 RV ‫۔‬ "  3r
‫;۔‬r ! 1>8E2 RV0QŠ‰  C E2 RVC VP„ Áe Áe E2 RV .V>5 " "
2
" " " " ¦ 5 G
 U ‰ + • <  U 9 " R •  – :HLq+U JU 8 U D 02 9U/72 ;q‫ ۔‬de-< 8 Us£Ua» UE2 RV
  3U/ CD 0Q a  C  0} 12  E2 2 £CDa a 
U 8 ˆ Š 2 3 8 3 V 8 S $

"  ƒ
" "
"  C  ;r !E2 RV8 " a¥;q C a{2Rš™، (P/ˆ (r E2 %UUD" U1$ r ‡ #! u2R) Œ) %
  ®YE"  2 3— " deE2 RVµ:— U  Lg LH :LL—، HBH~ :LLa{5 C ،Hg H?
2 " "    F ƒ 
 r ' " F  F  E2 RV392 8123< ‫۔‬E2 R! ;r ;— U1VYac µ:—  U K~ :Hga{5 C ~ k :~ q+a#!
a N $ ‫۔‬E2 12 E2 .¦5C¬/¤ E2  n5 C 2 D./Z°J " S$)/! a E2 8 U
• S$  " 8 R 3 3 $ R V 5 R V c R ‹ >
" "
 " " ("    5
‫۔‬E2 R! acde1uju .2 ‡ IK :H@CI@ :~،LK :K،?g :g،IK :gf
E2 ‹  Š %U   C   2 8،E2 ‹ 8 UOP;U U12 3jN12 3< E2 RV2 8£E" 2 R
8
   VW
R > U ) " " R >
" " F " "  
U  0V  N.D " 9 C  2 ;%Y  2    U
C  -/­2 3q E"  2 3— ‫ ۔‬E2 R3r  U E" 2 RV D }8  U  C /! 
"
H XW/ '(1 J Z[F= FGH
" " " 8  "   " " 8 "    " " "
E" 2 RV N2 % 9‰|  C  $ D};5#!  ‫ ‰ž۔‬0 C ' ; Y\$ 0‰| C /! 02 f D/Z3fD  "
E" 2 Ra•S$E2 RV'!  #! E2 RV-/" ­N ChDv‘C -C QU " <|8™- UV
 "+   "+ " 8   " 8 "
 ij3< U 2 STNOP;Uij3<  ‰| 02 ،E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYD‰|  f  $ z$U 2 8£
 ‫۔‬E2 R! U _9
) ~  ? (  ) )
 ! ] 0  A :&
   …!9 cQ 0 ;R i!]  " e!  2!f&  *\g ( , " )   b1
! 2Y>1A1A–J(G
 a6 
) ) )  
‫(۔‬CD! A)‫۔‬0 ;<6 
 [*1A
  ’d*( ” : G
{2 65  F " "  # " " " Re U " 8    "
 C E  2 3 a (bILgbIHI)E2 ¸C/ˆU 0V aX f ¬:8 NE" P69‫
۔‬CD
" 5 U 62 R‹  ‰ R V ! 9 R 
! U • S$  4 R
 O E2  0V  E2 C  £a Ÿ"  E2 E E2   .2 3RYD' PoV
f V " 9 R 
! ;r ! 
" " # F  2{ 6 5 " "  % G " G R " 8 F " F "
#    " "
<   " |"8
  ‫۔‬2 D D ‘O Va ! YUO2   E E -uR! Y C  ! O2 8E" 2 R$
8 !  ; < 8 u ; _ + 02 $ %! 8E2 R! 8 Uf E" RV (2 8U 12 3 -D950‹>5E" RVU <  C C $ "
 "  " "
  G  " "
E2 C 1 8E2 %‹$ z$ U0YP>5N O;P U$ %
$ 9;— U Cr %U O;yjYa{$%
R  U > U £a•S$9E2 R! a#! C0uRzE2 R3 U“2 D U2 NST C 0}8 N12 39 0«  ! 2 3’
" "    " "  " " " "
 "  de
 8 t{9E2 R«1£.V U;%E" 2 %%1;— U ;²% D
z /ˆUnx5  C ‫۔‬E2  a 8 — C8 U1>8 C œ;_5P>5
R c
  "  " " |"8   45 
 U 0YP>5NOP;U U™E2 RV
Uµ2 3R  C 
9 v2 %Sf < E" 2 %% /Z3  C E" 2 %%2 
R ‹ >
"
8 "  c RV ´
F
X
 <" +
U  " jY cd2 
y U F " F
X R «  R‹>8
" 
j3 ; d
 E2 C /
" " ! a E2 C/  i  O a D 2 D -uRS ‫۔‬E2  2 3%E 2
 8  " "  F "
ij ‰| U  0YP>" 5N O;P Uf 0C U2 ;%Y  2  0«!  ac0Y02 . ‫۔‬E2 R3r U 
F " |8  " " " |"8 
;_q،C/´X‰ U 0YP>5O N ;P U C a e8 ! ÁV < 0¡/! . ‫۔‬r E2 R! 
À U
 r G %G8 ) U 
  H Z R [<

; r ' &
‫  ۔‬E2 C    '$  C§ C R V 4%"6"7W2 X Y2
"    

8 . ^ (3 U C  ! ¦RY "
$ 98 z U%$ 8ž E2 RV CD 0°P$ 9
"
 
 " 8 +
j  <   " " c  — (<Œˆˆ<‰ˆˆ )
42 ‰
 C M;2 QSTa 0QŠ 12 3 12 3 C 0YP>5NOP;U /Z[ SWa  — 0¡ UC VP„
R { (

 )o…Q / {FH= FGH
" " " "
F 5 œ„ U " | 8 F " + R " | 8 #
¤ 3
¬/ 1     Œ  ‫ ۔‬Áe  ‹z E2 0z a ! 2  8CD2 ST
2 < X 8 r 8 !  V
"
 
  "
" " " " " #  " "  " |" 8   " "
E2 2 362 ‹  0‹P $  O   2 3r! \ E" RV (2 8 3Ru5u2 8 2  E2 RVe+U .¦5C
R  R  ) % < = U 9 j
‫ ۔‬0V ! v2 %Sf -9C3$9;— U < U O;P U U12 3 12 3 0V 02  <
 " |"8 F G 
   
2{65  r !  "  +   " de  
‫ ۔‬2 $ E2 < /Z« U £ E2 ' ‡ f £a $ 9E a 2  C E2  Mj};5
R V %  c " R V –  R  a 
 0«2 3  E 02  C 2 3r2 3U    
$ 8 z U%$ ž8  ‫۔‬Q.
‰ ¦ RY ;— U ; ' 9
   "   " 
G G
f  %$ 8ž  $)‫۔‬a{rac 2 %< „®YU ¦RY U  $)‫
۔‬J  U ‰ {
2 6 5
 0« O2 ;^_902  a £a $ 9‫۔‬E2 R°Y! ‹z+E2 RV‹a#! 2  0YP>5NOP;U
c 
"   
0 C ©2 ;%³D•8©2 ;%def " C r 0«!  s980. ;—  ،µ;_5-D2 
" "  "   " "   " {42 8   R " " " ("   R " "
 M NS NOP a C NOP 
E2 V  2 8 C OP;U
 U
;
2 R Q T ; U X ; U 2" NSTE2 V0V
 " " 8 " "  "
G
v2 %SE2 RVsCP9 % C a•‰| . ‫  !۔‬/2 Z¡35 Ds9Oj U0¡;— U" ;'de
    F " 8
 "  N ChD€„9‫;۔‬r ! ‹z+E2 RV. P^ (3 UE2 RV‹a#! 2  ./Z°‰| U 2 NST C
    " 8 " "

 /ˆCD2  C ' 8 '  Áe Áe sC902 ‫ '۔‬8 ' E2 ]9M2 d e  d e R V ; j } R u 2 8 R : ""
'de$ %Q-CE2 RV-/­N ChD0« 02 s/­¬،E2 R! ‹z+E2 RV‹a#! 2  -CE2 RV-/­
  "   
‫ '۔‬8 E2 RS8 Vf  " " " G " "
8 'de ( 2 3%„ U;'des/­9)$ % $) s£-CE2 RV0V  E"  2 3—E2 R! 8 
 %   
{ R2 
2 „ J
‫(۔‬Iv ‡  -   C ،HI :? 2 R  ‫ ۔‬L ) '
   VW
H XW/ '(1
" " " |"8   " "
" ‫۔‬E2 R! U  0V aX ‰ E" 2 %/ZSU  2 NST‫ ۔‬Y k@@½3%2 w80" V 02 
" 8 "    " 8 " "
‰|  g~f E" 2 RVE" 9E2 R! -D2  f H~@E2 RVD }8E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYD9‰| P1U 0V
" 8 " dV   "+
 U2 "NST‰|  -2 {q C " ‫۔‬E2 R! D95$ % „1  2 NSTNO;P U ij3< E2 RVE" 9E2 R!  6²8
" |8 " "   "+
 d V
6² ‰  $‫ ۔‬D9512 3 1 E2 V0z 82  f E2 RV" ‫۔‬E2 R! Ÿ_9U OP;U ij3<
8 < R |
"  " 8    U
" U
   p £ ¬ C Ÿ . E ‫۔‬E2 D95O
U 8 !  8 4 "  2 3 — R 
" P;U1   2 N STE2 RVE" 9E2 R!
 " " 8"  dV " F
‫۔‬E2 R! D95&C
0}8 12 39 E2 RVE" 9E2 R! 6²8 ‰| 8‫۔‬E2 R! ;r - 1 O’
" |" 8  ƒ +  " |" 8 
R V
U  —$ 8P>5E2 < .Y‫ ۔‬µœ .3U T U —J E2 < .Y < U R V
 F " |" 8 ƒ + " " " |" 8 " " 
 .:fŽ5E2 V<  $ C E2 ! µœ< µy9 -2 {q“2 DE2 V< 8‫۔‬E2 R! D95µy9

R R R

  " |"8 " ‫  ۔‬µƒ œ<+ &C
 .3 U  U
‫۔‬E2 R! U  £ ac $ 9 .Y f E2 RV <  HkB  
G   G )  R"  " 
E2 ' ‡   £E2 8" Y ‫ ۔‬£a  ‫ ۔‬£E2 $ <$ 2 R$z$
%  2 R  U % 2 R z
$ $ U { '$ 2 R 3 $ U %
" 8 "  "
‫۔‬E2 R! ‰| U £E2 %JD-  C U £E2 %8 2 Re2 3R3%‫۔‬U £
" "
   UUD" $ % „/7;<+  " <|8a•" $9 ;— U O  2 ;œq W
C C a${6$ < D UE" 2 %„
ƒ"
  23 S2  3
‫۔‬
" |"8 " " " G " G   
9 # N<+VW
ƒ
0z   00$ $   a{f 2 ;%2 8D œ6U‡ E2 RVbHKHH‫ ۔‬µœ<+E2 RV'*v%zTU
8 ) U
 
"  {Š2{q ƒ" F 
 C  Da  „/! .  C ،2 3Up8YE2 RV. ^ (3 UU U— E2 %2 %_8a| Q U
 {
2 6 5  " "   "
 5 F " " "
" "  "% " " " |"8  45 a•S$  a‰ £ac $ 90z /Z3 v2 %S C sC¦5C t|502 ‫۔‬3R2 Y 0z 8‫۔‬C
 U | 8 4 1 |
  R V U ; U
‫ ۔‬3 Y®U E2 0OP;  ž ‚’ 5 D3$9U0z  /Z3   
 RV #
! 8
"  G
" G " " " |"8  C
 2 STN OP E2  ‫ ž  ۔‬YI@@v ‘  E E  ($ 9
&  ; U  jS  2 % f < " f " 42

\$ -/2 Z³ Yf - 3$%š‘/!  C  de$ % $)U  T0z 02   " " " G " FG F ƒ
G "  ( G UE" 2 %'{R2 «0YP>5->8 U32RYN-U2s 368WQE" 59 t|5E2 RVbHB??‫۔‬E2 R! µœ<+
 ‫۔‬E2 E2   ?BE2  /! C E2  $ 9\$  ¯D9E2 RVW $$ %0z¢^/! ‫۔‬
R 
! % yf R V W  R 
!
"

 G " |"8  " + G
 { <=   " "  E2 V¬ C  ‫  '۔‬$ %¬ C U <  ij3< E2 RVU8D 2  2  ! C‫۔‬2 3r
R
‫ ۔‬E2  \ 2  C E2  ¹a ERV0z|8a•
 " % % % % • Q "   " " " " 8 £" " 5 9
  '  ' d e 9 U % < 
‫  ۔‬sC  2     2 2 $ E  ² D¬ C  C a $ 3$9 1 E 
„ ( " 8  % " 9 'd  + 9

;k F +VW G " G
;9 f
"
4 R Y )
 " "
%
de (O ;$ 32 ) 02 3R32  0    2 8 $    8 ¯$    ’ U  ¬ C    8    O9
R ( % "
 G
% f
"
"
"

 " " " |" 8 " 


  " |" 8 3 " U G {% " |"8 "   "
c
2 -D2  f 3R2 Y0z ™- UV C ‫ ۔‬£a $ 9a 0z 02 ‫ ۔‬E a 2 C0z ‫
۔‬CD c ;! 8  ‫۔‬E2 R! D95$ U " ¬ C  /2 Z3t6²8 0«2  3%U 8 ;! ‫۔‬2 $ 
G " "  " 
"EUa{%2 CE2 RV
C . C ، 3rdeE2 RV/75½3—" Q0" z|80‫=<{\ ۔‬v  % " "" U  5 8" U"  G
2 2 2 2 S3%V   C 2 Re3 R23%E2 RV  " 8  ،CUO p £  ،E2 R! U OŠ{2 qC % ¬ C 02 0«S&U
ƒ  "
"  " "  "  
de  "(
  µœ<+ 13%  (2 8
 E2 RV  ‫  ۔‬D95 E2 RV 0 NO;P UU  O9£ . $ $ 8 a{42 8 "
 ¬ C  $  O E ‫  ۔‬E2 a 0YP>5NOP;U /Z[$ %E" 9¬ C
U % ; !
 9 "  2 3 — ; — — R   c
"
 " |"8 • " %   45 " %   RV " |8   "
" " " " "   ƒ 
a ! CE"  ‫ ۔‬0z a  E2  /Z3  C E2  2 E2 < 
  1 % (2 8 C
# " RV  % %  U 3 bHBgK‫۔‬2 D  Ž8     9 U¬ C  2 D t 8 (! /! šO2 ;Š!#
U f 8 U —   Y “  8
" " ‰|8 "  

 5
 " " |" 8 "  G 
r r "
R
 " " " "
R V U c R
0 8CD02 ‫€۔‬C+E2  3%  £a $ 9E2 /7 E a 2 ‫ ۔‬3R2 Y 0z 9 V " R V –  8 O! ‫۔‬a '$ “3 $ % 02 3R32 4 0)% (2 8f O! 2  ‫۔‬2 3rU->8aX '$-CE2 RV
{ ) œ Y
"   F "  " "
" 
2  a|U-C0$ r ، a#! 2  1£  U8CD0°‹E2 R! 8 U¬:8 E2 RV$ 8‡ /Z« s/"­ "
f E2 RV DP9™2  C ، D951> 2 2   0)% (2 8 $  /2 Z¶0« S& 8 U
 "  " |" 8 "   %F f " " " 8  G%    " RV " |8
" " |" 8 "
  E 3Ru a ! CE   0« ! v   ‫۔‬E2 E2 1>8 U‰|
9  " R V 5 # " RV <   R 
! R S 0°‹D  0n   O 2   M2 NSTs/ 0E2 0z  ‫۔‬2   D0z U UŽ8
9 5 9 t ; R Q ­ &
 " " 5 " " F "  ƒ   " 
‫۔‬de8 E" 2 R:;_ a+SW  O9،a#! 0S{%  UaX9 U ‫۔‬µœ<+E2 RVv—¹a•Q v2 %S&C
2 N ST
 " " " 
   " G G " " "
 E2 VbHBK@‫ ۔‬D95E V 2 8E2 %2 M2; QNSTE2 V0z 8
R " R ( " % R R | n8‫' '۔‬d² D $ %E2 RVU8jSž Y- 3$%8  9E2 R! ¬ C a#! C02 0«d2D8
 " ;2% " U " "  ;U U " XF " " r  F  " " F " ( " " " " G F G Ž6F 5
 O  0OP  Ÿ< /! 0z| 02 .  C ‫۔‬E2 R3  Up8Y2 %Cn8a|  U 0z|8S2 R
8  Q — U
bHKI?‫۔‬2 3r $  C    ž  C 2 3U1  0z   s u81 + ; % £ U | 8 8
" " " G" " |"8 " "
‫ ۔‬3  YE" % 02 3%š . -C C  2   CP ‚’ $ 8® ™2  U0z  8 02 3%š%N /ˆE2 RV
% 9 f U U

Codex Sinaiticus1
3
Codex Vaticanus Tischendorf 2
 F " " |"8 •
  VW G  8
³ Y C   U. ^p +1Žf U ، de$ % $)U   T0z a 02 
G "
  9N+ " |" 8  W  " R:8  % "
" "
" " |"8  "
" " "
• " " " 0z  ‫۔‬E2 E2 ªqE2 2  E2 $ 0z /! ‫ ۔‬deE2 ]9 v2 S‫ \ ۔‬D
R 
! % " R  " R  % ¢ ^   R V 2  $
-D2   f  Of E2 RV <  U  13   2 8 0z  a  02  ، 02  3 Y 0z 8 ‫
۔‬J % ( | 8  2 | " "   
U "  Y   S& "  Y " |8 r   r de RS RV "  Y  " |8
" " " P>5 C 9 ‡  H? :K2 ;% /Z[s/­E"  2 3—E2 R! D95OP;U U2 NST
½32%w8E2 RV
 
 ‫  ۔‬02  3 0z 02  ‫ ۔‬2 3  E2 E2 02  3 02 ‫ ۔‬0z sC¦5 "  F " G
  G $% " " |"8 ‫ ۔‬E2 RS.3 U U.:fŽ5 C µy9/ZY$ U —$ 8
U
O;P  (bHkLHbHk@L) P—/ˆ¾ 2 /Z23  02  3 Y0z 02 0« 02 0C
U U U "  " " 
" "" " F {9 "  " " U 2 ;% /Z[E2 RV   ! .2 3RYD0z|82 2  %$ ž8 E2 RVa#! 
9
9‡ U  ‫۔‬2 DU  U" 3 6j©8 N-YC Š2 U E2 RVbHkLg8 9E2 RV0   G "
   " F
 "   & G " "  "  (TE2 RV  (! acde.3 U ULevy—s„2   U%$ 8ž  ‫ !  ۔‬de0n9 %2  ]9
® !  0‹Ž2  N 2 3 .3U02 0«E2  "  E2 .82  E2 RV
 U ; ' 8 t X R 
! ; t  de R V
 "  " " "
 $ %C ! ‫۔‬2 3r2 3U1 E2 £a $ 99 de]92 ;% /Z[v%/ˆCD C 
# > 8 R V c
"‫ !(  ۔‬acde U
 "  " " G " "8 
"
 G G G  % " |"8 8 R 
$  E2 S D95}8U v2 %‡  H? :K]92 ;% /Z[E2 VE a{%2 C0z| 0«E2 R!  ž 3% R " U
$
 ‫ \ ۔‬D³ Yf - ³ Y C   ! de$  $ j3ž 0z 02  % ) "   "  =
 %F  % " " |8 "
  ! v V‡ v S0z 02  $ ž     
 }  ERV\{2 < U ]9
 2 % 8 ; — U 8 U j 5 U "
 ‫ !  ۔‬deE2 RVsC9 a•E" RV‫۔‬E2 R! E2 % ªqCD$ % 0z¢^/! ‫۔‬E2 R! ¬ C ~~IU
"  ‫۔‬
 " 9 8 " Z" R! RS  
:B g@ :k3 2 /2 E2 E2 ¬ C k :Lga{5f E2 RVOP;U U2 NSTE2 RV     = "
 RV " " U G {% " |8 " " |8
" "
"
 " E" RVE" 2 %%/Z345 C E" 2 %%\{2 < 12 3j12 3< E " 2 
8CDE a 2 C0z  C 32RY0z
‫ ۔‬E2 D95. E2  ¬ C  k :HLHI :?2 ; {%UL C gL
 R S  R V U ' F " 8 " " "
 " " " 6q " " " 8 O $ 68 9 E2 R!  f  E2 RV <|  $ z$   " ‰|8 8CD 0 0«   Oj" Q  v  %" 
2 S ‫  ۔‬D95
 <= U  2
 O   ‫۔‬2 3rdeE2 _ jSž U £E2 $ < $ E2 02 3Rª;y ½3—Q0z| 02 
R V 9  % R V  ' " " "  G " "
F" F
 "  "
 " "   "  " ‫‰Œ '۔‬2{ 02 3Rª;y6qU CU1>8M8ª5U dU E" %GE" Ru8-uR! Y8 158-,9
ac U E2 R! ' 
9 E2 RVO;P U U-2 3Š‰  C  T، \2 80«¹a{9  U02 $ 3j v2 %S
" de
" |"8
 U  "  "  "  W 
Š  $ . 3’ $ %  0z  /!  E2 V <  $ z$   ¢ ^ R " 0«    3% U #!  58 ,9

OP  2 N ST‫ ۔‬E2  $ a    E2  0« 2 3r2 3U1 8®YU  O<=a|2 8
; U ( RS  ( ¥ j Q ( U R V "  >
" "
 % % # c   {r cde RV W " R
"   " "  U " | 8 R 
!  
"  $. 3’ 3R2 Y0z 0«E2  ž 3 $ C ! ‫۔‬a a a E2 Š E2  C (C ªq)
 V E2 /Z345u2 8 E" RV 0}8 N12 39 E2 RV ‫۔‬E2 R! 2 3yjQ3$9 DC}5s/­acE2 RV
“  R S " " 8   G " "8
  8CD02 0« O Q  ‫ ۔‬a E2 Š E2 . 3’ E a{%2 C0z|  C E2 RVŠW" c de R W " R U " U
 "   "  F  j $  V 
 (! 
j}502 0C U ‫ ۔‬¹a•Q v2 %SE" RV9‡ U .:fŽ5f 1Y— T   " |"8 " 8
" "    " " % % • Q c 
‫ ۔‬02 $ E2   ¹a a  E  0« 0Ca 2 ‫۔‬E2 f E2  < $ z$" ‰|
" R V " –  R 
! R V
 9 "
E2  ،  2 3U1  0} 12   C V E  v v C  1 80«
R V "  > 8 U 8 3 f „ " 9 8 % ‘ 8 U >
 "   " 
 E2  E2 a  1 OP a  C V„E E ‫۔‬E2 D952 3yjQ Uv%3 U
R V " R ! { r U > 8 ;U ‘ f " 9 "  2 3 — R 
 " " 
‫۔‬E2 RE2 RSD95 2 3yjQ U v%3 U

2 1
Codex Alexandrinus Eusebius
ƒ   ƒ G "F " "  A  

 #9BF+VW
 "
¸62 8 "µ:—  ( 3% U v2% ‡  IK C µ:— U  IB :K392 8E2 RVE" R¡3f C0z|8
" |"8 " R  " |" 8 " " |" 8 RV X R RS"  "
" 9 { š U !
E )<  a 2 ™2  C 0z  3R2 YN -U 0z 02 E2 + a ‫۔‬E2 E2 D95 "S&8 " )  " |"8 " 
  " " $ %š‘a• a•£ 98 ‡ ‰ 39$ ®! U  E"  2 + 2  E2 RV" bHK@k
‫ ۔‬Mœ;5f E" RVU (§r ‡ -3%‡ UD " |"8 " G "F " 8  
 Y  VW ،    E2 2   E2   ‫۔‬E2  E2 E C 02 ‫  ۔‬8 ! 'de
T U — J R V f R V < R 
! R V " R¡ 3 f ‰ | '
uk
 
; iw+ "

"   " "
2 3r! p8£0n9 2 ;5C f T . E"  23—' µy9U —$ 8P>5 C 
QNµy9
"
" Uf  <" + U " |8 " "  " % ƒ" # " " |"8 2{% {$% " |" 8 " " " G " "8 " G " "8  " "8
   
uq ij3  < C /!  s }8E2 „! 0°$ 9‫۔‬0z a  ‫‰۔‬  0z  C 2  ‫ ۔‬M8ª5U 02  3 Y0z  C E a{2%C0z| ،362 R0z| E" RV0z|  ‫۔‬ | 8 " U
" " |" 8 •  " " " "  " U   &  Š!# " |"8  F5
q "  " { 6 "
. ! UD 0z a 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UUD0z|8U |  C 2  S
# 9
2 SWE2 R! ; $ 0°2 ;  3' O2 ; ‚0z 02 ‫ ۔‬£ac $ 9½3—Q C  1 $ %0}8 12 39
"
G ) G  1 {2 %
 " |"8 R    " " |8  "  "+
   % "   3 —
}8 ² $   $  E ‫ ۔‬de$  $  C   S  a  0z E2 ! 8 U
2  % )  &   1  <  Áe Áe ERVU  0}8 12 39 ij3< E2 RV 0«  ! 
j}5u2 8
; r ; U > 8 f "
 "   " 
"ERVU 0YP>5N O P;U.   • z  R! ( cde % U
3’a $ ‫۔‬E2  ! a " $ C  /ˆCD2  E2 2  CD “2 D % % <  T
½VŠ E2  CD R V R 
! % % #
jSž E2  ž  3 $ C ! u2 R0°2 ;UE2 O95./2 Z› (U+ 02 ‫۔‬E2 R!
 " R S  
" " "   "
"    " G "   "  "+   "+
CDa•S$O9 SW‫۔‬3  Y! E2 RS.2 3RYDf  (Y‡  C ©;t+ $)0°P$ 9‫ ۔‬. 3’ U <
U  12 3   +P>5E2 V0z  ‫۔‬E2    1>8$ %C VP„ij3< O;P Uij3<
U q R | 8 R  ( U
 "     "  " |"8 "  
' $ 
  . 3’a 8ac  (acde$ %¬ C a– . 3’/ˆCD
{ % % U • S$  " 35 DU Cyf
2  C 2  E2 0z  ‫ ۔‬2 3%1Ž—9 de0{%2  }8U v2 %‡ E2 %³D$ 9 U.9‡
R V
" ƒ " X {³ &  •   " "   G  "  "
 "
8 ‡ y8a a 2 D®$ < 2 %< a S$ -Cf 0V N CP+E"  2 3—‫۔‬2 DU<+ ½32%w8Ur ®YU ]jQ9  !de "%2 3% "
E" !  D/ˆE2 RV Lk :Lq+$ % „
Q  ’N1+
" |" 8 " ƒ" 
 " |" 8 {

% " |" 8 

"
"
 " |"8 # " 8 
À e • 
 0z 02 ‫۔‬a 8 ‡ y82 %< a S$  0z  C  a  0z a 2 ،  (Áe
U 2 – ‫۔‬3jVE2  !de
 U0¡ E2 < ! Ÿ4 ‫( ۔‬.LH12 3%ŠX‫۔‬H'd2D)
RS  ( R V
"  " " " |"8 " "  ƒ   F
"
"

 " "

02 ‫— ۔‬-3$%E2 RV02 3—š ' ! U 8•u58 <  (2 8O92 ‡ 02 3—š E2 RV £ E2 %tWJ  "%2 3% "]œ—0« !v%f     E2 RS  !  de
  (U ac  E2 RV  0z 8  " 9  |
" |"8  " %   ( "     ‹V U " " " # F " |8
" F " "  " "   RS"   
U  ; 8 
 0z  ® Y ž -C  ! 0°‹V  E2 ' 2 O ‫ ۔‬O2   a ! Y 0z U 8 " % { R « 9 ; ® E2 02 3f 
  v a  0V 2 0°‹E2 0n ERV1£ U 12 3<
 e R V U 8 % | U U 9 "
" "  ;U U " |"8   " "  F "  
‫ ۔‬D95E2 0OP  " /2 Z$0z 02  v ‫  ‡ ۔‬8 f  02 3—š
 R V f % ( — ‫۔‬2 D 1 8E2 RVE" RVf 02 3f8 ;%U }8V92 D
U >
 % " ( "  " |8 • " |"8  " " |"8 " 8 "   " " "
 &C
13  2 8jSž a E2 V‰ a  €„ < E" 2 R™- UV
 c R   U < “2 DŸ ‫۔‬E2 ! E2 S D95.2  ‡   HH :B gI :~392 8E2 V0z 8
4 R R  U R |
 ƒ " F R ( ( R "
 U " U  ;U U ;R Q  " 

  2 S  C E2 Ÿ 3$  O  M2 NS E2  . E a µœ<+
 T R 
! _ 9 9 T R V "  2 3 — c :LH  .2 ‡ 02 E2 0z 2      ½ E2   $ E2  2  /ˆCD.2 ‡ 02 E2 RV
— R V | 8 U  3 5 
! V j 3 <
ƒ " 8     "   % c # G "F " "
"
+
‫۔‬E2 R! µœ< U 392 8L C 2 ; 23R‹u ‫۔‬L8 J O;P U ‫۔‬E2  $ E2 .2 ‡ 02 E2  ž  3 a ! u2RE2 ER¡3f C0z|8‫۔‬E2 R! acde}8U  IB
R  ( R S  R 
!   R V "
"  "  
E2 RSD95acE2 RV (§8 2 3UE2 RV}8UD" 9 )0)%2 3Š=2 U /75.2 ‡ 02 
 "   ƒ
"
‫۔‬E2 RE2 RS0n9392 8N 12 3< 1£ D.2 ‡ 02 0« /! šf 9E2 R!
1
Codex Ephraemi
    " "
 G 2 ;yx8 U

" "
 V ) km
T l * 'ž  C  \$ 8 C - ³ Yp   ‫۔‬E2 R! ¬ C  L@KE2 RV0z 8
) |
"
" " |8 G
" G " " sCP   €„ 02  3 Y0z  C ‫  ۔‬ªq2  s/­$ % 0z¢^/! ‫ ۔‬de$ % $)
9 U U
0YP>5   $  3R2 Y N-     02 3  / C$    a{f 2 ;%2 8 C  ¬
U % U U y ’ ¤2 R  % U N C   U 02  3 Y " "

" " " " |"8   " "  F "
; Y0S&U 1V a|U/2 Z}8 #! 0«E2 R! 0u53% U  /ˆCD2  8CD02 ‫ "۔‬E2 R!   C a•
E2 8 \ $   2 D}8 ² $    V0z 2 2  1 %f ->8 UE" 2 %'{2R«
R V $ “    % 9  3 " " " 8 "
"  "    " "
" 8 3% R V " " "  ;r 'de (b?g@b?@@ a{42 8)E2 RVi_8jSž U £E2 %$ <$ ‰| 8CD0«E2 R!
 2 1 E2 sCP  (2 82 jSž $ % 0$ z3$9‫ ۔‬1deE" RVŠ)%U 13%
( 9 
G G  " "  ‫ ۔‬ '
$ %š‘a  C 2 3r2 D3! Ur U0)% (2 8 }8U £2  '$ ‫۔‬2 3rde0)%
X
  " " 8  " "
 " "


%  " R V  "
E2  0« u2 8 0 C  E 0 D¹a 80a   Š ERV0z|8
 " R V • Q { 42  — ¦ 5 "
 0   ž E2  C  £E2 $ $ }8£2    ‫۔‬2 3r 1 0 % (2 /ˆ
U ) % j S  R V 9 U % < U de 3 )
  " "  "  45   " " |"8 8 " 
G G r c )  % RV G ‫] ۔‬jQOt0 C  /Z3 Ot800z 02 $ ‫ !۔‬2 3yjQOt
a  C 2 3r2 D35  a  0  02 E2 £E2 8Y‫۔‬2 3rde0 % (2 /ˆ C 2  Ur
X U % ) 
   " |"8   VW    
G c  
2 D35a U 2 %<  }8£2  '$ ‫۔‬2 3rde0)%1 E2 sC9a U2 $ % 0z 3 % R V   8  + J HiL=  
" 
" G  "
€C E2 £E2  C E2  ‡  2 3  E2 sCP a    1  E2 $ $  C 2 3r
R V % %  R V  " 3 % % " " " ;’ % " RV {$%
+ 8 ' 9 r de 9 U U

< " VP„U  DP+<N 3U"  N2 E2 
CDN1no U‰ .U C 0n9#!
G j G Ze G " "  
Ultra "  O C / " C  Infrared"2  ¢ "  C2   $ < $    b Q ‫ ۔‬ 8 % <   " • ' q "  "  G" & R 
"  "
p C2 35 D .}8 D C C   D C. 3 02 ‫۔‬E2 8 ‡ UUDD+Nv%9
U + ‘ ' !
" " " " "
‫۔‬E2 R!  U0}—ª50}2 8 DU Violet Ray 9  # "   r R V
  a ! C0e02 ‫  ۔‬E2  DP+N  ! 3t .¦5 3— 0e <   f ( R!
Y    F " 2 "  $ S2 ‫۔‬E2
 "
/ 50 6+VW <
" " "
" ;2%  C 2 {jYC2 %9 3 t& (H :HB) "0eC   "E2 RV123  a{$%  392 8 P>5 U
" |"8 " " "  " " " F F  G"  " " F " " 35 DU  G SU
 " ƒ f E2 R! . 3'&U D+Nv%9v% U" XU 0e ‫ ۔‬pq C
E2 V<  2 8
U 2 NST0z 02 f µz 2  ‫ (  ۔‬/2 Z0z|8‫|۔‬
R ( | 8 W 2
" 8 " |"8 " " |8 "
2  $
" " 
" 4" "  F " " 3 G  " " $ % Ÿ4 f E2 RV<  ‫Ž —۔‬8D'& ‰ 2  3$98 CCU -/2 Z¦80‹2 3Rf S)
       ->8 2     / ™ / X 8  /2 Z  CD2 ;'   1£ U  £ E2 %tWJ‫ ۔‬3 Š+
U f U Z  ´
 " " (" de " "( "
" " " (" 
8 F %  8 | Q U " 8 " " ) U G {f ;" % 8 Z2 {U RV U " R 
! c RV "
   2 " 8‫۔‬E2 a E2   2 P/ˆ };U C E2   " 2 8.2 ‡  U ( R V " P > 5  .  U
3
p Y2 Cn a    00$ $  a 2 2 €/ E2 bHBKK‫۔‬2 3U1£ " " 8  " "
" |" 8
" |" 8   " "  "% " XF " "  {q %  | R { r U 8
 C E2 $ < $ ‰ 02 ‫۔‬E2 ! a  1> 1Y—T N.3U،392 812 3 ، +12 3 E2 V<  " <  q <  R
E2 0z  ‫ ۔‬3 Y 1 ; U 0O;P U;ž Ÿ /! 0z|8a{Š2 02 . C E2 %DU
R V U £ — <
" |"8 " " " " G
F
  U  % " ( " R " |" 8 F " |" 8 " U  U 6 2 8 % <
 .3U ¸ $      2 P/  }; ‫۔‬E2   U ( ˆ ( "
U R! U " U % ' 
 & R
 O;P U
  13   2 8E2 V< C $jSž  ½ 35‫®¬ ۔‬$ < E2 V< ™- UV C " 2 35 D " £E2 " ‡
+ " " "  
E"   ‫۔‬E2 R! 'de]9
U 2 Ruj C .3 U UT C 392 812 3< ،—12 3< C " _9Ÿ48
2{65 " " "
E2 RV£a‰ /ˆCD8 t{9! U D  Dt2 "   " U   " ‘0‰|800«
1
Hindustan Times, Delhi, August 20 1950.
 2
  " 8  "  5
‫ !۔‬a{r8E2 RV.n5U  DP+N< E2 R‹u  U"  C ac —U 2 3R O2 ;<{2 6
2
Codex Bezae
3
Theodore Beza
4
Lyons
" " r "  " "   "
16= 3 4
8
E2 RV0z  ‫۔‬E2 R3  U1> OP;U U2 NSTs/­E2 RV0z  E"  2 3 E2 R E2 R3  U1>8
| 8 | 8 —  r
" " (" " " 
"  2 8
QNµy9 C 1Y— T .3 U0}8 12 39 s/­f E2 RVOP;U U2 NST
  "+  
16=2 " "
:HH392 8I '$  C —392 8" '$ a{5jSž ‫ ۔‬ij3< acO2 ;%% U0}8 12 39 ‫۔‬E2 R! E2 RV
"
"

  ^ " R V " |8
0E2 0z  ‫ ۔‬acde123<  Uq+}8f Of C E2 R! E2 RV
 "  a " " {Rš 
 .e >
V0 6dBH
2 ™.2 ‡  Hg
¢ ^  c  
" " {Rš "
R   RV " " " ( "
) %
0z  1 >5a  0   a ™0°‹ ،E2 D   2 N S N OP;UE2   2 8s/­
U 2  ! 9 5 T
    "

"
"  "
(<Žˆˆ<Œˆˆ ) % ¢ ^
$  0z   E2 D C    a    1  . 3’ 1   2 8 $  0z  E2  ‫  ۔‬2 3r 2 3U 1 8 $ %
R   { r U > 8 £ ( % ¢ ^ R   >
    "  "
‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U1 80) %a{R2 š™ 1>ŠW
;    9/ TFM F 1C= ig
>
} " " " " " "
 x 8 "
G   " " G
%  | 8
£E2 $ < $ 0z 02 0« 2 39bP•Q C ‫\ ۔‬$ Bf H@p2  0z 8 ; y U |
 UsC9 %E2 RV CD /¤2 RE"  2 3—‫۔‬0V sC9a• C  % CD /ˆCD " " " |8   de RV
" " " G )  "
 " " " " " "  G     ½ 3—Q 0z 02 ‫ ۔‬2 3r E2 (bgLgb?g@ )a{42 8E2 RV£a{'$ 1 C 2 9‡ U
( ; 9
2 %< „s/­0E2 RV8 8CD" $ 8‫“۔‬e 8 ! ¦RY sC98 '$ )8 z  2 ;<{2 65 " 8 " R"}j35 U  F "  "
G% " U   9" c F U  <" +  9"  O  E2  $ U 2 362 8 E2 ‹V 0°$ 9 C 2 3rdeE2 8 
U 8 R V R V
9 ;
2  sPC   0°2 ‫ ۔‬s a   sCP i 0°‹  s 3
3 jŽ f 9 j 3  
c

 " " U " R " " " {Rš " {42 8 R " " " |"8 " c  U  F
 "   F G   (a   .¦5N1! 9)E2 V a 2 ™a E2 V8 CD0z 02  SWa  O’Y
® Y  / CD2  E2 ]9036 sC  '$ E   8 'deÁe f  /ˆCD
 U ˆ RV Y 9 8 ) "  2 3 — ' " " "  " U F 5 " " ("
" " {R š U | 8
P>  C a ™ 0z  ‫۔‬2 3  (a   ¬/ N1  )E2   2 8 C
5 2 r de c  " ¤ !  9 R V "
 ^  T" " 
8 z  C‹¦2;  C  0« ! 02 -2  1  „ ‫“ "۔‬e 8  ²;% D V
 U  " " "  " " 
  "( " " |8 8
G #! $ 8‫۔‬bL@IbHII0V 2 ;%/2 Z‡ P>5‫ ۔‬a#! 2  a{R2 š™ U12 ;%%‡
; Y— 0¡/ˆCDf 0¡2  
 Y‡UE “e 8 ' ‰ U p2  ('$ )
" 9 de ; yx  45   " "  " "
""    G " 8  " "  ‫ ۔‬/Z3  C 2   ERV0z|8 0«E2 R! ; YU-  U "
f  2 3 —
Q bHL@@E  2 3U   $ a ¬ E2 1 C  0V  ‫ ۔‬
"  ¦ R Y ) { 42 R V  U '  <" + " |"8 " "    " "
 " F "  ST C  ij3  f <  2 8“2DE2 V.V>5D};5ERV0z|8 ( R "
 C ;r ! Dz2 sCP9U ž8 $ )E2 RV]fCU £E2 %³ 3$%‫۔‬2 3r! ¸C/ˆ! ¦RY "
 "  U" " 9 Š)  % " {Rš " 8 % ( ˆ " 8 % U
 " 
9 " |"8 • 8 U 8 %
M ª5 (§ 2 3U-3 ‡  DE )  a ™ P$ C  2 /  P$  2  2
r {
‫۔‬a !   v 3U < a
{ %  U  <" + " |"8 
 "W  "
‫  ۔‬ij3  <  2 DE 1   .3U ‚_  C ERV0}8 12 39 ‫۔‬
 f “  " R V Y — T < "
rW 
 k / 8  F8  " " " |"8
F  "  " "
 ( W " R V
%35U /ˆCD2  8 E a 2 ™ C E  2 80«، 32%DU\ C+ 02 0}—ª50z  { R š " R V (  =
" " G " "
2 N STE2 RVbHLIB8  Cardinal CareuC/2 Z«13%2 D  E2 RV0V aX ‫ & ۔‬U
"
G % R V | x ;5 RV
8 " U  — tX U  ;U j3<" + U
. 02 E2 bHggH  C ‫۔‬2 3U E2 .  „ v   OP i 
x8 R V  " " G
6
‫۔‬2 3U2 E2 .2 ‡ U. 8   Robert Stephens :2 ;RY
{ " 8 R
1
Irenus
" " "  F " |"8 " -   
 -D2  f (bHk@K)8J" '$ ) /! 2   X< U D C  " n      o'_
" " 8G G    " 8"  " "
 C 12 39 E2 RVE" 9E2 R! 6²8 ‰| ®RY J2  ‫۔‬E2 R! ; 8 ! .2 3RYD‰| ;% v% C "
" ‫۔‬E2 R!   "    "
f  /! E" 2 RE2 R! E2 RV'!  #! 9.0z|81U  ChD
" "
ƒ " ƒ
µœ<+µy9 C 1Y— T E2 RVE" 9E2 R! 6²8 - 3$%JCD C E2 R! µœ<+µy9 C 1Y— —T " |" 8 " " ƒ <+ 9" " |" 8  "
<  8$ z$ J\ $ ‫۔‬E2 µœ µy 
Q C 1   E2 < .YJ\$ f E2 RV
 $  R 
! Y — T R V $
‫۔‬E2 ! R ƒ  F " |"8 • ƒ "
  ‫ ۔‬µœ .3U .:fŽ5E2 < a JCD C ،E2 R! µœ<+µy9U —$ 8P>5E2 RV
< +  U R V
  VW 
H XWM ^ / '(1 / 5( W
4 
1@BH<
 "  " "  =   $ $ 
 !      
  ERV (2 8 /Z345 C \{2 < U " 2 STNO;P U$ 8
— "

#
" |"8 " # " "
; U 8 U j } 5 U
 A    a0 
$ & 2
"
U U (
 <  ! „  ! DD2  E2 „‫۔‬E2 D95 2  YJ   $ U " %
ƒ"
R 
!
" |8 
‰ U 2 R 
<2@# <$G: V %  
 ƒ ƒ"    q
‫۔‬8 ! /! šE2 RVy8a#! 2  O2 ;Š!#  $ 8 U" 0« E2 R! ;²% D® eU U2 D }8  Bu# 8 "'_ "prs
" " " " "
R  ( " 
‫۔‬E2 !  f  2 8.0z 8f k@bI@@bg@ ‫۔‬C N ChD (‫۔‬H)
" | <  RV   " |"8 " " " "  "
 " 3
12  E2  ' !  #!  -C Q U  <  C /!  U  8V   ;2R"  ™ - UV
 " f ( " 8  " |8 "
‫۔‬E2    2 .0z L@@ bB@@bI@@ ‫
۔‬CDN ChD(‫۔‬L)
R 
!    " 8
" "  .D3’0" «  ‡  $ RYD02 E2 RV2 362 R‹f a#!  3% ‫۔‬E2 R! D95ac‰| U D Ch U 12 3j
 " f ( " 8  " |8 "
‫۔‬E2    2 .0z I@@@bH?@@bB@@ ‫
۔‬J ChD (‫۔‬I)
R 
! <  % q U   <" + "   
  12  $       C ! 2   i 3  C  8DU  Y
 E2 RV Cr v‘CU
U 3 4 5 ; % j
R   " "
( "  " |"8 & " &  " |"8 " "   "
‫۔‬E2 !  f  2 8.0z Hgkg   .0z U D Ch (‫)?۔‬ 2{65 " ‫ ۔‬E2 R!  8  ³ G$ % Ÿ_9  ij3<+
" " 0$ z3$9‫۔‬E2 R! ;t& "D Ch " E2 RV € ª^  a‰  U Ÿ_9  
"  $ "   " f ( "  " |8  
‫  ۔‬/! \ $    2 8. 0z D }81 " "    " 
" r0 C M8ª5U  RYD ‫  ‡  ۔‬$. RYD2 02 E2 RV" 3 6U$ C3! 8 " 2 362 R‹
R 
! R V

 #
" |8 "
‰ f "  $ "  " ¢<" + % " % ƒ "  
'
E2 E2  !  ! .   -D2 "   /! \ $ 02 0« 0a $ E2 „ 9 G "
M8ª5U  RYD ‫¯  ۔‬$ %  S& "D NC "9" 0n9- w5‚2  12 3< E2 RV
 r de   <" + U 3j 3< RV " " 9 R " " (" • 
R 3 c
E2 a OP; ij3  12 " 12 E2   ‫۔‬E2    2 8a £ s/­
U ! U "   F   " 
M2 RQN ST C 0}o" DCDE2 RVYO;P U
 Ui2 8/ˆ12 3< E2 RVCrU ¾$ C3! 8 2 362 R‹
;
  " " " " 8
R2 #! f /75E" 2 RV 0 " " + R  
 E2 R‡ ®! E2 RV0V -3%‡ ac‰|  C E «   O j Q 0 °‹ E "    ‫۔‬E2  r " ‰| 8 U " " "  G 
" XF " " " " " E2 C   CD C E2 0V 2 ‫۔‬E2  (a»$ %0}oD2  E2 RVYOP;U U
R V R V R 
!
 Ÿ< /! /´‫ !۔‬1>8 U12 3< 1 E2 RVE" 9‰| a•U 2 8£CDa•S$‚_<W
 dV 8
9 " " |"8 "   G " "  
12 3  E2 V R <  ‫ '۔‬8 ³ $ %0 C Ÿ_9- w50}q5NO69 C ‫ &' ; '۔‬
" " |" 8 " " " X " " " |" 8 " |" 8
9 0}2 8 D <  (2 8 0« 3  Y®< 02  1
U >’E2 RV¸VD C ¸VDE2 RV/ˆU 9  ƒ "
 " "  /ˆCD‰ 9‫۔‬E2 R! U C CD /¤2 R C  /ˆCD‰ 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! µœ<+µy9 C T  C
 { <=   <" + U 3j 3< # R  " "  "

j} E E2 %\ 2 OP;Uij3  12 12 ! E2 !  f  /! \$ E2 RVD }8
5 " R V " % $ " " 
‫۔‬E2 E2 U jSž f (bK@@bB@@ )£E2 %8-CE2 R! Mj};5f  CD
R 
! R S

‫۔‬E2 R! ; YU

G % $ "  X  RV  
f;B-
F # "
U  –   { R  
 ¬ C  0« 0Ca ‫ ۔‬0z2 0‹>5 C $ \ a -C E2 ' !  #!
8 ! 2
 "
{< = " R   $ <
$ $ 
 "
‫ ۔‬E 3Ru  C \ 2 E V 0«E2 R! ; Y0S&® Y
R V 5

  )- :    5  W   91C
 A  H -  
 ( / '  / ( / ^  $ & 
<2@# $ > V    $G @E 
 {2 65 " 5 "  " ƒ 
-Cr  C ' a‰ Dt2 E" 2 R:;_ U OP;U U2 NST0«'d2 DOŠd U 
  " 2 “2 D‫۔‬E2 R!  3 Š+f 83 U2 
 U2 3%Df µzW2  OP;U U2 N ST
"
"W   " " " " " U R! +  " 8  8 " U " 8 U 5  = 

O9‚_< ‫ ! ۔‬. yo2  02 8;' UOP;Ua $ a ! E2 V8 a  ( /Z[
( (
  de  { % # R + E2    83U   0°2 ;  E2 DCz  ½3Ru   p D     
j}  . 3’ \{2 <   U OP;U
R ‹ > 8 U  "
 " "   " "
" " a+ U.   •  U { 65 " " " (  " 8  {5  • U " #
a £      !  0}2 8 D U  j>8 a  s/­ C  E2  " (! E2 RV 8  1£   U  
| 2 8 R  " s/­
3R2 šN .  \ 2 2 3 E2 0V  3%  a P>50«E2 R! ;'d2D#!
f R V
"
     =    
" "
  (U88 ! D950V aE2 RVa+ s/­.; V C 12 39 
r 83R•E2 RV
  "    " ;— U 8 " U
j}5. 3’\{2 <  UO;P U U12 3jN12 3< E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R! ; YU
j}5U. 3’
" " |8 " " " "  "
" " " " •£ U " "
" " "   "   " " "  E2 D    2  /! \ $ ½3%2 ‘E2  (2 8a{42 8
R 
! 9 5 ‰ ( 8  $ R V  a   s/­0$  #!
 3— (2 88 -/2 Z[C.; V C 12 39 v% ! 2 %  U E"  23—‫ ! ۔‬0
>5./2 Z›
1
" " " "  "+
  " "
 U " };" UO  2 ;<{2 65  8 R
 E2 - acdea#! E2 RV "  a " +
s/

­OP;U U2 NSTr ‫۔‬3" t$ E" 2 %%2 U 8  C  ‹V،8V ij3< U OP;U 0 °‹ ( Ž$ 9! $ %C UDE" 9)
" " "  
 " " " <  ƒ"  G " f E2 RV 0 " °"2 ;U‫ ۔‬3  Y1$ 0 3$%E" RV3" Ru5 C 2 0}2 8 D "
U E" 9E2 R! D95ac)Œ %
£a•S$ 92 3t$3—"   (2 8U12 3 8 
ª;%  ¹a–W $ 8a{³%0r ‡ f DC
    "  " |"8   "
 "
  8VC  3fC3! C a a{r! "  a+ q™ E" 2 R U2 3%D.S+1" 3qf a‰
( — f "  c " " " 2{ 6 5  U ‫۔‬E2 R! 2 -D2  ac f < -D95U 2 8£E" 2 Ra•S$9E2 R! 68² Œ) % Ÿ48
" " " ¦;j3%
"   " W ‰{5 " R"}j35 ‰{2 65    5
 %F "
02  0z2  ‫ ! ۔‬v C}5C+E2 O’Y /2 Z¡ ./2 Z›  1" 2 12 -C S" W‫۔‬a 
{ R  9 ( R V  F " " 
U 3j  3< " c   ‡  E2 " Qa E2 a  C  !  O V a 2 f a#!  3% O2 ;<{2 6 0« 02 0C
9 U " R  ! 
   " 8  <   "  R 9  {" t$  W  " 
  ; — 12 ®Y;ž ; E2 ‹V -C‫;۔‬r \$ "  Q8 no M8ª5U O2 ;^C
r 3 % r V
‫;۔‬r 12 3'$ E2 RVWQN s „ E2 RV2 8£ 1 C )Œ % C ‰| U  12 3j"12 3< 0« !  "
"  " " ( " U < "    " U "
U 
 2 STNOP ‫   ۔‬N1 +  C 2  M    2 8 12 3
; U  ’  j } ; 5 U " E2 RV-/­N ChD€„92 DU0)%OP;U U12 3< E2 RV "
"    ‹ V  8 t  C
  U 3j 3< " G   <" +
U
"
" F " R ";_5 " ( " R R
"
 " " U •

( " " " (" J
" 
(HLHL)-  CD /!  2   0    OP    12  12    2 Y  1   i 3 ) % ; U 8 ;R  J 3 % j
 -/2 Z[C„  ½ 3 E2 5 : V 
 2 8E2  ‫ ۔‬E2   0 D¹a  U  2 8 S Q
" " " 5 " " "
" 8 U  " " — G " 2 ;j {_o X ‫ ۔‬2 "DUE2 RV8
 2  2 STNO;P U C  (2 8 UE" 2 R:;_  ‫۔‬
( "  E2 RS "   u p  C \ 2 a " "  =
"   8
'de —Š¦5a|U C  "   " U "  F
v2 %D ;'de2 j! D.;Re •u a|U9 ¬a#! CE2 RV
5 \$ $ $  #! s/­0;— U 8 U
j}5UE" RV\{2 < U 12 3jN12 3<  "
$
" " F " " " " "
" 8  " "
" "
$8 U-+ C 9 -C"   U2 NSTNO;P U‫ "  ۔‬2 $ E2 RVCD  U (z{$%³ $ %
 " G 2 U 8  Ue+ (¦5 C a‘/¤50°‹E2 R! E2 RV8  (2 8a•£" ‰|  f  /! 
" F " " ( " U < 8 c   (    <" + "  " " 8  
ƒ j 5 Ž 6 5 )
µ:— M }  C 1 C f j v +  2 8 12 3 $ ‫۔‬a  ! ¦RY E2 RV U "   i 3 "  ‫۔‬E2 R! D95$  #! E2 RVD }8 UC /! ‰| U Š)%E" 2 %%
Š ) % j
"   G "  =  "
E2 -/­ ChD12 9‫۔‬E2   $ \UE" RV\{2 < #! U U0‹>5®YU "  a•£
R V 3 < R 
! ;  Y U  % $


) ? (  ) )
(CD! A)‫!…   
۔‬9cQ 0 ;R i!]  " e!  2!f&  *\g ( , " )   b1
! 2Y>1A1A–J(G
 a6 
 " "  ƒ je    " 5 R ƒ  "+
F
  0  E2   - CD N/   0  CD a œ O<U j! D D>— 3’-YU
U U ) % R V ( T 8 ˆ U ) % ¥ 2   ‫    ۔‬D  O   i E2 µ:— -DY C C / " ;<  C  ¾$ f
 ( U U jª 5 U ; _ V w o 7
" ƒ " "
R S  W +  " 9 U wo U " " R V " U R!  ; Y U 5 ( (  % " RV " " j <" + U " " " U  ;U U 3j 3<  G
E2  µz - Cz  C O Y C   CD E2  0°2 ; E2   
j}  Y‡   Y‡ v2 SE2 8 i 3 " 2 3%D  OP  12 12 0« ! 02 - %
f
  "" G G " " (" " "  c   d " RQ U "  
U . 3’ (T1£ #! f 0)%CD - Cz+U j!D) 2 %/Z« DE"  23—‫۔‬2 3r& "  j  <
2 8s/­0
}2 ;$%12 12 0«a OŠ NE2   02 $ 8‫ ۔‬a{ Y! 0)%
3 3
 " "
ƒ   "   " "
"
‫;۔‬ YUE2 S 
j}5f  (Y‡ a|2 8DU µ:—
R  D   C e+U 2 3%D
U! 0)% Y‡92 3rdeE2 V (2 8a|2 8 0°‹2 3rdeE2 RV
( R
"  " "    r de   "
" " (  ) % r  ’ F U  2 ;<{2 65 9 9 
j 5 ( " R V ( 8 • £

  Y‡ E  2 a 2   2 3r2 3UE2 0V  3% 0   (‫)?۔‬
}  8 !  R V O Y     O  P  P  C  E2  a  E2  £ a "  2  S  NOP  ‫ \  ۔‬t$
R 3 c R V • S$  T ; U 8 $ {
 45  " " |"8 " ( " " %   " 5  "  " "     {r  ( R V  "+
‫ !§۔‬/  v2 S9§!  0z  2 8E2 %2  ; YU )/Z¶ 0°2 ;U 3  Y! 
Z 3 % 8 R V U + " c ) % U  U 3 <
 ! E2 8  e P a  Π  83U 12 a  !E2 e+ ij3<
  "  "  
ac0)%f 0C UOj23_oC•QU  8! WQ C 1£)/Z¶r (‫۔‬g) ‫;۔‬r
  "
E" RV— C02 $ E" 2 %%¹a•Q 8  0«§! E" 2 R>2 8ac+  C §!v—/Z¶C 1v2 %S
 ""  "  C 
p

 ) 1  #  
Z(-MJ J ‹ (
^ J '(o 
B
 " |"8 "  " " "
‫ !§۔‬2 3U0   0z U
 ) % f " "  "+  
" U  ‹V C 8 ij3< ;— U 8 U
j}5UE V 2 81£ U 12 3 N12 3 " R ( j  <
" "  "  #
‫۔‬²; $3'&  2 39  D9C U  v%tX E2 RV <|8 U   Š)% E2 R! (‫۔‬k)  "^   ;— U " "   F  " 
 "  
" " |"8 " " ƒ  p C P D};   n   CD>8‫۔‬E2 8 ! v%V‡ v2 %SŒ) %
;U ^ 5 x5 8 R 
!
E2 ! a ! p C2 3yjQv‘CU v%3UE2 V1>  <  (2 8a•£ 90« /! š
R {  Y q  R 8 U  ƒ"
" " W  " "
  "  %  c RV " 8 U  8 UUD" #! „ U a${6$ < D UE" 2 %„‫۔‬E2 R! –
Qv2 %S2  39$ f E2 RVE" 9E2 R!
"E 2 3—E2 R!  (!  C E2 R! a{ Y! pq C3yjQ U v  3 U  a  E 2    j >      Š )%" €„aX
2 " ‫۔‬E2R!
  "
" " | 8  <" + 
‫ ۔‬1 03$%2 ;   0‹>5 <  i 3 U  0)%a#! 2 
 V y j Q f U j    ƒ" " ƒ
  " "  "+ E2 RV. ^aX s/­-0)%a|U0«f y80ªx8 0« /! š (‫۔‬H)
  !•Q v%tXacf jŒ >5U Š)%U 8 ij3< (‫)~۔‬  "  " " " 
"
q   " "  "+ " 0  -C ‫۔‬E2  
 }  Y‡ ERV (2 81£ 0}2 8 DU 0)% #! O9 3  Y! 
) % $ 8 R ° Y U j 5 ( U "
"
2  ! pq Ca¥jQ U| a#! 2   E2 RVv%3 U UŠ)%U 8 ij3< 0°2 ;U  "  F "
 " " ƒ #   <" + % " +" ‫ ۔‬U $ 8Unx5 f O2 ;—tX-D2  9  ! v%V‡  -D2 
 Y  q j Q
‫۔‬a  E2 p Ca   ]œ a ! 2  ½ E2   i 3  E2 -C Q‫ ۔‬+ E"   
{ R S ¥ U  R V ) % " "
!  — Š j " 8  " " ˆ " #! U )  % U |q
" " |"8  " +  " " " "  "+  2  U U0)%- CDE2 V (2 88 /
( R N    0     (‫۔‬L)
 "   0‹>5< ij3< U " Š)%U 8  C ، ‹V،8V ij3< $ 8
f 8 U  ) %  "5  £  "
9 ) "
" |8  " |8   "  2 3r2 3U 2 3%0  -C  C   Y E2 / 1  E2   
   (2 81£
f  ; U " R  Z ¶ 9 R 
! ;  Y U j } 5 U
) U
‰ U 0 % /ˆCDa 2 f ‰  /ˆCDa U 0 %a 82 a Q U)Œ %2 
| | U ) X ¥ j 
 ‫۔‬
‫۔‬   (! 
j}5f   " " R 9 ¥ƒ œ—  ƒ " F R
ƒ
" "
  " "  <" + u2 8 8!a{r U0 C$ % U- Cz+U  "  E 2 V ! a 0)%y8N2 $ r (‫۔‬I)
j 5 U ( " 8 • £ U 3 < Š ) % U 8 j "  " "

 }  µ:—  2 a  12 0‹>5     i 3 (‫۔‬B)  "   F  "  
9 9
 {% F
Š2  F  " " U 03    ‫  !   ۔‬v% V‡   v2 %S ;—  U 8 U
j}5 U ERV  (2 8 1£  0)% "
E2   -C " E2  Hk :I2 { H½ 35‫ ! ۔‬v%V‡ v2 %SE2 RV8 U
R V |  R V R 
#  F # " " F "8 " ƒ"
E" RV (TU " ‡ ‘! ‫۔‬E2 R! ;R² e35 U (T" ‡ ‘! „ U8 UE" 2 Ru E" ! DU E" 2 %„
 U " F
U " " + " " "(    F ƒ "
 —
"
" 8 U9 ƒ F ƒ
;U T 
OP  2 NS ( €Y2    a  "
9)E2   2 / 8 (! O’Y
RV ˆ U — 8 U "   2 3  (
 ]œ   .3 E  οε 2   -C "µ:— E2 0:2 /ˆ02 ‡  "‫ ! ۔۔۔۔۔‬/! š R V 8
  "  "  " |"8 " " " " {4Š j
"
‫! ۔‬0 %\$ $ U 12 3j12 3< E2 RV"   ‫ ! ۔‬0)%jSžf Of
8 ) εθ$ 
>5 E2 <  2 8 }8V 0C  2 D® (" a )εθ a Q
% R V ( U f U 9   e f ¥
 A  " "
'F0‘#H/ 
  #$ # 9 "  ) %
|  %  
  ‫ "۔‬0  02 v2 ‡  E2 0  CD  " $  #!  0Ca 2 ‫۔‬2 3r! ! 1 8
R V ) % 8 %  –  >
 ƒ %    " |8 " ( " " %   ƒ
 " F " GR 9  " F  F RG 2 $  οε]œ—$ 
>5 ! C88 !.2 3RYD‰  2 8E2 %2 O9 "‫ ! ۔‬/! šE2 RV
 ‡  1$  ‡  D )2 3tXE  C -3f. D CE2 2 (H)
8 U  r U 9 u " R u  " ƒ { <= ƒ "
" "
"  ƒ <  " <  "  F  02 3   ‫ ۔‬u  ]œ \ 2  E2  8CD0«  !  2 3$%02  J$ 8‫۔‬2 3r
U œ _ 8 U  8 U — f R V y œ —
8  ‫۔‬2 3Uv%+E2 Vµ:— a 2 3 U2 3% a 2 3 E2 RVbH~@8  ‫Ž۔‬$ 9- DrY(§
R • • " " " {4Š ƒ " 8 " R)  Z¶ " {Rš   " 
ju 5    <" + U " E2 ( a ) Deus]œ— E2 / a 2 ™! C8d2DUŠ)%a{2Rš™2 ;—
RS 
 1 2  -C0« z      Ÿ  .2 ‡  C .2 ‡ i 3  0}8 12 39
u de d2  f „ U _ 9 U j
" " "  F  "  "  ƒ 
 "  "+ 
" °"$ 9‫۔‬a{r! 
QN;x5G %1.3 U0‫۔‬3r!  0V 8 P$ %0«2 DUv%02 0)%a{R2 š™ ‫۔‬de ( "9-C "a{4Š ) Qui]œ—0°‹de
;— U 12 39 ij3< E2 RV
2   0 2 2
" 3%
2   " "  " " "
"
     "+ E2 V0)%CD -D95$ ‫۔‬2 D® e εθU οεf a 8 v%a U 0z 8 (2 8E2 RV
R 8 ¥j Q |U |
E2 RV C  D VP„a#! 2  s/­;— U .3 U E"  2 3—' 8 !   D VP„ ij3<   ƒ " ƒ F
"  " ‫۔‬E2 R! ;r ;U z "9-C "µ:— 0¡ U" "  "]œ—E2 RV0:2 8/ˆ02 ‡ 
 " 
€ C .3U E2 V2 8£\$ $ a S$ $ ‫ '۔‬D95 .2 3% C .2 ‡  j23< C $
 R  •  8  U
ƒ"  

 " " " F " "  <" +  U  O2 ;œq C UE" 2 %„ #! f E2 RVŠ)%2 U 12 3j12 3< E2 RV2 8£E" 2 ReC
2 3U0  E2 -/2 C T،a 2 ™،a 2 ‡ ½ 3    i 3 .3 U 0«¹a{9‫۔‬2 3r! 
Q
) % R V Z [ ( { R š { R V 5 8 j  " F   " " 
 r de   ;U E2 RVe+ (¦5 C a‘/¤5E2 RV2 8£E" 2 ReC Œ) %02 ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UUD2  3$9;—
" "  ;U U  œ 8
R V
  E2  0 OP    O9£ . $ $ 8 v C   ‫۔‬E2  " a  a  E2  /2 Zu   U  C  2 3r
‘ R 3 c c %  "  " F 
" 8  ‫۔‬E2 8 UUDŠ)%3$9U e+a‘/¤5jSž#! ‫۔‬E2 R! ;r
R 
!
‫۔‬E2 R! D95‰| a•CDU 0)% (TU .3 U
3 4
" " F G  " 
" 
 (2 8.3 U02 1S$jSž8 E" 2 Ru2 R0«8 ! E2 RSMœ;5$ %.  b•Q
" F RG  " 
U 3 9 "
 12  E2 bH~@ E2  ‫۔‬a  v +E2  2 / 2 a DO2 ;%%E2 RV
R V 8 " R u 2  r c  U

% RV ( ˆ c
 
H  A 
 % " "  RV ( "
"  " ƒ   "  " -  h i
$ > V TgO F j
 v2 SE  2 80   2 /ˆ 0« /! š8a  i2 ; .3Ua $  0 % (2 /ˆ
) % (  c U —   { % f )
" F G X - 
" " "  " " =
S V. Y ) *2Z
12 3   (2 88  r ‫۔‬2 3U;q8 WQ3Ru56²RŒE" 2 Ru2 RU9§! \{2 <  C 2 
9
 45 < =  " " R "    " + R " " " " " W  {" 5  "
‫  §۔‬/  C  \ 2  v2 %S  E V    8  2 3U v%+ U .3 U   1S$ jSž f
!  Z3 { " a V U R V U "  <
E2 }; P>5N‚ E2 0V  E2 Qa : Œ % (2 /ˆC
R { )
 ! 
j}5 8 f 9 ! . R DERV " " " ("  R " RV " " X c

 " " U " " " " – c   ( —
 " u2 2 3 Y 2    2 8- " $ 2  .3U E2 VbHKII o #
 w 3$9E2  a C ،a   C ¾ 35 !  a 2 ‫۔‬a   8 ½V ’
"   " F  F  " " U" RW  )
" 3%" <¦5N"   ƒ "
"   (2 /ˆ0)% E2 RV}8 C aca{racdeE2 RV (2 81S$jSž.3 U02 2 Y0« {R2 e"½ 35' jŽ8f  2 E2  }je03Š 9E2 R! ac µœ<+E2 RV12 39  #!
F  6 5
 "  "
E2 V
Y N ‹V  O2 ;< O9 $ % „   $  ‫۔‬-/2 Z[C \{o  ، (3 xœRYWa•2   a•2  "a+q
R U {
2 ( 8

1
Tatian . Diatessaron.
F "

"  " "
 8 
 ƒ"   " |"8 " "  45 " " ƒ 
ˆ U % < 9 U c 9 |
¸C/  £E2 $ $  C  ‡  £a $ 0z 02 0«  
   (‡ y8aX
 !  j} 5  9  U f < (
   2 3 -D:RY    2  /  8  0« /! š /´‫۔‬2 3r2 3UE2 RV
8 Z3
" |"8  " (  " |"8  " 35 DU b?Lg C bIg@a{42 8‫۔‬
"     " "
) % ˆ R V
0z 0    2 P/ 2 E2 0z  ‫۔‬2 3rde 2 ‫   ž    ۔‬2 bHgH C ‫ \  ۔‬E2 RV0V U
'  ; r 'd e j S  f '
 H :Ha {5‫۔‬ER! D95ER  ’ U12 DE " R " |"8 ƒ <+ "  " 8 U " G % U   "  "  "
 2 2 3 V 
2 0z  ‫ ۔‬µœ -D2  ORu  E 2 ; ‫۔‬E" RV3Ru5v2 %SE" RV"  SW
 
j / 5 0’ C c
q+   
:H "  C ~ :LB L@ :LH،L? :L@ HH :H~،Hg :Hk I :B،H@ :k p
 "
 123< 02 S))B :Hk    g :k :Lk :g  ?H :? ،H~ :?  LH :L C ??   HL  "  +   "
 "  
U Y$ z$ ½3%2 w8}8U 8 ! 2 %< U 0QŠ a 2 3 9)U 0" )% (2 /ˆ2  (‫۔‬L)
‰ • <
"9 8
:H3 2  gI :L? HL: k، LB :g IB :H،Hk H :H—C (  !{9
    ( "
" 8 ) % ( ˆ 
" " " |8 •  "
 2 0   2 / 2  ‫۔‬E2 $  ! E2 -/ N ChD‰ a CD (2 3r2 3U 
( R 
! # R V ­
:LH  ?@ : HK،IH :HB  ?k :g،Lg :g، I~ :?  Hk : L،?~ :Lg R 9 "
G
% " |" 8 "
 " "
R ( " " |" 8 "  RV
V  U 
E2 bHB?BU  E 2 ; 0z 2  ‫ ۔‬M ª5 E  2 8 3R2 Y0z E 8 U V U
‫۔‬Lg " |" 8  " G G G G "G " "  "
" 3 6j©8
f  /7  0z  02  ‫ ۔‬2  $ ;'$) 8 1E" % 2 ;U /Z« D O;Ruf  U  0 v%zT U  
5
 A "
9#$W  
{5 R R

• <  "
:H@،LL :B H :Ha ‫۔‬E2 ! D95E2  3’a 2 3  U12 DE2 RV  C  ! .2 3RYD
 
" " G  "  F
2 362 R‹2 %“  C  4 O2 ;“eC0)%3Ru52 362 R‹a+C €„903R2 u$ 8 (‫۔‬I) :Hk   II :~C Hk : I   ?B :L — ،L@ ‫۔‬H~ :Hk q+ ‫ ۔‬Lg :LI  IL
 " F G"   "
ƒ 6  F 8 ) % "  5 "
]œ— ‫  ۔‬03R2 u$ 0  3Ru 2 362 R‹  (2 /ˆ€„aX  5E" f CD% ' 0)%3Ru5
  :HL"   H@ :H?،HK :B  g :IC ?L :H  H:H392 8، ?L :L? H :H~،HL
 "   
#  " G G F "  "
! ‫ \ ۔‬E2 2 362 R‹ (2 /ˆf Y /! ¿2 %D03f±0)%02 ‫" ۔‬-DY "Ojª5
RV  123<   U — E2 RV  1239  N O2 ;%% LK ‫۔‬Lk :H? ،LI ‫۔‬LH :H? ،HK‫۔‬Hg :H?
   " 8  " " " " "
‫   ۔‬D95 1V C 
  M2;RQ NST E2 RV   0« E2 R!   ž 3% E2 RV 0n9 jSž  U  0eY   bg@@ C b?g@a{ ‫۔‬2 3rdeE2 RV9‡ U £E2 %$ <$ 0z|802 ‫ ۔‬acde}8U 392 8
42
 F " " "   F F  " "
.3 U U.:fŽ5 C ]9- Dt2 ،392 8I،392 8L،y$ 8Lf E2 RVOP;U U2 NST 0)%2   Rabula0‹ O $ 68sC¦5C t|5O9،2 3rdeE2 RV0V   " 35 DU
2
" "
  " RV    " U  RS"     "   F 
R S U  ( ‘
E2 € C O;P  E2 2 362 R‹   2 P/ˆv C 2 3r2 3U0  02 O9 0°2 ;  E2 ) % ‫  !۔‬CU (§8 ‡ ac UD9)0)%03R2 u$ 88 z U
  " "  " ¤5 2 2 R " ¤5 " R " " " |"8  "
‫ ۔‬2  U0)%02  0«E2 R! ; YU-  #! f 9 /  C   —/ E2 9CDf 3R2 YN-U0z  /ˆCD0)% (2 /ˆ2 
" "   " " " "
F "     F    "  
   ‫   ۔‬t|5E2 RV2 3%D
;— U O<= Uv%3 Uv%a+Y
8 t  ' 
%U  a•23 . 3’a•$ z ‫ ۔‬de$ %š‘a+$ 90z|802 ‫ ! ۔‬.2 3RYDU3E"6R±
9 <
F  " |"8  " "  
 <" + "      G 
 1  E2  <   ij3   0« E2     ( _89 C  O<= a|2 8   E2 R‹>8  U  0)%
Ž 6 Š R V   Y R 
! U f a D9 . 3’a $  ‫۔‬a a{racde. 3’ C " 2 35 DU CyfCDUr f '{$%
{
2 ³ f • z c

4 1
Vulgate. Dr. Cureton
5 2
Authorized Version. Mrs. Lewis
6 3
Peshitta. Mrs. Gibson
 G " c f " 8  " F " " |" 8     "
 D }  2   b . ‫½ ž  §۔‬3 Qa  £/ CDa{42 2 -D2 
8 % U •Q !  j S — ˆ f R V X R
 "  L?IE2   E2 D  E2 -/ N ChD  2  0"    ‫۔‬E2 ;jV. 39

! 9 5 R V ­ 9 ‰ U ) % R 
!
" ƒ" " 8 " " " |8
"     F8 ƒ + " "  "
— ;— ( ) % R V 
 C 8 2 /  C 2 3r2 3U0  E2 1 C  £/ CD032Ru 0« a  02 y8
ˆ U ˆ $  + U ‰| Ÿ48f E2 RV ‫۔‬E " 2 R! µœ< E2 RV0v%zT8š%‰  H@LE2 RVE" 9،E2 R! -D2 
  " " "  "   "
" ‫۔‬  2 3r! 
Q;x5E2 RV C2 362 R‹ E2 $ <$ 0z|82 f Of‫ !  ۔‬deacv%" 3 UNE" f8 ;% C E2 R! 2 v2 %S
%
" " G )" 8
 t  j f " <|8 U  2RuF$8 " ‰|8 U )  % ( ˆ  " "
&
  O   ½03 >5       03      0    2 /  2  ™ - UV  U 12 D $ f  E2 RV E" 9 ،E2 R!  U  £ a{'$  ‰|  v2 %‘ U  E" 9 D 2   ‫   ۔‬£
"   " " "  " 8 " "
G%
 U • Q ( 
 3U .D   2 / 2 0« 02 0C 2    ‫۔‬E2 8 ! .2 3RYD
8 ˆ  U R 
!   E2 YD 0z   v a bgIKbgI@ ‫۔‬E2 D  E2 2 
9 de R V U | 8 8 % { 42  R 
! 9 5 R z
 G  G 
" G  " |" 8    "   "
‫ ۔‬3jVa ! E2 C   s/ -" C D959 C   Ž$ 9! p8£0n9 %Ot2 
 # R V ­   1
< E2 a ‫   ۔‬2 3U1 8 v%02 f µ2 3R  C 
9U0« 3  Y! 
j}5f
" R  ‘ '  8 U >
 "  " " 
 ½  a {r (!  (F yƒ " 8 U0 ) %12 3< P9P90   (! 
j}50 0 C/ˆCD U ‫۔‬E2 ! bgBk C bg?B،bgI?O2 ;%/Ze jQ E U 8 ! {9 v%3 U U
R 
 
" f
  "  « 2  "
r  "      ƒ" 
"   
‫۔‬E2 R3 ! p8£ E2 R‹>8 U0)%2  C ‫۔‬E2 R3r (! 3% 036! ‡ 036! ‡ E2 R‹>8 U )Œ %2  ;'& y8NVU. #! O9‫۔‬2 3r2 3UvU0)%02 0«  !  2 3$% J02 S2
"  " U " R F 2 RG  % G % G   RV " " " " " "  
 F U R ‹
 i2 ™-  V E2   0«  3 v CD2 E2 £E2 $ $ 0$ z3$9
U ; R n 8 U u U  2 ; ' % <   €Y 2 362  E2 b?IH0« C  €C+E2 2 362 ‹  (2 /ˆ
 0)%02 0«E2 R!
y 6 8 R V  R V R 
 "  "    
" "  ƒ
 € C  Y  0}8 12     z  E E2 E2 8JCDs/­
¦ R U 39 8 8  U " 9 R‹ V R ‹ > 2 3U Sž  bLIHs/­0 0  02 0« ! /! š02 $ ! 8ac a{r! Áe f 2 362 R‹
j  f ) %  % #
" " "  " F G ƒ    " "
F
 ! f 0C U8 ! 3%U j>8 U ac0€ C U .3 U UE" 2 Ru2 R$ 82 3U #
/! š02 $ %! 8ac a{r! Áe f 2 362 R‹ y68€Y U2 362 R‹ E2 RVb?IH 0°‹،  ! 
F 9 – c  "   F  " 
‫ ! ۔‬/¤ a 2 a 0)% (2 P/ˆ 2 }8U 0)%U 032Ru$ 8 C 2 u28 0)%02 E2 RVb?IH0°‹  ! 2 3UjSž f bLIHs/­00)%02 0« ! 
    G "
X "
 G  G  RV R  ( ˆ  ‘ 
j p4#9r (K“
c  { r % c 
.'$  ! a a $ a .'$ E2 2 362 ‹  2 / v C r0« ‰  3Ru5 C
# 
 G F  
#  " 
F 5 R " " "(    0   ! f .2   ‫ ۔‬$ 0 '$  ( $ %€ C  C O2 ;—;x5
Q U0)% 
U ) % % % 
a /¤ E2 V  2 /ˆ0)%- Cz+OP;U U2 NSTE2 RVbg@B (‫)?۔‬
‘ "  " "  " " 
"  ƒ "   "
F  C bH@@a{42 8£/ˆCD0)%02 0« 2 39b•QŸ48‫۔‬E2 R! ; Y©—-   O5 
 2 /ˆ
 µz   0  02 ‫۔‬2 3r2 3U/Z$2    86U jixf U 
Y
( f W U " ) % U 2
" 8   " 
"   F " ƒ  bL@@a £/ 0)%02 0« 2 3902 b•Q“2 D‫۔‬2 3r2 3U" 2 35 DU bL@@
{ 42 ¤ 2 R
 2 3%9
 U03R2 u$ 8‫ ۔‬- Cz+ C D ‡ f" D2 ;qa¥œ— C  02 $ ¹a•Q E2 RVŠ)% "  " " " 
" |"8 " &  t c " ‰|8 U 1 8 U90)%-CM8ª5U 2 39U b•QUe 95‫۔‬2 3r2 3U
> " 35 DU bI@@ C
2
0z  $  O ‫۔‬E2 D   O a    0« 0Ca–2‫۔‬E2 R! D95E2 RV
% f f R 
! 9 5 "   F " " " "
 "
 f 0CaX ‫ ۔‬2 -D2  ac f 0)%03R2 u$ 8، 0z|8 (2 /ˆ3R2 Y-U™- UV
"    "   F  " "
 8 $ % v‘C8 U0)%8 Š /Z¶U 032Ru$ 8 C  2 3r& 0)% (2 /ˆ2 
 )
 " )  "  % 9  ƒ " F R "  "
T 

T ?
m cf
 "0 ;& 2@ ;iK +2) 5 26  + 2@  ˜Y™5  „ " )  b  Q(
! 2Y>1Aa6 c K

! ! 25
  e? k—25@nG
1 2   Œ   CD02 0« 3“e03$ s£  ،  y   C/  0 % (2 /ˆ
; R «  % 8  f  & 8 2 $ ­ U )
?
  " " |"8 "     F
a   0   2 /ˆ™ C0z U 3R2 YN-U8 0)%£/¤2R03R2 u$ 8r ‫۔‬E2 R!
) 5 c (
(CD! A)‫۔‬0 ;<6 
W] 0 ;RaŒ &) h8 
! ! 
 f ) %
2
Philoxenus
 <= U "  R V U )  % "  ƒ ("
" " |"8  
0°‹ O  E   0  s/ 02  C  2 3 ]œ  2 81£ $ %
>5 0«E2 R!
 ­ 8  U — 9 D950z 2  9 2 3r2 3Uac0)% (T2  0)% ‫ ۔‬bBLI
"
   G % $ " U  = U  " "
‫۔‬E2   a $ \ "   O  . 3’1  (2 8
R 
! ; Y U c < £ ‫ ۔‬£E2 %8
" 8  - -
£aX 2  f E2 RVE" 9E2 R! D95$  #! ‰| C " 3U U 0)%
2 W V. 8 7   (8'  v
X
" |"8  "     "
d  
b~g~$ % 0z  C 2  ‫۔‬$ z{t$ U12 3Š 0$ 0)%02 E2 RV9  (£E2 %8Ya{42 8)  { 6 5  "( ( 8 G  % 9 R" 32 6U F
.C \ 2  0 02 ‫}    ۔‬8 (  x ) v   2 3   j O 42 $ 68 (‫۔‬g)
 " " "   
‫ ۔‬deE" f 
    2 362 R‹ a    8  9o  ( 2 %   U
CDC/¤9 E2 RV £ E2 %8Y‫ ۔‬1  .yo
U { ’
  
u p    W 5 ’ 5
J t  J / ( /  M0 / X) E2 2 362  O ‫۔‬2 D D E2 E2 RVC/´XU 
Y —X C 02 35 $ 8659U9Y
R V R ‹  9 U % R 
F F F " F
"  " "  G G $% "   " "  " "
 2 D  8  (2 /ˆ  U Š)%  
“ — " Palistinian Syriac. )Œ %  (P/ˆ  (}";U E2 2 ; $  2 362 R‹ ¾ 2 / 2 02 3Uª8 E2 bkHI8 !  2 3$%  C  ¢8 (C 
R V % U  Z3 R V ; r ; 9 ‘
2 "
  "  " " " (   F F ‘ F ¤5   " ;% " f " " U " 8 U •£
a–2  a{ja{jVf 
"
"   U ")%" (};U C  ij3< f   + "   2 /ˆ UŠ)% acU 1V8O $ 6 8   U  1  !  U 
 Y  a /  ®  Y   ž C  2 3 2  3 Y ‚T   \
r  0 
{
2 6 5  <" +  &  "( "
"   U ; RQ 
8 d G $% "  F
U e+a ¬ C ij3 U  ‫۔‬E2 ! ;t 0)% 2 /ˆ (};UU 0« 0C
‰ R ) % ; U
0    O    M  NS   M ª        ¾ 2 /Z32  8  V8  O
2 T 5 U U $ 68 ! C ‫۔‬2 3r —
" " " "
F  " " 8 ƒ <+ RV _9  <" +  R 6U j " ;U U ( F yƒ " 8 U )  % ( ˆ U R32 6U j " 8
ˆ R V { j Y % ) % 
£/ CDE2 2 C2 0  02 0« 2 39b Ÿ ‫۔‬E2 µœ E2 Ÿ  ij3 • Q 4 R 
! 0    0°2     0   2 /      E2 RVbkHk‫۔‬23U
) % 2 3
 G )  " " "( ƒ     " ƒ "  "
2{65 "
1 C U a‰ £a{'$  C 2 3r2 3UE2 RV02 3Uª8 0« 2 39b•Q“2 D‫۔‬2 3r2 3UE2 RV
    2 /ˆE2 RV9 a¥œ—0)%V8‫۔‬0)%- Cz+ C D ‡ f µzWU 
U "
  " |"8 " ( "  " "( "  " 
 "
a¹ Q v2 SE ( 0)%02  )0z  2 8 0« ! /! šf 0)% ‫۔‬
• % " R V 9 ƒ 2 3r 2 3U a  /Z› $ % Q q U     2 /ˆ 0}oD Ÿ48 0°‹ a{r ac&  E2 RS  v2 %Q   U - Cz+
c  "
ƒ —   " " 5 ƒ —  " "
  a M2 NS NOP  ™ 2 €  ‫۔‬E2    a a  ERV (2 80«،
¥ œ ; R Q U 8 9 R 
! % { 4 ¥ œ U "
‫۔‬/Z345 C T ;    „ ‘
  " 
X  R
" ƒ
 
"
( " R  R " " " (" 
W +
+VW4 "] (”•"
S
 V8€„a & E2 µz . Cz  2 8E2  C 2 3UE2   2 80)%
8 V V
" " "( "  ƒ 
" |"8 " "(  " ‫  !۔‬0 2  !  M ª5 U  - Cz  U     2 /ˆ -C - 9 ،2 3U 0)% a¥œ—  2 NST NO;P U
8 + "
V 9
E2      D   0z  C   2   E2     2 P/ˆ-C Q U  Š)% ™ - UV
R  9 5 R V "  "" ƒ ƒ" "  "
" " F  F  "  U 1 !  C  ‡ ‘0)%j! D) 2 % ]o /2 Zª  86U j 0)%E2 RV" 3 fC3!
" 8 U
2 3 %ac02 8  i;_5E2 RV€/ˆ ‫ ۔‬a{r U€/ˆ U.2 ‡  Ÿ48 U 2 STN OP;U   ƒ œ—  F — F ƒ"
8 U
 ƒ œ—
 " = "   ƒ
"  "+  -02 0   a   1 ! ‫ ۔‬0   D>— 3’-Y2 ”  C-Y /2  0 %a¥
 ) % ¥ U   ) % Zª )
{ < " "
‫ ۔‬2 3" U0)%  2 P/ˆ \ 2  C E2 ! 2 3U .3 YC.9U  µ:—  (2 8 ij3< 0«
( R  "  ƒ " " (" "
 " "
" " "  02  C E2   
j} ]œ—  2 81   (Y‡ v2 %S0}2 8 DU  #!  0«
;   Y R 
! ;  Y U 5 " £ f
" |8 
‰ U  U Z [ Z [ R 
! U q 
Q U  ( " 8 j3 <" +
 N CD .Y .3  ‫۔‬-/2 C-/2 CE2 2 3 i C.V  .2 ‡  2  i C
 & 8 2 F "
E2 ;' Mj} f  0 (x42 8U 2 362 R‹a+Y®$ 9f E2 RVE" 9‫۔‬E2 R! D95E2 RV-/­
R 
!

2 1
Karka, Phensian Version. Thomas of Harkel.
" " 6q " =   "
" R U "  RV  F "  d e " " F " 
32 Y- E  C  ! 1> f  U -YDE" 2 Rª 9a#! C0z 8\{2 < 02 ‫— ۔‬U
9 8 d  ;y  | {r c RV ˆ U  ( x 4 2 8
a a a E2 ->82  €/  0    0°$ ‫ ۔‬M  0   82  C
c 9  j } ; 5 f  y 6
 "  =   = " |" 8 "
 "  RV " |8 " |" 8  " " |" 8 " " " "
U ( 8
  _ 9C O U 0« 2 3rde® Y O  0z 02 ‫۔‬E 0z U
<   U < ‫ ۔‬2 3r& 0z  $ ' a 
0z   SW ->8$ %'&
9
 % & c
" " |"8 ƒ F ’  2 ;Š#! U "  &  #  )
 " " "+
< ƒ"
 U
‫ ۔‬2 3r2 D." ª9 "0°‹V < "f µzW O O   ‫۔‬E2  O2 ; Ot  Œ   2 /ˆ02 0«§! !  0a $ %E" 2 %„
R 
! ; ' Š !   % ( ¢
" {2 65  " + " 8   " " F " + " " "( " "
 
" ‫۔‬E2 R! D95E2 RV2 3R32 5 ‡  C E" 2 RV e+a‰  ij3<  ‰| ;— U Š)%a{R2 V ‡ €Y2    a    2 P/ˆ0°$ 90°‹‫ ۔‬E2 RSa#! O5  UŠ)% s/
U " " ­
" |8 " " "   "
‰ Ÿ480$ z3" $9 acde\2  Uv  %  U " RV  " U " " " "
bKBL ،b Kkk ، b BB~   3U  E2 0   SW،ac"   U—J U " C ™5 #! 9، Mj};5f "  a+  (};U C 
" |"8 " " 6q " " " "
{5 9 R!  ; Y U j 5 U  • ƒ "  "
 ‰ CD C  E2 RV02 3Rª;y bKk@0z|82  ‫۔‬E2 R! D95E2 RV2 3R235 ‡ U bKBK C a  E2   
 } " .  C µ:— a+ ‡ a•£  
‰ " #! 0}2 8 D U ) %U  "  
F R"  U G " R " |8  " "  " " " W
‫۔‬E2 ! D95E2 /´X 2 CU bH@@k C bK@L
R  R V E2 D }8  C 3  ‰ U Š %  (2 /ˆ0°$ 9‫ " '۔‬jŽ8f " 2 3% <¦5"   UE" 2 R Q
R V 2 Y )
 "    =   "
"
uJ pt J  9   (2 8a+ E" 2 %%/Z345 C E" 2 %%\{2 < U O;P U U12 3j12 3< #!  SWE2 R! D95$  #!
 " |"8 " 
" " F "  ‫۔‬E2   
 }  DV    ERV
R 
! ; Y U j 5 f U < U "
2 39  N‹V v%  U .¦5 X U  2 3R235 ‡  N‹V ‫ )۔‬% U  2 39  ‫
۔‬J  
Jut ;k#  
p
 " " 5 " 8 " R"}j35 " {RV
c    F U  < 2 { 6
 £a $ ‫۔‬2 D
z / ‚O Y  O2  E2 a 2 ‡ S)‫۔‬
U 9 ˆ ’ ;
" " " " F F  "
E2 RVr—a{R2  — C; U s-U " 2 RV " " Q‡
" 35 DU E" $ Ru2 R«< C DJ‡ < E "
‹V2 3R32 5 ‡ v% U.¦5X C XU 
" YN‹V‫ )۔‬%a{R2 V ‡ ‫
۔‬CD
F
2
 c RV " " ) "  & c  d   " "  " " 2{65 F "
U 0YP>5NOP;Ua E2  a 8 . 5 R
$ C/7 P>50«E2 ! ;t ‫۔‬a a $ !  2 362 R‹
 E2 RVbI@@E2 RV2 3R32 5 ‡  £ U
}2 ;$%U 12 3jN12 3< 8 E" 2 R}j35a‰ a+Y SW pq C
 ƒ G "    " F    " " { RV 
a{2%DU/! šU+   $ %\$  UŠ)%U 2 39 N ‹V‫;۔‬U v2 %‘U b?Lg Œ) % a{42 8)E2 RV¸C/ˆU £ac$ 90)%2 STN OP;UE2 RV "  a 2 ‡ 1S$jSž‫۔‬1 (3" f
 "
  " "
" " ) " "(  9 " " " " "(
' 8 )
‫  ۔‬CD Œ   2 P/  C 1  (2 8;5 YU E" 2 R /Z¶0«
% ( ˆ £ f " ˆ ) %  V "
   2 /  0    0}8   12   0$ z 3$9 ‫۔‬2 3r 2 3U E2     2 /ˆ (jSž  f bILg
3 R
  "
"   " " {RV
u p
J t / 5   C 1  (2 8}8U  ‫۔‬D95v‘CU (bIIL) “2rP>5E2 RV
£ "  a
"
2 ‡
 " "ƒ F 
  U F  "  " ‫۔‬2 3r2 3U0)% a{R2 V ‡  C 2  " 2 35 DU b?@@ C bIKgU®U y8N 2 R$U0)% (2 /ˆ
R V X ) % U 8 ) % )
E2 a 0  2 NSTNOP;  03R2 u$ 0   2 P/ˆ‫ Œ ۔‬% ( 2 % ‫
۔‬S$)
( "
  " " " 6q
" "
"     U0YP>5N O;P Uf O;y6 DU 02 3Rª;y }8U (b?IH)1u8U U6o O9'$
—
 2 39‫۔‬2 3r2 3Uf  (2 81£ E2 RVaX 0)% C 2 " }8U 0)% ‫۔‬2 3r2 3U0)% " ƒ" " " 2   " =
F y8 U )  % U " 
 "  F
  — " |8  " (
   0   bIKg  ž   .C/ ; % 8 $ 7 5 C ¬z P>58 ! .2 3RYD1 8 \{2 <
= ( >
‫  ۔‬E2 p Y02 E E2 D    0 %8 $ %E2 RV3" 2 % 0«
8 !  R S 8 "  2 3 R ! 9 5 ‰ U )
 T ? 

 +2) 5 26  + 2@  ˜Y™5“  „ " )  b  ) Q( T  ?
! 2Y>1A
 a6 K-]c 
  2@ ;iK  2!f!] 2;2(‰h$š(
1

) T
CD! A‫  
۔‬20 ;R "0 ;& 2@ ;iK

)  b  Q(
‫  
۔‬20 ;R "m6 <
  ! 2Y>1A
 a6  c K 2@ ;iK   A
!  *\g "
3
Sahak, Mesrop.2
 )%  A#
u p
J t ;  u p
J t  J "  
 
  ! "  "  5  F {$%
0«   !
j}5f  LB،L? :HB1Y— T .3 U‫ )۔‬%a¥;q‫œ{۔‬ N  ³ 2 3f 2  RY  U  /75 N‹V 8  O2 ;<{2 6  ‫ )۔‬% U  R N‹V ‫‰۔‬

  " " "
 % " 
v C ‫۔‬a a{r! }8Y3$9U .C U\{2 6 2 3f O’Y  U O2 ;<2{6 E2 RV /75N‹V
2 c 5"  F  5
 £E2 $ $ ‫۔‬2 $ 1" DE2 RV12 3R32 f ( N‹V (IK LL :BT )f 
U % <   " }";UP>5
ƒ   "    RV   " "
#  5
  c 
—J 0« /! š02 /´ ‫۔‬a   2 362 R‹ ! C  +P>50«  (3 %E2 R!
U   8 q   "  0  12 12 E2 £a $ 9‫۔‬a{rE" %O!Va+q‹V O2 ;<2{6 E2 RV9‡
U ) % 3 j  3 < c
  " 8  " " "
"  F
 UC /! Dt2S2 ‫۔‬aca{r! O’Y  U O2 ;<{2 6 E2 RV/75‹Va#! E2 RV.2 39NE" 2 R U
 5 
‰|  f J2  U  "   E "  "
R2 V8" OP ;UU e+ (" ¦5‫ ۔‬3r! E2 RV
2
G " ;9 G ;R$ 3f R" 4RY )  % tF|5 ;RQ      %F  % "  ;— U " 8 U 5 "  RV 
2 3r2 3U (O  2 )02 3 23 0    M2 NS E2 ‹Va  C   ; E2 RVD }8 T R V X '   v V‡  v S    
 E  3U" 2 CM2 QN ST9،E2 R! D95
8 !  2 j } 8  ;R
  U   " "  ƒ —  " < =  " "  R " |8 
bHg@ 0   OP  2 ST8 (! Dz2 "  a¥;qE2 RV£ /ˆCDO9 SW‫۔‬
) % ; U U  œ ) % U  {
 }8V‫ ۔‬a 0  0°2 ; ‫ \ ۔‬2 v2 %SE V‰ 2 f OfE2 RV ‫۔‬E
¥ " 2 R" !
"
{
2 6 5  (  R V " " ¥ ;q " G " " " "  " " F  "
/7 E2 2 8£a   3% E2  a ‫۔‬2 3r2 3UE2 RV"   " 2 35 DU bL@@ C
5 R V ‰ $ %\$  ;!   U<|8
U "   E"  23—‫ ۔‬2 % Š)% (T$ %<|8
  " "  "  "
‫۔‬acMj};5f "  2  U/75 03’ 9ac"   U2 8DU ‫۔‬a{r UE2 RS
 " F " 
Z z

2 =
‫۔‬/2 
CD‫ ۔‬2 3< C ‫۔‬E2  E2 YCD U"   R 
! R  p
Jut / 5im
F " " " "  " 3<= (i— )
 $     Π E2   C  a   U /"75  (;9 
X 8 R V c   02  : 2  F " |" 8   F fF
 "    " " ‫۔‬E2 R! D95./Z°‰ U  % (TU P>5N.3U‫ ۔‬% (T‫|۔‬
)  )
"

 r ‫ ! ۔‬.2 3RYD0)%12 3<  U392 8E2 RV "   E2 RVbHKLI‫۔‬E2 R! D95 " " " "
" "  (Tf "  " a¥;qŸ48 C f "  "  (P/ˆŸ48 C f  (" 2 81£ Ÿ48f E2 RV
"
F    2
{ 65  ) 
1 $ %OP;U
 U 2 NST-CC8 2 3UpŠ 0¡2  E2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYD9U C $    G   "  "    
" " G " F " " f 0C U.;oa+ Y 0«$ %;—  %-D2  . C/­ U) % (T‫;۔‬r ;U 0)%E2 RV
9 "
 C  $ µ ، 0}8 N12   C $  8  a{f 2 ;%2 8E" ra|50$ z3$9‫۔‬r ! 
— 8 y 9 T 3 f "    " (   F  {2 65 F

F  F aca{r!\  "   T (E2 R./Z°E2 R2 362 R‹a‰ " S))E2 RV/75C
YNe+
‫ ۔‬2 3Up8YU.3 U U .:fŽ5
 " "  " "
" 9E2 R! “e ® ‰|8 (TŸ48f 3" R2 YN-UE2 RVa#!
F "  ،E2 E2 1>8 Ua|Uf E2 RV) % 
R 
! R S !
" Y/!  C ،E2 R! D95 $   XŒ8 " U 8CD2 ST C M2;RQNST " 
 " 79  fF U (  " 9
" |"8 " " ./  D03   TNJ ./7 -C0« O< 2 3U‫۔‬E2 1 8 U0)%2 a|U0°‹
 T R 
! >
 "  " ‰ |8 U " " " "
2 -D2      /2 ،   2 3<=‫ !  ! ۔‬0£ E2 RVC $ 
f < U Zz  "
ƒ  " " " ‫۔‬. _—0•Q ” C‫ !۔‬E2 ‹ 8 U0)%U 18E" %0 C
R >
£/ˆCDO90« /! š$ 8‫  !۔‬0€ C }8U bLg@"   0°2 ;U،E2 R!
"   " " F 
 C/­0)%02 8!  0€ C }8bLg@€Y2 3<= C 8 ! Dz2 sC9a¥;qE2 RV
 T ? 
T 

 m cf
 "0 ;& 2@ ;iK  +2) 5 26  + 2@  Y™5  „ " )  b  Q( T ? 1
! "E! ;]
! 2Y>1A
 a6  c K 2@ ;iK 
)
2
Sahidic, Bohairie. (CD! A)‫  
۔‬20 ;Rm ! ! &
"  ƒ œ— " "
 % " "  RV 3< F  8 F   F "   0 " " " 35 DU bL@@ C bH~g
 v SE 1 -Yp Y 0« 0Ca  C  0 %a¥  (2 80)%02 ‫۔‬
2 2  – 
2  ) .2 3RYD $  XŒ8 U  °$ 9‫ !§۔‬2 3" r2 3U 2 "
=   F "
‫{\ ۔‬2 <  C /Z345 f E2 RVC $  ‫۔‬ " r! (!  XŒ8 ac E2 R‹>  U<|80« /! šƒ ،E2 R!  ! 
 8
F  q
 ƒ  " |"8 " |"8 d e  
"
"  "
+ % ¥ ; 
a Y C   Dt2  v   a  0«    !  /! š . 02    0}—ª5   < ( f U E2 0z 2  ‫ ۔‬a a . 3’ (2 81£ 1>ŠWU 0)%2 3<=E2 RVC $ Ÿ48
R V  c c
"      " ƒ  " |"8 " " 6F RY   ^ ( 9
s 39 E2 RS&r ‫'; '۔‬def µ2 3R  C O<=v2 %S]œ—2  2  €„ U;% 0z 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ‹z+E2 RV‹2  E2 R3 U UT  C -2 8، " 3 (   .   3U )
" |"8 " "  9"   F    " "
 "
 2 $ E2   2 s 0«  ;%² D® eE2 RV02 3f v% a¥;q02 8! v%3 U
  R V < ( 8 3 ' ‫ ۔‬ÁÁeU bIg@0z|82 3<=2  12 3<  U392 8P " >5‫ ۔‬bIg@
" " "  " 8 
   %  U " |8 ¥;q "  2 3— G G   F
U R  ¥; q 
  2 362 ‹ a 0« 3j$03$%02   ‫ ۔‬E2 E2 v 3U < a E f 9  R S  R V % !  /Z« D 0« E2 R!  8 !  .2 3RYD f  ./Z«   $  C  ‰|  U  0)% 2 3<=
 { <=  " |"8 ;q "  
 ƒ  =" " " " " dV " " " |"8 " "
¹a Q  C E2 % \ 2 E < a  ‫۔‬a  (UO„:9 UE" RV\{2 < ;%ž f  2 
• " % " R V ¥ c "    
9 2 3Ui2 ;—0VST2 3%1  2 3< f <  8  Dr.Horner =
 G " "8 q   "   
‫ ۔‬M8ª5U E VU E a{%2 C0z|  C  | E" 2 %%
" R " U ‫ ۔‬#! v2 %Sf 0C UE" RV/Z345 C O5  U
  " "  " %   " R  ƒ"
" jS f ‰{2 65  ƒ
 C bLg@½3—Q ž  a £a $ 90)%2 NSTNO;P UE2 RV c "    E2 ;RVE2 %2 E V0)%2 3<=0«§!2 3r! /! š$ %E" 2 %„0« 2 35
f R V
    "  " "
‫ " ! ۔‬2 35 DU bI@@ ‫ ۔‬E" RV/Z345 C  N1v2 %S C ‫ ۔‬jSž acf E" <2 C P>5-C0$ z3$9‫۔‬
" "  " " " " "
a¥;q“2D-C QU 8 a¥;qCD™- UV :) %U 8 a¥;q“2 D (€)
"
0¡  U sC9 2 3<= 8  sPC9 /2 Zz  O9 2 ‡  0V  2  :
 "  " /2 Zz (.)
" " " R  " 8 "    " " "   G  " U 5 — F " " ""
V ) %
 CD™-  VE   Ÿ 0°2 ‫   " Œ    ۔‬2 NS E2 8
8 U Š 4 ; U '  8 !  ) % U T R V T R " c  ( —
N S E2   ‫۔‬a    E2 3 D C ،a   /    02 ‫  "۔‬O_’
V 8 R V G — c  " 7 X — U
  " G " " " " "
"ERV2  C ،E2 R! U a‰2{65£ ac$ 9 C E2 %$ <a{'$ ) ‰|80‫ ۔‬ij3<+f  Š)%
 +  "  F " 8
$ 2 ‫۔‬E2 R! D951V E2 R3U02  U0QŠ‰  a•2 3< E2 RV<|8Ÿ48‫۔‬E2 R! D95./Z°‰| U  2 

"    " " " 
‫۔‬E2 R! " C}5 C  + E2 RV8 U
j}5U O;P Of02 ! ،! D95 2 O;P 
02 E2   VE2  0z u2 8  (U 0$ r
U #  U R V 9 R S  | 8
 " |" 8  " "  " " G " G " " ƒ + " |"8  " +
9 ! .2 3RYDf /7 0z 0)%U " "  a¥;q C 2  E2 RVbHKL? ;9
5 { f U
 ;—  U 0 0$ $ ) U  a 2 ;%2 "8 D œ6 ‡  8  % !  D$  ‫۔‬E2 !  µœ<  E2 V <  ij3< 1 R R
" " " F5
6  " "
 " |"8 R " %    "
8 { < "
"    U 0z|    ‫  ۔‬1  $ % 12 3   U 392 8 P>5  0z|8 02  ‫  ۔‬2 3r de E2 RV bIg@ “2 D C f < 2 3 $ 912 3<  Ua{5‫ ۔‬2 3Uv%+ 2 ST2  E2 RV "  / 2 Zz
  ƒ "  R V " |8
" " F "
"   = " |" 8  " " |" 8 R" 
r  " |" 8 R 9 "
E2 £/ CD0  02 0«  /! šE 0z  ‫€ ۔‬Y2   U
R V ˆ ) %  U  2 3< < -/2 ،—$ 8>5N µy  <  ‫۔‬E2 a   2 3% < 2  12 3 
Z  9 f 2  R 
! { U f
  =  " "
"       F f " |"8  "
‫ ۔‬E" RVE" 2 %%\{2 <  C  E" RV 0z|8U 3R2 YN-U9 E" RVaX 0)%02 0« C 2 3r2 3U { r U  U
a   2 3%.3U .:fŽ5 - 2 3r C .3U T f < -/2 Z،µy9
Qf  U
G  " "
"
‫ ۔‬$ U 3—a YJ13 . 0z 802 " { % % |

1
Dr. Horner
" " ("  % 2 )  % )  % " {R2 š 
123 4
# " 8 R V
€ C  a !      2  E2 
C  E2  3 :  Œ   2  0   a ™ 2  (‫۔‬H) R V
" G  " G "  "  " " 
 5
 e2 ;%0 Q 3%  U0)%a{R2 š™‫۔‬$ %0. C/­ U0)%a{R2 š™U2 ;<{2 6 a+C  SW‫۔‬
R

G G  " " (" " U ( f H  
U 3 " Re % ' "
  E2 8 ‫ ۔‬iq C   2 8·— ! C0°2 ; ، !  (0>2 8  —X)
f " U
F -  h
$ > V TgO  $ Yk
 
"   F  5  "   
 ! C SW‫۔‬aca{r12 3'$ ‹OtE2 RV0>2 8  —X O2 ;<{2 6 0«E2 R! - r U+  .:2 ;Rn8 p
  t f " Re G 8 G % )  % " {R2 š

+  " ­ o U )  % " {Rš j \EC–
 9 5 j S 
 D   ž O  E2   0   a ™02 ‫   ۔‬. C/    0   a 2 ™ ( !  6 < "  
" U  
 % " )  % $ 8 R!    "  "  " 8 1j:— ixf jSž U  E " 2 RV "   ®§
q0)%02  :0)%§‫۔‬C
 v2 S0  02  ‫۔‬E2 D95.Y3R  1 %a{R2 š™E2 RV.:2 ;Rn8 U 0°2 ;U f 3 " "  F "  5 F " 
 
 F '   " " "  U "  SW' a|9C·—02 0°$ 9‫۔‬2 3UO2 ;<2{6 “0>jU
q 8 92 3U
E2 ®! U  SXU \ 2 0)%02 0°2 ;U‫ ۔‬E2 RS}8U bHg@ C  2 
R V { "  U 3 % " "
( " 8 ) % R V

U 
   "  "     2 0  O  1   E2 bIg@ C  Dz2 8 ixf  sC9U
; U 8 ;
،E" RV/Z345 C ،3Ru5،2  v2 %S-C 0)%02 E" RV9$ 8‫۔‬D95E2 RVbHB@  ƒ " 
" U '  'de " 8   "  " |" 8 " " "  §E2 RV9 0)%a¥œ— (" 2 80)%0‫۔‬3UE2 RV "   " U
 r  — " f 
 "  "
8 " 2 2
0°2 ; ‫¾ !'   ۔‬$ U  —J P>591>  UE" RVU <  ½3—Q C  "    & "  
" "  " R { r
‫ ۔‬2 v2 %SE V1£ U 0)% ‫۔‬a a " E2 S v2 %Q  (U U - Cz+U c R
;  " '& U " % „ƒ "  8 5 U "  RV ( " 8 U " R " |8 "  RV )  % " {R2 š
"0«²  $3 D2  E2  ‫ ۔‬M ª  E  2  32 Y0z  E 0   a ™ " |"8 " |8  
"  G F     "  " 587:‫ آ‬0z  2   ‫۔‬E2  D   $  !  ‰  E" 2 R U  0)% 
R 
! 9 5 #
UD9)E" RVU "  O2 ;“eC9E2 R! 1VYE" RV
-CO<U " ;’U "E" RVa{R2 š™2  "
" ( "’
"
 "  " "
" ‫۔‬E2 R! D95‰|8-D 
" "  "

  Á     C     8 C  . _89 v2 %S  ‚_<W Codex Argentius.
 2 R:
" 2 f 
$ z$  0   ‫۔‬E U ) %
" 2 E2 M ª  (§" 8 2 3Uac
R 
! RS 8 5 U " G " "
" 8 " 8  " " 8 E2 %$ <$ 9 deE2 RVsC9a• C  %P" f a#! 2 3f U$ C 8 J$ %
$ 9U
P>5‰| ®$ 9‫۔‬E2 R! U .3 U UT ‰| .Y‫۔‬E2 R! U 12 39 ‰|  L~f E2 RV "  G " " " 
" 8
 F "  " ‫ ۔‬E2  0OP  a 2 2 0eu$ 0z 02 ‫€  ۔‬C+E2 RV£
 R V ; U U { f ; % 8 8 | '
‫۔‬E2 R!  $ U .3 U U.:fŽ5 C U y9
a‘ C E2 R! U µy9U —$ 8  
  
 G  "  p
 ;k# ‚
0)%aX 4E" 2 %/$ ZY‫ \  !۔‬YJ (¯ ½3%2 w8E2 RVe+ (¦50)%02 
" "  "
W  8    "  8 " {$%    fF   U " " " "  "
% U R
 Qv  C   E2  0   E   E2 .:2 ;Rn a .Y3R U
— 8 ‹ > U ) % "  2 3 —  U R V M  C 03 ® Y  / CD2  E2  a 2 ™ C  (2 8‫ )۔‬%a{R2 š™‫
۔‬CD
j} 8 ˆ R  { R š
"    de " |"8  " + "  " "  "   — X 
"
"  "  &

! U
O9‫۔‬E2  2 3yjQOt v C  < ij3  ;%  SW' E2 RS
R  ‘ ; ' U < 8 02 ‫۔‬E2   
j}   v t U. 3’1  (2 8#! f 0)% a{R2 š™$ 8‫۔‬E2 R! a{'
R 
! ;  Y U 5 f £
     "+  "
‫; '۔‬r ;U E2 RV.C ij3< ) %a{R2 š™

2
The old Latin version, or versions
3
Tertullian.
4 1
Cyprian Gothic version of Ulphilas.
"  % ƒ" F # "  d2   ^ "8 " G
_ 8 U ¤ 2 R
i  £/ 0«§ 2 3 Áe03 .  E2  0« E2 M8 CE2 R! "
 !  r $ U " % „  " R >2 8 P>        a D .™N .   02   (bIB?  bIkk ) 1J ² D .
5 8 8 c $ $8
" "
" " q " " " ("    " ) " "   
  C 2 3r!  E2  R V  8 a  C a 2 ™، 2 P/     2 8 0)% 12 3jN12 3< 
¥ ; { R š ( ˆ f "  U0)%a{R2 š™2  U UpŠ U<|8 (2 8E" 2 %%2  C E" 2 %%/Z3450«S&f 
C/2 Z›
"
" "
" <   F " 2 ;j3% R  — " ;— " " " "
"  G  " |8 "
8 { < m8 " ( F ƒ "
 2 D „ 12 N O’Y Cp E2 2 362 R‹  C 8E2   2 P/ˆ C  (2 8}8U
“ U 3 R  (  & “e
‫  ۔‬S O2 ; C92 3U 2 3%0z 2     
C/2 Z›P>5$ ‫ \  ۔‬2  C  y8 8 2 U
r   " " ƒ"
   " "  ‘ F  " " "
E2 3 a•$ (! E2 R2 362 R‹99 C ‫۔‬E2 R3rÁe8 U0)%E2 RV
R
"
8  Ue+ 2 STNO;Ua  C   (y8 U0)%a{R2 š™U 0}8 1 2 39 8 
C/2 Z›E2 RVbIBI
U
    RV " " “  " " ƒ" m8 "
 ) < 9 " F {<
; r j  8 c
‫   " ž  ۔‬a   Œ   12 E2 8  2 D
!   % U 3 0  0} 12  E2 bIB?  ‫    ۔‬C \ 2 $   / / 8   U
) % 8 3 R V 8 U ( y 8 % „ ˆ ˆ
"  ƒ"   " 
 =  ƒ F " +  " U " F
;— U 8 U
j}5UE" RV\{2 < U " 12 3j12 3< 0«§! 2 3r! /! š$ %E" 2 %„. U U ) % 
  ‫۔‬2 D p Y0  83U-Va  0QŠ  a 2    YCD½3—Q C 2 3Up8Y
8 ‘ U ‰ • 3 <
 "+ " "  " 8 "" " " " "(   "( "
 ij3< 9E2 R! -D2  f  /! -/2 Z‰| 1‫ ۔‬D95-/2 Z›D-D2  f a$  #! R V { R š "
‫۔‬2 3UE2 a 2 ™f   /Z[0 %0YP>5NO;P U /Z[8  }8 )
 "+  "+ " "  "+ " F  #   "  " "
ij3<  C  E2 RV 5q C   ‹V  ij3<  E2 RV 8V   ij3<  C  E2 RV  (TC a‘/ˆ  Ne+ 0«  3%E2 R! -C‫۔‬WQ2 39 C OfD% v2 %S 2 362 R‹ (¦5
C/2 Z›P>5
"};" U، /75 ،39 ، 03R" 235 ‡ ،
YF  ،.T ،  " 2 %  ‫۔‬E2 R!  'de $ % b3fF   ij3 <+  E2 RV 8 "
" "  ƒ " F R # " |"8     ‘  8 U ) % " 8
 & 8 2 $ U
02 ‫  ۔‬y N a !   E2  2  C E2  ¹a s/ v C  0    < " % % " % % • Q ­
2 2 2 "
  45 " "  " "  " "  G   
 ‡ - r/Z3 -D2    /! -/2 Z02   QNs „ Cs3U -/2 Z[C0>2 8  C 02 3—š ،8 ،
8 f f W a–2 0)%3Ru52 362 R‹a+C acE2 RV-/­N ChD0«¹a{9‫۔‬2 3r! 
QN;x5 %03o 03o 0)%
" G G G    "
 UYJ0eJ Ua|U  UY /! ¿2 %D Ua|U‫  ۔‬UYJ-  T Ua|U‫۔‬E2 R!  E" RV0)% ‫ ۔‬2 $  0)%02 ! C"  2 362 R‹a+C E2 RS&S)E2 RVe+ (¦5‫۔‬
"   " |8   " "
 " " "  & Ua|U C  -D  " "
N J ./79- rC /! f E2 RV ‫۔‬
 2 f  
Ua|U . $ 2 8 C E2 R! " ;jVE2 RVD }8 UC /! ‰ 2 U  ‫ ۔‬M8ª5U E" RVU 3R2 Y0z|8
" 
 " "  F 2 R$ F 8  U " |8     " "   <" +
Z { % ' "
C/ a $ - r02 ‫ ۔‬oVE2 2 9،E2  / 2 8£   " R V % R 
! U Z u f U ( )
D }8 < 2  0   ‫۔‬E2   $ E2 8OP  i 3 U e+U
U % R 
! 8 8 R V ; U j
" 2 3$% " T
    " " G "  U " |"8 " ( "
‫۔‬E2 R! ;²% Da#! r$ % O<="  U E" RVU 12 3j12 3< U1Ž8f ‫ ۔‬-D2  f  /! ®‡  C  a D½3%2 ‘f D }8 <  2 81£ { r
 "    " " "  " G  
2 02 8! v%zM9E2 R! a{r! s<+OP;U U12 3< 0«¹’DE" 2 R:—z+r  Ue+ (¦58 0)% C a|U ½3—Q% %U  O2 ;“eCf E2 RVŠ)%U 13%
" " U  " " 8 G " {j  " |"8 " )   " "  G %G  F " " F
 
0V  }8U  (TJ N./79U— f bK@a{42  O;Š2 P>5U 
C 9 ‰ . $ 2    Œ   0  a ™  Y /! ¿2 D03 ±‫۔‬2 3UE2 %35UC2 362 R‹
8 ( ¦5  % U ) % { R
2 š f f R S
" "  "   F "  " 3 fC3" ! ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ‡ jž 8 ! E2 RV8 i
  " " "
E" 2 RV N2 % 802 0°2 ;U8 !- r C ¬n5U ¹ ’D ‫۔‬E2 R! U  (bH@@@)  t|5U  C ;— U 2 362 R‹ U j3<+ U
" F 
 jV q  U " RV "  8 "  2 3—     Y U RS <+ <" X ( U U "   G " G G 2{65
،O ،
 /!  E2  C E ‫ " ۔‬3  E2 s Ÿ      C '  " oV ‫۔‬23UE2 RVCD 0)% O2 ;“eC0}oDa•S$8 
9+D ª’/Z« Da‰
 =   " " "
E" RV\{2 < U 0Y>5N OP;U U12 3jN 12 3< E2 RV  —8a{$% a{$% - r2  2  "   C ‹V
" • U  F U r " "
  3R  .DSX -  2  /! 8 C/! VU 2 3x;% NE"  C  3 2%Da#! r$ %
U U 
 F " "   F  "  "
 U.DSX U f 2 % ¬T C a{R2 2  ، >RY C/Z£،Ow65CO;<+v2 %S 1
Damasus
2
Jeromes Vulgate i.e. The Common Version.
"
 
 FR F <     "
" " &  F  G % $ "
‫ '۔‬8 U2 3U2 $i2 8/" ˆ12 3 E2 RV2 D% C v‘ £ U>’U  /ˆCD2  -C  2 ; o 8  8 U ; ' % U 
 0« 2 D0‹n 02  C/! V Žœq C }    $ " .DSX ‫  ۔‬$ \  U
"  "  F " "   9" RV 9 % "   
5
3Ru5 C  •u  a|2 8  E2 R‹2 3<   #! "   3 'de E2 RV £ /ˆCD  —2 ;% %‡  O $ 68  0$ z3$9 N. 3 E2 0n E2 C /! 2   ERVU 12 3j12 3< E2 RV CD
U " " U —Y /" ! CD "
 "  " " " " " 8  " ƒ "  
 .£ /Z[ ;ž% -C0°2 ;UE2 R! - rU 3f U" D9— C;²% D2 {j} a{’0«E2 R! E2 R3 U f 9 E2 RSu2 8 ac]œ—2  E2 RV0n9E2 %C /!  E"  2 3—E2 R! D95v%3 UC.   ‘
  " F 
" U   G  {2 65 8 {2 65
(Adv.Her.iii.ii.7)"‫۔‬E2 ! 8 U $ %D2 3R .2 ‡ a 2 3 U R  • <  C a•£ 0YP>5NOP;U" 0« 02 Ojª59‫۔‬ Y $ %%  (U$ %>’a‰ 2 2 {j} a‰
"  "     =
( G
    E2 C E2  i "8 jSž  U  £ /ˆCD f  E2 RV CD3 f  a{’ 
8 " R ‹2  R V _ " ‫ ۔‬D  E2  !  ! . ERVE" 2 %%\{2 <
 9 5 R V '  # "
  "  A XA
 a  <
" "
‫  ۔‬U ¦RY   12 3<   U 392 8 P>5  ‚_<W C   12 39 
"  Valentinus
 
 " " $ $ 
D95 E2   ' !  #!  _  3$9 U    a  /2 Zu 8  U 392 8N12 3<  8  
" 9 de œ " \
 A     0  0 f;]   -
R V  9 c 2 ;j /2 Z¨!
" "
D2 3R  U 2 {j}  ]jQ 
8 " "
23 5 D  U  b HIB  C  b HH~   8  Basilides." 2 %D a•2  2 R‫۔‬E2 R!
G
<2@# <l &+  6 mF   ,$ 
 " " "
"E2 R™- U" Vs/­U i_8jSžU £/ˆCD#! „"  U n ;9 ‫۔‬ac& $ %12 39" "  $ " "  ;— U " 8 U 5 "  RV {<= U 3j 3<

­
 /! \ $ s/ 0"     
j} UE \ 2  12 12 $  
" " #!
 "   "+ " 8 " " " " " 8
‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U:;U $ %UDU Š•}5a{’ e+ij3< ‰| a•2 -D2  f  /! 8 C E2 R! E2 RV (2 8"  a•£ ‰| a•v2 %‘U
"
" " 5 2{65  "
    " |"8 "  " "
U U0}—ª5 .Y3R  C — 9 a 2 3 " U E" 2 R:;_ a‰ D>;’™ \X 2 #! • < 2{65 (  %
a  3 $  #! -C QU <  /! -D$ 9" 0°‹‫۔‬E2 R! U Š)%U 8  U
‰
    " "   " " " " "  " 5
N CD E2 a ! C-CE2 "  ( ($ E2 RV12 3< E2 RV0V 2  .2 ‡ 92 ‡ 0«E2 R! ; YU
j}5
9 R 
! # R  { R ( "
-/2 Z[Ca 2 V ‡ C  2 P/ˆ، (2 8،a{R2 š™9E2 R! D95ac. " 2 %< UE" 2 R:;_ U 2 8£

= F  F "   " " " "
{ < <
\ 2  i2 / 12 U!  r  Œ ! 2 8 C E2 0«2 E2  ( ($ E2 RV-/­ # R  R   
U 8 ˆ

3 X 8 S 
! ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U1 8U.2 ‡  C .V>5U 12 3j123< E2 RVE" 9E2 R! acdeE2 RV8
 >
2{65 U     "   " "
a  2 8£  ( 3%" 0« 02 8"M9‫۔‬E2 R! ; YUOjš;— U 8 U
j}5UE" RV
‰   F {2 65 ƒ
E2 RV2 D% U>’“2 D C O’Y  U-2 3x’;ž% 9i;_5a‰ /! 0« /! š" 02 
  F     "  " "  " 5 "  " "
;U f ./Z« .Y3R U 12 3< E2 RV.:2 ;Rn8a{$% 8 2 36" 2 R‹8 ‡  C E" 2 R:;_ "E2 R:;_5a‰2{65 ( 3%  ‫۔‬ "  3 %2 D C/­E2 RV.3 Ua{$% — 9U 12 3j12 3< -C 3 'de
" 
U
" 5"      " | 8 j <   " " " r   <" +  5  " " F
   a   E2  a 03$ ™.0z 
  12 12 03f <  0«E2 R!
œ ; _ c 8 R  !  c %  U 3 3 q  { ’ j 3  R 
! F
  a i 0°‹ E2 8 U1VYa#! U2 ;<{2 6  D>;’™ \X s/­0#! E2 RV XU
 "
   +  " "  "
‫۔‬E2 R! ; YU
j}5E" RVOP;U
 U0QŠ‰ a•2 3< #! 0}2 8 DU 83 U  {2 65
U >’ U  /ˆCD 2   a‰  U 
uq  8CD‫ ۔‬E2 R! 8 U 1VYacU " œ;_5 U
F
"  " "
"
UD82  3$9‫۔‬E2 %UOjšUŸ48f E2 RV !  r" #! 0«jSž f   F Z° RV  "  8 " {$%   • < " R  %   "
./ E2 .:2 ;Rn a 3R OP; a 2 -C SWE2 ! ;² D ‘1š12 3< 8 C U 3
 "  F " "  " " "  

‫۔‬E2 R! a{%2 DU\= C$ %#! Ow2;x91£  U .DSX U" -C0°2 ;U،§! 0-  —U ‫ '۔‬8 U
 F "  
"  $ 8 ‫  '۔‬E" ŠXD  ( U  O  2 ;<{2 65

C  -/­2 3q E2 RV 2 8£ E" 2 R a•S$(‫۔‬H)

U  U " F 5 " " R:";_5 ‰2{65 U 
R V %
E2 2 D  >’  :U C E2 / s/" 0E2 R « ¤ ­ a  2 £ ( 3%
8
    % "  "  8 " {% R  " " % U  
‫ '۔‬8 UdeE2 RV.™E" U " uF 2 8$ %v "      5
2 SU.:2 ;Rn a $ 2 362 ‹ N§   2 8£ 0°‹،  8 UUD— 9U 12 3j12 3< E2 RVv‘ £ C 2 3% U>’U  O2 ;<{2 6  C
'
"  "   " "  "
" ƒ <  { < =ƒ    "   "
E2 ]jQµ:—  1 -D   ! C E2 \ 2 µ:—   3  " 0« 0S E2 
R 
! U 2 3 9 5 # R 
! U 8 ’ U " ;  Y & R S   $   ‫ ۔‬Qu   .™ C/2 0 C   O 8„N"  Y80U"
( U U " ' 5 U " ( Z   !  2 ; _
" ¢<" + % " % ƒ "  "  {< = " R  
 "  ; Y G   " " " 
0« 0a $ E2 „‫] ۔‬jQ . 3’   C  \ 2 E V 12 3< -D95  #! 2 
 U "  UC V„ C 83U0«  eV  -C0 C   --C E   00OP;U'  f " 9 '
 "  ƒ    " "   " "
 "  "   " " 
8 3’ U 8CDE2 RVE" 9.V>56²8 $ 8' ]o OfD% U 0YP>5NO;P Ui;_502  ‫۔‬a  (! 0$ %" 02 {$%p2 RYCac. z U83 U8E2 RV0V  ‫ &';۔‬M2;o8 U8 2 9
c
"  F  "   "  "
‫۔‬E2 R! E2 RS ./Z°E2 RVD }8  39 E2 RV O;P U U123jN 123< ، Ž$ 9 !UDu2 RE2 RV2 8£E" 2 Ra•S$E2 % -C Q (‫۔‬L)
 " F "  " x8 U   
" # 6
a E2 3U 2 362  ‡ 0«²  $ E2 5 ac+ 02 E2 R! (‫۔‬I)
c R  U R ‹  8 ;  U R S /!  S ‫۔‬a E2 D  2  .2 ‡ C.  E2  C E2  (acde$ %C VP„½VŠT
 W c  R S  9 5 { 8 R V " R 
"  G   "   F  "
  1 {6f U
"W "   t RV " 8 U >8 U   '$  " ;'d2 U " " "
j>  . 2      P>5‚_  C E2 j>  C E2  ‡ a  ! 1 8
8 U % < U < R V 8 " R 
! ( • $  ( > c ( 2 R $ 
a  ‡  v DO E2   1  ® 2 D C  D  C ;— Ž80e 9U i;_5
‘
  "G 
 "  8 U r " % " r $ 8 R! ( ( "  "  " " "
E2  .:2 ;Rn            ‫۔‬E2     $  2 3yjQ f  0C  U  v% tX E2 RV
R V 0D95.3 e 2 3j2 8D Ž;U U13%$ U a|Ur 0V a€„9 a#! u2 8 02 
 "  "  " "
 "    " ƒ 
U "
f 0C v%tXs 39 0« Ž5 -D2  . 8! s 39 E2 VE Va 2 3 C R " R • < a 8U U.UU .3 UU-C0«! 0D2 02 E"  23—،! D2 µ:— U v2 %‡ U  C ! 
|
 "
 t  (G % " {'d2  U 8 U  ;— U " 8 U >8 U ƒ {<=  8   2 %
‫۔‬ O  C   $ a D.3  $ -C      1  µ:— \ 2   v ‡
"  "  ‘ "   8 "  ‘
 0}2 8 DU 83 U UijY  " § " %U 2 8£a‰2{65 ( 3% 
1£ (‫)?۔‬ f ƒ 
 0ªo-C D2 U v2 ‡ €„  „  $ z Uv C-C SW‫ ! ۔‬p £v C
 % 9 " U 8 
"  " "  
 " F   G  +  ƒ  F " " F
>50«E2 ! ; Y02 ! ½ 3 ‫۔‬E2 ! ; YU$ %\$  E U OP;U0QŠ a 2 3 #!
R    # 5 R     U " R V ‰ • < 2 8f 0ªoUv2 %‡  t|52  8 OfCD2   /2 Z¶8 !  C 3$9½ 35‫ ۔‬3 2%D® e
G " "8     F  G " ;Š2{j G % RV # F " # 8 " G ) "  "
" EUa{%2 C 0z| 9' 8 U¦RY UE" RVaX /ˆO $ 68 C 2 RY"  P>5،O ! 
"‫   §۔‬E2 a" ! YD  a ! C§ 3  €  ž  .‡ U % ' $ „ U ‰  U $  ž    "‫۔‬2 3 1 8
; % ( U 9 U >
" " " "
+‰ •3<   • < "   U  {5 "  %
0‹>50QŠ  a 2 C  .Y3R a 2 3 U 83 U U2 362 R‹" § %#! ‫ ۔‬D95E2 RV & 3 <
8™' U12  a P>5O C ‫۔‬E2 2 3y Q $E2 v2 ‡  0« ‚T8 E2 RV 9 R 
! j R V U
"%"  " ƒ"  !  " G " " U  "   " { <=
 E2 3U ijYN§   0«©2 ;%! \ C$ E2 „f  r E2  E2 {œ .
R   U " = % " % 9 % U R V #
a ! C§8 3%'$ 3%V ž‰  U.‡ ) $ ;ž%  (U9$ 8 "de! C‫Ž ۔‬8\ 2 q /2 Z¶
"
G "  = ƒ "  " G  F
‫۔‬E2 R! " C}5C+ UE2 RV $ %\$  UE" RV\{2 < 2 3U1>8f 0ªo8 OfCD /2 Z¶0°$ 9 (? :HB) "‫  !§۔‬%E2 RVO! YD U " X‡
  W   A G ) ƒ 
 C 2 3r  $ " "]œ   Y C " "]œ— S$ a ‫۔‬2 3rU2 3yjQ $ E2 RV0:2 8/ˆ02 ‡ -C، 8 ƒ  " {42 8 " F 
8f )#b / — N0 6˜Q$" '
"
— 8 $
" " 5 {2 65  ƒ
2    U µ:—   2 R  -C 2 8 ‫۔‬2 3r ® e "  " 0¡  U " 
" " X ‡ " C "€„ " 0¡  U "3" " %V "
F5 
R e # U Z¨! ­ f
 E2 a !  -Y /2 u s/  E2 E2 R V " R : ; _ a  2 £ ( 3% #! r
‰ U 8 G %"   " " 
"  ƒ" "   ‫ ۔‬$ 0¬ (UE2 RV
t¢5U  v2 %‡ f 2 ;yjQ" r‫۔‬2 3rU2 3yjQ $E2 RVv2 %‡
 -D2  f $ z$$  #! 8E2 R& DCz+U" y8a{$% a#! 2 8£E" 2 Ra•S$s/­ C " 5 {2 65 

"   F  " 5 " "  "+ " . 8  C f 0C UD9CU C VP„acE" 2 R:;_ U 2 8£a‰  ( 3% 02  $ 8
;²% Da#! r$ %O<= UE" RVU i2 8/ˆ12 3< E" 2 R:;_ U 8V  C  ‹Vij3< · %  "
" S) " SW‫;  '۔‬R² e
f 0ªƒ o" ;%ž . 
C Ÿ48" E2 RV rD95
Q U2 {6  U.2 ‡ C
x8 
"
%
"
{ R >2 8 # R V "

R V U 3j 3 < R V ƒ • 3 <  U  % < U
02 $ „a 2 ! ! ¬E2 E -D95 12 12  C E2 µ:— a 2  . 2  
1
Chrysostom
 „ƒ U "
 "
R  c  " F F  R " 8 U  <= U "  " "   R
" "
 " # " R
 
V
02 $ . O :9 E 0°2  !  a Ž5 . 03 CYO u  O  ; U  f f
-D2   $ z$   S ،  E2  DO  S W ; Y U S U f 2 0°$ ‫۔‬E2 8 ‡ ;— U
! 9 
!
 {" t$  F  % " 8 U U" "F  " "  "
‫  ۔‬a{r\$ U.;%
3 
:;U $    D‚zX  C OP;U2  3$9s/­#! f E2 RVi2 ;%n8 UE" 2 %DN" § %
F " 
" "  "
deE2 RVb~@E2 RV02  3 Y½3—Q،}8U a#! 3% U2 {jYC2 % "]93%%"(‫۔‬L) ‫۔‬E 2 R! 8 U
 {" 5  " " ƒ 8 "  "
 W 4 " " 
 }8Y 2 $s/­U  .C E2  Qa{< ac ]902 €„ U.3 U™- UV‫۔‬23r
R e U " R .3 U ‫"۔‬2 {y  UC  v¦5 U—J -D CD;— U Dt2/2 Z[ " (‫۔‬H)
" F
" " " "   8 " "  "
 .3 U UT UD9 3%%a#! Ci;_5 0« 2 39b•QŸ48‫۔‬ { j
a#! 3% U2 C2 %.3 U02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ;t&ac "2 {j}  U—J -D CD،„ U n;9 ½VŠTU
Y
 " " " " " |" 8 " "
 
F 
® Y  µy a 2  2 D]902 E2 3R2 Y 0z 0« 2 u2 8 ]902  /´‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3UE2 RV
 U 9 • 3< “  R V 02  3 Y0« 2   C ،a a{racdev2 %‘U b~@E2 RV
YN‹Vv‘CU
  c
"  "    "  " "   G "
f -©8 U
/Z› UU]9 0«E2 R! ; YU
j}5#! f 9 ‹z+E2 RV‹a#! 2  - U ” 03Š•O9a{r Ui2 ;Rn8E2 RV0V  C  U _8a+SW U O;Š2{j
  "  "     "" "
5" "
‫۔‬E2 R! 8 8 $  q E2 % CD};5U \{2 6 2 3fE2 RV]9 ‫ ۔‬d2D U .3 U ‫۔‬1ac (‡ E2 RV0}—ª5 U392 8P>5.3 U02 ‫ '۔‬- Ÿ48f E2 RV —J
" " " " G "   "
   
(I :?)2 8 J —$ 8P>5UD· % ‫]۔‬9O;Š2{j (‫۔‬I)
; R
$ ‹  ‫۔‬E2     2 3  C $9E2 R! € D.3R2 šN.•U" ” 03Š•E2 RV.V>5 LI
R 
! ; r ; — f j <
 5" " "  F "  G   " "
.C U\{2 6 2 3fa{42 8 bK@]902 ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ! O $ 68U 
C · %02 ‫ ۔‬2 3UE2 RV U .E2 %³/ZY C ;'ž)U  C .V>5- f 12 3<  U392 8P>5‚_<W
" G " "  F 
"
de8  O;Š2{j ]902  "0« 3 t&;2%%‡  O $ 6 8  M j } ;5U  ‫} ۔‬8Y®G YU  1Y—  T  E2 RV .3 U   -C Q U   .Y3R  U  0}8  12 39  ‫۔‬E2 R!  µ:—  C   — 9
  " ƒ
 " o  ; <= U "  "  " " " ; „ " "  " "
  ‫   ۔‬.2 Ÿ  O    C   2 D   ¾ 3 8 9
U  !  2 ; f  d  U — J 5 ، H،]92 / ،]9 ،]92 ،]9 2 {%U،]92 ;5C 
y$ 8 ; % Z[ y2 R u o S$ ; '
 "   " " "   ƒ U Z" [ " "
" 8
  R ( R‹ " ;5 U   "
 C .  YD 2 362  Y 'd‡  U  C aca{< r C‡  U—J E2 RV8 ‫ ۔‬E2   $  .Y3R  C µ:—  -/2 C]98CD
 a ‹u
2 R! 8 8 U d 2 3 R
      " "  ƒ" 
" ‫۔‬ ' 8 ! v%+. 2  C a O9a a{racdeE2 RV0V  .3 U02 0«E2 R! ;'& y8N VU. #! O9
c  c
" " "  " " "  ""
{% "  " " G " F " +  " ""
' U0$ z3$9‫۔‬dev% U2 362 R‹ U2 ;'{%U]902 0O;Š2{jO $ 68 f %2  3$%' Uµy9 C 83U02  0QŠ  a 2 3  C ' -  9U C z‡
R  d e  U ‰ • <
" " "   " G F ƒ  ;Š!# U  F U    " R " "
  #
  ]9  0V 2  "0« 3t E2 bH~@ Dionysius. 32 f ( 2 8DO
r U f  & R V R $ 68 w 2 x 9
2 3’O 02  C ،/! šO  .DSX .3U $ !    ±E2 S -D2 
;  2 % 8 '
 "
     5" "  " G  "  " +   (
8 8 $ .3R2 š.•D};5U \{2 6 2 3fE2 RV]9 ‫ ۔‬2 ‡  $ RYD;³ $ %E2 RV  # " R V " R S  q
 a ! CE  0°‹ ! E2 p C ;  Us/ 0E2 .3U 0QŠ  a 2 0«  !  o ( ­ R V  U ‰ • 3 <
 " " 
‫۔‬E2R! "ERVU 0QŠ‰+a•2 3<  Kenyon.E" 2 R32R«WQ
9+µƒ :—‫ ۔‬E2 RV' #! 1Ž9‡ 9
!

1
Teaching of the Twelve Apostles by Spence.(Excursus.1.2)
3 2
The Bible and Archeology (1940) pp.288ff. Ibid.p.105
 
" "R8  W  F " d 5 " "8 "  "
2 3 9
1  03  . Ž502 ‫ ۔‬2 $ s/  DCP DPC  \ 2 2 3   ‫  ۔‬RY
2 }  ˆ ;' 2 U { 6 f t { 9 ' ‫۔‬a  a{r acde v2%‘ U  bK@ ac  .3 U 02  "‫  !۔‬C$ 9  2 RV/!  ".3 U (‫)?۔‬
c
  " " "  " 
"‫  ۔‬M8ª5U  .2 3%U
' —$ 8P>5UD9 a#! C2 RV/! 02 0« 2 39/¤œ5 C WQ OfD% 6Œ9 E" <2 C
 G )  ’ #  "r " "
‫'۔‬$   E2  0$  /7 !  u2 R3 P>5. 
f R V T r R $ Ž2 ;—$ 8P>5 ‫ ۔‬2 3UE2 RV(H? :Hk)]9U 2 ;5C 8
" " "   "
"  F   { 5
deU2 362 R‹ U2 ;$R‹]92  E2 RVbHL@jSžf 8 U1£.DSXN€ ac8  a $ .3U02 ‫۔‬E2 ! 8 8 $ .•D};5U S)CDa ac E2 RV.3 U
{ %  R " ‰
"  " "  
"   "  " "  "" 
R V
E2 ]9  -C U  Q .Y3R  ‫  ۔‬3R   2  E" 2 Ra•S$E2 RV9
U   U f j 3 < a E2  ‡  3R2 Y0z -C0«a  (acd2 Df 1v—/Z¶ C a|2 8 f 0C UO5 
c d e R V 9 U | 8 c
" '  " 
L،H‫۔‬a d2 3 R ‹ u L‫۔‬2 ;$ ‹ ،2 Ru ‫۔‬2 ; ‹ ، 2 ; {%U L،H،2 ;5C ،1Y— T
R  o R § ' ‫ !(  ۔‬

  ƒ " "  {% " "
" Š2
‫۔‬E2 ! 8 8 $ — 9 C µ:— U ]9jSž U 392 8 C y$ 8H،2 ;% /Z[،2 {
R   R  "
8  J  392 8 P>5 U · %   (Ignatius) 58$< P>5 (‫۔‬g)
"
 F Z°   ‰ + <   "   " " " "  F "  { 65 "
./ .Y3R U 0QŠ a 2 3 E2 RV.:2 ;Rn8 U2 362 R‹8 ‡ U 0V  —J • ]9 02  8    ‫ ۔‬2 3U w5 O $ 68  02 3Uª8  }8 Y 2 Re$ ½ 3%2 ‘ U .C U \ 2  2 3f
G " G " ;5 G RG ;"%  
U " %
ƒ" #
R
  2{65 j3<" + jS f " 8 U £  F  RV " "
" De3f$  D O 362 2 ".3U0  E2 „! S‫۔‬E 8  !
2 2  8 $  8 a  i  ž    1  .DSX"N€E2  CDU ¢fv% U
C E2 RVbHHg
‰
 " " "  " " 
 " { % " " <  <  " ' 'deUC 362 R‹
‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U:;U $ %8 UC35v% U U 2 ;'  ،]9U 2 ;5C ،392 812 ،a a 2 E2 RVµy9 ‫۔‬
U 3 { 5 • 3 2
" " " "   " " "  " "
{ R 
b~@a{42 8i_8jSž U £/ˆCD C £a•S$2 362 R‹N" § %™- UV U y2 ;„ C ' 2 L،H،]9U 2 ;$R‹،]9U 2 Ruo ،]9U 2 ;R‹§،µy98CD
9 "  % < U "  & 8 " "   "   "
8 2 3 R
 C 0} 1    E2  . 2    ‫۔‬E2 ;' Mj} f 62 RQbHLgf 62 RQ
V R 
! ،12 39  U— C q+E2 RVµy9-C QU .Y3R  ‫۔‬E 2 R! D95. Y 3 R   U µ y9
     " " '
   5" ƒ " "
—J - U! . 2  02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ;r ;U .Y3R U .3R2 šN.•U \{2 6 2 3f
# % < "  C µ:— U ]9jSžU y$ 8 C ]9U 2 ;% /Z[،" Š{2 j،ad32 ‹u L‫۔‬1Y— T R
"  5" "  "  " "   F "
0°‹، UD
Ž9 C .•U \{2 6 2 3fs/­0E2 RV" ‫۔‬E2 R! a{%2 D$ z{t$0V U ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 8 $  Y v% U_9
" " " " F  
"
y98CDU  2 ;'{%U]9U 2 ;5C · %02  f E2 RVµy9U J —$ 8P>5
"
68 % U " '  Dr F U J  " 92 8· " %0 :3tFX.  —
O $ v    ‫۔‬ Y 3 2 2 $  $8 (‫۔‬k)
"
R
 {%
{ Š2 " " ' " "
" Š{2 j،2 Ruo ،2 ;R‹§،
 G    " 
8CDU 2  ،µy9U 2 ;2R°3ju ،8CDµy9U  U®{R2 . $  —$ 8¾ 35S)! 3 Y® 2 Dac . 2 rU0¡ E2 RV "‫ ۔‬3'de;2%% ‡
" "   F   " "  " F"  
U % Z [ R V 
]9  2 ; / E2  . 2  " ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U2 R$ .Y3R U ]9U  y2 ;„ C µy9
% < ‫۔‬iq C < ، . DQC „  C Of CO6 8 U E
( f   " %  6 " 2 RV‫ '۔‬8 UD2 {j}8
2
      " " "   "
D }8.Y3R 02  C ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 8 $ ac3R U y98CDU J y$ 8 C f 0z=“2 D C J 392 8P>58 .‡
"
$ 9' 8 U2 VUD.WŽ5 /
 " F Z« .‡ $
 " G
‫۔‬2E2 R!  f (kg@)J®$ 9³ YE2 RV

2 1
The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers Bishop Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers p.294
" "  F    " G
 cde
 a  2  ‡ O 8 ; % % 6 8 8 Zu œ 8
$  2 /2 02 ‫  ۔‬£/ CDM 8 0« ! 
 f ˆ j }  "35 DU bHkH C bHIK8  ‫۔‬¢f a‰2{65 ‫۔‬3tF XE" Ru9 (‫)~۔‬
2 " 2 2
 F "     "  U 5 "
E2   C E2 E2 y H?L E2 - $  ‫     ۔‬2 ; O
R V " R  % R V •  j R  U  < d e {
2 6
! f  f U ' $ 68U  02 3Uª8 2  C V ' 8
E2 83U  ‫   ۔‬$ 12 -C9 . 9 .£ /  2 ; /2 "[ U % 3 ' U Z[ < Z
 "   F  
‫۔‬E2 R! D953R 8 83 U" ‫۔‬E2 R! D95E2 RV'!  #! . E2 R3 U02 ‫۔‬E2 R! D95./Z°.2 ‡  U12 3<
G "  " " " 
" " 2 88  (bLL@bHg@ ")‫۔‬5O G " ;Š2{j " ) R 
 C a• ، 02  3 Y (‫۔‬HH) ‫ ۔‬M8ª5U Š %a 2 ™2  C  (2 P/ˆ8 $ %E" RV
{ š
  "
 W " { 65
2 8 F  G  ’ ! 1 " RYF
.2 3t 0Y V 02  3 YE2 bHK@  a -C‫۔‬a  ($ 2 {j}  U0:6jE2 RV¬/¤5
U   R V U !  ‰ c R V 8
2   E2  bHg@     ‫  ۔‬2 3  -D C‡  /   O  N1 " ‫ ۔‬E2 V (‫۔‬B) — % ˆ
"
"   " " "  F5 " "
 " "  { 6   " 
،2 8Dt2 E2 RVOP;Ua{$% -C‫۔‬E2 R«2 %< OP;Ua{$% 8  E2 RV0V  ‫۔‬2 3r! 1$ 368$ %  a{’ ‫۔‬1 $ %µy9U —$ 8P>5 C 
J12 3< 9‫۔‬2 3U 2 3%0z|812 3<
" " "   F 5 F    " G G " "
1noC•Q 02  3 Y0°$ 9‫ ۔‬U3R f ./Z«83 U U2 ;<{2 6  C UP/¤5 "ERV . 2 %< U ‫۔‬E2 RdeE2 R3 U8 E" 2 Re8% C 22 R a${%2 E2 RV. 9U i;_5
"  " "    G  {2 65     "  " "
 ‚OP;U Ui;_5  SWE2 R ( (¯$ %! C0YP>5NO;P Ua‰ C 
j}— D ‫ ۔‬Mœ ®YU 0)%a 2 š™2  C 0)% (2 /ˆ8 $ %ac
; 5 { R 
" "   " G G  " " F G
   <   "  " R % " 5 3 " R362 R
2  C   (2 P/ˆ8 P$ %ac E" RV.Y3R a•2 3 U OP;U ‫۔‬  2 3r2 3U0}—ª5$ % „ ; — ¤ 2 
i2 C/ 2 D.3Ua $ E2 bH~@ i 1  ‫ ۔‬E2 { R V 8 ; _  ( ‫ ۔‬K)
  "    " "
"  ƒ  "
‫ ۔‬Mœ;5f Š)%a{R2 š™ ) %UD ‫۔‬2 DO2 ;%%E2 RVµ:— a•2 3< U" 2 3%U 0}8 12 39 8  E2 RV9، U
" "  " 5  
1-D2  f (bLIg bHBg )‫۔‬6E" <2 C f E2 RVE" 2 R:;_ 2  (‫۔‬HL) ‫Ž ۔‬$ 9! O<VU
F • u5  " " " XF 
G     "W " "  " {% " " " 

-  -Cac ‫۔‬D3f .;Re  E" RVa•2 3 ‚_< -C ±E2 RSŸ<  (U 5 C < bHBH O;Ua $ 8 ixf  (bL@L bHHg )‫۔‬42 ;%%‡ (‫۔‬H@)
U
"
" 6 8 G " ;Š2{j  W "  " "  " RV  " " (" "
bLIH‫۔‬2 3r2 3%1$ $ 0¡ O .2 3t 0Y V 02  3 Y0« !E2 Y
3 % U U R S R V { R š U
E2 a 2 ™O  E2 .2 39NE2   ‫۔‬deE2   2 82 35 DU bHBK C
; " R  U R V "
 " G     F   
 ! C82 3r $U02 /72 ;qf 02  3 Y-CO9}8U  ‫  !۔‬3 ³$ %E2 RV0Y V -C acE" RVE" 9 2 3r2 3U3R ./Z°OP;U U2 NSTE2 RVOP;U U ‫۔‬2 3r! 0)%
"  " "  " F "  " "
 
N " 2 358 9i;_5OfD% v2 %S2  ‫۔‬2 DU¸C/ˆ0‹ujY2 8 C D8 ‫ ۔‬M8ª5U 0)%a 2 ™2  C  (2 P/ˆ2 
{ R š 
G " "  " ƒ "  "
" |8  "  "
" f 5 F U
'de. 9 8035U i—z+6²RŒ Celsus6j23 ‚_<WO2 ;<{2 6 NE" 2 % 35E2 RV-„35 9 8
 2 3Up Y - $  0z 2 2  8 '*v%zTU 02 3%š%E2 RVbHKIg "
U
   

‫۔‬E2R! 
j}    /2  0$      1 C    £ /  - $  02  ‫  ۔‬/2 8  U 12 3<  E2 RV
5 f Z u œ 8 r   U ¤ 2 R   Zu œ
F
" "  "X "  " 
U C 0n9#! UD1noC•QU  ‫ <Ÿ۔‬1£v2 %S2  E" <2 C
  "  F fF
" 9 R c de
f 0}—ª5U E E2 ! a /2 ZY:8$ %O;P U 2 ST8  ‫۔‬E2 ! 8 ‡ UE2 V| . U R R
1
Marcian
2
Epiphanius
5 3
Clement of Alexandria Tatian
6 4
Origen Irenaeus
"  "
 " " 6q  " —  "  " 5 " " ƒ " U " |8  ƒ
5
 P> N.3    02 3  U ;— U R ª ; y ; y j u ; %
 O D   -C0« 2 D  i;_ 1£ C
U  d  U 8  C '  ž  ±f y8  ‰ 2 Ru2RU O;P U U 2 N ST 0« ! /! š02 

" " 
R 8 " | 8  { <=   "8   ƒ W  #  "%  % "  G % $ " U   <" +
a $ 9  < E2  \ 2  C E2 /ZS   E2 %‹02 ‫ ۔‬U 2 3%E2 %‹$ z$ U
+ 2 : f " % % " % 8 U
  µz . ! O ‫۔‬a   2 ‘Tv2 S$ \  8 ‘i 3 9 c U f j
 

" "  "F " F  "   " |"8   " " " "
‫۔‬E2  C 1  1 8f ;% ]<X9 C  2 3f! v2 %S$ %š‘
R  ( U > 8 f >  82 3U0}—ª5< 2 v2 %S8  C  £/ˆCD0V  0«E2 R!
" "  "  2 ;œq U " % „ƒ "  " {% 
"E2 R:;_5 (" 2 8U 2 8£a‰{2 65 ( 3%   " 8 #!  ;— U O C E2   
N 0« 3%½VŠ E2 V/2 ZY:8a $ -C‫ !(  ۔‬2 3’$ %#! O2 ;Š!#  U.DSX UWQ
  T R   F

 " 8 #!  U " " " "  F " "  + " "  " |"8     " |"8  
  ( 3%    ‫ ۔‬2 3  C9 0ŠRu5 y8UD/7;< 2  3$9s/­f E2 RV jV
   C  a{ "E2 RV< E" 2 %%2  ". ‘ ‫ ۔‬a{ "E2 RV< Ot ". ‘ jV
" G
3 {6f U F " 2{65 "  W R  U  " |"8  
a 2 ™ C   oP>5،   >5½ 35œ;_5a‰ -D C‡ %/ˆ“2 DU 2 8£
{ R š 4 Rš
2 E2 .n8 0Y V .2 3t   E2 3U     ‫  ۔‬a " E2  <  E" 2 %/ZS " . ‘
RV U U  { jV R V
F " " F " F " 
F F
>5½ 35œ;_5a+Y C -/2 Z[C7E" 2 Ru2 8C8 C 6¢2RY—U  2 3j©2;U،5E" 2 %/$ ZY½ 35œ;_5 ‫۔‬E2 R1VY
 " "  "  "   G G
  R   { %  "  W  " { ' 
R
02 8M9‫۔‬2 3UE2 S UDv— „Ns< 2 ;Ru!   
"
|
3x5a 2 -/2 Z[C .!    C  2 
9 8
02 (bLL@bHg@ )‫ ۔‬Q OfD% 2 362 R‹ \ 2 ‫۔‬E" 2 Re8% (‫۔‬HI) U
" F
 
" ac8E2 R! acDxœ53$%
 U12 3<  (" 2 8€‡ f $ %E" 2 RV  " 
8 C r 0«  % F " ; _5  f % " G %  ‰ {2 65 9
  U  — jS <"X
2 
bL@L‫ ! ۔‬v i O D     ! a -CO ‫
  ۔‬v C ž Ÿ 8  
"   " 5 2{65  F  
 U j <      "
 3 3

  12 12   DO2 ;  U.Y3R  E2U % % U " R: ; _ a  2 8£ ( 3%
‰ U Ž$ 9- 2 /ˆC2 362 R‹a{’ C D>;’™ \X -C$ 8‫۔‬2 3r! C/2 Z$0a{’2  -CE2 RV
      F     
‫۔‬E2 R! ; YU1£UE" RVU OP;U ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 8 $ f ./Z« .Y3R U 0YP>5N O;P UE2 RVO;P U U ‫۔‬
  A   F 
f ./Z«€„ UE" <2 C i;_502  (bLg@ bH~g )‫۔‬1y2 ;—$ ;! (‫۔‬H?)
" "
8N 9#c$W "   " W " %   " " " % RV   U "  8 R 
 F " " ƒ"  F " " ST  ‫ ۔‬.2 3R2 D QE2 / 0V  ž E2 2 362 ‹ a C -C‫ ۔‬i2 ;Rn E2 3U
8 ZS ; R  +
 .DSX Ur %2 " f 8 Uy8$ %9E2 R! ;²% D0ux82  E2 RV12 D#! F    "+ 
 XŒ8 U 2 STE2   C E2 a E2 /2 Zu 8$ %OP;Uij3<  U2 ST C M2;RQ
R " R c de % œ
 F x"8   V 
!
]xo £/  C / CDs/ ! E2 0u  ‫ ۔‬r8 1&$ %#! O2 ;Š!#  U
U ¤2 R  ˆ ­ # R V 
 " " ƒ"   "    "  ‫۔‬E2 R! ²;% D— 9
; YU2 39D9E" 2 %„‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U:;U $ %UDU .Y3R U OP;U Ur %.Y " F5 U " 2 R3 % X
5 t| R‹ 
€     2 362 2  (bI?@bL~@ ) 2 a 2 8 02 /72 ;q (‫۔‬Hg)
 
   F  " "   " "
3
 ‫ ۔‬U¦RY f ./Z«-C9‫۔‬0OP;U¹a•Q v2 %S$ U "    ±
Chrysosttom
"   "+  "  " 8 
4
Photius. ‫ ۔‬UUD8 ‘ ij3<  U 2 NSTE2 RV/2 ZY:8a{$% -C C ،' D95‰| E" 2 %/ZSE2 RV
"
W "5 X " 8 "  % G " G Ru8 F R"  F ‰{2 65 jS R!   3% % #! ƒ"
 Q  a  E E -S| ! Ya  ž 0«E2  ž $ C   0«§! D2 UE" 2 %„
5
Cyprian
6
Lucifer of Cagliari
7
Novation.
8 1
Ephraem. Hippolytus.
9 2
Aphrahat. Eusebius of Caesarea.
  U " F 5 " |"8 " U  " " " F " "
6 R‹ ¦ 5 ¤ R 
 C2 3 2  . C¬/  C E2 -C   C /!     8 “2 D
! Q U < Š) % U E2 Re
a#! -Y /2 Z¨! u5-D C‡ %/ˆ 3$9U 2 8£ $s/­$ % 02 {$% #! r 0«E2 R!
 " 5  " 
{ jY G "  ;_ U  " F R  F  = 
( R V r U
2  UE2  D95 !  rC C  2 3U‫۔‬E U R 
! 95 R V 8 U
" 2 D  E2  3U E2 " 
" R : ‫ ۔‬r!OfD%  C " u2 ReQa|2 « .DSX U" E2 RVM9U  O<  U E" RVa•2 3< 8
   "  F " " " "

02 ‫] ۔‬qYf  3RQ 02 $  C  s<+12 3< -D950«" 3  Y0S&02  " u8 p;y— 1" /2 Z¶ .YŽ5 µy9 
Qµy9 T 12 39 

F ƒ    " "
ac$ % ‫۔‬E2 R! ! YU µ:—  C O2 ;j£  UE" RVU 12 3< -D95"  2 3%- r —$ 8 0}8 i;_5
F9 F " " " G
|$ -/$ ZY C%3R2 0r II@ I ?I k H@ LkB ERu9
"
" F F
`-3r0$  .3 o‡ 0|$ 9 23tX
" 
HBHK kg ?KK LI HK? H@IB 2 ;%%‡
"
L?@k HH HHL~ L@~ ?? H@H~  02  3 Y
G "
----------- O;Š2{j

H~KLL Hkg ~~~B IKK I?K KLIH E" <2 C
G G
~LgB L@g Lk@K HL@ g@L ILBB E" 2 Re8%
HI~B HBB IB~ L~ ?L ~I? y2 ;—$ ;!
gH~k L~ HgKL BB LHH LIgB aX2 8

R23%
"
IkLBk kk? H?@I B~@ HIgL HKIkB " /2 Z¶
g 1
"F    " "
 ‚zX .Ys/­f 2 8£/¤2 R C /ˆCDr 0«E2 R! ; YU-  #! .
 " F    " "  ) 
O;P U U-Y /2 Z¨!u5J$ z$a‘8E2 R! D95.Y3R aX 8 /! 2 R3'$ E2 RVOP;U U
" 5    "
 E2 ;_ 
U 2 8£ $a•S$s/­#! r  C r ! D95 .Y3R ®U™;R«E2 RV
U " R :
G  G F G    
C CU02 ‫۔‬r E2 R¿%acf  XU C CU.Y3R 02 8E2 R©—€'" & U83 U
" |"8 • " " "      
 C < a  (2 8 /! -/2 Z9E2 R! - rU O<= UE" RVU 12 3j12 3< .Y3R
ƒ "  " " FR  "
AB
>&@ ?

 - Ž5 C - 3 0«   µ2 3  0 D  E2     \3 % ‫۔‬E
f % „ 5  ( % R 8 #
! R V 8 U 2 $  U " 2 R!
ƒ  
•]œ—u2 8  (Upf— a{90« & y8N VU+  ‚_<W8 #! ‫۔‬8  Ua|U- 3U
ƒ " " "  F "  " %
ƒ " F R  "
®U y8N2 U03  ‫ ۔‬e 2 U.a{! VU 
Y N" D%f 9jŽ80f
G
 " " " "
5K1\ ( ;
   '
$
"
“ R 
"  "
4%.
2 3U$ % „u 2 ·™Œ8 $ %8CD" ‡ ‘ C .3  e ¬ š 2 3x;%Cv2 % C C•QN^ 8 #! U   e
• Q    f ! 
"
x
"
b  ® 2 D  ©82 3  C a‰  UP>5N.3 UU U2 %rf  „ C 
U ; %
" 2 " —™WšW; Fi›"
 " FR " ƒ "    " • u5 F " " " F" 
<  R ° Y U ; o
i2 8 0«E2  0‹n2 D9-C0« 2 D    Y E2 „U\ 3% U   U 2 $  ; 5 U " % NV0u2 R#! U-©80ªx8a=C¦5#! ” bu8 0«E2 R! 8 ‡ ® eE2 RV0$ 3%2 DU .3 U #!
" ƒ"  "  •Q ƒ"
  <= U <+ " ‘ 3 % U f ; % r R  &
‫ ۔‬v%zM9S&02 y8  O  2 3 ‡   C P>51  
 2 3  N s/  C  E2  8 x ^ ­ y
" "  "   " " "  "  F F
 U 2 3<+N " ‡ ‘f C  U\2  U 2 3x;%•Q C v2 % C^ a– #! E2 RV.  . D>;’ a=_9;%ž  C r E2 R&$ %f  sn8  C  Dv%2 D U8DSX U!  JU
" " U r %U" " %  "+ " 5( =  " " " " " "
9 U 
-  ) .3Ua  E2 
Q 02  0°2 ، E2  0  $  / ;< s/­ O<=
| U 9 R 
! ^ ; 5 „ 7   i;_  U0« \{2 < 02 ®$ <&r E2 %D08 !   1DMjª5E2 RV /2 Z› N  U
"  { "  " " " " " F " " "  " "
،2 C2 !  P$ -C- 9UOP; a V C   E2  3%(a{! V/2 Z[2 ! a{! V-C
" % U ! 8 U R S  $ % „ 4f8 #! E"  2 3—،3  YUE2 RSi2 ;Rn8U.3 Ua|UU! E" ! e  —1Ž—
 ƒ"  " " G F   " "
   "F  C 2 DE2 ;— D% U. >;45a=_9;ž% ،Žf! E"   S)E2 RVi2 ;— U.3 U
+ 
"
U  C E 2 R! ;'d2Df y8a#! 2  UOf13%2 ! ‡" ‘،3R2 ±.r2 ! 3f C R S

 &  " "     " q
R
‫۔‬E2  $  C ;<ž 

! ;' % ‫ & ۔‬E2 -©8UM NM2 s/­U®U ¬š8 ™U .3_48a{! VU | /! 
 R V 9 ; x <
"  "
" "    " " " ƒ "
5
 8CD‫ ۔‬ac•u U" 8CD‡" ‘C12 3< v2% C0>2 8„a–20« 02 8M9 ، a•Q 2   nx5  a•£      0°2 ;U a{r acde E2 RS E2 RV Á  0 „35 .3 U 02 
 " "    "+ " U 8 U  "­ ( " 2 

Of " 2  ‡ E2 RV12 3< 0$ z3$9‫۔‬8 2 3U ¦RY U0>2 8„ 0«E2 R! a{2%DdE2 R3 U   .3  O z  ! 0« QD ! ‫   ۔‬$  . C/  D  C a‰ 8
U U „ #  # 
" ' "   T "  " " " ƒ " U U " "  2{65
 !D CacE2 RV2 3<+‡" ‘ (LH :g2; 3R2 ‹u H)"‫۔‬CU 2 3R U/ZS C '&$ %U8  "
 1  ND    C  E2   0 2 3R     0 „35    2 39  i2 n8  U  D$  a‰  2 
% U ; R
"   "  "  » " 8  ŠW " "  "X " " " "

a 
z  C  / 0°2   E2 C  a 2 3 a{42 02 {xRu ª6x—8 C
c   ZS ; U — 8 R V % f 9 f .z= 1>4— 2 {jY
6²8 E" < 8 C  #! E2 RV.3 U 0°2 ;U! 00:—z+
  " { œ! " " 
"
" 5 " 5 | U 8  % 3% ˆ " {%  ; 5  = U " %
M9Mj} U O<  ‡ ‘C13  C E2 !  Dr/ˆE2 V <  ،/Z¶ M9NM2; R R U x < 
 /2 N  U u E 5a  (I~v2 ‡ 12 / a - J) " -TOt
f Z › • $
" " " "  " " U " 9 " 9 R!  ; " U {ju8 U ""
" " " 
" •u5a|U C  U0 5 2 3<+" ‡ ‘ M8ª5U  2 3x;%N^ -C0« ;²  $UE2 RS 2 %r /2 [2 Mo 5U .™2 39 
Z  M 02 -  E2   $ 2   C 3%U.
" " XF " "  F " "
F F  "  
23< ‡ ‘ M8ª5U DY  ‡ ‘9 U03f$ % O2 ;%  Ÿ 68² a|U-C0«E2 RS z+U
+ " ( U < ‫(  !۔‬$  O2 ;%% C  C$ %f E" $ R$z 8 ’VDU " E2 RV9! Mo 5
" " f ƒ " 8 " 8 " = 5  <= U "  F  " " "
  U
‫  ۔‬0 5 y 0ªx  a C¦  O  -/­N CD$ %E" 9E2 R! ;U 2 R$\3 %-C;5 YU  .z= 68²  E2 RV™N. 8 8 #!
"" "  "  F " "
5 
•u 2 D%U CD>8
9 C E2 R! ž‰{t$  2 368NŸ2 ;< CO< }8D>8 C b•QU
"
F "  " " "
 C Áe Áe  UE" 9E2 R! D95!  J OfD% 68² $ %O<  U12 3 12 3 S)
  = j  < U -/­N ChD " D 
! U E" 9 
Y b•QU 0" V -D95O  w2;x9
D
02 
 " " " " XF =  F   "+ "
ƒ W ‰2  <+ f  % " " " " " "F

Y N1! ! Ca ! E2 z     Ž8 UŸ 1>4— \{2 < a|Uf .DSX0>œ;5
 {  Y R S  + U 8 U < 7 ; <
/ 2   µz a  Ÿ   O2 N‚j ! ‫۔‬E2  ž !  ;  a{fC  U
jQ
f ; 8 # R!   5 f
"  F ƒ
ƒ " y ’ " # F"

j} Uµ:— a   ;%‡ ‘0«  (™DD2 02 U#! \2  Ui2 8/ˆ" ‡ ‘.3 U U
5 • £ U "  {
U
 2  D9b•Qa+ Y 0« 2 35 E2 R! ‫ ۔‬2 D
a#! D" u8s/­U® e.
 " d " F  " 9 " " "F "  G G " "
 " 
"
 C ;%² D0 ‡ ‘¬ 9 {’./7 r ! ‫ ۔‬/! f .  (u8 . U 2  $ %O<= U2 3<+‡" ‘E2 RVa{fC  U2 3x;%N^  C r E2 R  /2 Z;%² D
z /ˆ
" " ƒ" " ƒ"
 "  "  "
8 ./79،i<m5U  8 ./79،i<m5U WY./79E2 RV02 35 Y Ne+€‡ R 8 #
!  U
E2 .   ‫   ۔‬$  P>5N.3U  €   E2   81£/2 ZY
V y 8 %  8 #
! „ 9 r % U y
 " F  "  f &8 X < = &  "8 U + " "F 
U  3’ E" %  ./79 ، i<m5 U  ¦f™  ¹aX58  ./79 ،i<m5 U  eV E" % %   {
$ O C Œ -C ‰ \ 2 ®$ 9 ORu  2 3< ‡ ‘E2 a{fC  Uv2 % C^ < R V
 "  "  "  G " 
E" % 8Œ P ./79،i<m5U D465E" % ” 3’./79،i<m5U T./79،i<m5  E2 RV—DU 
Y 8 •Q U¿$ %U yf" 0« U ‫ ۔‬2 D® eE2 RV 02  /2 Z$ O;<P +
 " " " " " G  % F ! " U " 8 U F  "
i9n5U .z= U  n5 C 2 D“2D C i<m5U a•Q./79،i<m5U O4U  2 3x;%N^ f -©80ªx8a=C¦5 ac-C C !  2 3$%. $   C  9    D9U0‹V}5
" " "    " " "
8 F 5   
U ;%N" ‡ ‘f 0‹>5U  < " 8E2 R! E2 RV '!  #! E2 R‹>  U< 8U
| 8 | ‫۔‬E2 %UO<1nœ  ·™8Œ $ % O<= C O2 ;ŠWY،O2 ;j£  U 2 3<+" ‡ ‘ M8ª5U
5   ) F ƒ"   ƒ   " F "
1nœ  UO2 ;%%CpŠ  Ui2 8/ˆ‡" ‘UE" 2 %„0¡ #! ‫۔‬3  Y1$ 03$%µ:— 1£ 2 “2 358Of ¸ N µ/ˆ0$ z‡ E" 5
"  ƒ" " (   " " " " " {<" X "
<   "  "
 \ 2 a Y -C!  y;  U" M2 E2  U  U.z E ‫ ;۔‬$E2 3% (S&
+ 5 ; x R V = " 9  R S  V- 9،/2 Z±3$%- 9  q
" |8 " " "   "
 " "  F "
9
،  T NE" %  ./7  C  ‰  U  i9n5 ™ - UV r  E"  2 3  ‫   ۔‬3 YU  ( Dr ¬ C  U —  $ % 0z2   C  2 3U ’$ % Ow2;x  UE" 2 R3 N i2 ;< 88 " #! E2 RV. 8 03f±
{ R 9 % m
" "  "
"  "   | q U j  < f  % { t$
 ( E" % UDE" 9)i9n5“2D C sC9a02  C U J 0z= C /2 Z— E" % ./79 R S o
0« C ‫ ! ۔‬E2  2 3$% ;  a E2 E  12 12  v 3Ut 0«E | R V " R V U 3 3 X
" 2 R 
! ‰
ž
   " " " 5 ƒ 
$  #! ‫ ۔‬2 ‡ E2 RS&E2 RS& E2 RVO;P Ua+ Y 2 “2 D C i9n5“2 D،.3 U UDC D de 
' f ' ! ¾ 35;ž 8 E2 % " R : ; _ +
a SW U  9E2 a ! Cµ:— U 12 -D95 R 
! # 3<
 F     " " " "  "+  " " " " F " 
U  s9  034RY ½ 35 ‫۔‬8 !  1 E2 R!  Ojš 1 .  9 ¦5 f  Ot 8 8 !  D95 E2 ! U 8V  C  ‹V8 ij3< 9.0z|8C /! " U Y /! CD03f±‫'۔‬
R
• Q  { < = "   9" U    % R#!  2 ;’ " 8 U  3 9" W "   ƒ"  <  R! "
‘ U $ U
 .  \ 2  \   .  .  ‫۔‬Áe03$ E2  O    . 3 ‘  QN
  Y /! CD 0  /2 Œ  C 2  12 ‫۔‬E2 " ¬n  0z2 R
q f 9 ) % Zª 8 8 U 3 5 U {
" Z RV  "  G "F   " + %" 
  " "  
 /2 E2 . 3’a SW /2  C a SW ‫( ۔‬$ %a{fC $ %0‹365U  E" 2 R3oe E" 2 RV‫۔‬3  Y! 
U + Z [ + U 035  C e+ij3< E 2" -C Q‫۔‬E2 R! - rU O<= U12 3< E2 R! E2 RV'! U
"  "  "  ƒ    G " 5 {2 65   "

8 9E"  23—)‡" ‘1£ 9 C 3  Y2 3U€ -CE2 RSE2 RV‡" ‘1£ 9‫۔‬a{ Y  O<= Uµ:— U 12 3j12 3< .Y3R C CUU E" 2 R:;_ a‰ a{’ C D>;’™ \X
 " 8   " " F ""
+  "  F "
 1£ E  S)a ‫۔‬3 YU€ D'$ E2 V‡ ‘ (2 $ 01DE2 V ({’Ni<m5
"   { 42 R " R "‫ —۔‬E" f-C! U ;RY" U 9 "E2 R!   D.DSX1!DÁ3%$ %
 "
  8 d M„ C a¦yqU 
" " {F ’0:2 ;j" E"  2 3—‫ ۔‬3  Y1$ 0 3%$ ;%‡" ‘N .
"  
ƒ
8 J
" "  " F
3’ Ib"zH F]( )' ix
"
 µ:—  U  ;% ‡" ‘ a•£  . C  2 DU   U ·‡  U i<=  “2 D
 U   ({’ 0:2 ;<=
 "   " " 
U  
  0«2 D3   C    .2 ‡ a{% (UO90«+ 
% U " ( ! 
" "   " Y‡  08 ;— 2 3 j  2 3 <   {  " " "  
1 1 S)0« 02 0z2 R9 f E2 RV.3 +،©—03$%8 J C .2 ‡ C
" 2 2 "
dV    G   "" G " |8 "   " 
V  “ V ' 
E2 ‹1 2   ‫   ۔‬02   (Y‡ -C8³$ %}8U v2 %‡  E2 RV- J 
R ;  Y U f  -/2 D  2  < C /! $  !   8 U
j}5U. 3’a•£  U
 Z › % # ; — U
  " "  % 8   " "
^ )    dV
¢ " Š
‫(۔‬kg0z ‡ ‘p ) "‫۔‬a a ! E2 1 DE2 ‡ a|2 }8 c {  Y R S  R3 ‫۔‬E2 Dx  p8 D;— U 8 U
j}5U. 3’1  C 1£  U;%" ‡ ‘! C
R 
! œ 5
"   F " )
8 E2 RV "0« 3 t&-C82 3r2 3UD/$ ZYU v%E" %2  
‡" ‘pŠ O9 (L)
 "   " G F " F  " " " 
&  ) " "
 C  2 z  U'{$% C 2 ;RS U <c ، UpŠ f  C 2 3U¸C/ˆU U" ‡ ‘
f ; R D95E2 RV2 3%D €‡ E2 R‹>8 U<|8U i9n5™- UVr 0« 02 8M9
" "  F ) ƒ " " " "   

  "0« 3 t&2  0« JDu2 8 
" ‡ ‘pŠ "‫۔‬f yoa{42 8;2RYU 2 ;5D‡ !  ORu8 U" ‡ ‘68² ‫۔‬3  Y! 0v%+" ‡ ‘ p52  U U0‹>5" ac8E2 R! ac
#
    "  F
G  + q  " U 
02 8CDU0¡/ˆCDf 0¡2  U S$2  0«8 U ;<+$ %. 'Œ‰ r |  U $ % TJ 9.2 ‡ 
 C  ‡ P‘p8V C p502 0«; Y0S&0ac{ 02 ®YU ¬8C
( "
F + "  " F " +   " "  %  ( RV  "
v2%  "‫۔‬2 Dd‡" ‘'Œ‰ 0«U  ORu80 (! 0
j}5 JD-D2  'Œ‰ .

9! % 0$ %  " 9E2 RSa|2 8 v 2 ‡  UE2   C E2 R! D95E2 RV E2 R!  "
 =  "  "
8 F  "  " +" "
8 U 2 {ju  E2 RV v2 %D  \{2 <  C  /Z345  0 D C " s^5 O9£ —5U  U./7< ‡ 0°2 ;U، + E"    a¦yq! E2 RV '!  #! ;%" ‡ ‘ 0« 02  Ojª5
"  F " " " " " "  RS"  Š) " 
) F  
0°2 ;U ! ;—  M8ª5U v2 % d8 UpŠ U " ‡ ‘U2  (kg0z¢^)‫۔‬E2R!  
™C" de0$ z 3$9 ! YD9‡ ‘$  Ow2  ‫۔‬E2 p ‡ ‘  (UE2 RV .2 39NE" 2 R
 % ; x 9
 F "    " " ) " ¦8
"0« "0Y" C " !pq C13q Ot E2 RV 2 8  U  ‡" ‘ E2 RV  Á39U   0V2  " U  13q (E2 RV8 UpŠ U )" ‡ ‘‰+ "02 39C2 3— ¹amx2 8" 13qE" 5" ‡ w—1z
 t " ‘ " 9 $ 8    %  5 #  8 ! 8 ) U 
2  "0n Y O ‡  "0°$  "‫§۔‬8 !*2 3<+‡" ‘0n9YOt
8 9 f ‡  0«   ‫( ۔‬H@Iv ‡ 0š) O a ! ‹   $ a C  $ ® 0«
" ‘  de ' $  2 U % <
 "     " " " " F " " " " " = " )
"0n9YOt‡" ‘ " SW2 3r! "pq C13qOtE2 RV2 8 " C E2 RV;2RYU a{42 8 "02 3%3R2 ‹Q" 0،0 ‘C0}Š)32R‹Q" "‫ ۔‬0VD U12 C\{2 <  U C UpŠ
 " "    "
"  F " " G " )
f DC D E 0$ z 3$9‫۔‬2 3r! p8£v‘CU .DSX U" D2 a#! U2 8 " s/­9
( " %  ،H~0V2 3q) 
a#!  !#acU12 C  U  C  0VD #! 3³$ % C UpŠ ‡" ‘
 " " " " )
 
 v2% ‡ -C0«2 3rS&f " 82 3Uv2  DU.2 ‡ a|U U‡" ‘ 8 T "0« C+

}8U  .C U.
   Š " r"" U ( 8
$
‡  O 9  0 $ z 3 2 3 2 3 2 p ‡ ‘E2 RV    TJ $ (HB
 $ 9 ‫۔‬   r   U  E R S
" " " " 8 T U " f q  " XF  " "  F " ) " ‘ U   8  " 79 " 8 T  " 79
8 t 
   C ”  S&   E 02 ‫۔‬2 3r 1 E2 0V2 0« 0« a D2  Ÿ !  3 R V  ¦ 5 9 c  U <  9 8 t 
 "2 D.     2 D-    p ‡     ./   ./ 8 6 5 8 U Š
 " " "   "
" "     " ) "
p8£€„ U¸£ v2% ‡  C ) ،.2 ‡ ،.2 ‡ aXOt“2D "‫۔‬2 DdUpŠ U‡" ‘ "‫۔‬2 3UE2 8 ” J D9U98 ; $U
-C 2 ;U
R S
   "  
" 
 a{r! p8£90« 3 %ac. J2  U#! O! VN" 3 68DO9£‫۔‬E2 R3r! ac E2 2 %<9 "0« 3q acU !™02 ) O’)/2 Z¶ !O9£a•Q‰+—5
%
" " U "   " " "
"  "   " 
-2 3RQ 8  ‫  ۔‬de 8  a¼2 RY E" 2 %e   
V u2 R $ 8 (LLH 0z¢^  LL@ 0z¢^) U R r
Of OfE2 V   È./7 ‡ -C،E2   ' C%C ;ž% 8 È./7 ‡ < R  ( d e <
 "" " "F  —  
    "   " )
0‹  " w— .  0& E" F —x2 8™TE" ’poE" ’. 2 8 E" ’02 {! % E" %2 34ŠX 3% -  02 3 Qa C]t{ C a a DO2      a ! 0 C E2 a{r U0pŠ 0¡2 
jn j ) 5 c { r ; % % ( U U " # R 
" "   " U c   { Y " c  %  % Š) U % < " RV r " " U —
  YU¹ ’DERSacŸ<X  (Uf ERV "a" {42 8 ½ /Z3FU" ‡ ‘0" 5O³D"  0 • 0   U " ƒ
 ‡ ‘]o 0°2 ; ‫۔‬a a ! 0a O2 ;   C p  C2   E2    
u C
3 2 2 2 3   V 2  2 V
 9"    ƒ  d V     !  j }5 " ;U U dV "
s f " ‡ ‘-D95ac8 J0°‹.2 ‡  C . wo،µ:— 0°‹sC9 C .9
3  £ " 
 1  0«   3 Y 
   0°2    C  ‫  ۔‬2 3  1  ‡   1 C  $  8    0«
 U ‘ 8
F  G G   " "  
U # " 
5 ac{ + 02 E2 R! "0«E2 R! ;t&s^5O9£/Z« DMj};5U . 39  ‫۔‬ "‫ ۔‬2 3r! p8£E2 RV 0n9YOt" ‡ ‘ 0°39 2 3U1£" ‡ ‘ $ 8 C

" F "  9" # "
{ t$     # "
03R C  /ˆ E E2 ž . 3 a ! Cs/­ . ‘! 0«²  $ E2 
f " 9 R! ‰ U ;  U R S (I)
 de " " % "   " F "  ƒ " F
   { y ’
"0« E2 ! ;'  E2 e < 
V E2 V/2 Z3 /2 Zu  Hk0z ) "‫۔‬3 Y! E2 S0u28  (U
R R U œ 8 ¢ ^ R 0«  de E2 V a  ^  ‫ ¬ ۔‬2  E2 V i9n5 “2D C   ({’ N i<m5
R  R
"    " " " "  " "% & " FR " <+ " F Š) " ;% " 8 •Q  " 79
8 " ' 
¸ >8 "‫Ž    ۔‬8    ‡  N1 DU E" 2 RD45 C 0z- JD465E" %
8 U f 8 !  " ‘    2 $  R V
  ” .3U ¯‫۔‬2 V  C 2 3U E2 0z /  ‡  -Yp  ž  a ./ = 7 U ‘
 U        " " "" " 
 C ½™ E2 D }8 .2 ‡  E "‫ ۔‬a{r (3%/ZYD }8 U8 Ja|2 8 E2 RV L@
) RV U " 9  ‫(۔‬k~H0z¢^)‫¯   ½۔‬0dV2 8}8 0C %V ” CV >o02 3o3—É™ —>o ‰+a•Q
 " "  "  " " " "
 G
- J "0« qO4 E  E2 .3Ua "‫ ۔‬2 3r$ %s 3 $ %€„ 8CD½ 2 3 8
U " % ( R V X 9 _ œ  U#! S&8 0z=‫۔‬2 3U $ %J 8 ” 9 " ‡ ‘ a#! C02 a{42 8"Ê
   " " "  "
ƒ "  "
J 0« /! šf 9 "‫ !( ۔‬% %U w8- J8 (D;  $ 8r . 9 8 a•Q./79‫ ۔‬aU#! a#! C ‡" ‘9$  #! ،E2 RS. C/­ U‡" ‘
" F
    " " " ;_"8 " d2 " 
q "
.2 ‡ ~Is/ E2   0:2 ; E E2 .2 ‡ £CDE2 RV. J E2 RV0V U  (T
­ R V ( { ’ < = "  2 3 — R  "‫ !§۔‬0O2 3' D‡ ‘a  }8U €‡ |  U 0«2 D. 9
 • £ U
 "  " 
'$ a w8- JjSž f OfE2 RVi<m5U D465E" % "0« E2 RVHB¸8" >8 ‫۔‬E2 R!
 c " ‡ ‘" 9 0« E2 RS YF  ®$ <& E2 RV  " 0«   de E2 RV  / " ´¼ 0Q;y5 a£ /2 Zuœ8
 "  "  " " T " "  " " "
dV
E" % ( $ %€„aX  C ®YU s 39 O<Xv2 %S   ‡ - J}8 Y bu8- J  /2 Z$›-CE2 RV 0°‹‫  ! ۔‬$ %‰+-C€„9 E2 RS1 -C $  #!
 " R F"   "
  "
-   "0«  0:2 E2   N D/2 "‫  ۔‬i9n5U 0z=“2D C O4U
J  q 8 V 6 R V Z u œ 8 ' a=+ UJ U  C  -C C  
 E" 2 %z•VE2 RV" ‡ ‘  C  35 C s<+9
  "  " 
" ‡ ‘€„aX "‫۔‬0n9  $ 9 “V‫ '۔‬8 U¯G$ %#! 0« ®$ <&9!  ;³ G$ %E2 RSE2 RV08 ¢ ^
‫?۔‬I@0z "‫! ۔‬E2 v%+ M8ª5U
R S
 ƒ       " "  G G " F 
E2 RVD }8 UsC9 C µ:—  C D }8 U . wo،D }8 U.2 ‡  U ،D }8 U8 J U U D465NE" % E2 RV1.3 Ua{$% 8 ¢2;9 ' ‡ /Z« DD>8 C ¬/¤Ru5E"  2+ 1
"  " " " " " "  ) 
E" 2 R35ŠW  .S+  0°‹ E2 RS U  /2 Z› '{% /2 Z[ 2 %  a|U  q  02  C    s 39 J ®$ 9 /!  2   i<m5  D465NE" %   0«   ! 
j}5 f  E" 9 E2 R!  ;U  pŠ  . ‘
" "  F 5  " F  " F  " ;<+ " 8 W   <" + "   "
E2 RV0V U  (TNJ 9E2 R! U CD3 f .;Re •u "  C 0nœ9./79،0u8Q./79 0YN O   Q ‫  ۔‬i 3 f ‡ ‘-D95E2 RV.V>5 f (Hkg@)$z$
 j


"
   G {U c 
‫  ۔‬w $ 8 dY" ‡ ‘UC/ˆCD
' 5 % " % 8  f " 9 R
O4 E Œ 0« 3j$03$% E E2 ;U ' a . ‘U i9n5“2 DU U
U 
!
 "  "
T9! #N NE" % ‫ ۔‬3 '& s 39 f ‡" ‘-D95E2 RV.V>5$ z$J2   /! 2  ½3%2 ‘i<m5
" "   " " RV  
  " F " " s/­0E2 RV0‹V}5U . 39  E 2 .V>5D};5i9n5U O4UE" %Œ8 C D465
 (‡ ‘a#! E2 RV.2 39E" 2 R UJ ./790« ! Y$ %+  \2  E2 % -C Q
"  " "  "  ƒ ƒ
S&8  0« v2 % C f  D465N E" % 0$ z3$9‫ '۔‬E2 RS
j}5f a{f DUyo µ:—
" " "
"  G " " XF "
U U % 8 V " 2 — ; ³ % U <
 s     Èa  E2 E 3f $  ‡ ‘   Ÿ  2    8  E2 RV " 0«
{ R   3 1
Material for the History of the Text of the Quran, By Arthur Jeffery 1937
" "   " F  "
"‡ ‘0«E2 R!  ;ž<{t$$ %0z{2 R #! f .

™ ‫  ۔‬8 ! C /Z« .}q C6²8 0«‫۔‬0«
" ' 8 E2 RV‫۔‬D¸ š  U+  U.‡
G
$  C 2 ™ $ $ U .‡ $ U E2 RV$ 8‫۔‬3f;³ $ %
"  G
"  RS"   c RV  ‘  " ƒ "  " " G  "
  F #
c % " r $ 8
a ; ‡ ‘  ‫۔‬E2 03$%a E2 v CU ./79µ:—  a•£ U ;%   "0«2 V8 .‡ $ ‫'۔‬d² D ‡ U 0n’f 0C U “)a ! $ % /´$ )U ./79
ƒ  "  F    " "  G = "

 Ow2;x9 Dµ:— U  0«; Y0S&002 ®YU ¬8Cac'$ 8 ! E2 RV'!  #! 9 /ˆCD2   Sž  €„9CU0s 39 E2 RV$ 8‡ $ 8!;³ $ %\{2 < 8CD
j  f
  " " ƒ "  "  " "  " G
‫ '۔‬8 dYU
U0z=;%ž 8  (TJ 9E2 R! µ:— a•£ U " ‡ ‘ .ª9E" %T ./79‫ ۔‬2 3Uv2 % C 8  zU "‫;۔‬r !¾ ! ·—— C8 3')
 jkA *8
'
  ` 
0  F' ix/ 5im
" f  ;³ G % " f r — "  J U {  " % F ! " 8 RV
 -C C 3  $ s     C  -   2 E 
u   E2 "0« q
"  G " " "  G  ƒ 
" |" 8 
ƒ " "   ¯$ E2  Èa %U®<+9!  ¿$ %®YU µ:— 6²8 f OtU. J
8 % R S  8 {
µ:— a•£ U  f 8 U0‹>5! < C /! U  12 3j12 3< #! S)
#
"  G " "  
dV " ƒ "   F 
YU C 2 3U/Z£8 E2 RV“VCDU0‹)$ % a#! ;³ $ % E2 RV 0«v2 %‘‫'۔‬
1 C U
j}5Uµ:— a•£ U ;%‡" P‘! CE2 R! ; Y$ ®YU ¬8C C E" 2 R>2 8U "  G "   " "
" " "  " " "  0«2 D. 98  ‫¯(  ۔‬$ %8 U- J02 U®<$ )$ 8f  8 E2 RV‫۔‬2 D;R² e/2 Z$ 
0C U8 ! "$ %;2RYU 2 8 Ÿ_9U ;%‡" ‘‫ ۔‬f .3 +$ ‡" ‘ " U  " G ) " "
  R S  c {
E2 a €„  ®  ”  ‫ ۔‬3— .  0«S& E2 ‫۔‬8 ” J
U <  8 J   8 ' 8 8 R V
 " F   F
 U12 3jN12 3< E"  23—‫;۔‬r ! p8£O’U -9C“2 D C v‘CU .DSX U  " f "  G "  G
" F "
"  U"  
  2 ™3 $<{R2 &” J U U DE2 RVj§ U   D$ U  8 E2 RVv%‫۔‬2 ¯$ %
.TC¬/ Ne E2 C /!  P  C E2 a ‡ E2 2  0š f a#! 3% OP;U
ˆ + R ‹ > 8 R   d $  RV % <
+" " " " "
" " "   '‰Œ  8  .‡   R    U    s    f      -  J  f     8  E2 RV ”  J   S& C
" 8 " $ u2 3 
 SW‫۔‬E2 D95$  ! E2 /­N NCDE2 C /!  j>  ‫۔‬E2 a{r UE"2 RV
R 
! # R V R ‹ > U 8 " R  "  " "  F
" |"8 "  "  "  ( " R Y 5 "  j3_" o  U •u5 G
 F F  ‫(۔‬-/2 C u E ‫۔‬-  ‡  O 2 .3  ) "‫۔‬2 ¯$ %
Z[ 8   u w —
E2 <  03Re v%NtX‫ ! ۔‬E2 RSp8£ac0YJ2  E" RVa•£ U 12 3j12 3<
R V " "  "
   "

 "  
" " |"8 " " "  3— R! O ‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U $ s .Y‡ ‘0«  ( ( 3%02 0C Us 39 
9  % 9 
 (! Of D 2 3yjQ Uv%3Uf 8 U0‹>5U < C /!  E 2 ،E2 D95  G G "  
8 CD '*aX2 3q;%ž Of8 Ojª52 3U "s9.Y "0« 2 3U J02 
‫۔‬E2R! " {fF  "  " "
" "  "  \ 2 ! E2 !  ;U  1>8  q   2 Re$ ½3%2 ‘  Mj};5 U  +    8  
R " > 8 NO9£ 0z3" $9 ‫۔‬E2 R!
 + $
. $ ‡ 0$ z3$9‫۔‬E2 R! 1ac U " 2 ;yjQ Uv%E2 RV‡" ‘O9£a•Q‰ —5  "  " "  " " F  F + <W
"  C T./79E"  2 3— !  $ %O4— C  "   U2 8‘‡" ‘0«E2 R! ;'de.
   "   " q  z M 3’
8 &Da E2 V  (‡ ‘ N . 0z|8 8 ! ž;')ž  €‡  . 39  U  |   "0« E2 R!  8 V
c R
"  "  F "
 F F  "
   VF7   
X " "   N 39 . ‘Ns 39 0« ! v%f 9' U 2 8‘0‹2 3R8CD
u! ./79
s

     + UR   1   W 7  S & R 
! { R  ¥ j Q U %9E2 R! ; Y " " XF "  
 " #! T !  # ‫۔‬E 2 0 2
z   a  v  9" ƒ "  "
 c    7 7  ' s 3  0« /! š DQ8 U C ’9$ %Ÿ /! ،E2 Mj}8 (Uf  O4— < R S
 aB b  3 7 
#> E S \_#F E` #5.S ] +>_` #،Z 3^d . Z  Y[ " F  "  " q  " 
"  096²RŒ 0z=2 396R² Œ 
u!./79 C T./790« r!  U| #! O2 ;’8 U. ‘
"  f " !  ¥jQ f "  ;—   
0O D   C  a      ‫    ۔‬#!+e+4&  f g  7
'   h
& ! X A i Z F " F
$
  / CD2    2 /ˆU 0‹2 3Ra#! 2  0°‹— C; U 0¡a#! 2   C a|2 8‘s/­
ˆ '
 " F
"{F ’./
 " 79  ; — U U c  "
  € £   a .-C8a–2 ‫ ۔‬2 3qE" 2 %‘ac C 3 Y! 
9 
" " F 
 ! 
j}  -/2 Z[CKKk،g?B،gHB/Zv2 % 8™ ¬ u5‫۔‬8 !  C‡ 0‹)$ %
 5 f
 "   " "
" "   " F  " )  65 j3<" + " 8 —  "
0$ z 3$ ‫۔‬a  i2  ‡  ‡  8 if2 8E" %€z)}8U " {’./790« 3 j$
 9 c U ; — 9 U " ‘ Š j   8 !  ' &
p )"‫۔‬2  D     $    ž       . D i  ¹ }8” a=
' % „ ;% 8 r — 9 U
" "  " "
(¿LHK ¿HKB )5V0:2 ;jjSž %2 Re$f (¿Lgk.C\2  ) z
V ‫(۔‬HH@0z¢^" ‡ ‘
" " " F "
 " " ŠW {2 65 F " " F " "   " 
2  (f -3Ua{%0‹2 3RU .T9)8 ¬zX  C \{2 6 3’a‰  t|5E2 RV0V U ”  C-Y 0$ z 3$9‫ ۔‬0¾$  2 ;y i<   ({’9 0« 02 86o E"  23—
— f j Q m 5
 " F " "  "  " "
:deE2 RV. 9U .; VU 12 3’X E" %” 3’WQ" •u52  E2 RV ]9 i<m5 Di2 8/ˆ‡" ‘0° }8 "0«E2 R! 8 VE2 RV :<W Ée .3 Ua{$% j! DO9£
 " " ƒ " " ƒ
 Šd U   8  8 (   " m8 ’ F +
v š E a  02 ‫۔‬a O      $ .C8 ‰+./79O9 "
— ( " % •Q + • V M C ،M   §‫۔‬D 2 0z 0- 35D s/ C \ 2   DSWY ¬C -Y¸Š‰
8 % 9 %    3 5 = „ 8 ­ { <    ¥
  " "  " " " "  F " " "  F " " F ƒ 
U " 2 R
 C }8 D $8 ! 2 35  8 $ v -CO9‫ ۔‬± r$ %„ U
e ;r f M9 §C‫۔‬Of 2 35 ‡ s  VD+COf ±+ a‘ %‡ Y+ /! š.; V
"   " "  + "    " F ƒ  "
"‫۔‬S&8  8 ‫ ۔‬UO42 ;% U  C  " ;r $ U  8 }8U ;²RS+®$ 9Ÿ48v 2 % C% Mx< 0°‡  D8 zC‫۔‬D5+  .; V. ^E2 % ‫۔‬Y+ /! š.; VNs %
"  "
)  "  W  " ) F  F " F
pŠ U ¹a–W 
E2 RV0«2 D. 98 a•Q./79‫ ۔‬S&. E" 6< 8  ¬C ./79‫۔‬2 3r2 3UpŠ E2 RVi<m5i2 8/ˆ" ‡ ‘ 0«U  } 8a{42 8 "Of8+ Y+
"   " "  ƒ " F   m8 U  " ƒ
&  r  2 ;^ f <+ {% " ;U 5 R V = U R V U { < { U ¥ ’
®$  0« S&     ‫      ۔‬O C 02    ®  a   0°2  ، !   sC/  E2  8 U
< 8    8 ' ; U 7 8 U Z«  U
  2 3U-„35/ ® Y  0z  C  s/ E2   \ 2   Ya    ; ­   8
 ) "   ƒ   U 
-C$ 8` a{ Y! pŠ  2 ;U” .3 U '$ $  /2 Z®$ <& C  $  #! $8 (i—5)`' 2 3U^ U  2 345U M9)! /! šMo 5U .; VM98ac{ '
G ƒ  G  "
 &   U  "  "
 C  f  ;$% U  < C  f  C 2 3  ®$ <& ،2 3— f  yo ®$ <& ‫۔‬8 !  '{U  $ %
 
c ' U .; V M9ac{ C ;'&  f O¢—z+ U Ur— C ;%² D; a‘U
 " ) ) " G    G G   "
 ;U 0pŠ E2 RV.3 U2  OfE"  2 3—2 3UpŠ f C/2 Z$›/ˆCD U €„aX C f 2 8!  M   ² D® a ! C   z C  D3  8 ! 'deE2 RV. ^ ! s %
9 9 ; %  e # U 8  ; — 5 U
  F "  " " " "   F
" 2 35 DU r—$ 8‫;۔‬r ! RY 8 Áe Áe €„ U 83 UDt2 $ U " ‫;۔‬r ‫(۔‬BI0z  ‡ w 12 C02 = D9V)‫ ! ۔‬v%
¢ ^ " —   { Š
 " G " " F"  " r " " F
 "
;r Áe;³ $ %Mo 5U ‡" ‘U v—š ( E" %a•QŸ48‫۔‬2 3r! pq Cs 39 E2 RV. ‘ /7  0Q;y  6 V DN /2 Zu 0$ z 3$9‫۔‬E2 - a  2 3yjQE2  ({’i<m5ac$ %
5 5 R œ 8  R 3 ‘ R V
 G + "  "  F "  % f  "8  ( 
U 9E2 R! ;³ $ %M8ª5U 0QŠ‰  Ÿ48‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UC/2 Z$ UE2 RS €‡ -C C " {’ ‫۔‬   Uv 2 C  -D3q DC D "0«E2 R! ;'dea¼2 RY0V Q02 E2 RV
CD‹
" 8  G  " 8 " " ) F  " 9" " 8 "  W
"
 O E Œ P Ÿ ‫۔‬E2  $ $ .   D NE Ÿ ‫    ۔‬D8 UpŠ
U 4 U " % 8 4 R 
! ; ³ % % ‘ U 4 6 5 " % 4  !  U   ./ ‡  O a ‫ ۔‬. 02 RYC3<W02 3o" i<mŠ 02 3— po W
U " { ’ 7 ‘ 9 { 42 { R u — ¦— { x
 G   G  " " "  " " " F  F "
8Œ P  C D465E" % ‫۔‬E2 R! ;³ $ %$ %. ‘ UO4UE" %8Œ P C D465E" % ‫۔‬E2 R! ;³ $ %$ %. ‘ a $ D9.TE2 0>8n5®$ <&E"  2 3—E2 R! 2 3yjQE2 RV ‫“۔‬e ;t&" {’82 3r2 3U2 R$ ;5 Y
{ % R S
    "
‫۔‬E2 R! a{jV®$ <&OtE2 R3% ‘ UO4UE" % ‫(۔‬L?k0z¢^) "‫۔‬r E2 ReUOf DM8ª5U " 
" XF   "  " " " " {F ’ O9 "  
Ÿ  (U‫۔‬s 39   . ‘ E2 RV r— 2 ‡ 0V   I ) ] / ' ix
< ’ E" % 
" XF
:  
"   G%  % X (  G 
a $ Ÿ /! ‫ ۔‬3³$ €„/ CD v2 ‡ a  U‫۔‬3 ³$ %€„2  Uv2 %‡ 2 
{ % <   ˆ U 
" " "
" {F ’0:2 ;j" i2 ;—9‡  U‡" ‘0« 3U39"0½VŠT
        (! E2 RV0V U  2 2 2
 ‫ ۔‬/ZSf . ‘/2 Z. ‘/2 Z¶0«3 t&U /ˆCD C  Uv2 %) U. ‘ "  5
 % f  R 8 ‰2{6  "  e  9 5 " f U "  
03$  .:2 ; n a 2 E ‫ ۔‬D  3   z 
V s/     ‫۔‬a 
 ­ ; — U + c


"
| 8 % " "  " "   F   
  FR
 D ‫۔‬a E2  ”  $   0Ca 0$ z3$901noE2 RV:8 C . %
q 6 5 c R S  f X E2 .  · 0«2 3 S&   v ‫  ۔‬p Ci2   C 1 3  C a|2  C a&f
R V ‘ — r f " { ’ % ( !  q 8 < 2  %
 G%  "    " "    F  G "
 
5  R S 
،C¯ O -C E2 E2  98C$ E2 ‡ ‘  O 0« O u8 UE" 2 RD45
R V R V " f 9  R  C E2 R! ; -DV‡ $ %Duo C ‫۔‬E2 R! ;'& .C Qf 0C U2 Ra& C E2 R! ;— Ds 39
" U c  RS"  RV "  %  "   " "  " " 9  F 6U  8 G% F8"   U  " " XF
)
 0°2 ;  a  E2  E2  ‡ ‘   v2 ‡  0« 3 Y 0S& E2   (U 0«  S& f $ % /Z358  T R S  CO  C  ¿ .0« 0u2  ‫  „   ۔‬. ‘a $ Ÿ /!   U { % <
   F "    " "  "
+ r " " "  G { — F  
‰ " %
'Œ   "‫۔‬CU u“3f U   E2 U   9 . ’ C  D+ " 0« '  8 U ¯$ % !  M2;   # x < -DV‡ {’UE 02 ‫  !§۔‬JDUOf D'Œ '$8 ! . 9 ” .3 U C ‰ž {t$ v%8
" " f ‰
"
R V
 G %  RS"  RV " " 8 T  " " "E 2 3—،3UpŠ)f C/" 2 Z$›/ˆCD C f $ 9  C f  RYF 8 E"  +S) C 8 ! 
" 
D E2   2 D¯ -CE2 9E2 ‡ ‘  ¾! 02 39q U r—
9 8  2 $
"  " " G   "  G  " " 
0«3 Y0S&E2  U0«S&8 TE2 RV03y9 C 2  ‫۔‬3 2%D¯%Uv2 %‡  f ®! ;%ž
 R S  ( ;³ $ %$ %. ‘ U" P 9f r—" 0 C f  0" ‡ ‘9$ U v—š ( E" %a•Q
  G  " #  " "    " |"8 F " " "  
"   3 —  R V "
. -CE 2 ' 8 U¯$ %E2 ‡ ‘Uv2 ‡  D9! ‫۔‬ac E2 RS E2 RV‡ ‘0};5Nv2 %‡ %  v +U 0z  O4UE" %8Œ P ‫۔‬2 3U2 /ˆU" E2 RVi2 ;— a{$% 0 C 2 3U‚¦8®$ <&'
%
" G " " " XF  " " " "  " "  "
{ U "
R 
‫ §۔‬UE2 S s}5 a U  "  ™ DŽ8U 8 Ÿ 9‫ ۔‬a{rDŽ8
c < f ;%² DU  8 t 82 3UOjš0z 8f D465E" % O9‫ '۔‬ ž +jSžf 8 !  |
" "  "% 9 "8 "  & " 48 "  F " " " F "
U " % " RS U  2 ;<m8 U J " R S  + R  t " % % " %
4 8
O E Œ P ‫۔‬VE2   O     C 2 3UE2  $  v V NM   0°2 ;U 8   0«E2  Ÿ  C  3’E ” 3’ C  n8 v E 2  8 {’‫۔‬2 DU Ž8
‰ ! ; U
   G   "  " " G " "  )

E2 D95E2 RV i2 ;—a•S$ C ' ;³ $ %E2 RV" ‡ ‘·—9%C C .;qE2 R JCD0«S&8
R  8CD-C‫۔‬E2 Re DŽ8! ]jQ.9 C E2 %UOfP D C pŠ f 0«2 DdacU  ( E" %
"   " ƒ     "
" 
‫۔‬E2 R! E2 RSE2 RV" ‡ ‘. -C f 8CUs 3 E2 
2 ]œ—2 E2 .a  O90«a v2 % ! 02 U" ‫ " '۔‬98
9 R V R V | U  c
" F "    9" RV  X   " F
 )
 ‡    a 8  ‫ ! ۔‬pŠ ‡" ‘f dU 1if2 8E" %€z)'$"
f " ‘ ( { ’ c ' 
‫   ۔‬s 3 E2 8a Ot -C0°2 ;U'de$ %- Cz+U  2 8‘
8 U
    " "
)  "   " G  
E2 ROf-Cf E2 RV" C E2 R;U pŠ " ‡ ‘
0«2 Dd C E2 %DŽ8E2 RaXOt  ( CU E2 RV  ]9 %  E2 R‹>8 $  U   8  ž U v%+ U ‡" P‘ 8CD O9 "
"  " " " G "  " |"8 F  {r ‰2{' F "
" 
-C! $8 €z)®$ <&9‫
 '۔‬U r—U 3’a{% C 02 35 a{%E2 RVE" 9E2 Re DŽ8  02 3„ V. 0z 
Y‫۔‬a a U
Y2  C U 03%2 V2  C U0°V1 82  ‫۔‬E2 R3r >
"   " " "
  "
O! V#!  /2 Z C 8 !12 3’X E" %” 3’OfCD /2 Z¶ ‫۔‬2 3r2 D; E2 RV‡" ‘  034UO9(¿L@@)E2 VSTa “V،a ! 0V U 2  /ˆ ‡ 1>8 — C0°V‫ ۔‬D95E2 RV
R X # (
"   "  
8  * " % >8 — "
¬   1 a $ ‫۔‬a   E2 ST 02 C}5E 2 2 1  C03%2 V‫۔‬a{r1-C8 ! D%
T > c 9 { r !  R V U " %
"    " " "  2{'
~ )  •
?
)  )    
 U ŠWQ C  Š&
 ‫ ۔‬a{r!  -3% E2 RV 0V U  3 <+ 9 a{ra‰  E2 RV  0U U
aˆ¡ DAZ9Ÿ…   &‫۔‬V9AŽK  "0 ;R *\$“ Z"
 (žœ&) Oœ)  #0 ! A XiR ! 2› [ *\] ’5 0 ! A! ! Hl1   "
"   )  
  (U9 C 8 0- ®$ <&$ U a|U0« E2 R;U pŠ ‡" ‘
0«8 !  8 C$ %
  
)    )
{! f ! &H† '4 2\!]{ Ešf0 ;R 2A Rm$
\B 
 G &h Z>( ! 2d0 ;R¢u
 G‫۔‬V9—[5
   )  ?  )
T )  ) T "   "  " " "
h3£]“ ! & \ 2‹n 0 ! f  0  ;e! &)  £H•¤! A ! &H†
5  7!9‫ ۔‬+¥¦#1A€96 <Ž  
€9 

  ) ) ) a+r/ˆa|2 8 E2 RV0‹V}5 8 
Ž9 ‫۔‬E2 RDE2 R /ˆO<Xf  U Ž8 f ;%² D
  †
Y^! > 0 ;R Ž7> !A 2 &hKX 2AY^! 9m€! 9Y^! > 
  ’5 0 ! A! ! Hl  #0 ! AXi=ˆ ! 2› %0 ;6<
*7 Y§‚ ‫& ۔‬2kY^9 
" <& U   " %  " "  U
 )  
” :  ‰ „
 G
 2!A [ *\] Xi=ˆ ! 2› %25  &
  ?T )  l )   
! ! f
  t3šf“! AW! &! 0 ! A ˜0 ‚ 4 ! 2› šf‫}&  ۔‬f
. ‫  !۔‬0®$     C  ‡ -3r $  C ¬¢ 3$9 $  a '$ 0« ( &D
8 J ;2 % ; 5 < U | 
  "9  G  "  "
- J C  a !  .  - J C a %acf -w8- J 8- J0«E2 R! ;t&Ÿ48
    )  ) &
(Y© ;$0  A mz!] [\Hˆo9 &) )‫¨۔‬1 f6  &R & ! :H# (V90 ;Re!  G! f)
! E1  %Z6   { r c
T  ) ) ?
)   •
‫ ۔‬+1 &ª0 ;Rvr
 G‫€
۔‬9 
 ¨1 
5 h&
 " ]“ 0 ‚  "¤4 .R‚"! ! Hl
"  F " " " 
% „ ¦y U   U"
$   a    .C    ‡     D   E  8  €z)  0«   3% /2 Z™  E" %
q  ‘ U 4 6 5 " % " 8 2 8C /Z345a#!  S 0°"2 ;U ; YUE2 RS Ž" 8   C E " R2 !  ;% U8 "
" " "
 F Z« U   9" U  8 " 8  " " %    9" & " "  
f U )
 0C ./  . 3   ‘ €z  0« 3t ŽjE ‫۔‬D O 8+
 & " U 4 E2 s 3 ®$ 2 35 D  E2    C  O D C  2 3U1 8U8
R S < U " R V  f  >
"
 " 8 U {9 U  3 9" " d 
  " |"8  "
' 
2 3U¾     .  0«2 D   !  2 3$%E2 < U ‡" ‘9
; r R V "‫۔‬E2 R! Mœ;5$ % Of 0°2 ;U
   " "
 U‡" P‘" 35 DU b•Q" ;5 YU if2 8E" %€z)0«  3 %U#! 398‫۔‬8  " F
،032%V،
Y،/7 9E2 «v%+U ' E2 ‹ 8®$ 9 U‡" ‘8 if2 8E" %€z)"
5 R d e R >
2 2
ƒ F  " "
ƒ =  G ) " |"8 "  2{'
U U/! š6o  C  !03935OfD% $ % (}5Cµ:— \{2 < U (H~ :B)v2 %‡ 2             ž  ·  O 0«2 D   8   ‫۔‬E2 R3r a‰  -/78 C  0°V ، 0U
U U ' $ U < j S  — f d 
" 
 3%ac0 U#! -C‫ ۔‬r- f 8 ! € DERV" ‡ ‘q "  F     " NJ 0   t& F  8 ( "  " <X  2 % " % " R V "
 2 23 2 Y 2  F  « 3 ،2 3r2 3U/  C Du  D2  O  v S$  E2 +  ‫۔‬E2 %U 2 3R U" ‡ ‘-DU i2 ;—
Z ›
  "  " X   ( F fF  " F "
a O;U E" 5 C ) 2  'de $ % %$  ž8  U ‡" ‘  8  9  Ÿ<  S$ €z) 0«  r
‫۔‬a ! ©2 ;%  C Of  C  Ž2 ;%E2 U
 U
{ U R u  « 2  z R9
{ ’ 0  ! 0 0 2 {
" " F   "   "

‫(۔‬2 Rš w— 3 % (<UC  U€z)E2 RV8
D98 C 2 3Us/78OtE2 RV‡" ‘8 €z)
   ŠW {2 65 " " " XF
Mœ;5$ %. ®YU \{2 6 3’WQa‰ 2 acb•Qa+ Y ™- UV$ 8    ; U  
 2 02 ` 3 Y2 3U0YC'  €„a E2  0‹V}5 ” .3U$  Ÿ 68²  '$‫۔‬
 | U R V U  % <
 " ) " "  " XF  "  "  8 RV " " +
‫۔‬if2 8E" %€z)™ C8 UpŠ  9‡ " ‡ ‘0«E2 R!  02 35P a 0«Ÿ u2 8 8-C`! 2 3U03%C/2 Z} E2 ‡ ‘8  0« 3  Y! E"  
U { % <
 <  X X"  "  " 
X D®U E2 Ra$‰ a‰$ ;5 Y /2 Z8 #! ‫ ۔‬±U ‡ E2 RVDU  ®$ <&9„
"
 Y Wjx  w>!yg > z
G & " "  45  de
" G %   ( RV " "
" F  "  " ƒ"  /  S     ®$ a ! C0°‹ a E2  ¯ .  E2 2 3  8 #! ‫۔‬E2 R!
Z 3  9  de < & #  c R S  U U %
;%ž a{R2  98 " {’./790«، E2 R! ; $U\= C$ %E" 2 %„#! .2  " 
 =  "   #! r  U " % {<= {<= !   8 U >8 " 9  q U " 9 " 8 "
<   " % ;— U " 8 U  % U R
E2  ‫ ۔‬2 3 2 3 \ 2 \ 2    1 D    E  2 8C i_;5 C

 E \ 2  ‡  0«a 01  . -C 3      2 3  i<m5
U " R V { U " ‘ c !  U (
"  
 " 3% C 12 3_œ8 #!  8  !  0"  0uF28"    v  —
  "+ " G & -C   de 8  #!   9  E"  23— 8 U  „
9  D95. D65ij3< 2  3$9$ U C/Z+U a{2R  r‫۔‬ Y U
j}5
' 2
W " "• F "
 " { 6 Š "

" °"$ 9E"  2 3—، ;r ²;% D }8V ‫(۔‬HLIHHI0z 3U¬zX eC\ 2 3’ ½n< V )"‫ ۔‬a y CU C3Š 8 D
¢ ^  f |
0‹>5C•Q0}2 8 D "O9£a•Q‰+—5Nx8$ U  0  " " "
"  "   F  " 9  ƒ
" "  ;—  ،E2 R! E2 RV0" V   "  0D95U |q a  E2   ./ i2  ‡  U‡" ‘0« /! šf ™N yf
c U R S 8 " { ’ 7 ; — 9
'$ C ! a¥jQf    #
! 6 R
² 
Œ ' " F  " 9 c  U " ƒ
" " " " "  j Sž " 2 3% 8 UpŠ)" ‡ ‘U" {’. /7 ‫۔‬a  8 if2 8E" %€z)Wš C ¾:f0°‹
‫ ——۔‬0V C 0:2 ;j$ % „U 3F 5 "‫ ۔‬2 3qE" 2 %‘ac C 3 Y! 0Of DU  " " 5 "
 " XF  8 = " "
   ) 2 D2  /! DU U2 {ju \{2 < U 23 %   8  œ ; _  U  } V 8   C ،  8  z
V 1S$
de  
 C a ! r  8‡   0n9 U‡ ‘Ÿ  (UO982 3r2 3UpŠ ‡" ‘O9
# f U — ( " <
"
 " " {2 65
  "  F  "  Ž$ 9! jSž£i_8acf  z
V 9 M8ª5U  i;_5a‰ 2  E"  2 3—‫۔‬
 v%‫ ۔‬v2 %‡   ‡ ‘1 D-C0«E2 .;%U .  ( —3rJ C ij
U £ R V
"
" "  "
   d " ‫ ۔‬$ %/ˆU €z) /´X i2 ;—9‡  U" ‡ ‘
‫۔‬2 3Up C8 ‡ ‘E" 2 R} 9"  2 34502 ;' D‫( ۔‬1V0¡E2 RV0z 8U ‡" ‘U0n9
^ " 5 2 |
"  =   "
" u8 a|U. 3’\{2 <  U12 3< E"  2 3—‫۔‬+ E" U0‹2 3_o C  Ca#! ij C 3rJs/­
" "F " F "  " " " " |"8 "
"
  45 # " " "
U "
 ‡ P  ;RY1£sC¦5C t|5E2 RVD }8E2 RV¿ILI}88VU 0V U €z)
‘ x ; % "  " %  ‰  U 2 3 <
2 3 E N E2 /! V  C /!   1 ‫  ۔‬/ a ! u2 «-C-   E2 a{RV$ % ij U
!  Z 3 R 9  R S
 " "  "  " " "  "
"
-C C a{rD /ˆ U82   U ;— U 9 ، U¯$ %s U 
 G " {F ’i<m5 ;%-C C E2 R! D95 "0‹>5C•Q0}2 8 D "/2 Z¡ ./2 Z›" $ U E" 9E2 R! '& ;5 YU
   ""  " " 5    "
9  3%12 3^:8 U" ‡ P‘U  Of/´N O9£‫۔‬2 3r+a#! E2 RV"  E2 RV¿ILB  de 8  E" 2 R:;_  U    u2 R U  . 3’ a•£   U 12 3<  U U  Of DU  2 ;yjQ  U
 "  "
2  NE" % ‫  '۔‬s 39  E2 RV ‡" P‘ -D95 C  E2 RV  i<m5 U    0«   ! 
j}5 f ‫۔‬E2 R! ;²% D®U ;5 Y #! 
  <" + " " ( F   "   - - C
‫ ۔‬i f ‡ P ‘ {’9‡" ‘+QE" %03x’$ U (¿IHL.C\2 )
 j 3 *' # 8={ / 57   w !y()  
"    "   <" + F <" + " "
" |" 8 " "
\ 2 .3U  2 D‫۔‬E2    D8 ‘ij3 /¤ ‚_<WE" 2 %/¤œ5a+ Y
   R 
! 8 U U  F " 
®Y U  <  U  i2 8/ˆ ‡" P‘ 0‹>5  <  U  12 3  12 3  #!  O9 $ 8 | 8 j  <
"    " |" 8 "  "  
5
r— ‡ ‘D46 E r "0« 3' S2 v  0z U D465E" % E2 RVzW
" % de % U "
:E2  ! \ C 5 3$902 $ %#! 8E2 R! 8 U
R 
! 8 =
"  "  
" |" 8  "
"‫ !۔‬$ %03RE2 RV
Y f 0C U. 39 8- E2 RV'! U " "  < 
" "  1£ $  #! ‰ 2 C /! U O;U UP>512 3 S)‫۔‬Q.
F "  " |"8
N i<m50«E2 R! ! Y\2  a+ Y  C  q U 
U0z=‫۔‬E" 2 R35ŠW .S+ $ 8 "
#
" F
5  " " 
 RV 9  U " "9 " " " "( F E2 S E2  U ‰ U " {’"N i<  8 J0z 8"   (U2 3<+" ‡ ‘! CE2 R! D95E2 RV
R  R ! ( m |
q
 ! 2 3r!p C ;oE2   3 Y ¹’D ! P ;%‡ ‘ -D2   -D2   {’
 8 " f " |"8  "  " "  RV {<= 3< # "
" F
"  C 0‹>5  2 C /!  E \ 2 12 ! S)0« 02 0z2 R9‫۔‬3 jV
U <  {

‫۔‬3 Y!E2 S  CDO’U  D95
Q i< “2 DŸ 802  C 
R  r U m 5 x  "  = "  "
F  r de F  U 3j 3<
" ; /­f 8 U
j}5UE" RV\{2 < U ;%N" ‡ ‘#! ! CE2 R! ; YU
j}5f 2 3x;%
| 2 8 R c  #  " F " F "
a f 02 ‫۔‬E2 a $ f  $ f a ! b 3% OP;  12 12 ‫ ۔‬j
3 % U  w2;x<W   + F
" " "   O a .2 ‡  i<  ({’0« E"   0« 3 ! /2 Z¡35 D0Ya–2 0u2 R#! ‫۔‬E2 R!
U m 5
" " F  "  F
2 £ $a D C 0V N.D   C a $  ±2 £ . 0«a  " 2 3%$ 
8 • S$  9 U 9 c  % 8 2 R  c   " " "
 " F " 8  .2 ‡  U 0«; Y0S&E2 RS02 ®YU E" 2 R>2 8M8 C#! C ،! 02 ! 9;%‡" ‘
" >8  ƒ  
a  01 8C  Ui2 8/ˆ" ‡ ‘ YE"  2 3—E2 R! µœ<+$  #!  E" ’CE" 5‰| U
{ r U  w2 ;x<W  2 ; %  % U  " " "
  a ! CO a  O   .2 ‡  0« C E2  (! $ % (TN J 9 E2 R! a#! C
9  # R 
F    {r U >"8  G "  " "
$ %f  2 3%$ 8a  1 O9 C 2 3r! ij0n9 %2  " ‡ P‘0« ! 02 0z{2 R9، 
"  " 8  " " ‫۔‬a   w5 a %
c U 8 {
)  %F " % " " "
p C  ‡  2 3 € z  E2 "v E 2  ‡  v  a{42 ‫ !( ۔‬01>8
Š " ‘ U ' &  8 R V ‘ % x 8 {
2 6 5   F     
" ""  "    U 2 8£a‰ 1 C ‫ ۔‬v%f  % 8E" RVOP;U U12 3j12 3< ‫ ۔‬.>
G &    "
،$ 9 $   $ ،C $  CQ2 ; z  U'{$%2 3œf C ;%$ U  <c U 2 3U
U ) % U R j u 8 "
   G "
" 5 {2 65
; _ )
   " |8
"
 ƒ " G G " F $ % 1u  C % 8U ERV .Y 3R C CUU E2 R: a‰  C Œ %E2 %%2 ‰

" 0« /! š. ‫" ۔‬f ;2RYU r— C 2 8 e U-Dz& C 2 8!  U8 Y "  "
F uju8  %  8 RV ( {F ’ <m5 "
"  "  G " "" " F     ،E2 v  1  C   E2    i  C ;%" ‡ ‘E"  2 3—E2 R! - r
U  Q % R S  %
& ½3 Ru8" ‡ ‘$ %E" 9U  2 ;Rz U'{$% C $ 9 $ U  $)C $ %U Q<E2 RVb2 3f " "  "  

 
" "   F    !  w5E2 RV0V U 02 3f3’ 8 :jE" RV  2 345" ‡ P‘0C+0« !
j}5u2 8 f E" % ‘
R V 9 c 
 $ 02 E2  a 0¡  0 C  E2  $ a RY  (U/ˆCD،3  Yde
( U  R S  c    " "  F "  
2 " " "
  0«  ( 3%U#! \2 ‫۔‬3 jVE2 RS.;% a‰   ;— U E" RV 2 345jSž f 0V  & &
  „ƒ  ;F % ( U "   ƒ F
   O :9  0« .   0 C ‫(  !۔‬ac& 
O„:< acb2 3f
; — U U " 
ƒ   
     " {y ’ f  & F " "    " (U
1U ‡" P‘}8U .C U.‡ $ ‫۔‬02 ;% v‘CU ./79 f R 
! ; t
2  O "0« E2     ! D ”   C -Y 0$ z 3$  ‫۔‬a  a    a   µ2 3    ‚   j  — 9 c { r U c R
  " ƒ "
" }8U 0" V  "  " 79  { r ( % ( % 8 ƒ   " 7< 9  {y’ "   " < F
U ./ 0«a    C$ Œ  f s„ UyoE" 2 %% U
 È./ ‡   ‫ ۔‬2 ‡ ‘-Ca U0V9+NO P  ./ ‡ 9. /2 Z¶ • V 5 f 7
" " "  ‘ U " ) "  "  "  " <" " 9 "F F

 F " " {% F |R" V  (  " )  "
 Š
0$ z 3$9‫۔‬$ )$ 80v C ‡ ‘p  a 2 D ‘3Ru58  ./7 ‡ UE U ‚zX
8 | U TY U2 U .2 36RVa $ a   U€‡  €„90°‹ ! 0pŠ E2 RV i<=acv‘C9‡
(
" 5 " G  "" " F   "
'd23f0«2 V8 ” J 0« C+f TE" %” 3’0« 2 ‡ E2 RV•u C  z " S) U '$ )$ U r—¬¢;5E2 RVCQ C ‚2 3%U }f  C .}yx5nq;ž%
" "F F R3" 5 " ) " 
"E%D" }5 C O4UE" % ( C0:2 8" E" % ¹ —5WYCD465E" %” 3’a{42 8f _<X $U" ‡ ‘   U
02  32%D / Ž8 Y D   E €  3  2 $  -C‫۔‬8  $f
¤ ' !  U " 9 „ U G" )
' U 8
G9"
  f % " 68 f 465 " % "   G " "" "    F R" V
0«   D‡
' " " ‘O D  ²  D E ” 3’ (bHKHL 8™ ¬ u5 "f 139
F
 2  Áe·‡ 2 8 $ % ($ $ %CQ 
8 r  C E2 R! ijacnq C . 2 36
 "     " "  "

 "  "  G "    ƒ
c  R S 
a E2 v2 ‡  U C ،P% S&0«' ; 0-CU a 0. J (U U‡" ‘
% (  % 9 c  ‫(۔‬:jzW 03— ) "‫۔‬E2 R! 8  O5ac-C€„ U]jQNs98 E2 R!  .o ]oU
5 =   " " "  " "
02 $  a¹ •Q U " ‡ ‘O4UE" % ( (•u \{2 < )‫۔‬% E2 RV.U0«' ;% 0-CU9 -CrU E" 2 R>o35E2 RV02 ‰+NO5 O9§!  ! 2 3U2 3<+‡" ‘E2 RVijY0V
"
 % f 8 R V • u5 "  c  " F G % " { % U " '  " ƒ "  F " ƒ "  F 
"0« v C   E2  C  z 0«a Y a   ‫  ۔‬U
 2 -D D2 a       ‫ ۔‬/  ‡  ]o E2 -C Q‫۔‬a  X8Œ D }8 U
U c f ;2 R Y U yo '  ¤ 8 9 % c
 " " "  " " ƒ r   G % G r c RV ƒ   G  %
E"  2 0Wr ‡  /2 ZE2 RV 0« 2 3UdU®<+8  0«2 Vf  O4UE" % ( 8 ./79  R
 !  DS)E2  N- ]o  C ،a a !   a E2 0ªo‫۔‬E2 a O5E2 3 ‡
U V c  {   Y R   {   Y R
" " " " G  " "     F
2 3—
 /2 Z¶8  2 3U” J 2 0«S&8 O4UE" % ( ‫۔‬³$ %. J U C¢UE" 2 %e Dxœ5f E" 2 RV 8 C a#! ®YU  D2 U s/­9‡" " ‘0n9-C82 3r! 2 3tX
" F  " 9 " " "  " r  F  F   " "
 F5 
8 "
   ./  O (Lgk  /    ™  ¬ u ) "!  0« 2 V  8  ./79 ‫۔‬
{ ’ 7 9 Z 8  ! CE2 E2 2  $ b2 3  $  a ! ¸C/ˆOP;U U12 3j12 3< S)0°32 ^T‫۔‬2 3r! 
R 3 R « % < % f f #
 5 " U 2 ; %  % Š) U " ‘ U " "  2 3— ' " " " F 8" = " 8  8 U Š) " ‘  " d z+ ƒ   — ƒ <+ Z" [  % " 8 F ˆ "
%
$  O  O  p  ‡    E  - u2 D0z   CD02  2 3 p ‡  ( "
‫۔‬00e‡   U‡ ‘N ]œ<  C !  E2 v  µœ /" 2  v2 Si2 /  ‡ ‘ R V
F "  F " " F  " " " F   "   
0z= t|5092 V 5V$ %
 Uv%E" %2  8 " {’ ./790°‹2 3r2 3U0 5V a{$% f  2 3f!  C µ2 3R v2 %Sv%U OP;U U12 3j12 3< S)‫
۔‬S$)
"    "    " 
" •u5E2 RV0" 3%2 V.  <#! ƒ "  
YD 908 C  !  N}8-C0°‹‡" ‘N ]o0 C f E2 RV N ! 0°‹E2 S •u E 5v%U 2 3< ‡ ‘! C‫ '۔‬8 U2 3U1>8 U 0YP>5N OP;U
1 R " 5 " 5 + "
" "
  " " F "   "  U "8  d " d3f "  % F " % " " 8  " 79   
  U
-C‫ ۔‬2 3U02 391    2 / E2  ® Y ./ ‡   ! 8 !  ˆ R V “ 3 9  U 7 < ‫۔‬2 D  3'  D 2  v E 2   ./ 0«O ‫  ۔‬8 ! Dt2
; ' 2 d e f t U 9 '
  ) " XF "  "   ƒ 
"
" 'de f t2 " 8 RV  8 d " 8  " " "
5 % " % % Š
2 3U w $ ‡ ‘O2 ;  Cp Ÿ  ² Œ 2  ‫۔‬iq C O2 ;  Cµ:— C.2 ‡  (‡ ‘
< 6 R  f % % 3  D  E2  2 D  È” J U®<+ "0« v2 % C f 2  0$ z3$9
"  F 5 "  " " "  " q "  " " " f
8  C ‫
 ! ۔‬j}5P %UD465E" %” 3’D3 f .;Re •u C 3Ru5U ./79  /2 Z¶Dt29E2 RS 3RQ  r/! U®<+|  U 0«2 V8 .‡ $ 0°2 ;U3'd23
 " " de "  " XF " " 
"  
$ % C 8 2 3U0 w5$ %;' ‡ ‘8Ÿ Y®<+0« /2 Z¯ ‫۔‬8•u5 "0«S& < U‡" ‘ "-C0« 3 'deORu8 U€/ˆ ( E" %” 3’v% C 2  "‫۔‬E2 R! ;'deyf C
 F 6$ 8 U   ‘   " " XF "    
8 
P O   2  v C -C ، Ž$ 9!  u E2 O  z 0«!   V Ÿ u2 8 2   " • 5 R V 9  5 < ‫ (۔‬C‫ ۔‬J—  :5) "‫۔‬3 2%D® eU3 ! $u2 R C  Ude‰+ dz
 A _n " ) U " ‘  F "   $ 8    " c % c " {42 8   RV
;]  <
— 8 U Š
  C  p  ‡  0« ! Y\ 2  ‫ !  ۔‬0a  2 3$ a -Ca "‫ ۔‬E2
 $  $  
  >
"
8 U

{ f 
  Š) U " ‘  '  "  U 
  ;8&- ; Y U f
‫  ۔‬1    a D2   p  ‡  
 0« 01 !  .
" F
; Y U
 ,8&-    6o U U
"
  0‹>5 ‡  -D  C i   
  a  3Š 2 3   ‫۔‬S
8 ‘ 9 5 < m 5 ( { ’ 9 + • Q
"  +
f — 5 V @F
"  ƒ" " F  
ƒ "  % ˆ f  %
§ 2 3r /! š ½ £" 9$ %2 ;%" •u5 #! C ½VŠT$ %E" 2 %„U 0eY "
!  !   _ 0 v2 ‡  / CD v2 ‡ 2  "   ({’N i<m50« ¬02 E2 RV" 0«E2 R! 8 3%
U
 
" |8  "  RV  F % U  = U "  R V U  {2 65 | 8 RV  % U  8 J RV " "  " F " 8 ( U " 8 !  U " " c
 2 D' ™ C  2 C /! E2 .;  O<  E  P>5N12 3< a‰ 0«
“ & ‰  E2  3    E2 0V  ‫ ۔‬2 3 2 3   u        0‫۔‬a  r U w 5
G "  {x";% " |"8 "  F F + " 8 ƒ '   ;'de " Z" [   " 
8 '  U ®U$ %  M ª5 U " 2 3x; C \ 2  N^  U <    C  E2 R!  8 U 2 R$ !  J
& 8 % 2 3< ‡ ‘ ² 0« /! š‫  ۔‬0-/2 C.2 ‡ D }8 C 
. J$ %C U ”
6  
"  F  
  =  "  = " " " " " G
 E" RVE" 2 %%\{2 < 12 3j123< U U/2 ZE2 RV\{2 <  C ]jQ C U UÁe f  '&U  (Y‡ U ac"  1! Of 0°‹،1Ž65 Ot;— U C/ˆCDU "  1! < 3³$ %
" |"8 ƒ "  {x;"  %     "    G "
U < 0« /! š`E2 R! 2 3U2 3x;%C\ 2 N^ 02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ;²% D®U E2 RV'!  #! E2 R!  2 3j23%9E2 RV}8U  8 ™E2 RV -D95N. ^U2 3<+" ‡ ‘‫; '۔‬ Y¿$ %E2 RSf
 "  " "  
 R V  R S 
E2 2 3 ‡  ‫۔‬3 Y E2 
 $    $ E2 8 U C E2 R!v‘CUU-C
+ " 5 R «
:E2 R! ; Y! w8² „f  OtU 8 U
j}5UE" RV < ‘ !  j } % „ 8
" " " "   <" + " F   + U "
 ;5 Y ;%ž  D>8  0«   02   8 U
j}5 U E" RV  0>2 8„  " Y‡  f  Of (‫۔‬H) R S 
 ij3 ! ‫Ž۔‬f! E2 
j}   O D9C Œ 02   w v C 8 U¸U
5 U t  ' ‰ ; 5 U
 ƒ
"
" |8  " +   " " |"8  " + " " " " " " "
 . ‘9 C  U0ª9 V<  ij3< -C!  . ‘N s 39 S) C ' ‰  ij3< & N v2%S) "‫ ۔‬2 3r3f C/­2 $ s 39  a|UE2 RV’U E2 RVC2 3<+" ‡ ‘U  0V
"   "
" ‫?(۔‬Hk 0z¢^bHKI@ a{5I  68
‫ ۔‬U 2 3R -C8 ‡ 36$ 8U
+ " " "  = ƒ "   ƒ"
90« E"   0°2 ;U3 2%DE2 RSDVE2 RV8 U
j}5U E" RV\{2 < 0>2 8„02 0« /! š$ 8 E2 RV  CD " U  2 8£  U }8 U  ;% N.C 0« E2 R! ; YU 2 3q E" 2 %„ .
" c  = " ƒ " 8 x5 " XF " XF   "  " 
{ <
0a  . ‘\ 2  -C C !0y N; UŸ  /ˆCD-C“e a  U Ÿ 2  . ‘ < •  <    0C E2 %D }RY & C .T/2 Z[ C 2 ;j23% U ]<W X  C . 3’E2 RV2 3<+" ‡ ‘
f U " R 3
" " " " " " F F " 
a{$% a{$% 36$ 8a{$% a{$% -©8 ¸ ‫  ۔‬t|5135‫ !۔‬ ‫ !§۔‬2 3r!  2 3%$ s 39 E2 RV. ‘ U
" |"8 " " "
" {
2 65 $ 8 ' 
< 0°‹2 3U0 2 3R U—^   b Qa   .2 ;45 2 34502 (‫۔‬L) 8 • ‰
2{65 " " 4y5CDCD+0uF 2 R#! U E " 2 RV CD/! U \"   U
a‰  Q%U  ‫; ۔‬% D r 2
"   " " " "

 -/2 Z[C .Y3R  C  ) % U    " C  .0z|8 U  035  C  e+ ij3<+ 8  E" 2 R>x<+
 " " 
" " "   "  •Q ƒ" " F G
t  { t $
   ‫۔‬2 D$ z  0 D  2 3x   C  2 D y82 3x;%U!  JC CU
8 & U ; % d f
" |"8 "  " " " "F  "
0z /! f -©82  v2 %S8 t E2 RVa{fC  UE" 9،;U p^CP^ U •Q
‫۔‬2 3U0}—ª5
" "
(L) "3%1nœ5^ p5  " #!  " SW yƒ 8NV n ;9 U#! E2 RV0eY  0°"$ 9
2 " " "
"  ƒ"  " # " " |8 "  U 3j 3< " 8 • ‰2{65   " U " 
2 3x;%NE" ‫۔‬E2 R! ;%² D3F 52   U 0>2 8„ #!   y;5 n;9 E2 R! 0°$ 9  < C /!  12 12  b Qa 0« a  2 3%02 E   E2  "  2 3 — ;  Y U R S
F " " G G G G G F " |"8 "  "   
9 C   t|5E2 RV،WQÁ D $
E" 9) 1. ! /Z« D C O 3fCO $ 68E" 2 %/! VU  0z 2  /!  C  2 3U0}—ª5f 2 %‘T C ad2  v2 %SE2 R! 8 ! .2 3RYD. 9
" "
" " " " ƒ  F 5 " "   "+ ƒ" F ƒ

uq  $ U<|8C /!  (E2 R!  ±! D3 f /2 Zª8Œ8  C .;Re •u U E"   C /! " ‫ ۔‬2 3U3R•U8 ‘ ij3<  U®U y82 R$ U s9 C ]œ— 2  2  U
 x8  <" + " U  F U  "  " |"8 " "
:E2 8" U2 {6 E2 RV
R 
!  ij3 $ %3% Otu5 8 ‘ U;RVU  U U  U0‹>5<  (2 8 " "
 " " 8 F G"  " % “" "  RV " 9 " ‰|8  " |"8 " F x8
 8 U ) % 8
‫ ۔‬M ª5 0   $ a "E CD ' ‡ "2  E E  
 -C‫۔‬C % { 42 " f %  " 2  E2 < 3$9U" r M8ª5U ^   ½ 35‫ ۔‬2 3U2 {6 E2 RVŠ|q C ! Cr
R V
G )  " F  F G " |"8 " q " |8 ƒ "   F   ƒ " j"Q ƒ
a 9 E -C02 0°2 ;U، 1 Yv2 /Z« %2   < C /! E2 RV| 
{ ' $ " R V V % U  ‰ 02 0« /! š0°2 ;U‫ ; ;۔‬1 YE2 -Cr2  -C8 (‡ y8a¥  Uz#! U ]œ—a#!
r U V R V
G f  {2 65 " |" 8  " + " "
(b?@@)jSž f 2{6 U>5E" RVE"  2 3— 
QN;x5 C  €C+f a‰ £ 
! 
j}50« 2 3U0‹>5< ij3< U -Cra ! 2  '$‫ ! “۔‬1>8 U /ˆCD2  #
R S
"
  "

R V
"  R "  R "  U " R ";_5
S V : ‰ { 65 ( 
2
 " |" 8 " + " |" 8 " %   >
" " "
8 U | 8 U " |" 8 "

‫ ۔‬E2 2 E 02  SW‫۔‬3jVE2 E2 i2 n8 E2 ; % U 8
  2 £a  3%  %
، 0z Y z 2 0z E2  2 -C   C  1  0z " 0z u8U0«
U r 
"   "   " |" 8    <" + ƒ   " "
8
.‘U  02 3Uª8 b 3% UE" RV ‫۔‬r E2 %U
J5f 
U 3E" RVi— #! UE" RV OfE2 < E2  2  !C  ij3  0« /! š‫  ۔‬1 8‰|  a‘f 9
R V " % % U r  ; r ; U >
"  "  G f
6
 "  " |"8  " r  " 
E2 2 E 02 0°$ 9‫ !۔‬C U>5O9 ! E2 9‡ U £a $ 9E2 RV 9C
R S   " R V { ( R V c f OfE2 V< U -Cr E V  SW ! (! pq C 2 3yjQ U v%3 U&f
R " R "
 45  "  r R " |"8 q 
 ƒ = "
/  C 2  ½3 Q-C   E2     s/ .    (Ur 0« /! š،
Z3 — 8 !  V < U | ­ ‘ ‫{\ !§۔‬2 < -D2 
" {
2 6 5 # " |"8    <" +
" ‫ ! ۔‬E2 
r R S b Qa   0‹>5 D! <  E2  2  ! C i 3 €„aX
• ‰ U U r " % % U r j
"   "+ "
" " ƒ F " 8  q  x8 ƒ  
32RY0z|89 µœ<+E" RV-CE2 RV9E2 R! 1VY‰| 
-CE2 RV| /ˆCD‫
۔‬CD  f E2 RV8 ‘ij3<  C 2 3U2 {6 f µzWU  3RQ  C O5  U  " U  " 8
G " "8  "  q    " " " 
a{%2 C0z| E" RVa–2‫۔‬r E2 %U
J5f 
U 4E" RV .#! U|  ‫ ۔‬2 $ E2 RV 2 3% C M28n8 U9 C  /Z345 C 2 -D2  f Of3f U92 3U 2 3R U . ‘
" " " |" 8 " |" 8 " %   45 " %   
 "  8 ‰2{65 U 8 ( 
  
2 -D2  f 32RY0z  C ، 0z E2 %/Z3  C E2 %2 9 ، 2 $ E2 RVE" U
 ‫     ۔‬.:2 ; n  a " 2 £  3%  C ،Š)%E" 2 %%2 
 ( !  f R
 9" #  G " "8  " " "  " |" 8  "8 "
s 3  !  E a 2 C0z 9 a ! Cv2 ‘v2 ‘rERV3R2 Y0z|8‫۔‬
 " U { % |  # % % " UE 1    0‹>5<  12 N12   2 3x;%N E" E" 2 %/! V" 2 8
" R V £ U U U 3 j  3 <
 "  " 5
‫۔‬de8 '! ¾ 35U E" 2 R:;_ a+SW U  92 3U
j}5

1
Westcott and Hort
2
Chrysostom
3
Alpha Type
4
B.Type
 "   " " "
"
  { j u 8
0« 3 C   2     E2 ¬:8 ®YU . ! /Z« DE2 RV 5 Ÿ48
 t&  U U +  U R S G G G "  C E2 RV E2 R!  ;r  ;U 1>88CD0f 0" z|890« U/! šƒ U+  .  
‘
" 2 " "
ƒ <+ "  RV •£ " %  % {<= RV 9  " |8 G " "8 " " " "   F "  " "
‫ ۔‬µœ E a C E2  \ 2 E2 "   0z u2 8 2   2 NSTa ! E a{%2 C0z|
 # " U 1>88CD02 f 90z|8-C0« C E2 R! 1 E2 R36$ 8 U <|8a{U " 2 35 DU <|88CD
  " |8 " " |"8 "
"  " |" 8 " 5  "+  
f V ¦ —
 E .
Š ‫۔‬9E2 a  ²   Ÿ  E2 < C /! " ‫
۔‬J
" R R  ! c 6 8 ‰ 4 8 f R V 1 a  (HH :k2;R‹ )< 1£ U E" 2 R:;_ ij3< U 2 ST،E2 R! ;r ;U
> 8 • S$  U §
 " " "     5  { <= " " 8
" ERVU <|8U -Cr ‫۔‬E2 R!  ;'& acs 3 9 f E" RV. E2 RS&E2 RS&E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 R!  Mœ;5 •  U " " 
a S$   C V„ -C0°2 ;U،E2 % /Z3  C E2 %\ 2  0z| 02  0« /! š" f 9‫۔‬ " % 4 " % ƒ 
    G " "8 "  "  " 5 F   >"8
"ERV.‫ !( ۔‬f 0 3"  Y b 3 %  UE" RV ‫۔‬r E2 %U
J5f 2
" U E" RV€#! U { % | 9 $ 8 ' 
a C0z 0°$  ‫ !    ۔‬P>5    i2 / 12  ‫۔‬1
2 ' de 8 '  U œ ; _ U 8 ˆ 3 < 9
2 "
 "
o • " "  9"   %" { < =  " " 8
" " " " "
Q > 8  " 8
 0¡ C - t 1 C 02  3 Y 0« 02 ½3—Q0C s 3  ERV C
U * n  U U "  v2 S C \ 2  v2 S02  SW،E2 E2  1 a  C  % R 
! R ‹ U > • S$ U
" V„ 8CD3R2 Y0z|  C E" U
"   " " |" 8 "  "  " " " 2{65  = "   " " " 8 = " 
t v C8 U1 E2 < ;%ž UE" RV. SW‫ §  '۔‬C 0©2 8E2 RV1noC•Qa‰
‘ > 8 R V E" RV\{2 < -D2  f  E" RV.$ 8،a{ Y! E2 RS2 35  U ;jV‰| \{2 <  C -D2  f "  C /Z345
G " " ƒ "  " " " " "  
U3! U2 ;^f E2 V( E2 S 02 $ ¹a Q f µzWU  9)ERV (2 8a•£ 8
R R  • " " ‫ ۔‬E2 RSD95$ %E" 2 RV 8 C v‘C
"  " "   "
" " = " " "  
D  2 35-CE2  )E2   
 }  ERV (2 8 1£  SW2 DU\{2 < -D2  U" 
9 5 R V 9 R V 8 U j 5 U " 
 E2 RV0)%2 3<= C  2 $ E" RVa–2E2 RV< 8U /2 Zz 0)%a¥;q،2  |
"   "  G  " " " 
 
‫۔‬32%DE2 DVOt E 02  (E2 
R S   " R V R  E2 RV8 U 2 3%U O2 ;“eC0)%a{2Rš™;ž% 8 
C/2 Z›P>5‫ ۔‬3 jVE" RV02 E2 RS&E2 RS&
" 
#

| q " " |"8  F 5  " " "  
%
E2 U
J5f 
U  E V "D"! UE VU  9‡  < " ‫
۔‬S$) 3 " R " R U .;Re •u u2RE" <2 C 0°‹، 2 3U 2 3R 8 
C/2 Z›s/­0UE" R" V ‫ ۔‬2 3U¦RY
"   " |"8 "  % " c " ‰|8 U "  RV   " 8  G " {j  "  " |8 
“
  
  D C E2 E    ‫۔‬E2 2  v2 Sa   E  ‫۔‬r
U ; RV  2  R V " R V U < R 
!   E  .C Ÿ a  O  02  3 ‫     ۔‬ERVaX acD3 f
U " R V 4 c ; Š2  Y   U ¦ R Y ‰ U "
  " "  " " |" 8 " "  " |" 8   
8
 “2 D9E2 R! ac a|2 .2 ‡ 3$9rE2 R! -D2  .2 ‡ 3$9E2 RV<  0«  /2 Z 02 E2 RV<  ‫ ۔‬3 2%D\{2 9%$ %8 ‘“2 DU . ‘
8 " |" 8 "  jV "  " |" 8 "   " |" 8   <" + "  RV "  3—   
8 

R V R V
E2 $ ‡ E2 <  ‫۔‬E2 E2 E2 <   C E2   $ E2 < U 
uq R 3 R S R V R 
! ( ( R V 8!  ij3 f  E .E 2 8  $ E2 E i— 9! a . ‘ (Ur $ 8 ( R V " R V | 2
" " "  = "  " 
 0°‹E2 ! E2 S 1>  0z 82  a|U-C0
R R  8 U " |     j$0 $%0 f 9، s 3 9" O  t c
a
 
E2 %D\{2 9%U . ‘ UE" RV.#!  2  -D2   C \{2 < -D2  ORu8 UjSž  E" RV. 0°$ 9
" "
" « 3 3 2 " "
 ƒ " ‰| 8 U | q " " "  3— R! R‹>8 U " |8  <" +  9" G " "8  
  G G G
r U

Q2  D   .2 ‡ Cµ:— 3$      0°$ 9E 2 E2 E2  <  ij3
9 5 9 s  E a C0z .   (Ur 0«" 3 t&S
3 f " U {%
2 | ‘ 2 8. !/Z« D0°‹‫۔‬r
 "  "  9   G " "8 #  " 8     &
‫ ۔‬2 3r2 D® E "D "
 ERVU " U UÁe U"  " SWE2 R! Mœ;5$ % rD95
 U " R V " D\ 2  U . ‘  E a{2%C0z| ! ! ‰| f OtE2 RV v2 %) U r8!  a{'
{ % U " U
"   " " 8  "    " " " " G " "8 
 (2 /ˆ 2  U  £ /ˆCD E" RV a–2 C  E2 R! 2  v2 %S ‰|  U  E" RV  U œ ; 5
 8CD 8! M $ %. ‘a 8CD3R2 Y0z  C E a{%2 C0z|  r  C  r8 
" | U | 8 " U
" |"8    "  1 8 G G
 " G " " 
 "  F 
0z ‫ ۔‬3 jVE" RVa–2acE2 RV2 3<=0)%a¥;q‫  ۔‬2 $ E2 RV0)%a{2Rš™2  C ) % 
9  C/Z« D‫۔‬3 YE2 S  8U 0z 8 /ˆCD (U0« OfD% a|2 8 .DSX0>œ;5
R  |

2
Y.Type.
3 1
Y.Type. Wies.

  ƒ "    "  8 U " R:";_5 ‰2{65 (   U  <" + ƒ <+ "  RV – c RV " Z
¬:8 a#! $ % rD95
Q C  rD95 U.2 ‡  C µ:— 3$9s/­8 ¬:8 r  C  .:2 ; n   E2 R a   3 2   e  i ‫ ۔‬µœ E a 2 a E2  /2
% + j 3 
 <" + F FR G F " GR 9 R F 
‫۔‬E2 i 3 f  /ˆCD2  -CE2 RV 5 a‘
R 
! j  C  ،E2 V ، E2  ، 2 3t   E  E2  £ / CD  ½ 3  ‫   ۔‬3jVU !   ERV a–2 ac E2 RV
" R Y " R u 2  X u V ˆ 5   # "
"  " ƒ"  F + "  G G " " 
  " G " "
 0«E2 R! ‰ž {t$ $ %0z{2 R U®U y8VU8DSX
E" 2 R>x< 8CD" ™- UV$ 8 U £/¤2 R C E" 2 Re8% C O;Š2{j02  3 YE2 RV9‡ U £/ˆCD C ;2%%‡
" "    =" 8   "   F " 5 F  F
 ƒ
 E2 RSDVOt E2 RV8 U
j}5UE" RVE" 2 %% /Z345 C µ:— \{2 < ‰| U E" RV€ C E" RVi—  -/2 Z[C2 %   C 12 R  ½ 35E" 2 R:;_ a+YE2 RV£ac$ 9 C E" 2 %/$ ZYE2 RV¸C/ˆ
{
" "
"
 "  " |"8 " "    
-D2  f 8CD " rE" RVD‫۔‬E2 R! D952 3yjQ U;%E2 RV<  0°2 ;U،; Y D ‫۔‬E2    ERV
R 
! 8 U ¦ R Y "
 4 5 " %  { <= " | 8 "  R " U  {" t$ RS"   " +  8 G ) X "  " 
/ E2  \ 2   " E .0°2 ; ‫۔‬3$< E2 U02 " $  ERV.-C#!   2 
Z 3 % ‰ U V U " ; U <
 J02  Y M 8 2 D '$  ® 3Ru /2 UERVi— r .
5 x U <  5 Z [ "
"  " " " " " 8    "    =  F
C V„U 62 8812 D99E2 ! 1 8 U0z|8 ‰| 02  C ‫۔‬E2 R! E" 2 %%2  C E" 2 %%
3 < R  > ‫ ۔‬/Z345-D2  E" RVD2  E" RVE" 2 %%\{2 <  E" RV.2 3U0«  2 R$ D
" " " " 
 "  "  "
‫۔‬2 3r2 3U1>8f  1>8 U0z|8 02  0°2 ;U، E" RV2  v2 %SE" RV.0« d2D$ %C 8 #! "
" " " 5
" f RV " F 62 8 G " 8 % U   " ƒ c  5 U "  RV  F  "
€  E2 E 2   P $  2 NST.2 ‡ a{R 0« 02 . ’N1. /! ša  O  E D‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U1   C V   E2 ;_ U i2 8/ˆ 12 3< D99
  > 8 f „ U " R:
  "    " 5 2{65   "+
 E" RV. C E2 R! 0n9E" RVD-C ( 2 3r2 3UE2 RVC .U 
CD0n9UDE" 9)E2 R! a{r U U O5  U OP;U UE" 2 R:;_ a‰ 2  C ) %2 U e+ij3< C 
ƒ “  ƒ  { <=  "   "
µ:—  2 D C .
‡ 0 0   / !   $ 8 
 E " 2 % % \ E " R V.0  $ 9 ‫۔‬E 2 R    ( E 2 R S E2 RV ‫۔‬E 2 R! ! YF
2 2  « š 2 °  $
"
 '   ;r " % f "  "  "  " |" 8  "
2 3<
1 C    D 2  0C 2 Q U;%U }8 ( 2 3r2 3U€ UE" 9)
!  U ; y j   D   .2 ‡ 3$      ERVDE2 R! ž UUD$ %C #! u2 RE"  2 3—
U r 9 5 U 9 " 8 J ‰ U "
  { <=  " U '  RS"   " 
ju 5  %  ;5 " r  RV " ;45 {<= "  8 U RS"   RV 
C V„ C  E E2  \ 2 E .0°2 ; ‫ ۔‬E2 0n9" . 3’a•£  U12 3j
"  " R V " % % " R V E2 E 1  C    /! 02 E2   \ 2  SW‫  ۔‬E2 ¬:8 E2 . C a|U
R S  " R V u
 "  " 5 "  " "
 de ; _ j < 
¤2 R C 9‡ U £/ˆCD8 D>8 C D3 f .
"  ;RF e •u5 6R " <2
‫ ' '۔‬8 ' ! ¾ 35U E2  " R : a SW U 12 12 9‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U1 8f
+ 3  3 > U £/ "    ²  Œ E C ‫۔‬

 " 8 "  "  " 8 " F
 v2 %S‰| U E" RV.‫۔‬2 3U 2 3R a#! UE" RV. C ‫۔‬2 3U02 {ju 3Ru5UE" RVDE2 RV¸C/ˆ
 ;RF e •u5  "  " "
 <= ( " U "  RV   F 
 .  2  C \ 2  C/2  C O  C   E  ‫۔‬E2 8 ! v%/Z345 ( Z R 
!
"  " " = " "
 -D2   ERVDi2 89;ž% 02 0«  D$ %+  32%D ‘\{2 <  C 3Ru5U -Y
f "
"
 9" RV 8 RV " |8 "  RV  " = " 
s 3 E2 $ ‡ E2 < U E D،0«E2 R!  ž 3%#! u2 R0°2 ;U‫{\ ۔‬2 < -D2   C /Z345

1
Aphraates, Ephraem.
G " G G   F ‰2{65     

§a  32 / D‫  ۔‬Ya 2    \ 2  / CD C     (u2 RQf
c R Z« ' T 9 '  { 6 5" ˆ '  8 !  p
 <
  G & $ $ 
‫  ۔‬8 UDV Ua{R2    §
'

"  G G     H
$ >-2 q < 
8 '{R2 V/Z« D‫۔‬2 3r! 0)%E2 RVCD OP;U U
 UM2;RQNSTE2 RVbHB??
 "
$ , 
8 F " " F ƒ"  " G YF "G  "

 ‫۔‬2  Up YU5ST8CDU U (y8 U0)%U bHB?HU 2 NST "
8  (Schultze)/Z‹  D$ U ¾ D0)%CD  S$f Of12 3 12 3 j  <
" "  " "  "  F 8 " " F
 03R2 u YO9£8
.39‫۔‬r E2 R& 0)% 3%„ Uv—tX#! 
0)%   2 3$%.3U 
9+ D$ ‫۔‬2 3U{9E2 RVbH~?H C ،2 3U¸C/ˆE2 RVbH~IK
U  8
   " " "
2 8 D$   $ 8
/2 0   1 % $ 8"0«E2 R! ;'deE2 RV "CD .D \2  ".3 Ua{$%
U ZY ) % 3 " " —    " "
 " "  ;9
9+0°$ 9E 2 ‫۔‬2 3U0 %E2 CD a .3U 12  ( D C  U 8 ،. 8 3$9
( "   3 ) R V c U 
‫(۔‬L@0z 
CD0n9 )"‫۔‬2 3Up YE2 C‹\$ $ E2 RVbHBKH v2 %}—bHBHk8
¢ ^ 8 F R V  "  "  "  " F  "   "
"  —Š¦5v2 %SCD  U0)%  SWac€C+E2 RV3!  —X%-D2  CD  C ' ; E2 RV3!
 U  (F  yƒ " 8  U 0 ) % U     " % ' {R2 V /G Z« DG   bHB~@ f  bHBg~ "
" ! " "8 G " ! {— 
q
   3 
F G " " ƒ"  3fC3 39$   (William Hunter) /  2 C  D$  E2  bHB@? ‫ ۔‬a   U |
(  Z3 R V c
" R " X 8 % F 
  $  +E2 bHB~@E2 ]<   T C E C E 2  a 2  }8   (y8‫  !۔‬
f 8 V R V W ( " 5 " 6 2 { U "
‫۔‬2 3U0)%12 39 f DV U.z=
 
# " U  — tX # ( U ¦RY U " "   
r F ""  G "
! „ v  ‫۔‬a !      ‹3$  9CD .V C a  p8Y % { U
bHB@k-C‫ §۔‬-  E2 RV0‹ujY" U 0)%CD 
1E" % V/Z¨! D$ 
"
 " " " 
‫۔‬r E2 R& 0)% $ 8 +
 U  o " )  % 3j 3< RV # " 3 fC3" ! E2 RV
F G"    DV .   0  1  1 E2 bHB@~  a ! 8 ‡ ‫۔‬2 ‡ 
f y + 2 2 8
 " " "  F
E2 bHkHHEf CD% ' ‡ "0)%2 %“  $ %E2 R!  ž U
RV " " 3%$ %C #! 0«u2 R  " "
2 2   U ‫ ۔‬02 $ ')ž Ot0)%02 ‫۔‬2 $ z{t$U
3 R E2 RVbHB@B€$ V C 2 3U¸C/ˆ
ƒ " F R " R )  " "   F "  
2 y82 $ U E2  /Z¶2 %“ v‘C 0«E2 R!  ž 3%E2 RV.03f±#! ،" 2 3r 23U
 " "
E2 RV ]<W  X  r 2 8D  U 0" )% CD   ‫   ۔‬U bHBLK $  U  sC<W  ‘  ‹
 " " ƒ  "  RV   " |"8  "  " " 8 
 "  "
0   2   02  0« /! š$ ‫۔‬E  i— a E < 
 ‫ '۔‬0‰| E" 2 %%
) % % “ 8 c " R V "
D2 3R U0)%3! U 12 3< 8  Bowely، —8 D$ $ % C 2 3r$ $ )E2 RVbHBH~
ƒ  " "  " "  " "  
U µ:— U 0)% 2 %“ aX Œ) %CD U  $ 8 + C "  3%‫۔‬0a{RV$ %E" RVE" 2 %/ZS ‫۔‬ac&
" " |8 "  
" % R! 9 5 "  U ("   " G &
  $    C  3 E2 D  $  ! .   C /!   2 ‫ )  ۔‬%
U 8 + # 9 ‰ 8 '  U
0  02 ‫۔‬2 3U0  CD O;  2 NST8 a{R2   U 3%E2 RVbHB?H
) % ) % U "
"  "   "   G
 8 F "  G G G &  "  "
2 3%2  0« ! M ™. C/ 02  ‫۔‬E2  ! .2 3RYD}8  ! p8YU Š)%
( 9 ­ $ R  ! 8 U 8
 + E2 RV C 2'{R2 V/Z« D £ a{R2   ‫۔‬a{RV$ %0)%U 
9+E" % V/Z¨! D$ 
"   =     F  {2 65 "  "
‫ !۔‬a{RV$ %E" RVE" 2 %%\{2 < 98 2 3UE2 RVCD 0)% R " #  R "
E2 V;Š! %9،' 8/! 2  f E2 V ‫ '۔‬2 /ˆac a‰  (3fC3! CDU  $ 8 
 " 
 " " " U"  c x8 " "
a Ÿ    ‫۔‬a Ÿ  C 2  E2 RVŠ)%U  $ 8 + C  3%
c q
G " " U " de • "  3— c  F " " F "
 u   ;'  C a ! DE 2 ،a CD  U0 Qa‘/¤5.;9U 3!  —X-C0°2 ;U
—
 " "  F" "  " " "
 a  /2 Z¡ ./2 Z›}8 bHB~@ /ZCD E2 -C Q‫ (  ۔‬U2 39
U ‘ %  U U %  
1
Henry Martyn.
2
Mather.
  { <= "      " 
 " ƒ "
 R V % % 9  { R
 E E2  \ 2   a $ E .-C D  E2  !  " #! 0)%2 ST
" " V % " R V  9 5 R V ' CD    2 3 0  2 3 2  0« (! M9™. C/­ac02 f µzWU "  $ 8‫۔‬
U 9 8 U ) % %
" 5  " " " " |8 
 " q
P>5 E2 U " R : ; _  " 2 STNOP 9 1  <    ERV 0°2 ;U
U ; U '  > 8 U | 8 " ‰ U " ‫  !۔‬U| ¹a•Q
    F  "  G &  " " " G 
. 0)%CD 9" 12 3< 0«E2 R! ; Y0S&02 ®YU ¬8C#! $ 8‫' '۔‬de8 '!    bHBKI 9   w5 a 2  2       ‚T      a YJ 1 %
f U { R  ; — U 8 { % 3
" 5  "  "
    =  G & F ƒ"  
E" 2 R:;_ U 12 3< 9 0)%E" RVE" 2 %%/Z345 C \{2 <  -C E2 RV'!  #! 1 R« %  R
،  $ ‫\۔ ۔‬$ 2  D$ a 2 02 ‫۔‬a !  (U (y8 U2 STNO;P UbHBKK
{  #
" "  " " G"
< = "  45 "    de " G " G 
{
\ 2 -D2   C / -D2     a  
1  u S)‫۔‬a a 8
Z3 f  {  Y U > ’ ( 8 c c  a  D$ ، ! ‫   ‡ ۔‬D$ ،1 D3$ 0e™‫۔‬ER3R2 GËYO;<2%v% C‫۔‬2 8‫\۔‬$ 2 ‫ ۔‬D$ 
( X R ° Y } — 9 "
" " G G "
 "  8 X ) G Z« G " %G ) ) "  G
‫۔‬E2 D95$ %E" 2 RV 8 C . 3’
R S ،Á3%2  ‡ a ‫ Œ۔‬/ D،E2 Da ‫  Œ۔‬D$ ،3$9  D$ ،.ŽfŒ   D$ ،E%2 ;% ) ( "
"    "   G " " "
F G G G G
 +0)%02 ‫۔‬2 3r!p8Y0)%CD 2 3%0YP>5NO;P U UM2;RQNSTE 2 RVbHKI@ $ %E 2 ;%، )Œ ‫۔‬i2 8 /Z« D C ،1 8V‫۔‬2 ;jD D$ ،2 %;9 aX D$ ،$ %! 2 ;jD D$ 
" % u
ƒ  G & ) m8  "  & " Ff G "   " "  "  F5
{6
O9£™]’ C12 3%9 D$  £U a{R2  E" 2 R /Z¶‫{\ ۔‬2 <  U0)%CD U  $ 8 a VE2 ! ;t E CD% 2 8 U $ %0)% 2 %“ U bHBBH 0)%CD 2 3%02 ‫۔‬a 1
{ R R 9 c
ƒ U  %   F  G G F  "  G &  G" " " 
—
µ:—   v ‡  . 2 9   Y
$ ‡ O ‫  ۔‬0  a !  LB :H@35 .‡U ) % # $ E ‫  ۔‬j!D
"   2 3 '  C (Westcott)O 3fCO $ 68E" U E" 2 %% 3Š+U a{R2   U0)%D% 2 8 2 %“  ‫۔‬
 " "    F " G " "8   F " "  G G G
a{r!3%Á$ vU9 UDU .‡ $ 8 ž ® e "‫ ۔‬r8 ™aX92 35  UqD£ "  C E a{%2 C0z| 0)%02 ‫۔‬E2 R!  ž UE2 RV. 03f±#! UDE" 9' (Hort). ! /Z« D
" U
"
  " "  <" + U " |8 " " " G & " " " " " " |"8
‰+ /¤2 RC$ % }8 U  .C U  .‡ $  ‫۔‬ a { r  U C $ %  f  / 7 ;’ Nœq €C   U .‡ $ C  ij3   <  C /!     U  a 2   2 %“  ‫  ۔‬a  $ % ;RV U  3R2 Y  0z { R  { R V
F 2 {5 {—  + & " G  " " " " " "  "  " 
 )
O $ 6F 8، E" $ <2 2 C D$ E2 RV.C ij3< a{R2  02 ‫۔‬8 !  /Z¶ £O9£12 3’X   Y   2     2 3   E . C   iq C (<f 8 ‘
; 5 U 8 9 % “  U U R U " R V t  '
 G  " "  " G G G    F5   = 
{ 65 % " ƒ  { 6
1 $ sC<W ‘ C ،j! D r®32%D D$ ‫۔‬/­” v2 %3’/Z« D، U DaX
 µ:— C.2 ‡ 
-Cf E2 RV0)% ‫۔‬1 $ %E" RVE" 2 %%\{2 < 92 D®U 0)%u2 8 2 
 
" "

 F JF )    " " |"8    =   "
 0  CD  3 Y! f v š u8 S)0«a 02  U E2 /Z¶ ‫۔‬a 
) %  ‘ ( c  U " R  " c ‫ '۔‬E2 E2 < E" 2 %%2  C E" 2 %%\{2 < 9E2 R! ;r ;² % DU€ 
 R S  R V
  "  " " G" 

N P;UE2 RV'! U ‹3$% 
O " " 9CD . C ‫ !۔‬/Z345 C \{<=f µƒ zWU E" RV C   "  " 
‫ ۔‬a{RV $ % 0)% 2 %" “  D% 2 8   /Z345 C  \{2 <  aX  0)% CD  2 3%  bHK@@
= "
" 2
  " " "  R V " %  % { <= " )  Z¶ " ‰|8 {<=    " "
) U ; — U Š
     O  ‫ ۔‬D   
 C1   E E2  \ 2 0YP>5 ¦ 8  9 5 f U n o U   Y E2 /  \ 2  C /Z345 C 2 v‘CU Š)%U  $ 8 + C  3%
; 5 U " R 
     " U '  RS" 
+ 68 " R)  Z¶ "
‫۔‬E2 ‡ ‫  !  ۔‬D ™  2 3< C
" R V  (  '  x <
0« M  ² E2 / -C0 C E2  ! .2 3RYD}8  -C0°2 ; ‫ ۔‬E2 R 
! 8 U
)  Z¶ " "  " "  "  "+
 E2 /  CD E2 -C Q‫;۔‬ Y\$  M8ª5U  2 3x;%N^ U O<= U;RV ij3<
U " R  %
 "
 " " " {2 65 " "  " "
N P;U2 3%9. ‫۔‬2 3t$3—CD U
}2 ;$%a‰ 8 t{9' E" 2 R}j35-C‫۔‬ac0"   DV
O

1
H.E Perkins, H.U.W.Stanton, R. Hoskins. C.B. Newton, T. J. Scott. J.G.
2
W.Machin. Bishop Rockey Dann, Ewing, Hopper, Janver, Mansell.

~0z 
-
 €
  
" 8 "  " F
 { 42 
.3U a  2 D
  .3 e  1    2 u2 Q C  2 D 2  8   i2 8/ˆ ‡" ‘
!  U ; % R 8 t 
" q " 2{%  " p Vl  !  
E E @ A  $T n $   o  q c #
E2 E 2 E2 R3 U$ U 
q| a|UE2 RV2 3%D'‰ž $ C jSž f " 0«;—  0‫ —۔‬C
R 
! R S  l  C;      Ymp k +)
( "  2    Y ,
V
5K1\0J  4]^'


"   
+ "
Ÿ2 < U90QŠ‰  Du2 8 2  83 UP>5$ U 2 ;%u2 RQ0«;—  0°‹
  
; _

‫۔‬2 3rS&.3  e ®YU
  4
$ ,rg MYi‫۔‬3
" F "
( U X   R
  u2 RQ a  S&.3 e E2 € ª       i2 / ‡  0«! \ C V ^ ( T U 9 8

8 ˆ "
"
‘  = <
" "
"U 8•u5‫۔‬E2 R! a{45#! ]ƒ œ—CD/! ‫۔‬E2 R!  ;t&13%½  ª^ E2 RV (" 2 8"  " a{! " Va{$%
" -
- .   C  `#
 ‘ RV " ;'‰X   "F "    |) V }
 "
.3 e 0«،a ! v DE2   Œ 02 U ;  ،' 3f‡ 
Š f  € ª  (u2 RQ
# —  ¦ — ^ "      "
  —
 Š) — 5  


 $ %v‘ £a $ ‡ ‘0«a 02 $ U 2 8 D$  u2 RQ12 3 D (! a{j$v2 %" S
{ % " c (
O £” O   ‫ ۔‬.a ! 2  1   C1  C .3 1  C 1 % C
9 # Ž — — 3 % U !  3

G "   "   
" G "  %F F % " "  ´c
‫  ۔‬/ ¬n   .  5 " U $ ‡  ž C  ™-   0YP>5NOP " -/2 [C12 3< C v2 % 8
;%  r U ; U Z
0¡2   ‡  E2   v s U i2 / 1  2  8 t{9acU
9+
9 ( R V 8 U <+ 8 ˆ 3 T  G % RS"  »G % R  U  % "
8
" "
 R R 
8E2 $ 2 E2 a $ E2 3U 2 ; u2 RQ2 E2 d2DU+ ™  8  8•u5
¯ S œ
F 5 " " {% " " "

 G  9  "
 t|  ‡ a $  .‡ 9 8 $ 0$ z 3$9‫۔‬E2  -D$  $ Ow2  -C0« (! M9™. C/­
R  % f % ;x "   " " " F " X
" "  ƒ  ‡ ‘8 2 ;%u2 RQ0«D ‰ - a 2 a E2  ;jŽ8f 1Ž65 ‫۔‬E2 RSac‰
U " ( X –  | 8 R S  U
Š|qCDU83 Ua{$% 8 .3 UN1! "‫۔‬2 V\$ XOt C  2 VE2 RVM<W  S¼ .3 U  " G G " 
" 
"
| x
"
; 5 " ‡ ‘M28n8 UE" 9E2 RSa#! E2 R3 U-C02 $ 8‫۔‬E2 Re D ©8UE2 R3 Ua{$% E2 RV.C Q
R q "
02 3jQ¹a|2 Q13 U b2 3R 0ªf 8-C0«  ¹ ’DORu8 UE" 9-C2  ‫ ۔‬2 3U $ %  " F

" "
{t$ U ‫۔‬a  U8 i2 8/ˆ
c
|2 R Q
Æa¹  }8 
SW 0« ¹’DO u  E 9-C/ CD‫۔‬E2  

f U  R 8 U " 9 ˆ R$ z " 
   "35 DU 8•u5 C 2 ; %u2 RQ9i2 8<0‹3 650« 3’s£f S
q + q 2 2 2
U | /ˆCD‫۔‬E2 R! ;t&M2;RQNSTU0QŠ‰ U 83 U U| a•S$‫۔‬E2 R3racdeU " "
 F 8 " " " " "
"
" ƒ   + " + 0D9C 0 C‫ !( ۔‬E2 RV-%Ž5U j!  2 3$% U ‫ ۔‬aT %f 0V ;%
  (2 8]œ—02 ‫۔‬E2 R! ;t&13%U0QŠ‰ U CST8CD'$  C 2 NSTU0QŠ‰ "  " + F " 
 " s/­09  /Z $ C/ˆŒ8 2  Ÿ< 02 0°‹E2 RVi2 8/ˆ‡" ‘0 E2 RV0YP>5NOP;U
 "
 C  — C.Ta|2 8 .3 U 02  E2 RV 83 U  U  " S)
 (IB0z¢^ 0)%)".3  e "a{4Š  ƒ" "
 ƒ 
"" G   " "  { y
ƒ  ;—
4 ،acU Of C– —Š¦50°‹§8 !/! š$ %E" 2 %„u2 R s U +™ Ow2;x9
;% VU aX s/­ C 2 3r$ % ®YU  O2 ;^_9
02 0«a{r —" V2 O9 C " " RQ U " "
 ‫ ۔‬E2 £N E2 q ‚_8 ( ‘ C
 RV
‫۔‬8 S&.3 UNO9£— C
   "  " " {%  
        1      S  ‡      a  ‫    ۔‬E2    a $   S .3 U
f  9  3 % ( T  ‘ ( T – 
2 R V "
( .  *Y!%، w!y
"  "  " 
a $ -C€„ ،C C/2 $   ‫  ۔‬8Cv2 % ! a#! CacE2 RV ‫<_‚ ۔‬+
{ % 9 U Z U "  " F
  0«§ 02 -D2  M 0°‹ ،E2  0S 1 % (Ta¦q C C 0}—35 #! Ui2 8/ˆ" ‡ ‘
!  9  R 
! ;  Y & 3
‫۔‬E2    1 %
R 
! 8 U U 3  — " 8 — " " " " F "
 G " " F
% %  4 "  2 3 
-D$ $  z  ^ 9·—Ÿ E ‫ ۔‬2  ;  C Va .‡ 5 – 
2 $ ;%ž 8 i2 8/ˆ‡" ‘D9
"
E2 R3r“ E2 R3 U U¹ n8CDt20«3 t&E2 RS02 i2 8/ˆ" ‡ ‘0«²; $3$9J02 .   " " " G" " F G
" "   Ow2;x9 ‫۔‬E2 R! ; $3'& 
r  N" 2 35 U U3j 3') Dn8 aTD 0u2R#! U D
" "  " "
 $   .3Ua 2    ‫۔‬E2 E2 u N12 E2 R3r! 35Cs<+2 
% r —  { % ; — R 
! R S  Š  F G "
 " " D C€„ v2 %‡ 2  E2 RVi2 8/ˆ‡" ‘0« $ %™DD2 E2 RS  SW‫۔‬ ž  1Ž—2 rU
  "  G " 
N !  83U 0«  2 3%02  (QOjQ U-9C;ž% U  s z0°‹$ %U
1  f "  U "
 " " "  "  " $   
     
  
    !" #$ %&' ()* ‫!(    ۔‬
9 (!  .3 U2  E2 RV"   U" ;—   1Qf 0C U v—S)a{$% .T
"
& &
  " 8 F " 
" "  5 &6 7 +2 !' 4 !8 + + ,&- ./0 12 %  &   3 " # $ #4   

R  q
E2 S p Ca 2 a  UE2 V0YP>5NO;P Ua  1VY$ %E2 Vn5U 83U (P $ %a–
 ‰ ( R { 4 2 " R
" " < c  RV &  " " o   9:!;,< '=> ?    5 ! @?* $ !  %
 &   !,2 3 " # $ #$     
  A!,B
0 CD    a E2  .TN
 a  C a  0°‹،  C/  p  a  (! 
U 9 q  & ‰  ­ U 9 c
 " "
 " "  # |2 8 " " {% "   vU%  8 #! 9 (‡" ‘).3 U02  "(Hgg
}8 ) 9:     @C?*   ;< +;

SW ‡ ‘ ‫   ۔‬.3Ua ! a C2  a E2  a $ U 0«a a{ Y! 
" $ 8 8 U c R V " c  
" { U  8 )  F !  8 G
" G "  "  " 0«   0 02  a    0«   2 3U   $    2 Y ‫   ۔‬D C  ،CU C/2 Z$  U    — C
t & c %
 0« ! ];R365ac02 f  C  /´c0£ 02 3ov2 % ™O; e eDf O2 ;’8 U  #   "  
F     U
  8!  ‫۔‬a a   $ ( “ V c  { r  % ¹ n8CDt2 )5qa ! CDs/ 8 (.3 e )1 %
 # ­  3
 XU
  i2 / ‡   3 Y p €  C 1  2  ®  ®  > 1 %.Tr
U 8 ˆ " ‘ 8   !  o „ S ) " ; Y 9 8 < 5 3     " " G " G
 (  
8   $ C  #! (.3 e )  1 % r  0« t& 2  ‫  '۔‬/Z› Œ8  f 8 ¯$ % ;³ $ %
3
( "  " ­  9 jª5 U " 8 %
‫ ! ۔‬0. C/ CO  M   ‡   " " " F

  X "  "  "  Sac$  S$ 8‫;۔‬RŒ — C;jž $ % Of N- -D2  f r—" #!  Y 
2 a¦q C; Y®< E2 RSU13%#! 0«0S02 .TN :U0«; Y0S&E2 RS#! 02    
" " " " " " N ! ،0« 02 1n9V "‫۔‬a{r‡ OŠ)  C v2 % !  C 12 3—D2  f s„ U.
1
U 1&8 t ‫  !۔‬0a‘ QU  C  " 2 DU1šU 8 ‡" ‘O9E"  2 3—‫۔‬E2 RS  " 3%   " " " "

2 ; u2 RQ C 2 8Dt2 .3U  1  0«' 8 U Q02 ;jž 0$ %E" 2 %DU b2 3R .T
U
–  " % "8  "% U " "( % 
(5 < +  D E# +  - ' + F( 3 8 ‫۔‬a .E2 ¢ 1 02 3 Q C   2 3R  2  Œ8 &
"  G # " " " " " "  " " 
 " 0 C E2 ! ; ¿$ %! UE ، E2 8 /2 Z[  2 8 C  /Z[-C C  (!  ;— U
R   Y " 9 R V ( (
$ %‡" ‘ ،r E2 R™0 " 2  " r/! #! ·—“e " ;t& G F? F +  ,< H(<   I    
 " 1 % 8   !  yf C  #!  -C r  ‫ ¾  ۔‬35 U  
3 " E" 2 %D  b3R"  $ 8 ‫۔‬E2 R!   ; Y ®<X
" 2
‫(۔‬IH 3f) ($ %13%.3  e a{42 8)r ‡ U  9$ % 0 C    " "
 "  F  S) f 2 ;%u2 RQ C 2 8Dt2 #! 8 ! u2 8 r  C  (! E2 RV (T$ %#! (.3  e )
aX C ¹’D8 ! 13% (Ts/­Ui2 8/ˆ‡" ‘0«E2 R!  ž 0S&#! G " " "  U " " U  <) o " 8 "  " " " 
 " F " F  C 2 35 Q  V.  „ O p  ‡ ‘‫;۔‬jŽ8 3%2 D C  3RY
U
9  
 0«¹a  ¹ n CD 2  O a  C 2 ‡  Y . N :U-C O 32 9
{ U 8 t  f 2 ;R 3
2 9 X ; 5 U T f 2 ; R " F  " "    X "  
" U  " 2  U ¹ n8CDt2135ac$ %8  ;— aX ،' ; Y®< E2 RSU 13% 0«2 V
R V ( " U  # "
‫(۔‬H¸s>9 )E2  T  0>8YO; ¬n5 .3U02 "‫۔‬2 3— ® a ! 
3$% 8  U
 % ) U " U " ;" % U 8 F ˆ "     " "  ( %  "
 v    ،   V i2 / ‡ ‘9·—
-C$ 8‫۔‬acC%C U  ;2%u2 RQ
2 „ R! 8 "  9 " T ; e ; 5 8 3 8 ¦ 8 U
E2  ™2  (HL¸  ‡ )0‹O    02 i2   8•u5 C
G " " U <"XF X —   F % 

 f f 8 t2 " 8 " ‘  ;—

U D 9E2 3%V  Ÿ a 1 ،E2  ² D ‘ 3RQ Œ Ui2 /ˆ13 E2 RV
R 
! Ž R 
! ;% 8 8 a  0« Q3  2 D  ‡    ‫۔‬$ (1 %).3  e  Y U Y
c  U % 3
" " "  G  G
8•u5U ¾$ C3! 8 
9+O9£) 2 3f/ˆ“V‫&' ۔‬. $ ‡ -C$ %9!  . !,2 3 " # $ /< +  D #  8 G L 3 " #$ < ! I  5  J ,8 K4  ‫ " —۔‬V U ‡" ‘
 "  F  "" X "
 C ac;— U 8•u5‫ ۔‬. U Y02  C E2 R! 8 UO_’2 3U-C0«2 D‰ U "  O9 " a{42 8 (KH - w8)  5   M N8;?O   EPQ    *   = <   -  F
    #  &  "
‫۔‬ac;— U 2 ;%u2RQ  $   ،E2  ™2 $    ،E2 ;t   8  9$ % C™" 2    S&f
% #
! 9 R 
! 8 "  % 8 ! R 
! " 
C q  
~0z ()  prs
" "
UM82 n8 C  M9ac-C0°™‫ ۔‬-C Qf  9 E2 R! 8 U Ž8  C 2 3r 
" " "
ƒ R 
!

;t & 3 <  ‰ +  RV ^ " {%  ( F "
، - Y i2 ;y—-D2  E"  2 3—،2 ‡ E2 RSUD‡" ‘S2 "‫ ۔‬$ U   " 9 U 
¬ š ]œ— C E2  12 U2 NST0QŠ 1 E2 € ª a $  u2RQ

 ƒ" "  " F 
c
a  M2  UO9£2 3f/ˆUE" 2 %„$ %+  #! . ‫! ۔‬$ % 0}8 12 39 ‚_<W
; x< " 0n9 /ˆCD C ‫۔‬E2 R! M2;RQNSTU9E2 R! ;% V0n92  s/­i2 8/ˆ13%Dt2
" F   "
 %"
2 SU ƹa|2 RQ./  " 79 " R 9 9C " •u5#! "‫۔‬E2 R!  ;²% D3" f + ; C,O# 
 $ + F(U" 8  i2 8/ˆ" ‡ ‘;— aX ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U Ž8 2 NSTa{42 8
"
¾$  C P
" > 5v E 2  0 °2 D
" X " " "
 ¦—
 12 3 “VE2 R! ;% 1 O9 C C \$ XU
U " C 
< ،  E 2 R!  ;'‰Œ  
SW C a)CNO9£ C "
8  0«2 3rS&02 f   " $ 8 V0n92  .3  e UE" 9-Ca{42 8 (??u8) %  &  
"  G " "
" "   ;x9 "  8 U RS"  " RV "  "    "
U  ) R V
s„  9 a C-CE2 O! V #!  12 Ow2 0°2 ;U  E2 1 DE2 U 3 <  C  ($ %3%Vac12 3< U  8;²Re " V. 
02 -Cr ‫۔‬8VU   E2 RS S)2 ®$ < 9
& &
" "  "  "  " " " " " " " 
U 0V  ·—
 C  9D9 C ‫۔‬% $ % ƹa|2 RQ‚Uv2 % !  Ur—f 0‹2 39; ;%Œ  35U 8CDf 92 D. 9u2 8 8 t  SW‫۔‬ac‡" ‘®YU
 RS"  " ;5  " " " "  
    
 0« E2 O 02 a ‫  ۔‬C8 ™zU aX C p8U aX
J U   _ | U '  — a 02  "‫ ۔‬VE" 2 #! U C a|U-C QU  ، % $ %#! ®$ <&9 "— 8 C ‫ ۔‬E2 RV®! 
{ %
$ ; % RS
 " 79 " R 9 " ( "   " " "   %  " 8  "   2 ;’ " 8
U d
./ E2   C    2 3$% 2 3% Uf a)C2 
SW ;ž%  % $ % ƹa|2 RQ./79   3 5 f
   8CD12 Cv 3 < 2 8-Ca{42 2 3U8 .TN :U90‹2 39|q E2 RVO 
 "  " "  "  
"  " "
 #! f ORY U a|U0 C ،' — C8 2 3'$U 
aX C daX acU ¹a|2 RQ -C0«'  35U 12 3< s/­Dt2 C E2 R!   E2 RS$ %#! -C0«U 0S&02 ‫ '۔‬8 ! 
       "  "
F "
 C ¾$ 0$ r E" 2 R 9. ! u5 C E" 2 R  9NT  C E" 2 R 98 ! 0V0" « D>;’ 02  8-C -C QU  90«2 3U1" šf q U QU "  " ‡ ‘‫۔‬% E2 RS$ %#!
ƒ"
" j u 8 y ;% U " "  2 3— RS"  " RV 3< “V R! "    
9 Š  U !  # {
O   O V ! 2  C 2   E ‫۔‬E2 1 DE2 12  E2 P>5 {  C$ %8CD" ‡ ‘ C 12 3< i2 8¦802  C  $ "  S9  UM82 n8 UaX
ƒ ;— 
{ y 4 X " Z"¦2;$% " ;% # |2 R  |2 8  "    " "
$ U =
2  O9 C C  \  U
   0z   È   /   ž  !  0« a     a U j Sžf  9  (UM28n8 U-/2 Z[C.  8C12 3< €„90«2 V8 ‡" ‘0°2 ;U
" 
 X Re    
"‫۔‬E2 R! ;'Œ‰ 2 {ju O9 C C  
D95jSž U  9 UM2 n8 Of12 Cv2 % 8،‡" ‘€„aX E2 RD95 8 U 3 <
5 |2 RQ  " 79 " " " U  " " F F " " 
6 
U {
 Æ\ 2 ¹a ./ 
  a  ‚ 0« 02 0z2 R "
 9 | U r ¢ —  { D2 3   v £a  i2 / ‡  0«  E C s£s£ 0°32  (~¸-V)E2 
R ‘ {%
$ 8 8 ˆ " ‘  " f ^ T R 
" 9 " "  " F %
{ 6 5  9 8   & 

  9  C \ 2 ./    0a 12 C (U C ،! s %U 

U 7 f j Ž 8 |2   C C C  .TDt2 C a C C   .TN :U‫۔‬a $ a ! i2 /ˆ13 E2 RV v—/! 
% U  c % U c % # 8
"  " " "   " r R‰X ¦— 9 6 5  " 79 #  8  8  j ª 5
8•u5#! “V .3 U U¹aX5./79‚0$ r 
02  "v2 % 8"‫۔‬C U
0 E2 1 O C 
 Æ\ 2 ./ !  ‫ ! ۔‬O 2  
 U {
    "
U  ( !  +  U X 5  " 79 " f " U
 P1 a  C    D  .3U ¹a  ./ ‚ 
 ac{ E2 RV¦RY U
 c {   998r E2 R$ s 39 #! E2 RV
U 2 8 9CDr  C ‫۔‬U
 U  9
 "  8 " "
5  " 
‫ ۔‬U M;2 RQNSTE2 R3 U E2   2 3R Uq    ($  U Æ\{2 6 ¹a|2 RQ./79O;<= C 2 {j} %-D2  8
% U U 
 "  " " F  " "
%
 (! D + E2 R3 U  U C/Z¦2;$  U   12 3% /ˆ  a{%  ½VŠT f   "0:2 ;<=" ‫
۔‬CD  C r E2 %UE2 RS03f®$ <&E2 RV>8 C  r % U 9a|UU s 39  D9C C r
" " " U “ " % U F & RV " 8
% X  ‘   % "  " !  39" RV   " "
  / a v C   S&0:2  / ¦2 ;$ a|U‚O9E2 RV. ^ “V‫۔‬E2 R!
U Z ¦ 2 ; $ 8 8 ; < = Z   s E2 .2 DS{ 0°2 ; ، 3²  03f®$ < E2  !
SW  C a)CNO9£U  0
9
 G RS"  ‹" & RV r " U " |U
‫ !(  ۔‬D +.3 U
 
"‫۔‬3— DE2 1 ®$ < E2  % · %a
  " " " "  " " F "
‫ ۔‬.3 U U ÆDC D./79‚
02 ‫ " " ۔‬8 "‫
۔‬J 8 V®$ <&a–2 E2 RV" ‰+
}2 ;$%a{$% acO9£a•Q‰+—5% N2 % U 2 3f/ˆ
 " " "    
‫ ۔‬.3 U U ƹa|2 RQ./79‚
02  "12 3< "‫
۔‬S$) 8 -C  "   S& 12 3<  v‘C   " U .3 U 9 0«§!   J 02  }8 U   " 3%  "‫ ۔‬E2R!
2
 %   " " " "
 " X   
 C v  0«E2 8 UE" 2 R>2 8$ %. f D" •u5" #! 0«;²  $3'‰ .
2 8 R 
! 3 <   R S  3 < " + " R 
!
S&12 -C'$ 3t E2 12   2 3< ‡ ‘‫۔‬E2 µ ®$  C \ 2  -/2 [C2 8 9
& U y9 < &  U Z
 "  = " ) " 5 " " 
‫۔‬E2 R! % f s„ U  C E2 R! M9% C \$ XOf12 3<  C ¢;² < U  b2 3R p2 ;Š C  8   U\{2 6 ./798 2 3<+" " ‡ ‘ 0« 02 . 9 ` U2 3<+" ‡ ‘ M82 n" 8 U9
 F "" " 5 "  m8   +   
 % $ % ÈJ ‰+u2 R C  2 3<+‡" ‘-C !  ¹a–W N
9/2 Z›‡ f Of C  U\{2 6 ./79E2 R3R2 z  C .2 {j}89E2 RV2 NST0QŠ‰  $ 8 S&12 3< U" .2 {j}8
" 2   
‫۔‬     a‰ 8  9 U    JV   U M82 n8  U   2 3<+ ‡" ‘ ‫  ۔‬12 3<  -C E2 R!
5
"        8 " {% R 9 R! 'de U " f U   " 9 F |$ < " 8
 C  8  C v2% 80« a{jVM82 n8 —D U. U#! f a#! 2 3<+‡"" ‘ " R 
! U " f
E2  2 3%  DS{9  a $ E2  2 ،E2   E 2  ® 2 D" D     2 8 9
    "
R 
! "
"‫۔‬E2  (! % f s„ U  C M9%12 3< C b2 3R i<=
"
b•Q0«E2 R! 8 U " 3%f ./  ¤5  2 % " #
v   ! ‫۔۔۔‬  t&ERS12 3< " r/!  <+‡" ‘f
2 S 3 2 23
 U U +
 C M2;RQNSTac{ ac{ f C  U9"  ac€ ª^  C 2  -C QU  ‫۔‬H 0z¢^‫ ۔‬v2 %‘U aX acq02 3<{2 65E" 2 R>x<
  
 M2 RQNST;—  ‫۔‬E2 R! ;t&a#! 12 3< C v2 % 8Ÿ< UOP;U0QŠ‰ U 2 NST
U ;    " +  +
TM .
$ g  8(  *
" 9 3 9 " RV
F
ˆ U R 
!  %  " {42 8 R  $ " RV F ˆ F "   " c " ( " U
UE 0}8 12  E2 ¸C/  2  NST C E2 v2 8a E2 3U\ $" E2 ¸C/
i2 / ‡ ‘ D 3U 0«E2 ;%² D8 3fa 02    2 3f/ˆ#! .
8 ˆ " U 8  " R 
!
U

R c{ U "  X R  & < ;_"<{— "  " " "
P 1  M2 NSTa 0« de8 2 3f/ˆf  3RQ a  C E2 ! ;t 12 3 Ÿ2 
 ; Q  " 
"  U2 ;Rj§ 0«²; $ a{R2 e
"  .  02  ": E2 R!  8 V -C 0$ z3$9 `  2 3U €„ U 8
ƒ U    
]œ—ac{ 0«de8 M<W 3’—5 C ” OŠ) —5 C ،E2 R! ;t& "v2 % 8 "U 83 " U  " "
:E2 R! 8 ‡ E2 RV83 Ua{! V #! 
f €„ $U 83 U
+  
‫ ! ۔‬$ %0QŠ‰ U "2 N STN O;U "¬ š 12 3<
F  —  F | q X RV 8 F ˆ " ‘  " 8 " "
(HKkb ¦f)‫ ۔‬E2 RV 83 U  U j§    D95 ‡" ‘ ‫ ۔‬X
 A  <Y W- G #4 (‫۔‬I) 0 O 1 2 ½ ‫ ۔‬0e   a E2 i2 / ‡  " .2 ‡ Ÿ4 0$ z3$9
{ 6 ;  e ¯ 3 5  9
  F
ƒ " "      

‫۔‬2 3r 2 3Us /Z[ E2 RVyœ—s£8 !1£™ ¹a–W U 83 U" O E2 " $ .a  (— C1 ).3UN1" !  ‫۔‬12 ™ C- ;  Š2 8a{9aXa•Q
9 RS  % | U  3 %   3< — { x
  " "%   
"E5123<™ C- 3 <  ; R Q  & "
;—  C‫۔‬U (2 N" ST)12  C (M2 NST). 8' 0

;PQ
 < %
 &    5   3 " #$ + F( ! + F ;Z X ;,! G L [
  (‫)?۔‬ 
F " "     "
G G "
U  D C aX992  U2 ;R8 ” '$‫ ۔‬G ,  -&\   , ]  ! + ,<  Q
 , v2% ! jSž f  (2 ST)123< C ( M2;RQ ST ) v2% 8    ‫ ۔‬3je  ½ ¯ 13q
 X   " "
;o  
 DŽ$ 90‹n2 -C0«  (1 % ).3  e a‰$ ®YU   C ،
3 " ' — C8 3" f/Z› " ‫۔‬Ur—
    
G
‫(۔‬LHI-w8)E2 %U “)E2 RVE" 98" " 2 35 DU r—  U€ DE2 RV0eY  9)U a#! r C -C Q$ % v‘ £ U12 3< C v2 % 8#! $ 8
 U% F fF  " F 
v   C 0n9 (،| . )'d2D‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UD /Zu5a#! r Ui2 8/ˆ‡" ‘ ( a{r
_  ,  ", %
 &    5   !" #$ ^
 !;,< !6  ! 6  $ ?  (‫۔‬g)
" " F" • & ' "% " ‫ ”۔‬
U " 
     !  C   D2 3%u8a  Œ ;ž 8 #!  `
8 # U  J ‰ 2 { a   < ] ! "  " "
 " Z¶ " {42 8 3%   ƒ 
"    E,#<  ‫ ۔‬ 3 t& ORu8  U  O„:9  U  O<=  U 13% ‡" ‘  0$ z3$9
2 ) $  sn8  E2    ·— 0« (1 C M )N /2  a (1  ).3  e  ®Y
% R 
!  š 9 "

‫(۔‬Lg ” " (?? -V) =?5 R  G ,2 #' G L %
 &' +  S- Q  &6  <   UT 
" 
 ƒ RV   % " " X "9 U  " F 
"‫ ! ۔‬Y$ %v‘ £ U  C  ;%Œ  " 3tÀ"·—WQ C Q$ %(13%).3 U U
 .3 ]œ E2  ‡  CD 0« 2 3 ® .  . 8 E" 2 %/¤œ5
f  e — ; 8  — < 
" "
 " 8 ‡" ‘ C 8 ‰+./  " 79  ƒ 
+ 
 2 3rS&E2 RV (T.3  e U0QŠ‰ 90« ž  3%$ %C #! C CXNO;P U0QŠ‰ E2 R! D +
+  U  0«E2 R‹VE2 RVO„:9 C  U$ -C C 2 ‡ 
Y N CD0«¹a{9
"       & % 
  ( % 
E2 1  U 8 !8  1  0   .3 e U! $ ‫۔‬E2 ;t 13 ½ ª^ UaX
R # 8 R ‫۔‬Da#! r  $ %v‘ £
S V U 3 ) % 
!
V
 (<" %_'5 K1\‫۔‬
" "
‫;۔‬²  $! 0 C 3  Y! 
  " " "8 F " 
¬ 
  s/ 0 i2 8/ˆ‡" ‘0« ac02  Ojš ’./ˆCD
¢ ; 5  ­ - -
""  "  "+   "+ 
ƒ) 
) *w
U   CN.3 U2  0e/ZE2 R‹Vf ®! U 2 ;R ij3< E2 RV.C ij3< 9U83 U ƒ 8
"  " "    { y 4 " ‰+ 
U2 ;R
 0 ‹°  (Mo 5U 2 39U 2 ;%u2 RQ1Ž— )S&.3 e U C ،
 " " ‫® ! ۔‬YU 2 €„ UD1 D9CU 0>8Y0YP>5N OP;U" ‡ ‘
F 2 3—V 
" "  F "X " "  =
"
‚Ta#! 2   U O;48 UE" 9VU  CŸ< 0e/Z;r r ‡ U D\$ {2 %2 8£9 ‫(۔‬H~¹a•Q )E2 RVœ2 ;< jSž   ! de8®$ <&02 ‫۔‬1 A V
 Q EO W- (*  4(‫۔‬H)
" " F "  " F " " "
" 9 M8ª5U  1¦—   RYD (X‡  C E2 %D3" f/Z›  U GD C aX" 9Ur—-Ca{42 8ac 
j§  2 3%u8 E2 R°$  \$ {t$  E2 RS U  
"  ‡  1 A V
2  Q
 EO W  : !;,< 5
A
   $(‫۔‬L)
"  " "    " =
 -C0°$ 9 ‫۔‬E2   sn8 CQ" 2 35 DU 
D‡ a{% V;— U  v2 % !  U2 3%DU
$ 8 % U ‫(۔‬B¸0š) Uœ2 ;<
" + "   "" " " 

£Ÿ< b2 3R  C E2 R! E2 R3 U¹a–W -C;—  ‫۔‬E2 R« 8  E2 R3 U

 " "  "     4o “ V   F 
8 J0«! 0z{2 %U" *u2 8 8 U0M82 n8 U 83 Ua•S$" ‡ ‘r 0«2 3U s /Z[  U  
-½  C½03 D  .3  C2  -C S& M  i2 /ˆ‡" ‘. ‫;۔‬r  D
9 j } ; 5 U 8
" " X — "  " " R " G " " "
 G  
‫ ۔‬.'*E" 5 U C a|U-CU  2 39a 1 2 3902 ‫  ! ۔‬E2 -D2   J  U2  ½ ½ 0°‹E2 
Ž ( V f % ‰ ‰ R S
 & &
{ r c R R  & ‰2{65  " U  %
(HHH if2 8) G F ? F +
 ,< H( P F?O

 + ) @ &- F NdF? (‫)~۔‬  a a  .VE2  0« 02 s/­¬‫۔‬E2 ;' a  ORu8  13 9 $ 9
V  
!
 "     "   ƒ "
  U 8 U  R S 
  9    M2 n8   83U)   0°‹ E2    8 .  (!   (3%  (U ‡" ‘ 02 
"  " •u5. ‫۔‬ Y S&13% (TU‡" ‘acf µzW 0« 2 3rV2  s/­£ C
  "
""  "" " " R   " U 9  3 % R 
! ;  Y X f (  t
(HL¸-w8) 2 %0)%)E2R! (D95)jSž f (C%0V U )  E2 3Ukk      C.3U2  P>51 0«E2  ®   Y‡ O <
"" " " "
02 " G F? F + ,< H( e
 ;?O
 E    !" #$ %&' ()* (‫۔‬B)  8 ” $ %C U  +  F( ! + F ;Z X  ;,! " U YJ H?½‰½‰9‫۔‬E2 R!
" " 
 ƒ   "
 C  (.3U) Cv  ‫   ۔‬8 ! U ‫( ( ۔‬X‡ ).3 U (ac‡" ‘)
 — U %  # 9  de2 8 E2 RVµ:—  /ˆCDU9 02 3j$ zX€„aX É2 {qO;U2 {o 0« C ‫۔‬E2 RV
  " "
" 2 R! (D95 ) UjSž f (C" %0" V 
 (U (ac)M82 n8 U E U ) (E2 R3 U)9  C  U a¹ X5 V ®$ <& 9 (B?   " T ‡ )  5 ;< +   E,! 1a,2 16 W
 $ 
" ""  " "
‫(۔‬KL
}8 ) 2 %0)% )"‫۔‬ Hk¸-w8- J" Šm5a#! 2  02 ‫۔‬f s„ U. U " U2 ;R V ®$ <&9 C U¹a|2 RQ
 
%
 &   +  G F? F + ,< M N8;?O
  ;PQ
 < %
 &   f  ,4 !" #$ (‫۔‬K)  M82 n8 U M;2 RQNST1 &f &E2 RV C   2 ‡ E2 RVK¸" T‡ - J'$  C E2 RV
 " "   x8 "  
%
90«  M9%.3 U (ac)s„ S8 #! (/Z¦2;$  ) C " G ,2 C! ,5   (E2R!  ž &DE2 RV™ yf#! u2 R' 8 U2 {6 $ %83 U U2 ;R C . 8U9)
  "    "

 U"  C ،  (U M28n8 U" E2 R! (D95)f jSž v‘CU 8 % U  E2 R3 U 1 %‫ ۔‬3  Y!¬ š  1a,2 W
3 
 $  $ %E" 9 M82 n8 U1239" C $/" 2 Z C
""  "  "  "  F
 
E2 RV
>568² 0«E2 R!  ž 3%u2 R#! ‫?(۔‬B-V‫ )۔‬2 %0)% "‫( ۔‬ac)]oz+
ƒ  0°‹2 3UE2 :;U $ % s/­8 ‡ ‘“Va aaca#! ra{% E2 RVM82 n8 Ui2 8/ˆ
R S  " c
    ƒ  " " " " " "  "
  U 8 " ;  "
"  M2 n8‡ ‘0«²  $! a 2 0  a   ‫ ۔‬1 %D +f .3  e
–  ) % c $ 8  3 :! 0ª9 V.2 ‡ 3$9E2 RV12 D0$ z3$9‫ ۔‬3 jV +  V3qU E2 RV   U " Šm5
ƒ " 
"‫] ۔‬oz+ C  D95 ;5 YU  9 U 13% H( P F?O 
 + ) G L  7 + @ &- F $  I   ()*  '  (‫۔‬k)
 " " ƒ "
a|UD +f 9 "U  '! 8CD " 35 D "‫۔‬E2 R! a{45a¥œ—U  G F? F +  ,< E2 RS u28  ‡" ‘ 02  C  ‫ ۔‬X
   ;% + G , b
 F c %
 &   J ,O-
 G F? F + ,<
"  2 
F " " F " 8 " 

$ %C Uv2 %‡  $ 8#! ‫۔‬E2 RS8z{r U12 C E2 RV C ‫ !! ۔‬D95;5 Yf
" { 42 5 8 U
a  D95; YU  9 M2 n8  -C0°‹ '  C 
G * (U JU  " 69Œ
" "  
 " " +  " 9 RV " {45 9 F œ 8
Dt2 NO;P U 8  ‡ ‘ C  " ‰  ./7  E2  a    0« 2 3r 2   D S) E2 !   ž U 1>8
& R  f s„  Q §D C$ %-C0«E2 S YE2 V  12 3  U (13%).3  e
U W R  R 9 _
 "  { 65 " "% U " " 5   " "
 D 2 NOP  12 C\ 2 2 D  ‡ ‘E2 a a a  UM28n8 U¹ n8C
U t ; U 8 3< R V { 4 X c ‫(۔‬I~82 8)
" "" ƒ      X  
E2  U }8 C "‫   ۔‬02  O9£   2  ]o M ª5 0      ،a   U M82 n8
RS   ) % 8 ) % 9 c G , b  &   s/­ 0"  '  ;'‰Œ   (u2 RQ u2 R U P>5 13% 0¡ 
 F c %
   G " "   " " "
%
v‘CU " 9 U v2 % 8-C0«2  $U¹a|2 RQ ;²RŒ U 2 +8 #! 
>8
U C/Z¦2;$ 2 r‫ &۔‬$ %13%  M82 n8 N V  8 !  ”  v%z{5 ‡" ‘  0°‹ 2 V X    ;% +
"  " " 8 #   
™ C8 UM82 n8 C  M9 (‡" ‘)-C0°™  5   M N8;?O   EPQ    *  (‫۔‬HI) 0« E2   ž  0S 
   2 3 /   3    C "‫   ۔‬8 U M28n8 ( D95) f  jSž ( E2RV
R!   & 9 + f ˆ 6 ! '
 " {65  " 9 " {42 8 R   
‫(۔‬KH-w8) D95$ U (2 8Dt2" 9 U (.3 U) ، STNOP  \ 2 ./ a ‫۔‬E2 D + " M2 RQSTE2 R3 UP1 "S
;U 8 7 ! U ; 2 f v2 % 8
 " 8 "  F "   2 ;RF 32 9 9 % " ;% U ;2 RQ
( R c
 u2 Q C a D a{42 ،E2 R! O„z+½VŠT.3 U1! E2 RV9v2 %‡ a•S$$ 8
t 
2 $ %C aX 0uRz.  C DVM82 n8 U ، " f O
2 $  C C  ž  M
  " " 8 +  "  F 8 +  " 9
Dt2 s/­S)E2 R3%2 ‡ /ˆCD C DUM82 n8zd2 U83 U U8CDE2 RV ‫۔‬ac a{42   0QŠ‰  U   2  STC  M2;RQ NST 8  .‡ $ C  ‫۔‬ 8 ™ i 2 8/ ¤  ‰  ./7
 " F9 F " " 
"  2 ;R32 9 9
‫۔‬DUM82 n8E2 R! D95$ U " 9 U83 UE2 RS s/­E2 RV" ،E2 R! O„z+      D/ 2 $  O  C 2 $ D   Y ž  (1 % ).3  e
U U ;q |$ ¤8 f 9 5 ; 5 ; % U 3
"  " "  "  " " 
‚ /Z[ 2   UVO9£ —5$ % ،E2 !  ž U1>8$ %C #! ac E2 R32%‡ 9
" R .3 Ua=Cv%Qa|U#! 0«2 D0S&02 8 .
‡
$ 2    r   U  0 S & G
 F
 ?
 F
 +
 ,
 <
   $ 8  ‫۔‬ D V  M 8
2  n8 U
"  "
"  2  ‡ 0¡ $ 0d}5 C   5   M e;?O ƒ RV + "  ! E2 /  ! E2 ‹V ž  !  E2   M2 n  a 0°‹ E2  U
# R V ’ # R V ; % # R !  U 8 U X R S
$ %
>5C $  ‫۔‬ "  
 ] œ—E2 2 3< ‡ ‘ "‫۔‬ 7 9 8 
  "    " " "
M82 n8 U12 3< U UV-wo‫ ۔۔۔۔‬D +M82 n8 Uv2% 8 C E2 R! O„z+Dt2‚ ‫ ۔‬D95r ‡ U 'd‡
" " "  "F
"‫۔‬E2 0ªf C®$ <&f
R S 02 r،2 3UE2 RS8$ %aX 8  ‫۔‬E2 %DD DS& UaX3fM9 U‡" ‘#!
 % — " " U –&  "  % " "8  " "   
# % 9 R V
! $  E2 v2 ‡  Cbu8- J 0°2 ; ،a .]jQ v2 S O9£—5 9E2 R! a#! C-C! !  UM28n8E2 RV U83 UE" 90«2 3U0p2 8 Dac;t&02 0°‹‫۔‬Ot
F " ( "  G " "
"
 " 
 C  E2 !  1 Y C/­  u2 RQ E2      .ª9 U .3U 1!  0‹  ‫ ™  ۔‬DH@ /Z 8
R  V R V 9  ) $ U 02  /! f E2 RV  C E 2 R! D95E2 RV'! U 8CD2 ;%u2 RQ C 2 8Dt2
"
" " "" " 
‫۔‬E2 R! ac Áe Áe
$ 8‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3U€ U" f dU  3—% c ;5 0«; Y0S&E2 RSacO9£—5
 " " "
  $     C   (u2 RQ E2 RV d   ‫  ۔‬ª9 U ‚_<+ f 2 8Dt2  s/­U  "
9 U " J
 8 +;   M N8;?O
  !"# < ! I %
 &   
 $ + F( 5EF$ F(‫۔‬H@)
" "   " " "
‫۔‬E2 R! 1 D C/­ 12 3<  $  S9 U (.3 U) -C C ‫ ۔‬2 V 8 #! (‡" ‘).3 U1! 
 " " "  
"s/­ 8 ،! D + Dt2 s/­ r  0«   ]jQ ac V 02   O9£ —5 ‫~?(۔‬bu8)‫۔‬C‡ — " 2  $ %  C   UacM28n8
       " "  "  "
"
.3 U 2   s/­ 0 $  U  Dt2 0« E2 R!  ;— ' -C ‫  ۔‬r!  "D +  M28n8  U v2 % 8  U 8
2 8 9 ( !  9  % 
    M n      C™2 $ (.3 ) 1 / a{% (‫۔‬HH)
( U 2 3 % ˆ
 8     "   
 M2 n8 ‫۔‬a  C ®$  J  C E2 3U0‹  M2 NST0°‹a 0a#! v2 % 8
8 $ c < & 8 U " R   ) U ; R Q c (g¸-w8)‫ ۔‬D95$  S9 U (.3 U)
 " " "
a|2 8 $ %0c¦5“V‫;۔‬ YE2 RS3G '*f j2 C U C U "0d}5 ".‡
 { t$
$  C  p2 RYCOt "
(Dt2)   a$‰  C   5   M e;?O  G L ? !2 + ; %&'  * =>  (‫۔‬HL)
"
" 
0»3’0•sD /Z¶ 0°39‫۔‬a{ Y1VE2 RS" V U.
  8U " 8  G  O  ) "  "
$
‡  a c }  < M;2 q " 9 (.3 U)   — C8 UM82 n89f s„ U  (‡" ‘).3 U2  $ U

E2 R!  8 $  J  ,g#h  i  & W  * ? !2" C<&   G #?g  F ‫  ۔‬D95 $ % pq5 aX ‫(۔‬BK-w8)‫ ۔‬$ U
"  "   "
O9 C ‫(۔‬Hg~s T )"Ê‫  ۔‬U 12 3< C   U v2 % 8$ ;ž%  ! deU
"  "  " "   "
+  "   % " U < 
8 t& RV 9 ‰ $  S 0 C ،  ;%  092 dY
 )  ”  (E2 .    ) D D.  '  v2 !     "‫ ۔‬8C½¯02 3o0°‹Ž$9UM82 n8ac  U12 3 ‡" ‘U0S&02 2 E" 2 R
""  " 8   "
‫ )۔‬2 %0)% (‫   ۔‬U ‫۔‬E2  C8 U" 2 3%12 3_œ ‹ Ot#!  U9Ž$ 9! 1 " 8C
R 
! —
 q " F F
MJ M p
N ,O-
 + a
  $ H  (  12 C
 %
 &   16 !,
I  j (‫۔‬Hk) M82 n8 U83 U U| U8 i2 8/ˆ‡" ‘0«2 3r! E" fC   9.
"  "   " % " #
  8 8

$ %C  2 3%f 9 (V ª’.  8).3 UU¹aX58 #!  :N  
   @C?* " =q W R  ) NM28n8 0«©2 ;%! 
j}502 f E E2 ! 8 U1> a E2 32 ‡ 3$9!  (V
U " 9 R | 2 R
 + 8 8 U G % f "
œ 8U    c  "      ’
   )Ê C E2 D  
Ž9 1    P1 E2  C  (!  $ 8OŠ¦8 #!
U r — R 
! 9 5 2 3_ 8  R V : a E M2 n  ¿   2 ‡ C  2 3U O 8 2 ;
""  "   F  

() 2 %0)%Hg?
}8 )‫ ۔‬OŠ) C v2 % !  (;— :E2 RV" Y U¹aX5v2 % 8 (i— )
 '  1  s +    &F  j G L    5, i  &  * ? !2 f  #M Q  F V
 ,'  (‫۔‬H?)
: r /W
@ ' K  @C?* %  &   J ,. 6 4 W!< !j  $ @?5  16 !,
I ?    F # @C?* 5, i  & !" #$ #4 X
 Q  ! D  < f
 k) $   f  K ?  <
" " F " F "  " F  S- Q
 &6  <   UT   E,#<  7* + F( 6 $ + F(  E,! 5<
a{%2 3%. C8 #! C a|< v2 % ! " U¹aX58 #! Y8Œ  C %  A W A
  G 
5 ;— U " •>’  ;<m8   2 % 9
(gI E  )  C3  O  C  v !  .3U   12 % /ˆ
" 5 Š 2  U 3 jn;² o “)$  S2 ;U(·—02 ) C " =?5 R  G ,2 #' G L %
 &' +
  
 "  ƒ  " "
'$‫( ۔‬D95)  dE2 RV ( C ) v2 % 8$ U  D " " 90«O9E2 R! 8 ™U
 12 % /ˆ a{%9  — M;2 RQNSTs/­D +f .3  e ]œ—E2 RVv2 %‡  8 #!
3
"
"  " " "  "
"  "    E2 S a ! 2  (f  /ˆ)U C ‫۔‬E2 ! 8 U ( DrC (f  dac)}8U 
R  # " " R
a{%  8 2 3R  NO;P U C  ac 8  C    1 D ac  v2 % 8 E2 RV 9‫<_‚   ۔‬+ f
 %  RV "  "  % " "   " F
2 8 U ‘  X c  U 
 v  E2    D    " a 0¡  .3 e ¾ VO £0$  1 % /" ˆ
R   9 r 2 3  (2 )   C v ! (  € /! )E2    v2 % 88 (a#! )#! u2R
 "  8 2 U „  R V 9 U
" "     "   "  F " 42 8 " " " "
F 9 (a ) b Q C   \ u5 a{ ) ( 2 8Dt2  -C Q U  b2 3R ( 3%)  D/ZV ( U  )
c
 E ( .3  e " ™ 8— 12 3< ™ C- ;—  )E2 R! 8 U1VYUOf 8 C1" 2 3< C
"  2 3 — R •
"    ƒ    G ƒ
"+ " " U  8 U RS"  V F  ;—  
-V) "‫ ۔‬ac8 UOyoz+U  (-C) C ‫; '۔‬r 8 /´c]oz+U ” .3 U
 0°‹ E2   ‚_    12 /ˆ  a  -C 0°2 ;      E2  1 Y     U 12 3<  E2 RV
R S  < f 3 % { %
G "" ƒ 
F ‫ )(۔‬2 %]o0)%??،?I،
‫۔‬$ %E2 RV0 CU " S)N
q

' 7
  <  i< t  ] !M @C?*  C# 16 G < => H( %  &   3 " #$ +  J 8 (‫۔‬Hg)
i  & +  G F? F + ,< M N8;?O   # @C?* G , J ,rh   !,
I(‫۔‬HB) c   &#$ 
    & M2  Cld'   -m

 5#?
 n ,0 8 G #  g


" " "
 8  #! C  G , G L 3  , X
 " #$ < J ,rh  J * $  Q   &  M :N S 2"    @C?*  U.3 U   8 U®$ 9$ 8 (f 2 8Dt2 ‫‰۔‬+ )(KH
}8 ) G L J  8  ' o <I
 "   "
   (U 8  "  "   e % % 8 
® $ ( $ ž )q C8 U9;— U r—  v2 % !  C  892 ™¹aX569Œ
 - 8،   M2 n8-C C  8 C  v2 % !   U   C D12 3< U(¹a|2 RQ) 
U
  
"  & F F  ƒ
®$ < -CU 0}2 8 DU  !; -2 3f$ 8U /Z«  C ،! 8 Ua /! šU9‫ & ۔‬
&  9 ' c
 " 
F   "  8   2%
@C?*   =q W R J ' J ,O-
 ‫۔‬a 02  Ui2 8/ˆ‡" ‘i2 8¦8G %f G % c  O C C   C §/2 $ ،  O  C  v ! -C C ‫۔‬a r" ‡ U  9
 9 ; — U Z¨! %  2 ;< m c
 "" " " 
8
 123_œ /2 Z$›/! E2 R! — C " 2  9 ;— U r— E " 2 RV    ! D F _q   M :N     ‫?(۔‬k-V)2 V     8 ” 9 M8ª5U aX — C12 3< E2 %Ud0«
U
   " "   
E2 RVi2 8¦8 Uv2 % 8‫ )(۔‬2 %0)% HHHif2 8)‫ ۔‬OŠ)  C v2 % !  C  " 3%
2  J ,r" h  i  & ,
 1 & =q W R 12  &a
  %
 &   J * $ F(‫۔‬HK)
" "  G     

2 3rS&E2 RSU" ‡ ‘9S&E" 69 e a•Q½ºVU U¿%f  0°‹S&®$ <&Ofa–2 ac " C 123< C . 8O9 (— C13%).3 U1!    ;< +; ,4 3 " # $
" " 
" " %  d  d  "   "   R!  8 " "   =
‫   ”۔‬0 ‫    ۔‬a E2 M  ‡   ./ ‡ (Hk/ v2 %‡ 'd2D)
 !  – 
2 R V 9 U " ‘ U 7 < Z  8 r '&
    0 E2    $ % f s„ U §D C$ % S9U (œ2 ;< )
! 
  " " "   
  
 ~¸-V)"CD E2 r— M ª5 a"    ($ )8   (.3 U)9
% d R V " 8 U X  % ‫(۔‬kB-V)‫۔‬E2 -/ ®$ U (!   ¹’D9f E" 2 %D)
R S  ´ <&  8 U
  " ""
¸U aX U - JaX  C  !E2 RVM9U  12 3< U2 ;%u2RQda–2 0uRz () 2 %0)  ' U  5 ;< +; " 5,4 3 " # $  J ,rh  i  & 8$  5 #$   (‫۔‬L@)
" 
‫(۔‬HK/Zv2 %‡ 'd2D)E2RV = "   
U(œ2 ;< ) C 1 23< C v2% 8·—02 r  C   5 !; 5>  $ s
 Q 
 +  5 8  +
 " # " 
  n    ،E2 8 ! ];R365 5 3$99f  .DSX U.2 ‡ " .
U 9 U R 
!
" "  F   U % |2 8 " # " ­   ;'&   
; !
"  F v   a U ! ) C/ 8  ‫۔‬E2 R!  % f s„ U §D C$ %U " $ %" 9
 8  F 
 .  .3U2  (H)0« E C   Hg/ v2 %‡ ½ 35‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U " f " 3%® Y  "   " " 0«  ;%² D
U

 f

Z 2 f   O’  02  C  3 j  f  j  U  C$  C ( 3 f% ¬ ) f  $ %C ( U   
" " "  

” E2 RV (I)ac $ U Dt2 .3 U-C (L)ac D95E2 RV‡" ‘C%  " V  U
" "
) 2 %"0)%kk -V) "‫۔‬8 &
" " " " ‫۔‬ ( 
"   "    "
F
 1u8}8½ u8\u5Cb2 3R E" 2 R>j U (g) 8Cv2 % ! E2 RV (?)' 
Ž9 U  " <     "
STCM2; QST O;P U Y 
 a ª^ 12 3 Cv2 % 8E2 RV;2%‡ 8CD/2 Z› "
R )
   "  ƒ     " 8
(~)    w $   O z   · a ! C C (k)‫  ۔‬8 ‡ 8 U% %
'  ; r ;U 5 % 8 U y o + U — # ' # " R " 
 ® E2 ™  ! u2    DE2  0YP>5N O 0‹   2 u2 Q C D 2 a{42 2 
 e R V yf R  U V ; U ) U ; % R t
   " 
   C a uŠ1acv‘C .3 U-C C (B)  8 ” U.3 U
f c
‫۔‬E2 R! 8 ‡
F  
‫ ۔‬aYCa;— U 2 8Dt2.3 U-C0« C (K)‫ ۔‬2 3—¹;o 
    "   u"K #0
,
  %F f "
 a   -  D  .3  (H)0« v   Hk/ v2 %‡
U X '  ;t & 8 t 
2 U U 9  Z    " "
 "   "  " U/ZSf  ;— U  ‘ U O2 ;%>9 U‡" ‘0« 
>58 U ’
 "   " " "   
(I)  V ™ a¹ 5Ua (L)  ;% V (!    U¹ —}8 dz J ./79
'  ; % ( U X X '  " —" " %  # ƒ
 "   "  " O  2 3  3    ‫ ۔‬E2   ž   1  E2  H@ /  v ‡         ; Y‡  µ:—
;  e — R!   U > 8 R V Z 2 % ! 9 '
  " # 
‫; ' "۔‬% VD95E2 RV'! U 2 8Dt2UaX (?)' ;% V v2 % !  C  8UaX F " 
"    i2 8/  1 a  0uRz '$ ‫۔‬M  .3U02 s„/2 8 !   (‰+ )M<W
U ˆ 3 % – 
2  9 %  Z
   F " 
;t&123< U9 .3 U C 2  (H)0« ! v%f  HK/Zv2 %‡  " ""
 " ‫?(۔‬/Zv2 %‡ 'd2D )M<WO; e  0c¦53—% ‫۔‬2 3r2 VE2 RVM9U 83 U
 (

U  %  

 (?)‫      ۔‬M2 n"    v   -C (I)  "  8 C  v2 % !  E2 RV  (L) E2R!
  U 8 8 2 8 
 "   8   "
$ U 2 ;%u2 RQa{42 812 3< 1!  -C (g) O2 ;<m Cv2 % ! -C;— U C §/2 Z¨! $ %
  " " 5 
de G% X  " U
 .D  a ‫ ۔‬$    $        02 E2  2 8‫  ۔‬U
U  c ³ U  ( U 9 '$   ( ' ‰ 8 R S -C،       (~)‫ ۔‬u 1€„ $ 8.3 U-C (k)‫ ۔‬D95
 " Š m 9  Š
 " R " de    "
0  )"‫۔‬2 3%E2  D/ 9 — C E2 ' !  '  ³Dž  C E2 RVq C
) % 
! ˆ U ; ' R V  { f 8 ‰
" ‫ ”   !  ۔‬
"   " 
 " " % " F RV %" F       %F f
 z O9£a 0« ! 2 3%02  - J C YE2 2 T/2 Zu 8 ( D>— 3’-Y
| 5 {% ( " U œ S&12 C. 8U83UE (H)0« ! v   LH،L@/Zv2 %‡
3 < " 9 
" ƒ F "   G —
3f]’C
Y U2 8‘b +  C YC -/2 Z[C1S)8 C0}2 ;% C03RQ8 !'{²RE2 RV
<W  C ®$ <&U  -C " Q0« (I)E2 R! E2 R3 UP>5 U.3 UN1! -C (L) 1¦ O9 C-C
G ( = "  " "   "  ¦— 
!  
   CD z v   v S C ¯ 2  
 
E  ” 3 E2 2  
©;! 0«  
2 % T 2 % ;   V " % ’ R V % w 8 ' 1! r 0« C (?)E2 R! 1 O9 Cac-CE2 R! $ U  2 ;%u2 RQ C 2 8Dt2 9E2 R!  E2 R3 U
" G  G  " G * + "   " T "
 Ub + ‫ ž)';—©۔‬$ 8 JU..'$  C {2R‡ $ U ./79 C  $ %' E2 RVjz ‫۔‬E2   (  U" 8 E2 %U01 $ %83 U" a{$% .3 U
R S
 
 " “e " 8 U “3 œr f " "
"‡ ‘C" % 0" V " 9-C‫۔‬E2 RE2 R3 U" U" U-C0«!  yƒ ";5 M;2 x<-D " U9.
 ‫
 ! ۔‬j}5 %OtU. $ 3       .

‡   $ ‡ €„ ³   E2 RV rD95 2
  G ) "  {— " " 8 RS" " ƒ  
 "
.:;— f  .‡ $  U   ' $  U C  3 Š CD 0 
« 2 V 3 2     6 $ E  C  2  $ 8 .‡
D  U O $ 9  $ U  M<W  S¼ U O9£” OŠ) ™5-C‫۔‬E2 RD95$ U 2 ;%u2 RQ C   2 8Dt2E2 RV
 "  "  " "   "
  "  % F $ 8 R!   U >8 % # 8
‫( ۔‬V02 3R3%U./79 C 8 !  " U— .2 ‡ 02 12 3% /Z›./79 ½ o‫۔‬E2 %U  C 2 u2 RQ0«2 3r! v  ‫۔‬E2  ž  1 $ C ! U9— ® 2 D12 3_œ  U" E2 RV
; % 
"   "
 Ru8 U  8  "  8  "  F 
O    ™12 % /Z›./79O2 ;<m 90« .02 Ojš ’. 3 M2 n8 1 %18 i2 8/ˆ‡" ‘U UM28n8 U83 U — C$ U 2 8Dt2
8 U 3
  " " " "
 U. "‫۔‬E2 Vq CU .D  a ،³ $ %U  (U9 " deE2 RVµ:— j&
( R c de G ƒ
ac U83 U C 8  -C QU  0 " °‹ U0V" ST ;% C  U0V" ST8 $ %a{42 8DU
" "  9" "
U | q R V 9   | 8 —  5  V <=  8 3 % U #! 9 U   8 U   R V 8 !  a+SW  U  E" 9 DU  M28n8

      E2      .3  a   -C  C º03   ºi        O £ —" 5 U U U
  .3  1      ‫   !۔‬s !
"
3    . 3 U 1 !   E 2  
   # G % RV       " "
 E2  ² D 3 ! 03$% ` ¿$ E2    $ U90« 1 2 (!acde O2 ;" <m
R 
! ; % 8 % —  (   Y V  8 
-C8  M2 n8 12 -CO U 8 U 3 < 9 C  2 3 U € ª  E2  U 3" %O„z+
¦ R Y ^ U R S
  "  
" " "  
U  ‫] ۔‬9.x42 8
2  E2 RV" E2 R! E2 R3 UL~9  U P>512 3< ‫۔‬ U 2 NST0«u2 R" ‫ ; '۔‬12  (u2 RQU9  UM82 n8 U2  NST Y
 t & 3 <
  F  5" "
: de02 kf Hv2 %‡ 
CD. i2 8/ˆ " ‡ ‘‫"۔‬123<  U\{2 6 2 3fa{42 8 2 N ST.3 U "‫ ۔‬3 jVD95 ! de$ % ¬ C/ˆ
ƒ "   W { 65 " "  " { 6 5" R  ‰X  (  X 
"
/! š  2     z CD 9  \ 2  ¸62 8 C  #!  ‫۔‬2 ;% /2 Z¶ " 6 R
 C 2 3U.  \ 2 2 3  O C E2  Π u2 Qu2  .3U2   1 8
V f f U f 
! ; ' R R ‰ U 
G " "   "" F
 "  G     F "
 S  ž  /$ ¬   C a “   J (Ur 0«;—  ‫® &'۔‬YU a{f$ %
 ; t Z « % c U 8 C%" Y U C RQ- J#!  E2 RV.;% a¦yqU +  C Va+SW  C M9%UOf
 " "  
F 8 ' {f G & "  F
¾Y$     C !1 D;tž  /$ Z« j3² <ž j3² 5acv2 %T2  C 8 ‡ E2 RVO’) ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U2 R$3F 5 y8
 "  G "  "  G "  G 
G F "
-  '&! C80«t&f v2%T C ;'{R2  (<S2 . $ ‡ t&f    C !  0;5f — C 0«2 Y /Z›2 3UU®< C ¯ $  2 ‡ 0«f   5035 C  (¯$ 9 2 ;%"
"      "  "
"* C  U0"  „E2 RV$ 8‡ 8 3U8‫®۔‬G {R2 j   U$ 9 UC  /2 Z¶S ® C ، E2       E2  C$ %9-C‫ ‰۔‬U   ‡ 
83 $9J2  RY-C
<   R V   U 8 J U R S " X
2 $ 2 2
" " " "  " " " " f  G G  " " "
"   "
3$9E2 RSU;2%TU " S) 8  2 3U‫۔‬2 ;% 2 3%$  /2 Z¶ RY`;%Œ 0&  1 }8  8J‫  ۔‬D-C CD$  /2 Z2 ‡ 9-C C ‫ ۔‬RYE2 -C0«E2 -3r$ %
  R S  R S
" " " " F "  "  F " " "  {— U " 
 +  ! F
$    C   a E2   0‫۔‬E2 8z{r U v— £ C a#! *E2 RVv2 % ! ‫۔‬
U U d2  R V 8 R S f ; < ; % 8
. C2 3 -QC   ž     O YDa C 3Š CD 2 0«
U 9 U X
c

 
– 8  F % " " U # d2    — " RV   ( 
  9a 0C8a  ‫ ۔‬v 3" 9 ! C a Cv £E2 .3U ! % f
2 $ 
" "‫!۔‬
" ( U " " U "  "   ƒ ƒ  "  8 
   C  !     U12 3< O9€„aX 2 VacE" 69 e a•Q½VU.3 U
U Ow8ª5]œj]œ—€„Uf .™U  (z=³  O<2{_ 02  U‡" " ‘;'d2D
 "  ƒ " U "      " F  { _ 8

 8 J  U   C ‫۔‬S&ɪ’5C½¯UC9a U  0«0U 82  3% (! D
| U.3U  C DVM82 n8€„ 8 i2 8/ˆ‡ ‘ O<2  C ‫۔‬ U " U   (&
" "
" RS <& U " 8  2 % " " " "  8 "
‫۔‬VE2  C ®$     C v !  U 2 3%D0«f 56²8 ، 2 3UD2 f 5· %6R² « acde O2 ;<m 02   U 9

V  ¥5   "  ƒ
E J2 ;4`($'5 K1\‫۔‬.S 
  F "
-' ÉQq50V  O< ‫۔‬a 1 E" 2 U— C‡ ‘.3U U  OŠ ’C" Y  
 V = {   Y V R S  "  ( U ¥
 F    
/¤U®$ <&E2 RV M28n8 Ui2 8/ˆ12 3< 0«E2 Rt& ac. 9·—-C‫۔‬º- %
U-¢f 2 
"  " "  G "
ac
 U;2%‡ ™- UV U‡" ‘9E2 R! 35. 9 %.z= -C  X " " ‡ ‘0"  CE2 R‰ U‡" ‘-C
X
 "  #! 0«E2 RS802 ;—  #! 2 3U‫ Œ‰'§۔‬f  

 12 C1š U.2 ‡ E2 R!  -CE2 RV
"" " YF  U9.3  e -DU " " adY C E2 R!  ;% V " "F
 ` "  D DU " ‡ ‘3%C) U83 U
 " "  F %  "
‫۔‬E2 R! ;²% D3%v2 %°U M28n8U U  & G " F " " " #!
"  "Oj$2  "i2 8/ˆ1 9  $E2 V/ˆ-D2  U
; t 3 ; R S 39£—5 
 5 F " " "
 ORu8 U 83 U U2 ;<{2 6 f v2 %C‡" ‘
Y N1! r 0« E" 2 R>2 8U#! F  U  "
i2 8/ˆ‡" ‘‫;۔‬ Y! E2 RSC9/ˆac{ — C8 UE" 2 R! 8€„aX  U83 U U ‫۔‬E2 R!
 "  " " " RV  " % U  " {U   
02 12 3—Dqv2 %S$ % ‫&' —;۔‬0  E2 v !   83U -Cac 8;R² e¹;o G "
ƒ " " " X " " F " 
=">  t q  <   - 
 %  &   t   <  ! D &$ ‫   ۔‬D f  . Q U  "
-„35U9 r™ C;'‰Œ  C ;% v2 %C‡" ‘-D2  f Of9E2 RVE" 2 RV>;50« " 
" F F " 8  "   Ÿ48  U (¹a–W ) .3 U 2 3U8 : ,# E? i ,Q   W H" \ c 4  ! f  K J  - F +
X

V -C‰ U UŸ f  v2 %D‡ ‘ ]xoUv2 %C‡ ‘a E2 SC©— (Uf
 — " " { 4 2 R    " " " " 
F % "   " " " " "  C "  JU  E2 %U68² f E2 RV·—98;% VE2 RSUŸ48 C ! ;% VU8
2  $ %
v .3Ua     D  2 39]jQ 2    3’E 8 t{9‫۔‬E2 R!  z
{ 8  8 U U U " % 
! ""  "" "
 " 8  " "
"
{ e ƒ " ‫ )(۔‬2 %0)%Bg -w8) "‫ ( !۔‬J ( U" )E2 RV  r  U2 3%D0« 3  Y! 0e2 3U
 (Ua{42 0‹2 C/2 Z[a•Q0o<2  C” .3 UE" 5.3 U]œ—12 2 % 2 ReC :2 VE2 RV
 c
" RV Z¨! U " " " F
 " ƒ "  " " " XF   E2 /  2 D! ;%ž 8 r—Ÿ480« Y2 3UE2 RV .
U 8
  U 
.3U1! 0°‹  Y   1 ]œ— ]jQ U.3U a f E2  83U  9E2  Ÿ (  | U R V  U R S  < "
" X "     ¢ -C-CE2 M    C 2 3UD U.3 e P1  P1 0°‹E2 U0n92  a|UU .3 U
U R V 9 U   U  RS
 a{42 8‫ ۔‬U12 Ca$‰ s 8 U12 C U 0« „E2 %' 8 Ui2 8<E2 RV  
< = G   " G % "8 "   G " `E2 R! ; Y\$ f ,# E? i ,Q   W H" \ -C2 3U8‫ "۔‬V™ 0« Œ
\ 2 ‫   ۔‬$ 3    2 3 /      z 
V ‫  ۔‬8 ©8a{45
{  f q f ˆ f q U '     " F
"  F G " " " " Ž$ 9! E2 RV0>8YOP;UM28n83R .2 ‡ ™- UVE" 9f i2 8/ˆ‡" ‘
 0« 02 D +   z "0« de  3— \ o0e <$ %02 3fU  .r" U 0Q;y5  z
 U  {   "   F "F  ƒ
" "   "  '$ 8S& (!    U U v2 % 8O9 ½ 35ac36RY  Ca¦yq M28n802 0« /! šf

D 2 348Cv2 ‘0• ( /Z[r 6R² Œ ' 8 U2 3U;45i2 8<U UE2 R‹2 CDt2
% "  " " 
 8Cv2 % ! -C   U  ®$ <&90«2 3— " VU0S& 8C½¯{o`a{r- a‘/¤U
2
" U
"  +% 8f  ( f %  "
‫~(۔‬g-w8) N s  "‫   ۔‬$  2 34  -C8 !  v2 ‘D + C 3 '& {9 ;45
9  $ 8 8 U Š‰
  " 
F  69 % U " — £ U  2 % F " F
3503   
 1  v ‡  /2 8 U C 0)%O9£—5 Zu œ U   83 U  #!  - Y  ' - D 2     U  v2 %C ‡" ‘ r  0«  3  Y S& 2 D%
  "  "  " " " 
    " (  
‫۔‬2 3r! O +i2 8  ‡ ‘D9i2 8 a V0«E2 
>5./Z[2 3U‫۔‬
< U " < T R S f )
‫۔‬$ 0 UU -D2   03Š  02 3jQ z 8! D95 ORu8 U 3RQ Œ8
—
" F ƒ "  " F     ƒ"
a{%2 ‫¸! ۔‬C/ˆµ:— E2 %k¸U  f Dt2 s/­.ª9E2 RVv2 %‡ (i— ) ‫۔‬DU V%a|2 R«8 i2 8/ˆ‡" ‘813%OP;UNM82 n80«E2 R!  ž ® 2 DE" 2 %„
" +  % "8  "  ) 
" 
D 2 " E2    C  2 3%  ".3UN1 " O z   v ‡    O £     12 % /ˆ
t RV U !  „ 2 9 — 5 3 E2 ®$ 2 3U C 3 Cs   3UP>5   ž $  2 V i2   .
R S  < & 5 < + U 8  " 9 ; ' 8 f ; ’ U 8 < "
"    F " 
¹ n8C
 "E2 R3R8 3f/ˆ ` 3 jV" U i2 8/ˆ" ‡ ‘ SXY" U ;— U  ¹’D;ž% U0« ;t&
2
" "   F   " R
5
 ‫۔‬23 — E " r  U    8CD N 1! “VE2 RS8$ %0YP>5OP;UE2 RVE" 9 ž UO<1nœ $ %‡" ‘N.2 ‡ 
 E 2 V
Ž—
< " " " "
"
‫ ۔‬2 3r2 3%2 3U Caw2 ;x Ua=VE2 RVv2 %‡ U™Us9E2 RVv2 %‡ (.)
 
U   " U U12 CE2 RV‚_8 U83 Ua{$% -C0«3r©—
" — $ %D  Ÿ48U .3 U
" 2 2
" r  ; " U )  % c" {5 8 "  % ( |U f "   F  G
   "-C 2  2 35 D  Ž$ 9  "‫۔‬²  $ 0  0 M2 $ 8
— 5 “V r " U "  v ‡  ‡ ‘a  s„a $ a !   C E2   -2 3f$ 2 8 ©8U
t¢5‰ž X
U 2 { % c # r R 
! 8 U 8
   " " "  " F G "
"‫۔‬E2 R! ·—68² 8E2 RV" "E2 R! 8 VO9£ U;2%‡  µ;_58 #! 0«r E2 %D0S& i—z+ #! 8E2 R¡e8 U O<$ % U v%$ )
 5  " "  •šƒ "   " G
c {
2 6
‫۔‬2 DU
Qa $ %2 ;< U ،‚f 2 8Dt2
— 90«2 3U8 2  ‰+ 2 34f8 —5 ;5 Y #! v‘C f  ¬:8 NE" 69‫ !§۔‬2 D0e 9C C&U '$ )
" "  " "  F " " " ¦8 " " 4 8 " 8 " 
®$ <&9
— -C0°™2  3%€C+E2 RV
Y 0V U DCz+$ %03f±0V a|U9 /ˆCD  1  ;  t 9 € D. 3’2  f .3 U  U—" 3G %
9+E" 2 Ru9
2 3 Š
"    "  "   
 "  F
 E2 {9E2 R! a|2 8 E2 R02  C 3G 5+E2 R! E2 RV9$ %-Cr2  U 2 8Dt2 ! ac
R S   . 8 c 
$ ‡ ‫۔‬a  ($ $ )2 3f/ˆ. <E2 RV 03Ru— 03’Y 0eY ;%ž "‫۔‬12 3< Cv2 % 8
Ž9
"
   X   " F " " "   
" "
r— "0 {5 OjYE" Š É:8š‫ ۔‬E2 RV¾ V‫ ‰ ۔‬08 1Ot8  E" 2 %/¤œ5
" c  !  J\$ $ µ;_5f µ;_5U ‡" ‘$ % 3RQ Œ8  U0YP>5NO;P UE2 RVO68 Da{$% E2 RV
  F
F " 
u28 02 Of -D8 "‫۔‬E2 R! 8 V 2 %¦— 3’-Y C "‫Ž۔‬$9 ±0 (Uf E2 RV
" " F " F
a¦j U¹’D U UO<Áe Áe $ %2  /! f E2 RV  " #! S C ،E2 R!  ;U 2 R$
2
F " F ;5 Z"¦2;$% " " !  F " " " 
"‫۔‬D -Y0.4 V/  ; 0« 03f±V D
8 :E2 R! ;— '&
   G  
"
' 8jž ;r '¹’D3$% O9£—50«، 02 U¿%f Of (€) 2 3<  ‡ ‘ -9C C ¸qC  i2 8 E2 RV 83 U" ‫"۔‬E2 R! 8 V.
+ " f U < $ ‡ (‫۔‬H)
" " "  "  " " " "
 %F  F 
‫۔‬D/Z›D98 2 3<  ‡ ‘f D9C¸qCU i2 8<E2 RV83 U
+ " " "0«U8 Uv  1! 0« 2 35 02 E2 RS 2 3U (8•u5)‫ !  ۔‬DY E2 RVv2 %‡ 2  ‫ ۔‬D/Z›D98
  " "    "
X " " "  F " r E2 %UM28n8 S (¹ n8CDt2).3 U
®< E" fU
U  9' ·— (UE2 RV2 8Dt2E2 RV0V a|U0«“e 8 U02  v%“V ;RY
 9E2 R! ·—68² 8E2 RV ` "
" U "  "  "   G   G 
 C    2 Œ 0°‹a  E2 E2  3Ui2  a ‫ —;  ۔‬DUs<+U
" 8  8 { r U R S  R V 8  8 <  { 42 8 '  ' ? 8   ! D F $   u &$ "‫ —;  ' ۔‬D    U ®98 "  '$ ‫'۔‬
 "    
{ U  " "
 !a E2 2 8Dt2  .T‫۔‬E2 a !  !  (U8E2 RV 2 ;%u2 RQa+D‡  3<#! 6²8
8 c R V  U R S # 8   F  *     2  ?  < + G # ; Q
 F  j G L _ p
 '   a
 F  5 !; PF 
" U   f   " ;% " F R #! % "— " 5  " " 8 
U e U 
   ®  ® !  ž  .3 a 8 a|Uf E2 RV.TN1! r i2 ;U/´
U | U   ˆ  9 ;4 8 < 
2 ‡ ©—0u2 $  / CD0 2    
  i2  02 -D2   -D2  $ '
 f
  " "
" G  "  " 
‫۔‬2 3rac1&v2 % aX C ²; $ U aX O;4— U 82 DU.6RVs„   % 9 R
‫ ! ۔‬Q-D2  $ 
9+O £—5E2  O 8 D #! 9 C 
V 6
" " "  " "   %
 U2 3%D9$ %.3 U  U f 1}o-Dt2{%U _œ— 8a|U$ 8‫Ž۔‬$ 9! ac J -C C f '! ;%ž 9  ( 9;— U  " "  !DYF E2 RVv 2 ‡  C 2  (‫۔‬L)
"   " "  "F  % "   ƒ 
0«²; $U.‡ $ C  
3 2 Y
‡ E RS s 9  (  U (!    f "
  X
‡  ; —  U a{fC  C v 2 !  $ % 0«  f s„ U 02 0«E2 R! ;t&02 '$ E2 R! ;'de (.3 Uµ:— C.2 ‡ ).3 U
  %F " G 
D9C¸qCU i2 8<E2 RV83 U " "‫۔‬E2 R!  #! E2 R3 U90«E2 %Uv
$ .‡$  &    &  F + F(M 9JF  "‫۔‬E2 Re 5 (C2 3%D) '
   F  j  5 F?FA< %
" " "
"‫ ۔‬D/Z›D98 2 3<+" ‡ ‘f ‫~(۔‬K-w8) p N ,8 N!j G <  &Z  , G L ? !2 +  ()*
" F  " "  %
U  9E2 R! r—68² E2 RV2 8Dt2 "‫ ۔‬DY E2 RVv2 %‡  C 2  (‫۔‬I)  U E2 RS E" 2 %¢o U 0 ‚ a|U ‫  ۔‬2 3U  " 3% 03j   E2 RV v
2 2 ‡    ‫۔‬C
2 2
" "  "  " G "   "  " " 
3f8 #! E2 R! ;t&f 035 C E2 R! ;²% Df 8 Ž';ž% U (.•.2 ‡ a{42 8)8 "
 U U.3 U (! acdea{$% „ UpŠ C2 3%D 9
" ¼ " •u5a‰{2 65‫۔‬Dt2،YF 6U ‫۔‬a{r
" " "  
"
‫¸~(۔‬bu8)"‫۔‬VE2  8 #! ،E2 R! ;t&E2 RVD C
R S  
"E2 8 VE2 RV-U v2 %‡  O9£ D>— 3’-Y C ‫۔‬6o $ %  D3 %.3 U
R 
! F
"   "  F "
¹ ’D8 O9£—5;—   aci p  O <  
 c E2 RV¸U aX 0°"$ 9  Ru8  G
  O C E2 R! ;%² D® eU 9E2 RMo 5U aX9 U 
8 U " U
’9E2 R! ·—-C0
2
"" ƒ  " " 
 % "
 O   € D 2 ]o 0  p  ! ! 1 E2 v ‡  $ E2  i2  
U jª 5 U U ) % ) % 5 f # U > 8 R S  2 8 R V 8 < "‫۔‬U J 2 U  s„9E2 R!
  

   F G  y   +2       ; Q  F 7* + F( + ; ‫ ۔‬E2 R!  ;%² D ;U  s£ c 4 %  &     F c  E,;$   ( ‡ ac.   q
3’02  13  U   E" 2 RQ ‫
۔‬CD
" " " "
+ F;? W C! 0   5 &!a A< z, !2  {q  a
   ,| {  6  !,O
 2  !  6 ­ 
C ‡ s/ .3U E2  E2 · a P E2 E2   C ‫۔‬
; % R S  9 R! — + R V R S  E!S F c 4  *  4 W#$
"  G " "
_  8 $  5  C ,\  'T 3 #  S # {  6  ! 0 $ !  6  8  5 #$     C .3 UN1! /2 Z[ Ow— a) ª^ a+P ‫۔‬E2 R! ;jž $ <$1Ž8  %9،E2 R! ac& ¿E2 RV
" " " " "  " " 5 "
(;451£ a{42 8)0¡ U  " Uµƒ :— 9E2 R! (ac6²8 ·—)®$ <&E2 RVDt2 (/Z}2 ;$% )  U a{42 8¹a–W •Q-C0«2 3rS&f  3RQ  U 0 "  C 1!D  D V،E 2 R 
! a {4 4—U
2
" G G " " "  "  "  " " G
 f -  U;4„E2 RV (
Y )E" 2 %D C  U ( 8) C+ U 8  a{$% C  ، E2 R!  8 /2 Z$ f 1! /2 Z[9).T1! E2 RVv2 %‡  0« 3 ! $032%‘$ 8‫ '۔‬0— C;³ $ %.3 U
 "  5 " ŠX " ’ " X " " " " U" ' 
" 4„ " 4ŠX r R 
! 8 U f  U " Š| RV " U • f R V j Y X   
3 C3 -C 0«E2   .ª9   0S&3’  C p /2 Z[p  C 3R2 n C34Š Z [ 3
E2  ‡ ‘ s„ -/2 C0 2  E2 0‹u a 0$ z 3$9‫۔‬.3U1! 0«! 0!  D ( .3U 
    " " ƒ" X
a»2 3fac. C  !/ZSE2 RVM9U " 88 U.ª9U0S&y8  C pŠ (]xo) C   W4 W   $ 3 8  $ C<( ' G L 12 @ &  +   v $ +    ‫  ۔‬2 ‡  - YF

"‫(  !( ۔‬a»2 3f) 9 " UWšƒ U¿G %f  C  ‫ ۔‬G L 3  "#$  J d 3 " # A6 3 8 + w=W R G ,4 x  F
"  "  "  ƒ   "  
/­E2 RVO5 U./79 "Dt20«E2 R! ;'deO9£]oE2 RV-U  "
 (‡ E2 RSa)Ca{Us„ U 0°™ (‡ a)Cs„/2 Z¶t&  C .')³ " 3 t$ %”
G "
" " "    "  " " " "
 32Rn’C34ŠX  UV8E" 2 RS2 ‫۔‬8 Ua)3 6rU0S&E2 R a{45CD C  $ z{2 $% U!  ""
‫(۔‬KI
}8 )‫  ۔‬8 ” 93%V U !   acE2 RV0«t& 9 C

" " X  "  "
" 8  " "   " 5
 42 " F #  "  
(D E2 RV.3Ua{ )v%2 39 U 0u2R! 8‫۔‬E2 R! ;r ' 3R2 e-f O<2{ _ 8 2p u /2 Z[p ./ˆCD‫۔‬3UE2 RS 2 8“V3" f" V.‡
R 5 Š  { ju #
$   E2 a{4 U 9
8 ! R 
!
2
G  "  "    " " 5 X
‫۔‬f E2 RV" U r— '<‫ §۔‬3 'd2D  S‫۔‬² f
2 ;R3 8ac U .‡ $ ،E2 R! 8 U‚T9! 0«E2 R! a{4 U pŠ ‫۔‬
#
" 
 " f U   % • 9  8 G % c Š|5 Z" [   U  "
+2       ; Q  F :N ,6 8  5 < 8 !  >   * !  5 8d,; 5}
  #  a 3   C  02 3 QD0   ¯ a p /2 -C® Y   VE2 . U0>8n5
c “ RS
   " "  " "  " "
c 4  5 !; :q !./\ 1 2 { u
 3 "
 c  G <  M'K ; ~S a# G  y   8!OfCD`8 RY02 3U“V‫۔‬8 RY0U 0«E2 R!  a{451£ U  ‫ ۔‬3  Y! 
F
&  2 ;"%  8 !  " ŠX "  " ;R" Y " " <X f |U   r

(HI¸-V "  5 ! ; p N ,8  O 02  § E D C ‫ ۔‬0¬:8  E  a U 0« ! D +02  U
' ! 
  " 5   
 #! " ƒ "
  
—5 ‫  ۔‬  0¡   ad$‡  E2 RV .2 ‡  a•S$ f    O9 /­  U
—  9
"  E2  0«E2 02 8a 2    3’ ]œ— / ‫۔‬C!  /  U 0«§
R S  R 
! { 4 U ¤2 R  ´ 
F
  " " ‰2{f )  "  " X
" " {45 U • — U U " 45 r  C ، a ،MŠ  ،E2 R! 8 ! a{45 /ˆCD C ²;% V'$f  „ #! 'Œ‰
 C ،E2  ©— "    "a  0    i2  acSO
9 R 
! 8 8 U Ž ; 8 < 2 9£ " " & "
"  G  " 
 " " ƒ "  F  02 r 2 V8  ‫ ۔‬C$ 92  ;%² ± #!  ;r ! a{4582 D0S&U\$ {R2   DU E" 2 RQ
E2 RV12C  Uv%2 39]œ—U "D E2 RV.3 U "a{42 8 $ %.‡ $ .;% .
F " "     " " " 8 #! R! " {45 U 9 " 4„ U " R ’  8 " f  F ˆ " {$% — % F ˆ
“V‫۔‬E2 R! ! Y02 3%‡ ‘‚_88$ %OP;UM28n80« 2 3’f 9‫۔‬E2 R! ;R² eU‚  C V  E2 a   )3 0¡ 32 n C  ‡   . / a · 2 / 
"   " " ƒ" " X |5 X 8

‫۔‬0‹š12 C  UE" 2 R£/Z}5$ %O;P Ui2 8< a{45a#! CacU  )y8 0¡¾3’  C pŠ s/­0¡ UpŠ /2 Z[pŠ  C (23U2 {ju
     " "
" F 
8 U aXJ  Ÿ48 E2 RV 2 8Dt2 "‫  ۔‬DY  E2 RV v2 %‡  C  2  (‫۔‬g) "‫ ! ۔‬/ZSE2 RVM9U " 8;t& (²;% V'$  Df „ #! E2 R!
"  c <& f   
"  8 RS"   " G 0C©—a ®$  ¹  D 0YP> NOP i2  Uv2 %‡  0«2 3r! 
j}5.
’ U 5 ;U 8 <
8  -C ‡ E2 $  /2 Z9UC/ˆCD‫۔‬E2 R! J-CU;— 8.')‫۔‬E2 R!
U
" 5  G "
ƒ " 
"  G a   0 ]œ—‫۔‬2 D 
   i2  ¾ 2 3%8 
9+—3G %0V Q“V‫۔‬
{ 4 U 9 •  U r 8 <  ³
 (     26 7* + F( +   "}8 8 ! w50¡U E2 R! ;— D
% U "  " "
8 .‡ $ 0)% ‫۔‬U  " ) - " 9U  " ª2 RYF - " 9U  " u8 - " 9E2 R! "8 "Ÿ<+
G  y
  ?  < +     T  ; Q
 F  
A F   + F \ I _q     26  %   

"
| 
 v2 8 €„  a  0« 2 DV ".•C .2 ‡ " E2 V  /2 Zu 8  U  C ‫۔‬2 DU ""8  "
U R œ

(?H-V) " 8  " "  "
 "
   "  D  Ÿ   2 D 2 ! C0°™،8 1Vpq5;— '&"  U.
U  4 U 8 t  $ ‡ $ %12 3< C 8 C
E2 ” 
1 D ،  ² Di2 8 U.3 U1! 8
— O9£—5
R V £ “V '  ; % <   " G " G "  F
     
F "  ‫   ۔‬2 3U Ž'Œ  8 Ž'U. U (TNJ 9 UD. /ˆ
' 8 U 8 8 f
-wo O9£ D>— 3’-Y‫۔‬E2 ! 8 3%0¡/! ” 0 Ž— U0 Ž— ‫۔‬E2 ! 8 UD9i2 8<
R  • • R  
 G " G     `M 82 3Uf .3  e
j}
-U   C "U '$ )Ž' U.E2 R! 8 U.jY Œ8 "‫ ۔‬E2 R! 8 V0)% " " F F 
 " 79 '  t " _48 '   ;jV f t RV  " "  " 8 #! ORYU a{ YST U2 8Dt2 "‫ ۔‬DY E2 RVv2 %‡  C 2  (‫)?۔‬
./ 0« D 2  Œ  C    D 2 E2 D0«،  Mo35Ÿ48 "‫۔‬E2 R! ;'deE2 RV
' " G "
 "  " G
  "     C ،E2   8 Ž';ž% 8U  -C 2 DUO<XU—DU  C  
R ! ; — f " Ž;'$U
E2 RVE" 2 %D S0«E2 R! 8 ‡ UaXJ·—02 0«،2 V 8 ” ‫ '۔‬8 U v CV‡ $ 
" "  " 5  " 79  ;'d2  8 "
 { 6  w2 ;x<W   8 RS "
R S  8 R S
E2 
 i2  E2  2  Y 2   C \ 2 ./  D‫ ۔‬2 DU
— < & U 8 + 8 8 9 S&O  O a  C  ‡ E2 S2 9$ C D/ˆ;ž% E2 %C— UE" $ 9O2 ;’®$ <&
2 ; ’
  { <= " "r " " "  "  " 
R 
!  Y
E2  0S& +Y8! \ 2 q  '$ ‫۔‬2 3—3%
 U32RQ 8 t 0°™ 12 D
; r  "‫۔‬E2 R! 8 UO2 ;’/Z¨!U U2 %w8]jQU.E"  2 3—
" " " " " Š¦62 8 " " 4ŠX " {45 
0«02 iy  C 2 3%E2 ]jQU.3 U  U 
—  R S " 8 \{650°"2 ;U \{<=.3 U #! 0« "  2 3jQ8 °32 — 35 
"
 .°e    a C ‫۔‬E2 R!  8 V ¾ V O9£
2 2
"  "  " 
" 
U‡ 8 . ’02 +Y 0°2 ;U، C/­U2 3%S) $ %1z 6²8 . Y\{2 6  ./79
" " " +  5  " G
 U;— 8.')E2 R! 8 UaXJa{42 8‫۔‬/2 Zuœ;— C12 3Re C
 " "  " X " |5
nx;— C-D2 — 4Š V <
 &  G "  " %   R  " R  " 5 "
t
S)
>5-C0«    C 2 3U-z $  S$ 8 CD D.
!  ; X % $  #! 0«2 3Uv2  D 0«  E2 E2 $ C  /2 0«E2  E2 /2 -C‫۔‬E2 02 a{4 U  ،„
„ % R ¯ Z  
! ; R Y  Z  R 
!
F "  " 
" " 8 { 65 " { j Y  & " U " 8 G
0«S&002  \ 2 2 3fE2 . 9  ‫ ۔‬E2 2 C2 %E2 %U-zX·—0«²; $
R V U  R V "‫۔‬E2  /2  C 3% C a C E2   D2      a  E  ® ®$ <&9E2 Re D
% U Z} 8  % U ( { 42 ; r " f f <
"
{ j Y
F
{ < =  
 " |"8   "  " <   " " 9 8 " 5
R V
0«S&02 0°‹ E2 2 C2 %
>5-C0« a 2 \ 2  a  i2 8< E2 0z  S –  { r U R V ; /! UE U
U ./7 ‡ ·—Dt2 "‫ ; ;۔‬2 3%E2 a{R2 u /2 Zuœ a{4 02  C
jŽ 8 " f r U R V
F G  "  " " " " " " 
j "    "
E2 V2 C2 %0 C $ % S$ 800«  ‡ v‘C0«
R { Y " \$ XU. /2 Z¶. ’ "‫ !۔‬3fE2 RS-C8 t 0°™3f®$ <&02 f ‰+8 #! 0« ;t&f r— C
 " " " " F

f  . Y   6²8  O9 '$ (LH ،L@ v2 %‡  ? . 392 8 'd2D) r CU -zX
" " ‡ ‘0« E2 RSYF ac D.  U® 2 D i  0u )!  JU —3G %0V Q
   U 4 ^ U Š
!
"     " 
 F  = " |"8  "  " ƒ " F
U
/2 Z[0>8YO;P  . Y 2 3< ‡ ‘8 !E2 v O<  0z U 2 8+Y
f U + " ( R S % U  !  2 3$%¬5/ˆE2 .3R2 N.2 ‡ P     E2 ]œ—2    U  i2 8/ˆ
 Y R V " U f 9 R S
 F " "     
"
‫۔‬gk0z¢^ "‫ ۔‬2 3Uv%f 0CU!µjz+ ‫ ‘ "‡  ۔‬v2 %°  1£ D 8 i2 8< ¹’D ‫۔‬E2 R!  ž  ® e #!  $ % 0YP>5 NOP;U  M28n8 9
" " "  "
"  "  "  | q  " " " " 8 { t$   %"
8 O9£—50«. 9™u2 8  C  03<$ C x45a#! v2 %S8‚ /Z[ R 
! ;  R
  ،E2   $3 / -D2   E2 / Ÿ . 0« a$ Sv Z › 9 " R £ Z} 5 4  ‰ 2 8 C
 "   " " " " F  F   " 
• u 5 ´  "  2 3 —
0«!  0 + 02 / E ‫۔‬2 D S UE2  3fE2 M /2 3$9U8 $ z  " R  U R  j } ; 5 Z[ "  " 0°‹‫۔‬E2 R! “e 8 V/ˆ8 U2 R$' ;²% D C O9£—5 #! $ %E" 9U.2 ‡  U
" G "  "    " $   " 
" " +
/! ! µjz+" C &   E2 RS0>2 ;qD (U8 " ‡ ‘E2 RV i2 8¦8 U 83 U U2 ;%u2 RQ 1 s 0YP>5OP;  0«E2 Ž8€J0C (U U 0« a{r! /2 Z¡35 D 02 8U
 < U r R e
 " " "  
8 
‫۔‬a{r —U2 {ju 9 Ow2 ;x9a –2 D2 3R U O<P 1 #! C 2 3UE2 RS" 2 3% r
F "
 3G —  C  ‫۔‬2 3U 0 2 ;U 
" " Q    3RQ  Œ8   U |q    U   " 8  ‡" ‘ '$ 8 E2 R 3R Q
" "  8 " "  " 
 ‡ 02 0°2 ;Ur E2 R&$ %®YU 12 3_œ ®$ <&U. 9a+ — U ‚/Z}5#!
9 ‫۔‬2 Dz2 ;U- >8M82 n8
G )" (  —  "  "
‫۔‬E2 D '$ 0S U   . 0«  $E2 #!  0‹2 39
% ; U " ; R S ¹ ’D02 E2 RV2 3<+‡" ‘0«t& 02 r "‫۔‬E2 R! ;'deE2 RV‰+
}2 ;$%O9£—5

"     "
a#!  " 3%f !a¦q C+ 90«E2 RS C/" ­0 "0«8 zq08  U83 U € " „98،a¦q C+ 02 r  C  ]jV]jQE2 RV83 U 0
" " «3r3UE2 RS
2 2 2 2  "  2 2
 "    F  F "
 wj   U " % c " !  jz+ " " 
  C 8  —'& "  ®YU v‘ £E2 RVi2 8¦8 Uf a|Ur E"  2 3— "‫۔‬8 DU
2 03f02 ‫( ۔‬U/2 Z¨!$ %f   " O  0« 2 3 a  µ  €„aX ac Ui2 8¦8
" "  " " " +
a ! 2 3% !  a C+   0« E2  C/­02 8C 0°2 ;U  f 0C Ua¢q C Ÿ< ac
# " f  ¦q 9 R S
  )  ( ) ) )

b1
0 ;R HŒG %
  &z2!A
 cQ KF #$0 ;Rhcn hZ1l ! ! &
 m cf
  ! 2G
 a6 
T  ) T  T 
) ) ) f ) )
‫(۔‬CD! A)‫ ۔‬+6 0 ;Z9jk’ …9 +0 ;RD AF #$‫ 
۔‬0 ;Z9  ‡Y« *  +0 ;R D A +!  ! ] #
  "
 "  "  " ƒ ;’ + 8 8 
2  O 0«  (! 
j}5 Ua)—-DYv2 %Sacpq802  U‚/Z}5U#!
9   2 3   E2  ² D /! šO  $ p  a 0«E2 E    Ui2 8¦8 
8 U _ q R V ; % U  2 % q 5 X R S  "   
 %  "   %  " " R>2 ;— " 8 9 " 8  "
 c
9 C v2 8Dt2 0 C a a Dv2 8+Y0E2   ) . ’ +Y  c d2  0 C
  " ‰X "  X " " "
 ' &   ‰   f " R " {R2  r
 J-DY2   .‡ f $ ،a a O2 ;   Œ 0 C a ac 0Us 39  (3U
c { j U ; ' c O -$C32 " 0« 
F F
  " 5"  G G  f " r { 6R  F 5 " r
$ %E2 R 8;5 YU  U\{2 6 2 3f8$ % S$ 2  O9 C$ % S$ RY$ %0«2 3U O -3 2  
F R  G   "  "" " { "
U 8 { 65 " f r  & F R 8 # 
  Y$ % UC2  D C C S$
.‡
U $ O9v‘C6²8 U‚،²; $3RY03y9 U c
 2  Ya  \ 2 2 3  0«E2 ;t 2 $ C$  ! C §8 ! 0‹V}5
8 + R !
 " G " ƒ " " {42 8 '   8 " 8 G  F ¢28  8 U |q " "  
f 
U { 8 )
 a  C €C  C  '$ E2 D  r— 
J /! š a   ‡   R  r U f  : D.DSXa ¦    ORu8 U U UDv2 % 8

W 8 "   "    " "" "
 G ) —
U. ’U '$ ; U C/ˆCDE a 8 .‡ " ' ‰ | 2  $ 8 ‫۔‬ '  8
‡  8  U   F RY$ % G ""
 r $ %3%VM9%$ /ˆ.3 U-CU#! 8/2 Z[C0d2 3— % V0d}5W½ n52  8C½¯2 {o
$ 
" "  "    F " 
"
" }8U " C a¥jQ U8CD2 8+Y C 2 8Dt2f 92 D 3%^™ 1£ E" 2 %D;ž%  v2 % 80«8 1&02 $ %#! r E"  2 3—‫ !§۔‬UD E2 R!  t|5s U  9U8" C
G '* 8 +  ’
 F  j
"
Q " F "8 " (   & –  ¤9 "  " #    "
" R>2 %
  -C0«™E2 $ ® .   "‫ !  ۔‬a a  ;2Ru  C U
<  (  c ¥ U a  02 a  a ! ./ C  /! -   ! '$ 8ac  3RQ N1a¦q C+Y
c ; t X f # 6 o 9 U 
 F R F G  "   F  "
 { j Y "  Ui2 8¦8Œ8  U.3 U 8 \{65" 3f0«§! 0" 1V
6 9 U
 Œ    ‫ ۔‬C  $  . r U Y % U $ E2 2 C2 0 C $  S$ 80 0«  (‡
R V % %   -2 3f$ 8+™ Ow2;x9f  ‫۔‬ "
2 2
 F "  F " " "" 
"
0°2 ;U،E2 R! 8 URY$ %E2 R! ;% 69Œ  U #! ! 8 URY$ %! ;% ‫۔۔۔‬E2 RS
"
;% VM9U  r/!  C r E2 %U;x5U$  M2;x<  s UqU .
"  "

‡   #! a" {42 8‫۔‬a#
$ !
  F
 G  "  " F "
f  f % ‰ X
a  C €C  3 $ ž 0« a 0°‹   (‡ '*-C$ %‫ ۔‬f E2 RV2 8Dt2.z
{  c   acf 2 ;% " •u5;ž% #!  U9  Ua#! D$ %M9C a–2 C r E2 %U0 /­ $ %
  " U r % U F R Y % U  F

"‫ ۔‬3! $UC 3f$  ² . % 6 8 $ 0°2 ; ‫ ۔‬E2    $  . $ f ‫۔‬E2 R! 8 U :f
 " "   "   " 5"   " 
®98" 2 DU¾%8  ‚/Z}5U9 C  deE2 RVsC9a•U. 3’9 vUa#! UDv2% 8 U2 8+Y8 \{2 6 2 3f0« E2 R 3%U#! a#!  E" 2 R£/Z}5.
F " X "  
 RY$ % U2 8+Y0«2 DU " Q s£s£8 \{65" 3fE2 RV f ac‰ " U  £ 8 . f # 9 U 9  — ' & " "
U R V 8 8 8 U
 " 2 2  "2
$
‡    a !  D  C      '$  `        v  E 2  i 2  ¦  2  n8  C `2 3U
 M 2 
F R " " " F "   "   " "
U D  C‡ U "  Y$ % U2 8Dt2  C ‫۔‬aca{RV$ %D3’ C O_48C 1S)a{42 8 ( D 5 
،2 C½   3U C  S)8 .
3 8 U " $ ‡ ‫ ۔‬z. Yf  v2 %°2  i2 8¦8 U  U03RQ
" " F  "  "    " U
" " "F
{ R ( 8  & {   
8 .‡ $ ‫ ۔‬s„ U-§-zXNs 39 ½z2 /­- Y  C ‫۔‬$ %.a+q C  RYD 
0z2  U8 . Y .‡ f U $  ‫۔‬2 VE2 ®$ a a ORu8 U-/2 Z[C3fC C
$ R S < c c
F G " " " F  " + "
9 " ;U r !  % {j Y % " 9 " "
 a 0°2    $ 2 C2 0 C $ % S$2  T0 RY$ % aw2 ;x f  a{f  C €C 0«2 V
w 2 ; x D Ÿ< . 9a+ — O9£—5$ 8‫  !۔‬2 3$%E2 RSU a¦q C+ i—z+2 Mo 5
"  "  F " "  " " 5  "
‫ ۔‬E2 RS®YU " Ž5C" V Mj}8RY$ % E2 RS
— i2 8<E2 RS&U2 8+Y8 2 8 9 C 8 \{2 6 ./790« \$ X02 ‫۔‬
"  " "  
 " " 9  
 2 3< ‡ ‘0«E2  V.     a  E2 /Z}5'$ #! .
8 + " R 
! ; “  9 x 4 5 J X f " R £ ‫ !  ۔‬0 C ¬a  (UE2 RV. 8+Y 0« \$ Xac02 “V‫۔‬2 D
   w2 ; x
"
E2 RV  " r ‫۔‬DU " 3%U'&a)." 9&0 O  ¢^ " F % U
 C  3  ¹
  n 8 CD t 
2 N
 O

;P U
2
  
Ž— R   U f 9 !  T —  U 9 8 c
D 1 E2 3 -C   a V·    u2 a O -C C ، O  (U 2 ; ’  2 ; ’
List of Books
 
The Following Books have been consulted in the Preparation " " U & U c
of this Edition. `2 D 2 3%0 ' 2 ; a U 8E2  (! 
U R 
!
 
"
0O2 ;’ (UE2 RV0>8Y0YP>5O;P U" 0« 3  Y2 Da–2f " 2  . 9aX
 " " "   
1. Albright, F. The Archaeology of Palestine. (Penguin " 9acJ   C /Z›Œ8 1Ž— ‡" ‘i;_59 f  8r 2 
Books) 1956. "  "  + " {42 8 X  U
2. Albright. Recent Discoveries in Bible Lands.1955 # r 8 % X  9 %  ˆ 3 % ‰
‫۔‬Da !    $ a C  3% M  $ /  1 0Q a C N O;
U Š
3. Allegro, J.M. The Dead Sea Scrolls. 1961
4. Burrows. The Dead Sea Scrolls. 1955
5. Burrows, M. More Light on The Dead Sea Scrolls.1955
6. Bruce. F.F”Qumran & Early Christianity” in New
Testament Studies. II (1955-56)
------------------------
7. The New Bible Dictionary.
8. Bruce.F.F The Books and the Parchments. 1950.
9. Bruce.F.F Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea
Scrolls.1956
10. Bruce. F.F. The Teacher of Righteousness in the
Qumran Texts. 1957.
11. Bruce. F.F Biblical Exegesis in the Qumran Texts.1960.
12. Bruce.F.F The New Testament Documents.1963
13. Black. M.The Scrolls & Christian Origins.1961
14. Bell. Skeat. Fragments of an Unknown Gospel and
other Early Christian Papyri.
15. Beginnings of Christianity.Vols 1-4
16. Bell. Recent Discoveries of Biblical Papyri.1937
17. Bowman, Verse Omissions from the Revised Urdu New
Testament .1929
18. Burrows. What mean these Stones?
19. Criticism of the New Testament .(Lec.1,2,3)
20. Cambridge Bible Essays.(Essays6,14,15)
21. Cross,F.M.The Ancient Library of Qumran & Modern
Studies.(1958)
22. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the New
Testament.
23. Dodd.C.H. The Bible & the Greeks.1934
24. Encyclopedia. Biblica.
25. Filson, The Origin of the Gospels.
58. Sweet.L.M. New Testament Quotations. (International 26. Gregory, The Canon and Text of the New Testament.
Standard Bible Encyclopedia(1949) 27. Gore, Commentary on the Holy Scriptures.
59. Stendahl.K…The Scrolls and the New Testament 1957 28. Gaster. H. The Scriptures of the Dead Sea Sect.1957.
60. Sommer Dupont, The Dead Sea Scrolls A Preliminary 29. Henry, C.F.H. Our Lord’s Use of Scripture.1959
Survey. 30. Henry, Revelation and the Bible, (Bruce’s Art.”
61. Smyth Paterson, The Old Documents and the New Archeological Confirmation of the New Testament.)
Bible. 31. Hastings. Encyclopedia of Religion & Ethics.
62. Smyth Paterson, How we got Our Bible. 32. Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible (One Vol)
63. Smyth Paterson. Our Bible and Ancient Documents. 33. Hastings, Dictionary of the Christ and the Gospels.
64. Smyth Paterson. Our Bible in the making. 34. Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible (5 Vol)
65. Smith. Dictionary of the Bible. 35. Johnson, F. Quotations. Of New Testament from the Old
66. Streeter, B.H.The four Gospels.1924 Considered in the Light of General Literature.
67. Stanton, H.U.W, The Urdu New Testament. 36. Josephus. Against Apion.
68. Thompson,J.A The Bible & Archaeology.1962 37. Kenyon, The Bible and Modern Scholarship.
69. Tasker,R.V.G Our Lord’s Use of the Old Testament 38. Kenyon, The Story of the Bible.
1953 39. Kenyon, The Textual Criticism of the New Testament.
70. Tasker. R.V.G The Old Testament in the New 40. Kenyon, The Bible & Archaeology.
Testament 1954. 41. Kenyon. Our Bible and Ancient Manuscripts.1958
71. The Talmud. 42. Kirk Patrick. The Divine Library of the Old Testament.
72. Tischendorf, Codex Sinaiticus. 43. Kemmerer. W.A Coptic Bibliography.1950
73. Wilkgren. A.P. New Testament Manuscript 44. Lake,K.The Text of the New Testament.(6th Edition 1933)
Studies.1950 45. Mount Sinai Manuscript of the Bible.
74. Wilson, E,, The Scrolls from the Dead Sea .1960 46. Me Neal. Introduction of the Study of the New Testament.
75. Wade, New Testament History. 47. Marston, The Bible is True.
48. New Testament in the Apostolic Father.1905
49. Peake, Commentary of the Bible.
Barakat Ullah. 50. Peake’s Revised Commentary of the Bible.
51. Peake, The Bible, Its Origin, Significance & Abiding
Wayside Cottage. worth.
Mussoorie. 52. Petrie, Palestine & Israel.
53. Ramsay, W. The Bearings of Recent Discovery on the
August.16.1964 Trustworthiness of the New Testament 1915
54. Roberts. B.J. The Old Text and versions.1951
55. Roberts.C.H.An Unpublished Fragment of the Fourth
Gospel.1935
56. Rowley.H.H. The Dead Sea Scrolls & The New
Testament 1957
57. Robinson, Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the
New Testament,1928

You might also like