Valenzuela City Science High School

A. Marcelo St., Dalandanan, Valenzuela City

The Feasibility of Artocarpus Heterophyllus as a Main Component of

Homemade Glue

Submitted by:

Paulo Z. Belen

Jing Angelo G. Clet

John Daniel C. Go

Chester Kyle C. Santos

III- Dalton

Submitted to:

Mrs. Merlyn M. Gamboa

January 7, 2013
 [THE FEASIBILITY OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS AS A
MAIN COMPONENT OF HOMEMADE GLUE] January 7, 2013

Chapter I | Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

Jackfruit (ArtocarpusHeterophyllus) an indigenous fruit tree is widely

distributed throughout many tropical countries, including PHILIPPINES both
cultivated and wild. This fruit contains a sap which has a component that is
identical to the white wood glue called latex. With this, we are encourage to use
this as an additive in making a glue for we know that the sap is extremely sticky
and therefore also utilized as an effective adhesive.

On the importance of glue, the function and value of this sticky stuff plays
a very important role in the school. The glue sticks things to other things or
something is stuck to other things especially in bonding thin materials, through
this, the object will likely to stay together and will not fall off and get lost .

We decided to use the sap of jackfruit because we wanted to make

organic glue. Almost all glue uses chemicals as their main component. Some
children that are using glue can affect the health of their users because of their
chemical components.

The component of the sap of the glue contains some chemicals that are
suitable for good quality homemade glue. It has component that is the same as
the white glue that we used to buy in the market or school supplies store

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Statement of the Problem

Main Problem:

 This research aims to use sap of jackfruit as the main component of

homemade glue.

Specific Problem:

 To get the extract of the jackfruit and the technics on making the actual
glue for better results.

Hypothesis

Operational:

 The extracted sap of the jackfruit will be effective as a main component of

our homemade glue.

Null:

 The extracted sap of the jackfruit is not effective as a main component of

homemade glue.

Objectives

General Objective

 To be able to make an almost chemical free homemade glue.

Specific Objective

 To provide an alternative organic component for a homemade glue.

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Significance of the Study

As we take a look on the components of a normal glue that we used to

buy in market or school supplies store, we can notice that there are some
chemicals involve in making the glue. These chemicals may affect the health of
their users. We decided to make use of a fruit that has a sap that contains the
same characteristics as the chemical found in the white glue which is what they
call “latex.” Luckily, we have this fruit in our country, jackfruit. It is widely known
for its delicious taste and its capability to manufacture other good products from
its parts. The sap of jackfruit contains latex which is also found in the chemical
used in making white glue.

Scope and Limitations

This research aims to test the feasibility of the sap of jackfruit as an

alternative component of the chemicals found in the white glue. The extracted
sap of jackfruit will be mix with the other necessary reagents in making white
glue. The estimate time for making this homemade glue is about 336 hours.

Definition of Terms

1. Jackfruit- The jackfruit (alternately jack tree, jakfruit, or sometimes

simply jack or jak; scientific name Artocarpus heterophyllus), is a
species of tree in the Artocarpusgenus of the mulberry family (Moraceae)
2. Sap- The watery fluid that circulates through a plant that has vascular
tissues. Sap moving up the xylem carries water and minerals, while sap
moving down the phloem carries water and food.
3. Latex-The colorless or milky sap of certain plants, such as the poinsettia
or milkweed, that coagulates on exposure to air or an emulsion of rubber
or plastic globules in water, used in paints, adhesives, and various
synthetic rubber products.
4. Glue- also known as adhesive, is a material, typically liquid or semi-liquid,
that adheres or bonds items together.

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Chapter II | Review of Related Literature

Jackfruit and Its Functions

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the most significant trees in

tropical home gardens and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the
important genus Artocarpus. It is a medium size evergreen tree typically reaching
8–25 m (26–82 ft) in height that is easily recognized by its fruit, the largest
among cultivated plants. The succulent, aromatic, and flavorful fruit is eaten fresh
or preserved in myriad ways.

The nutritious seeds are boiled or roasted and eaten like chestnuts, added
to flour for bak-ing, or cooked in dishes. It is also known for its remark-able,
durable timber, which ages to an orange or red brown color. The leaves and fruit
waste provide valuable fodder for cattle, pigs, and goats. Many parts of the plant
includ-ing the bark, roots, leaves, and fruit are attributed with me-dicinal
properties. Wood chips yield a dye used to give the famous orange red color to
the robes of Buddhist priests.

The tree can provide many environmental services. It is highly wind

tolerant and therefore makes a good compo-nent in a windbreak or border
planting. Growing in pas-tures, it can provide fallen fruit for livestock, shade, and
long-term timber. In home gardens, the dense jackfruit canopy can provide a
visual screen and is very ornamental. Introduced to most Pacific islands after
European contact, the tree can be found throughout the Pacific, mainly in home
gardens, where it finds a place among other favorite multipurpose plants. It is
easy to grow and more adaptable than some of the other common Artocarpus
species such as breadfruit (A. altilis). It is not considered to be an invasive
species.

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Uses and Products of Jackfruit

Staple food

The pulp of the young fruit is cooked as a starchy food and has a
consistency resembling meat. The young fruit is also pickled or canned in brine
or curry.

Fruit

The ripe fruit is eaten fresh or is processed into numerous delicacies

including jam, jelly, and chutney. It also makes an excellent dried fruit or
preserved candy when combined with sugar or honey. The pulp is also used as a
flavoring in ice cream and drinks. Canned fruit is available in ethnic markets (e.g.,
Hawai„i).

Nut/seed

The seeds must be cooked by boiling or roasting prior to eating. They are
an excellent addition to curries, or can be eaten freshly cooked or dried with salt
as a snack. The cooked and dried seeds are milled to a flour-like consistency
and added to bread dough.

Leaf vegetable

The tender young leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable.

Other vegetable

Young male flower spikes can be grated or smashed and eaten with salt
and vinegar as a vegetable, or pickled. They are also cooked and served as a
vegetable.

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Beverage/drink/tea

Aside from flavoring for beverages, the fruit can be fermented and distilled
to produce alcoholic liquor.

Medicinal

All parts of the tree are said to have medicinal properties. Morton (1987)
reports, “The Chinese consider jackfruit pulp and seeds tonic, cooling and
nutritious, and to be „useful in overcoming the influence of alcohol on the system‟.
The seed starch is given to relieve biliousness and the roasted seeds are
regarded as aphrodisiac. The ash of jackfruit leaves, burned with corn and
coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers. The dried
latex yields artostenone, convertible to artosterone, a compound with marked
androgenic action (having male hormone activity). Mixed with vinegar, the latex
promotes healing of abscesses, snakebite and glandular swellings. The root is a
remedy for skin diseases and asthma. An ex-tract of the root is taken in cases of
fever and diarrhea. The bark is made into poultices. Heated leaves are placed on
wounds. The wood has a sedative property; its pith is said to produce abortion.

Flavoring/spice

The ripe pulp, fresh, concentrated, or powdered, is made into flavoring for
ice cream and beverages.

Stimulant

The latex can be used as chewing gum.

Fuel wood

Branches and trunk are burned for fuel wood. Craft wood/tools. In the
province of Cebu, Philippines, the wood is highly prized for making guitars,
ukuleles, and other musical in-struments.
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Resin/gum/glue/latex

The heated latex can be used as glue for mending chinaware and pottery
and as caulking for boats and buckets. The latex contains resins that may have
use in varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that of
papaya latex. Additionally, the sticky latex is used for trap-ping birds (birdlime)
and for insect traps.

Tannin/dye

There is 3.3% tannin in the bark. When boiled with alum, wood chips, or
sawdust, it yields a dye that is commonly used to give the characteristic color to
the robes of Bud-dhist priests and in dying silk.

Glue and Its Functions

An adhesive, also known as glue, is a material, typically liquid or semi-

liquid, that adheres or bonds items together. Adhesives come from either natural
or synthetic sources. The types of materials that can be bonded are vast but
adhesives are especially useful for bonding thin materials.
Adhesives cure (harden) by either evaporating a solvent or by chemical reactions
that occur between two or more constituents.

Adhesives are also very useful for joining thin or dissimilar materials,
minimizing weight, and providing a vibration-damping joint. A disadvantage of
most adhesives is that most do not form an instantaneous joint, unlike many
other joining processes, because the adhesive needs time to cure.

The earliest known date for a simple glue is 200,000 BC and for a
compound glue 70,000 BC.

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Types:

Drying adhesives

There are two types of adhesives that harden by drying: solvent based
adhesives and polymer dispersion adhesives, also known asemulsion adhesives.
Solvent based adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (typically polymers)
dissolved in a solvent. White glue, contact adhesives and rubber cements are
members of the drying adhesive family. As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive
hardens. Depending on the chemical composition of the adhesive, they will
adhere to different materials to greater or lesser degrees.

Pressure sensitive adhesives

Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) form a bond by the application of light

pressure to marry the adhesive with the adherend. They are designed with a
balance between flow and resistance to flow. The bond forms because the
adhesive is soft enough to flow (i.e. "wet") to the adherend. The bond has
strength because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow when stress is
applied to the bond. Once the adhesive and the adherend are in close proximity,
molecular interactions, such as van der Waals forces, become involved in the
bond, contributing significantly to its ultimate strength.

Contact adhesives
Contact adhesives are used in strong bonds with high shear-resistance
like laminates, such as bonding Formica to a wooden counter, and in footwear,
as in attaching outsoles to uppers.
Hot adhesives
Hot adhesives, also known as hot melt adhesives,
are thermoplastics applied in molten form (in the 65-180 °C range) which solidify
on cooling to form strong bonds between a wide ranges of materials.

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Multi-part adhesives
Multi-component adhesives harden by mixing two or more components
which chemically react. This reaction causes polymers to cross-link into acrylics,
urethanes, and epoxies.
One-part adhesives
One-part adhesives harden via a chemical reaction with an external energy
source, such as radiation, heat, and moisture.
Natural adhesives
Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable
matter, starch (dextrin), natural resins or from animals e.g. casein or animal glue.
They are often referred to as bioadhesives. One example is a simple paste made
by cooking flour in water. Animal glues are traditionally used in bookbinding,
wood joining, and many other areas but now are largely replaced by synthetic
glues. Casein is mainly used to adhere glass bottle labels. Starch based
adhesives are used in corrugated board production and paper sack production,
paper tube winding, and wall paper adhesives. Masonite, wood hardboard, was
bonded using natural lignin, (although most modern MDF particle boards use
synthetic thermosetting resins). Another form of natural adhesive is
blood albumen (made from protein component of blood), which is used in
the plywood industry. Animal glue remains the preferred glue of the luthier.
Casein based glues are made by precipitating casein from milk protein using
the acetic acid from vinegar. This forms curds, which are neutralized with abase,
such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), to cause them to unclamp and
become a thicker plastic-like substance.
Synthetic adhesives
Synthetic adhesives are based on elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions,
and thermosets. Examples of thermosetting adhesives
are:epoxy, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate and acrylic polymers. See also post-it
notes. The first commercially produced synthetic adhesive was Karlsons klister in
the 1920s.

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Chapter III | Methodology

A. Variables

 Independent Variables
1. Amount of extracted sap of jackfruit
2. Amount of other reagents

 Dependent Variables
1. The time it will take the glue to be effective

B. Materials

Materials Quantity

Jackfruit extract 3 tablespoon

Flour 1 cup
Water 1 ½ cup
Sugar 1/3 cup
Vinegar 1 teaspoon

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C. Procedures.

1. In a saucepan mix 1 cup of flour with 1/3 cup of sugar.

2. Add half of the water required and mix into a thick paste without clumps.

3. Pour in the rest of the water and combine till the paste is smooth.

4. Add three tablespoon of jackfruit extract into the mixture.

5. Pour one teaspoon of vinegar and put on medium heat until the mixture starts
to thicken.

6. Cool and transfer to jar or an airtight plastic container.

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Chapter IV | Result, Discussion and Conclusion

No. of Trial Stickiness

( Ranges from 1 to 10 )
No.1 5

No. 2 6

No. 3 8

 This table shows that the stickiness of our home made glue increases in
every trial that we performed. The first trial is not so successful because of
its low level of stickiness. On the second trial, the stickiness of our home
made glue quite increased. And on the last trial, we are satisfied with the
results that we got but it still lacks on quality if you compare it with the high
standards white glue that we often choose as our adhesive on school
projects and works.

A. Results and Discussion

After three trials of the experiment, we are quite satisfied with our
outcomes. It is first time for all of us to make home made glue by ourselves so
we didn‟t expect this research to be so successful. In every trial, the stickiness of
our home made glue increases. The variable that we controlled in three trials was
how long we will cook the glue. The third trial was the most successful because
its quality is almost similar to the normal “Elmer‟s glue” that we commonly use.

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One of the problems that we encountered after we had finished the

experiment was the unpleasant odour coming from our home made glue. It
smells like rotten jackfruit. Another was the presentation of the glue was not so
well. There are over cooked part of our glue and it is not actually coloured white.
For me, it is quite “dirty white.” But if we are talking about the effectiveness of the
glue, we are satisfied with the results that we got.

B. Conclusion

Based on the results that we got after the experiment that took almost two
weeks, we found that the extracted sap of Artocarpus Heterophyllus is quite
effective as an alternative component for our home made glue. It reached the
standard level of stickiness for normal white glue that we used to buy in the
market or school supplies store.

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Chapter V | Recommendation

After concluding the research, the researchers would like to recommend

that:

 The experiment needs more extract from jackfruit in order to reach

satisfying effectiveness of the glue.

 The experiment needs to have another component that the main

purpose is to neutralize the odor of the sap of the jackfruit because it is
not so pleasant.

 The experiment needs some reagent in order to make the glue more
viscous.

 The glue needs to be whiter because it is quite not pleasant on sight

and it looks so messy and not well presented. This may affect the
users on choosing this product because of its presentation.

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Documentation

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References

Websites:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit

http://science.yourdictionary.com/sap

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/latex

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive

http://agroforestry.net/tti/A.heterophyllus-jackfruit.pdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14356007.a01_221.pub3/abstract;jsess
ionid=E221A6F6B33494EBA5809E60425789B8.d03t01

http://www.gluguru.com/About%20Bonding.htm

http://www.thistothat.com/glue/contact.shtml

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700998/

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