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256 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. An extensible string of stiffness k in each side of Therefore, the respective equations of motion can
the massless pulley supports a mass m: be written as

Massless mẍ + k (x + δst ) − 2T = 0

b

pulley m × 2ẍ + T − mg = 0

Eliminating T from above equations, one finds

k k
5mẍ + kx = 0
m
Therefore, comparing with spring-mass model:
r
k
ω=

ww
Determine the natural frequency of the system. 5m
Solution. The system can be modeled as
equivalent spring-mass system having stiffness 3. A simple U tube manometer is filled with liquid of

w.E
(springs in series): specific gravity s. The cross-sectional area of tube
is a and length of the liquid column is l. Determine
1 1 1 the natural frequency of oscillations of the liquid
= +
ke k k column. If the value of length of the column is

a ke =
k
2
syE
Therefore, the natural frequency of the system is
20 cm, what will be the natural frequency of
oscillations?
Solution. For a displacement x, the total energy
of the system is given by

ngi
r
k
ω= 1
2m ρalẋ2 + (ρagx) x = 0
2
2. Determine the natural frequency of the system.

Massless
pulley m
k
ne Therefore, differentiating w.r.t. t on both sides,

eri ρalẋẍ + 2ρagxẋ = 0

n
ρalẍ + 2ρagx = 0

g.n
b

Hence, the natural frequency of oscillations is

r

Solution. Let T be the tension in the string. The

For l = 0.2 m,
f=
1
2π
2g
l
e t
system has dependent motion. For movement x of ω = 1.57 Hz
mass on the plane, the mass over the pulley shall
move by 2x:
4. A light ball of mass m is tightly stretched by two
Massless x strings with initial tension T :
pulley m
k Massless
b
m string
2x
b b

m
L/2 L/2

The spring is under static extension δst given by

Determine the natural frequency of the ball if it is
δst k = Tst = 2mg plucked vertically to a small distance.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES 257

Solution. Let the ball is given a slight angular ms = 5 kg

deflection (θ) in vertical position. The ball is 300 m/s
vertically displaced by c = 10 kNs/m
k = 30 kN/m 30◦
x
θ=
L/2 m = 800 kg
The ball will be under equilibrium of inertia force
and resolved tension on both the strings (taking
sin θ ≈ θ): Determine the maximum recoil of the gun-vehicle
unit.
mẍ + 2T θ = 0 Solution. Given that
x
mẍ + 2T × =0 ms = 5 kg
L/2
4T v = 300 m/s
mẍ + ×x = 0
L θ = 20◦

ww
Therefore,
r
4T
For gun-vehicle system,
m = 800 kg

w.E ω=
mL

5. A 10 kg mass is supported on a spring of stiffness

k = 30 × 103 N/m
c = 9.8 × 103 Ns/m

a
4 kN/m and has a dash pot which produces

syE
a resistance of 20 N at velocity of 0.25 m/s.
Determine the natural frequency and damping
ratio of the system.
Natural frequency of the system is

ωn =
r
k
m

ngi
= 6.12 rad/s
Solution. Given that
The critically damped displacement can be written
m = 10 kg as
k = 4 × 103 N/m

Natural frequency of the system is

ne eri
x = (A1 + A2 t) e−ωn t
The unknown constant A1 and A2 can be
determined using initial conditions. Taking x(0) =

n
r
k 0,
ωn =
m
= 20 rad/s
A1 = 0
g.n
A2 = ẋ(0)
Damping coefficient is

c=
20
0.25
e
Initial recoil velocity of the gun-vehicle can be
determined using the principle of conservation of
linear momentum: t
= 80 Ns/m 800 × ẋ(0) = 5 × 300 × cos 30◦
ẋ(0) = 1.62 m/s
The damping ratio is determined as
Thus, the displacement can be written as
c
ξ= x = 1.62te−6.12t
cc
c For maximum value of x,
= √
2 km 1
= 0.2 t=
6.17
= 0.162 s
6. A gun-carrying vehicle fires a shell of mass 5 kg at
speed 300 m/s inclined at 30◦ from the horizontal. Thus, the maximum displacement will be given by
The combined mass of the gun and the vehicle is x = 1.62 × 0.162 × e−1
800 kg. The recoil mechanism is critically damped
and has an equivalent stiffness of 30 kN/m. = 96.5 mm

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258 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS

7. Center of a sphere of mass m and radius r is Using

attached to a spring-dashpot system of stiffness k  
and damping constant c on the left side. It is also 1 x1
δ = ln
attached to a spring of stiffness k with a string n xn
passing over pulley on the right side. 1
= ln (4.2)
k 1
c b = 1.38
b
b
k b

The damping ratio can be found as

δ
Determine the natural frequency and damping ξ=√
ratio of the system. δ 2 + 4π 2
= 0.21
Solution. The sphere will oscillate about the
bottom contact point. For slight angular deflection
θ of the sphere, the spring and dashpot shall Damped frequency of the system is

ww
extend by x = rθ. The spring attached to the
string over pulley shall extend by 2rθ on left side
and rθ on right side, total extension 3rθ.
ωn =
2π
td

w.E
2π
Moment of inertia of the sphere about the bottom = p
contact point will be td 1 − ζ 2
mr2 = 3.21 rad/s

3
a
I=
2
= mr2
2
+ mr2

Taking moments of forces about the bottom

syE Thus, frequency ratio is

ω
ωn
=
3
3.2
contact point
3mr2 ẍ
+ r (kx + cẋ) + 2r (k × 3x) = 0 ngi = 0.9375

2 r
3m
2
ẍ + cẋ + 10kx = 0
Thus, the natural frequency of the system is
ne Static displacement is

eri xst =
F0
k
2.5

n
s =
10k

g.n
650
ω=
3m/2 = 3.846 mm
r

e
20k Amplitude of steady state vibrations is
=

Damping ratio is
ξ= p
3m

c
2 10k × 3m/2
x0 = q
xst
2
(1 − ω 2 /ωn 2 ) + (2ξω/ωn )
3.846
2 t
c =√
= √ 0.01466 + 0.155
2 15km 3.846
=
8. A damped system has stiffness k = 450 kN/m 0.4119
and time period 2.0 s. The ratio of a consecutive = 9.33 mm
amplitudes is 4.0. Determine the amplitude and
phase of the steady state motion when a dynamic Phase lag is
force F = 2.5 cos 3t N acts on the system.
2ξω/ωn
Solution. Given that tan φ =
1 − (ω 2 /ωn 2 )
k = 650 N/m 0.39375
td = 2.0 s =
0.121
x0 = 3.251
= 4.2
x1 φ = 72.9◦
F0 = 2.5 N
ω = 3 rad/s

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GATE PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 259

GATE PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

1. Consider the arrangement shown in the figure (a) 60 Hz (b) 90 Hz

below where J is the combined polar mass moment (c) 135 Hz (d) 180 Hz
of inertia of the disc and the shafts; k1 , k2 , k3 are
the torsional stiffness of the respective shafts. (GATE 2003)
Solution. Given that
J
k1 d = 0.030 m
k2 k3 l = 0.5 m
m = 10 kg
E = 2.1 × 1011 Pa
Fixed end
Moment of inertia of the shaft is

ww Fixed end

The natural frequency of torsional oscillation of

I=
πd4
64

w.E
For simply supported beams, stiffness
the disc is given by
W
p k=
(a) (k1 + k2 + k3 ) /J δ

a 48l3
p
(b) (k1 k2 + k2 k3 + k3 k1 ) / (J (k1 + k2 )) =
(c)
(d)
p
p syE
(k1 k2 k3 ) / (J (k1 k2 + k2 k3 + k3 k1 ))
(k1 k2 + k2 k3 + k3 k1 ) / (J (k2 + k3 ))
EI
Therefore, critical speed of the shaft is
ωn

Solution. Equivalent setup is k1 and k2 in

(GATE 2003)
ngi fn =
2π r
1 k

ne
=
series, which is parallel to k3 , therefore, equivalent 2π m
stiffness is = 90.1203 Hz

ke =
1
+ k3
eri Ans. (b)

=
1/k1 + 1/k2
k1 k2 + k2 k3 + k3 k1
k1 + k2
Common Data Questions

n g.n
A uniform rigid slender bar of mass 10 kg, hinged at the
left end is suspended with the help of spring and damper
arrangement as shown in the figure where k = 2 kN/m,
Natural frequency of vibrations is

ωn =
r

s
ke
J
e
C = 500 Ns/m and the stiffness of the torsional spring
kθ is 1 kNm/rad. Ignore the hinge dimensions.
t
k1 k2 + k2 k3 + k3 k1
=
J (k1 + k2 ) kθ c k

b
Ans. (b)
400 mm
2. A flexible rotor-shaft system comprises a 10 kg
rotor disc placed in the middle of a massless shaft 500 mm
of diameter 30 mm and length 500 mm between
bearings (shaft is being taken mass-less as the
equivalent mass of the shaft is included in the 3. The undamped natural frequency of oscillations of
rotor mass) mounted at the ends. The bearings are the bar about the hinge point is
assumed to simulate simply supported boundary (a) 42.43 rad/s (b) 30 rad/s
conditions. The shaft is made of steel for which
the value of E is 2.1 × 1011 Pa. What is the critical (c) 17.32 rad/s (d) 14.14 rad/s
speed of rotation of the shaft? (GATE 2003)

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260 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS

Solution. Given that Transmissibility is determined as

q
m = 10 kg 2
1 + (2ξω/ωn )
k = 2 × 103 N/m Tr = r  2
2
(1 − ω 2 /ωn 2 ) + 2ξ ωωn
kθ = 1 × 103 N-m/rad
c = 500 Ns/m 1
= 2
1 − (ω/ωn )
For small angular displacement θ, taking torsional 4
moments about hinge, =
3
m × 0.52 Ans. (c)
θ̈ + 0.42 θ̇c + 0.52 θk + θkθ = 0
3
m × 0.52
6. A mass M of 20 kg is attached to the free end of
θ̈ + 0.42 θ̇c + 0.52 k + kθ θ = 0
3 a steel cantilever beam of length 1000 mm having

ww
Therefore, the natural frequency of vibrations is

0.52 k + kθ
a cross-section of 25×25 mm. Assume the mass of
the cantilever to be negligible and Esteel = 200
GPa.

w.E
ωn =
m × 0.52 /3
= 42.4264 rad/s M

a syE Ans. (a) If the lateral vibration of this system is critically

damped using a viscous damper, the damping
constant of the damper is
4. The damping coefficient in the vibration equation
is given by
(a) 500 Nms/rad (b) 500 N/(m/s) ngi (a) 1250 Ns/m
(c) 312.50 Ns/m
(b) 625 Ns/m
(d) 156.25 Ns/m
(c) 80 Nms/rad (d) 80 N/(m/s)
(GATE 2003)
ne eri
Solution. Given that

M = 20 kg
(GATE 2004)

n
Solution. Equivalent damping coefficient is

g.n
l=1m
ce = 0.42 c A = 0.025 × 0.025 m2
= 80 Ns/m
E = 200 × 109 Pa

Ans. (c)
is determined as
4
e
The moment of inertia and stiffness of cantilever
t
5. A vibrating machine is isolated from the floor bd
I=
using springs. If the ratio of excitation frequency 12
of vibration of machine to the natural frequency P l3
δ=
of the isolation system is equal to 0.5, the 3EI
transmissibility of ratio of isolation is W
k=
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/4 δ
3EI
(c) 4/3 (d) 2 = 3
l
(GATE 2004)
Critical damping coefficient is
Solution. Given that √
cc = 2 k × M
ξ=0 = 1250 Ns/m
ω
= 0.5
ωn Ans. (a)

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GATE PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 261

7. A simple pendulum of length 5 m, with a bob of Using,

mass 1 kg, is in simple harmonic motion. As it p
passes through its mean position, the bob has a ωd = 1 − ξ 2 ωn
speed of 5 m/s. The net force on the bob at the c
=ξ
mean position is cc
s  
(a) zero (b) 2.5 N 2
ωd
= 1−
(c) 5 N (d) 25 N ωn
(GATE 2005) = 0.43589
c = 8.7178 Ns/m
Solution. At mean position, net force on the bob
will be zero because acceleration is zero. Ans. (c)
Ans. (a)
10. The differential equation governing the vibrating
system is:

ww
8. There are four samples P, Q, R and S, with
natural frequencies 64, 96, 128 and 256 Hz, x
respectively. These are mounted on test setups for y
conducting vibration experiments. If a loud pure c
k

w.E
note of frequency 144 Hz is produced by some
instrument, which of the samples will show the
most perceptible induced vibration?
m

(a) P
(c) R a (b) Q
(d) S
syE
(GATE 2005)
(a)
(b)
(c)
mẍ + cẋ + k (x − y) = 0
m (ẍ − ÿ) + c (ẋ − ẏ) + kx = 0
mẍ + c (ẋ − ẏ) + kx = 0

Solution. For most perceptible vibrations, the

induced frequency should be nearer to the natural ngi (d) m (ẍ − ÿ) + c (ẋ − ẏ) + k (x − y) = 0
(GATE 2006)
frequency.
Ans. (c) ne
Solution. The relative motion at damper, as
compared to simple spring-mass-damper system,

eri
is (ẋ − ẏ), therefore the equivalent differential
equation for the given system is
9. In a spring-mass system, the mass is 0.1 kg and the
stiffness of the spring is 1 kN/m. By introducing
a damper, the frequency of oscillation is found to
be 90% of the original value. What is the damping
n
mẍ + c (ẋ − ẏ) + kx = 0

g.n Ans. (c)

coefficient of the damper?

(a) 1.2 Ns/m
(c) 8.7 Ns/m
(b) 3.4 Ns/m
(d) 12.0 Ns/m
e
11. A machine of 250 kg mass is supported on
springs of total stiffness 100 kN/m. Machine has
an unbalanced rotating force of 350 N at the speed
of 3600 rpm. Assuming a damping factor of 0.15,
t
(GATE 2005) the value of transmissibility ratio is:

Solution. Given that (a) 0.0531 (b) 0.9922

(c) 0.0162 (d) 0.0028
m = 0.1 kg (GATE 2006)
k = 1000 N/m Solution. Given that
ωd = 0.9ωn m = 250 kg
ωd
= 0.9 k = 100 × 103 N/m
ωn
N = 3600 rpm
Therefore, critical damping coefficient is 2πN
ω=
√ 60
cc = 2 km = 376.991 rad/s
= 20 Ns/m ξ = 0.15

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262 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS

Natural frequency of vibrations in the system is Ans. (d)

r
k 14. For an under-damped harmonic oscillator, reso-
ωn =
m nance
= 20 rad/s
(a) occurs when excitation frequency is greater
Transmissibility ratio is defined as than undamped natural frequency
Ftr (b) occurs when excitation frequency is less than
Tr = undamped natural frequency
F0
q
2 (c) occurs when excitation frequency is equal to
1 + (2ξω/ωn ) undamped natural frequency
=q
2 2 (d) never occurs
(1 − ω 2 /ωn 2 ) + (2ξω/ωn )
= 0.016206 (GATE 2007)
Solution. In under-damped vibrations, ξ < 1,

ww
Ans. (c)
and in such cases, vibrations can not find any
Linked Answer Questions
probability of resonance.
A vibratory system consists of a mass 12.5 kg, a spring Ans. (d)

w.E
of stiffness 1000 N/m, and a dashpot with damping
coefficient of 15 Ns/m.

12. The value of critical damping of the system is

15. The natural frequency of the system shown below
is

(a) 0.223 Ns/m

(c) 71.4 Ns/m a syE
(b) 17.88 Ns/m
(d) 223.6 Ns/m
(GATE 2006)
k/2
k
m
Solution. Given that
m = 12.5 kg ngi k/2

k = 1000 N/m
c = 15 Ns/m
Therefore, critical damping coefficient is
ne
(c)
p
(a) k/ (2m)
p
2k/m

eri
p
(b) k/m
p
(d) 3k/m
(GATE 2007)
√
cc = 2 km
√
= 2 1000 × 12.5 n
Solution. The equivalent spring constant of the
parallel springs is
g.n k
= 223.607 Ns/m

13. The value of logarithmic decrement is

Ans. (d)
ke = 2 ×
=k
e2

t
Therefore, it constitutes two springs of stiffness k
in series, therefore, equivalent spring constant is
(a) 1.35 (b) 1.32 k/2. Hence, the natural frequency is given by
(c) 0.68 (d) 0.66 r
k
(GATE 2006) ωn =
2m
Solution. Damping factor is
c Ans. (a)
ξ=
cc
= 0.067082 16. The equation of motion of a harmonic oscillator is
given by
Logarithmic increment is d2 x dx
+ 2ξωn + ωn 2 x = 0
2πξ dt2 dt
δ=p and the initial condition at t = 0 are x (0) = χ,
1 − ξ2
dx/dt (0) = 0. The amplitude of x (t) after n
= 0.42244 complete cycles is

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GATE PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 263

 p 
(a) χ exp −2nπξ/ 1 − ξ 2 Ans. (b)
 p 
(b) χ exp 2nπξ/ 1 − ξ 2 18. A uniform rigid rod of mass m = l kg and length
 p  L = 1 m is hinged at its center and laterally
(c) χ exp −2nπ 1 − ξ 2 /ξ supported at one end by a spring of spring constant
k = 300 N/m. The natural frequency ωn in rad/s
(d) χ
is
(GATE 2007) (a) 10 (b) 20
Solution. Comparing with the equilibrium equa- (c) 30 (d) 40
tion for general spring–mass–damper system, (GATE 2008)
mẍ + cẋ + kx = 0 Solution. Given

Thus, k = 300 N/m

c k m = 1 kg
= 2ξωn , = ωn
m m

ww
For the above equation, the amplitude after n
cycles is written as
Therefore, the natural frequency of vibrations of
the system is
s

Therefore,
δ=
w.E
1
ln
n xn
x1
=p
2πξ
1 − ξ2
ωn =
s
k
m/3

a
300
=
xn = x1 exp (nδ)
 p
= χ exp 2nπξ/ 1 − ξ 2

syE 1/3
= 30 rad/s

ngi
Ans. (b)
This is because the mass of the spring is not under
the uniform force, but it varies linearly from zero
at corner to maximum at spring support. In such
17. The natural frequency of the spring–mass system
shown in the figure is closest to

m = 1.4 kg
ne cases, equivalent mass is found to be one-third of
the original mass.

eri Ans. (c)

n
19. The rotor shaft of a large electric motor supported

g.n
between short bearings at both the ends shows a
deflection of 1.8 mm in the middle of the rotor.
Assuming the rotor to be perfectly balanced and

(a) 8 Hz
k1 = 4 kN/m

(c) 12 Hz
k2 = 1.6 kN/m

(b) 10 Hz
(d) 14 Hz
(a) 350
(c) 2810
e
supported at knife edges at both the ends, the
likely critical speed (in rpm) of the shaft is
(b) 705
(d) 4430
t
(GATE 2008) (GATE 2009)
Solution. The equivalent spring constant of two −3
Solution. Given that δ = 1.8 × 10 m.Thus, the
springs in parallel is critical speed is given by
r
ke = k1 + k2 60 g
ωn =
= 4000 + 1600 2π δ
= 5600 N/m = 704.968 rpm

Therefore, the natural frequency of vibrations of Ans. (b)

the system is
r 20. An automotive engine weighing 240 kg is sup-
1 k
f= ported on four springs with linear characteristics.
2π m Each of the front two springs have a stiffness of
= 10.87 Hz 16 MN/m, while the stiffness of each rear spring

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264 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS

is 32 MN/m. The engine speed (in rpm), at which Damped natural frequency
resonance is likely to occur, is p
1 − ξ 2 ωn
(a) 6040 (b) 3020 ωd =
2π
(c) 1424 (d) 955 = 1.19101 Hz
(GATE 2009)
Ans. (a)
Solution. Given that
22. The natural frequency of a spring–mass system on
m = 240 kg earth is ωn . The natural frequency of this system
k1 = 16 × 106 N/m on the moon (gmoon = gearth /6) is
k2 = 32 × 106 N/m (a) ωn (b) 0.408ωn
(c) 0.204ωn (d) 0.167ωn
Therefore, the equivalent spring constant
(GATE 2010)
ke = 2k1 + 2k2 Solution. Natural frequency of spring mass system

ww 6
= 96 × 10 N/m

The natural frequency of vibration

with stiffness k and mass m is

ωn =
r

m
k

w.E
wn =
r
60 ke
2π m
which is independent of g.
Ans. (a)

a
= 6039.51 rpm

syE Ans. (a)

23. A mass m attached to a spring is subjected to a
harmonic force as shown in the figure.
k1 = 3 kN/m
21. A vehicle suspension system consists of a spring
and a damper. The stiffness of the spring is 3.6
kN/m and the damping constant of the damper is ngi F (t) = 100 cos (100t) N

m
400 Ns/m. If the mass is 50 kg, then the damping
factor (ξ) and damped natural frequency (ωn ),
respectively, are
ne eri
The amplitude of the forced motion is observed to
(a) 0.471 and 1.19 Hz
(b) 0.471 and 7.48 Hz
(c) 0.666 and 1.35 Hz
(a) 0.1
(c) 0.3
n
be 50 mm. The value of m (in kg) is
(b) 1.0
(d) 0.5 g.n
(d) 0.666 and 8.50 Hz

Solution.
(GATE 2009)
The critical damping constant (Ns/m)
Solution. For equilibrium,
F0 = x0 k − mω 2 x0
 
e
(GATE 2010)

t
√ 1 F0
cc = 2 km m = 2 k−
ω x0
= 848.528 Ns/m = 0.1 kg
Critical damping factor Ans. (a)
c
ξ= 24. A mass of 1 kg is attached to two identical springs
cc each with stiffness k = 20 kN/m as shown in the
= 0.471405 figure.

Natural frequency (rad/sec) x

r b
k
b

k k 1 kg
ωn = b b
m
= 8.48528 rad/s

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GATE PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 265

Under frictionless condition, the natural frequency The rod is kept in a horizontal equilibrium position
of the system in Hz is close to by a spring of stiffness k. For a very small
(a) 32 (b) 23 amplitude of vibration, neglecting the weights
of the rod and spring, the undamped natural
(c) 16 (d) 11 frequency of the system is
(GATE 2011) p p
(a) k/m (b) 2k/m
Solution. Given that (c)
p
k/ (2m)
p
(d) 4k/m
k = 20 × 103 N/m (GATE 2012)
m = 1 kg
Solution. Equilibrium equation for displacement
Equivalent stiffness of springs is 2k, therefore, the x of the mass is
natural frequency of vibrations is
r mẍ × L + 2L × 2x × k = 0
1 2k
f= mẍ + 4kx = 0
2π m
= 31.831 Hz Therefore, the undamped natural frequency of the

ww Ans. (a)
system is
r
4k

w.E
25. A disc of mass m is attached to a spring of stiffness
k as shown in the figure.
k
m
ω=
m

Ans. (d)

a syE
b

27. If two nodes are observed at a frequency of 1800

rpm during whirling of a simply supported long
slender rotating shaft, the first critical speed of
The disc rolls without slipping on a horizontal
surface. The natural frequency (in rad/s) of
vibration of the system is ngi the shaft in rpm is
(a) 200 (b) 450

ne
p p (c) 600 (d) 900
(a) k/m (b) 2k/m
p p (GATE 2013)

eri
(c) 2k/ (3m) (d) 3k/ (2m)
Solution. The natural frequency of a simply
(GATE 2011) supported long slender shaft is proportional to the
Solution. Moment of inertia of the disc w.r.t. the
base point at circumference is
1
I = mr2 + mr2 = mr2
2
3
2
n
number of modes n. For first critical speed, n = 1

fc =
1 g.n
for which the frequency is given by

× 1800 = 900
Equilibrium equation is
3 2
2
mr θ̈ + kr2 θ = 0
2

e t
Ans. (d)

28. A single degree of freedom system having mass

Therefore, the natural frequency is
r 1 kg and stiffness 10 kN/mm initially at rest is
2k subjected to an impulse force of magnitude 5 kN
ωn = rad/s
3m for 104 s. The amplitude in mm of the resulting
Ans. (c) free vibration is
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0
26. A concentrated mass m is attached at the center (c) 5.0 (d) 10.0
of a rod of length 2L as shown in the figure.
(GATE 2013)
Solution. The amplitude of vibrations is the initial
deflection of the mass, given by
k F
m x0 = = 0.5 mm
k

Ans. (a)
L L

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266 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A vibrating force F = F0 sin ωt acts on a particle (a) damped vibrations

and causes displacement x = x0 sin (ωt − φ). The (b) undamped vibrations
work done by force on the particle per cycle is given
by (c) forced vibrations
(a) πF0 x0 sin φ (b) πF0 x0 cos φ (d) free vibrations
(c) F0 x0 sin φ (d) F0 x0 cos φ
7. The equation of free vibrations of a system is
2. Vibration systems that have a finite number of ẍ + 36π 2 x = 0
degrees of freedom are called
(a) finite system Its frequency is
(b) discrete system (a) 6 Hz (b) 3π Hz

ww
(c)
(d)
continuous system
homogenous system
(c) 3 Hz (d) 6π Hz

w.E
8. A spring–mass pulley system is shown in the figure
3. A spring-mass system is shown in the following below.
figure.
2k

b a b

syE b
r

ngi
I

ne eri
m

The number of degree of freedom of the system is

(a) 1
(c) 3
(b) 2
(d) 4
n g.n
The radius and moment of inertia of the pulley are
r and I, respectively. The natural frequency of the

4. The time period of simple pendulum depends on

its effective length l and the local acceleration due
to gravity g. What is the number of dimensionless
system is

(c)
p
p
p
p e
(a) 5k/ (m + I/r2 ) (b) 5k/ (m − I/r2 )
3k/ (m + I/r2 ) (d) 3k/ (m − I/r2 )
t
parameters involved? 9. A homogeneous square plate of side a and mass
(a) two (b) one m is suspended from the mid-point of one of the
sides, as shown in the following figure.
(c) three (d) zero

5. Rayleigh’s method of computing the fundamental b

natural frequency is based on

(a) conservation of energy a
(b) conservation of momentum
(c) conservation of masses
a
(d) laws of statics

6. If the vibrations are assumed to have no source of For small angular displacement θ what will be the
energy dissipation, they are called natural frequency of the system?

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 267

p p
(a) 3g/ (5a) (b) 5g/ (3a)
p p
(c) 6g/ (5a) (d) 5g/ (6a)

b
10. What should be the length of the pendulum for
time period of 1 second? l l
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 9.81 cm
α α
(c) 24.84 cm (d) indeterminate

m m
11. A spring–mass system is shown in the figure below
in which the weightless rod AB is pivoted at point
O. The natural frequency of this assembly for small
oscillations is
p p
m (a) g/l (b) 2g/ (l cos α)
k

ww
A p p
b
(c) g/ (l cos α) (d) g cos α/l

a 14. A mass of 1 kg is suspended by means of 3 springs

w.E O
as shown in figure.
b

b b

B
ba b

syE
k1

k2
k3

ngi
b b

The natural frequency of the system is m = 1 kg

(a)

(b)
p

p
k (a2 − b2 ) / (mb2 )

k (a2 + b2 ) / (mb2 )
ne eri
The spring constants k1 , k2 and k3 are 1 kN/m,
3 kN/m and 2 kN/m, respectively. The natural
frequency of the system is, approximately,
(c)

(d)
p

p
k (a2 − b2 ) / (ma2 )

k (a2 + b2 ) / (ma2 )
(a) 46.90 rad/s
(c) 60.55 rad/sn g.n
(b) 52.44 rad/s
(d) 77.46 rad/s

12. A spring–mass system is shown in the figure below.

k
15. A vibratory system is shown in given figure.

b
e
150 N/cm
t
k m k
m = 2 kg

50 N/cm
2k
b

The natural frequency of the system is

p p The natural frequency of vibration in rad/s is
(a) 3k/ (5m) (b) 5k/ (3m)
p p (a) 43.3 (b) 86.6
(c) 8k/ (5m) (d) 5k/ (8m)
(c) 100 (d) 200

13. The assembly shown in the figure is composed of 16. A machine mounted on a single coil spring has a
two massless rods of length l with two particles, period of free vibration of T . If the spring is cut
each of mass m. into four equal parts and placed in parallel and the

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268 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS

machine is mounted on them, then the period of (a) 0.3 N/mm (b) 3.3 N/mm
free vibration of the new system will become (c) 5 N/mm (d) 15 N/mm
(a) 16T (b) 4T
(c) T /4 (d) T /16 22. A rod of uniform diameter is suspended from one
of its ends in vertical plane. The mass of the rod is
m and length l, the natural frequency of this rod
17. A disc of mass m and radius r is attached to a
for small amplitude is
spring of stiffness k. During its motion, the disc
rolls on the ground. r
g
r
g
(a) (b)
m l 3l
r r
r k 2g 3g
(c) (d)
b b 3l 2l

23. If the damping factor in a vibrating system is

ww
When released from some stretched position, the
unity, then the system will
(a) have no vibrations

w.E
center of the disc will execute harmonic motion (b) be highly damped
with a time period of
(c) be under damped
r r
m m (d) be critically damped
(a) 2π (b) 4π

(c) 2π
r
k

3m
2k
a (d) 2π
r
k

2m
3k
syE 24. When the mass of a critically damped single degree
of freedom system is deflected from its equilibrium
position and released, it will

18. A simple spring–mass system has a natural ngi (a) return to equilibrium position without oscilla-
tion
frequency of ωn . If the spring stiffness is halved
and the mass is doubled, then the natural
frequency will become
(a) ωn /2 (b) 2ωn
ne (b) oscillate with increasing time period
(c) oscillate with decreasing amplitude

eri
(d) oscillate with constant amplitude

(c) 4ωn (d) 8ωn

19. If air resistance is neglected, while it is executing

small oscillations the acceleration of the bob of a
n
25. A pendulum system consisting of a hanging body

g.n
of mass m attached to a massless string of length
l. If the mass is displaced at an small angle, the
natural frequency of the system will be
simple pendulum at the mid-point of its swing will
be
(a) zero
(c)
p
(a) g/ (2l)
p
2g/l
p
(b) g/l
p
(d) 4g/le t
26. In coulomb damping by a friction force F on the
(b) a minimum but not equal to zero
spring-mas system of stiffness k, the reduction in
(c) a maximum amplitude per cycle is
(d) not determinable unless the length of the (a) F/k (b) 2F/k
pendulum and the mass of the bob are known
(c) 4F/k (d) 8F/k
20. If a mass ‘m’ oscillates on a spring having a mass
ms and stiffness k, then the natural frequency of 27. Critical damping factor for spring mass system of
the system is stiffness k and mass m is
√ √
p p (a) km (b) 2 km
(a) k/ (m + ms /3) (b) k/ (ms + m/3) √ √
p p (c) 3 km (d) 4 km
(c) 3k/ (m + ms ) (d) k/ (m + ms )
28. For a critical damped system of natural frequency
21. A mass suspended at the bottom of two springs in ωn , the displacement (x) is related to time (t) as
series having stiffness 10 N/mm and 5 N/mm. The
equivalent spring stiffness of two springs is nearly (a) x = (A1 + A2 t) e−ωn t

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 269

(b) x = A1 e−ωn t logarithmic decrement of the new system will be

(c) x = (A1 + A2 t) e −2ωn t equal to
(d) x = A1 e−2ωn t (a) δ/4 (b) δ/2
(c) δ (d) 2δ
29. If ωn is the natural frequency of a free system
and damping coefficient is ξ, then the damped 36. A mass of 1 kg is attached to the end of a spring
frequency of the system will be given by with a stiffness of 0.7 N/mm. The critical damping
coefficient of this system is
(a) ξωn (b) (1 − ξ) ωn
√ p (a) 1.40 Ns/m (b) 18.522 Ns/m
(c) 1 − ξωn (d) 1 − ξ 2 ωn
(c) 52.92 Ns/m (d) 529.20 Ns/m
30. Logarithmic decrement (δ) is the natural loga-
rithm of the ratio of any two successive amplitudes 37. The equation of motion for a single degree of
on the same side of the mean line. It is expressed freedom system with viscous damping is
in terms of damping ratio ξ as 4ẍ + 9ẋ + 16x = 0

ww
p p
(a) 2πξ/ 1 − ξ 2 (b) 2πξ 2 / 1 − ξ 2
√ p The damping ratio of the system is
(c) πξ/ 1 − ξ (d) πξ/ 1 − ξ 2
(a) 9/128 (b) 9/16

w.E
√
(c) 9 2/16 (d) 9/8
31. The damping ratio (ξ) can be expressed in terms
of logarithmic decrement δ as
√ √ 38. The equation of motion for a damped viscous
(a) 4δ/ 4π 2 + δ 2
√
(c) 4δ/ 4π 2 − δ 2
a (b) δ/ 4π 2 + δ 2
√
(d) δ/ 4π 2 − δ 2

syE
32. If initial amplitude of a vibrating system x1 and
vibration is
3ẍ + 9ẋ + 27x = 0
The damping factor is
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.50
after executing n cycles, the amplitude is xn . Then
logarithmic decrement is determined as
ngi (c) 0.75 (d) 1.00

(a) δ 2 = 2 ln (x1 /xn ) /n

(b) δ 2 = 2 ln (x1 /xn ) /n2
(c) δ 2 = ln (x1 /xn ) /n
(d) δ 2 = ln (x1 /xn ) /n2
ne39. A mass m, attached with spring of stiffness k
and viscous damper of coefficient c, is subjected

eri
to dynamic force F0 sin ωt. If xst (= F/k) is the
static deflection of the spring, the amplitude of

n
the vibrations shall be given by

g.n
q
2 2
33. A railroad bumper is designed as spring in parallel (a) F0 / (k − mω 2 ) + (cω)
with a viscous damper. What is the bumper’s q
2 2
damping coefficient such that the system has a
damping ratio of 1.25 when the bumper is engaged
by a 20,000 kg railroad car and has a stiffness 200
kN/m?
(b) F0 / (k + mω 2 ) + (cω)
q
2
(c) F0 / (k − mω 2 ) + (cω)
q
2
(d) F0 / (k + mω 2 ) + (cω)
2

2
e t
(a) 126.49 kNs/m (b) 158.11 kNs/m
(c) 79.06 kNs/m (d) 63.24 kNs/m 40. In case of resonance in a forced damped vibration
having damping ratio ξ, the ratio of the amplitude
34. The natural frequency of an undamped vibrating of vibrations (x0 ) and static deflection (xst ) is
system is 100 rad/s. A damper with a damping given by
factor of 0.8 is introduced into the system. The 1 1
frequency of vibration of the damped system, in (a) (b) √
rad/s, is ξ ξ

(a) 60 (b) 75 1 1
(c) (d) √
(c) 80 (d) 100 2ξ 2ξ

35. Logarithmic decrement of a damped single degree 41. In a forced vibration with viscous damping,
of freedom system is δ. If the stiffness of the spring the maximum amplitude occurs when the forced
is doubled and the mass is made half, then the frequency is

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270 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS

(a) equal to natural frequency (a) 16.54% (b) 29.69%

(b) slightly less than the natural frequency (c) 70.30% (d) 83.45%
(c) slightly greater than the natural frequency
48. Transmitted force through a spring–mass–damper
(d) zero system will be greater than the transmitted
through rigid support for all values of damping
42. The ratio of the maximum dynamic displacement factors, if the frequency ratio ω/ωn is
due to a dynamic force to the deflection due to the √ √
(a) more than 2 (b) less than 2
static force of the same magnitude is called the
(c) equal to one (d) less than one
(a) displacement ratio
(b) deflection ratio 49. For effective vibration isolation, if the forcing
frequency is ω, the natural frequency ωn of the
(c) force factor
system must be
(d) magnification factor
(a) ω/4 (b) ω

ww
43. A 75 kg industrial sewing machine has a rotating
unbalance of 0.20 kgm. The machine operates
at 150 Hz and is mounted on a foundation of
(c) 4ω (d) 10ω

50. Match List I with List II and select the correct

w.E
equivalent stiffness 1.75 × 106 N/m and damping
ratio 0.15. The steady state amplitude of the
vibrations due to unbalance is
answer using the codes given below

List I
(Transmissibility)
List II
(Frequency ratio)
(a) 2.73 mm
(c) 7.23
a (b) 3.27 mm
(d) 2.37 mm
syE
44. A spring damper mechanical system supports a
A. 1
B. Less than 1
C. Greater than 1
1. ω/ωn > 2
2. ω/ωn = 2
3. ω/ωn >> 2
√
√
√
√
rotor of mass 1000 kg. It is known that rotor has
unbalance mass of 1.5 kg located at 5.5 cm radius.
It is found that resonance occurs at 1500 rpm. If ngi (a)
D. Tending to 0

A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

4. ω/ωn << 2

damping ratio is 0.15, what will be the amplitude

of vibrations if the rotor is made to run at 1000
rpm?
(a) 0.14 mm (b) 0.27 mm
ne (b)
(c)
(d)
A-2,
A-2,
A-1,
B-1,

eri
B-1,
B-2,
C-4,
C-3,
C-4,
D-3
D-4
D-3

(c) 0.33 mm (d) 0.45 mm

45. A machine of 100 kg mass has a 20 kg rotor with

51. If ω/ωn =
√

n
2, where ω is the frequency of

g.n
excitation and ωn is the natural frequency of
vibrations, then the transmissibility of vibrations
0.5 mm eccentricity. The mounting springs have
stiffness 85 kN/m and damping is negligible. If
the operating speed is 20π rad/s and the unit
is constrained to move vertically, the dynamic
amplitude of the machine will be
will be
(a) 0.5
(c) 1.5
(b) 1.0
(d) 2.0 e t
52. When a shaking force is transmitted through the
(a) 0.470 × 10−4 m (b) 1.000 × 10−4 m spring, damping becomes detrimental when the
(c) 1.270 × 10−5 m (d) 2.540 × 10−4 m ratio of its frequency to the natural frequency is
greater than
46. If ω is the frequency of the dynamic force, ωn is the (a) 0.25 (b) 0.50
√
natural frequency of the system, then for damping (c) 1.00 (d) 2
ratio ξ = 0, the transmissibility is determined as
(a) 1/ (1 − ω/ωn ) (b) 1/ (1 − 2ω/ωn ) 53. High damping reduces the transmissibility if the


frequency ratio ω/ωn
(c) 1/ 1 − ω 2 /ωn2 (d) 1/ 1 − 2ω 2 /ωn2 √
(a) is less than 2
√
47. A 120 kg turbine, mounted on four identical (b) is greater than 2
springs in parallel, having stiffness 3 × 105 N/m √
(c) is less than 1/ 2
each, operates at 2000 rpm. What is the percent- √
age of isolation? (d) is greater than 1/ 2

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 271

54. In a forced damped vibration system, if ξ is the (c) 2 and 3 are correct
damping ratio, ωn is natural frequency, ω is the (d) all are correct
frequency of dynamic force. The ratio of static
deflection (xst ) and amplitude of vibrations (x0 )
60. The danger of breakage and vibration is maximum
is given by
s (a) below critical speed
2  2
(a) ω2 ω (b) near critical speed
1+ 2 + 2ξ
ωn ωn (c) above critical speed
s 2  2 (d) none of the above
(b) ω2 ω
1+ 2 − 2ξ
ωn ωn 61. A shaft has an attached disc at the center of its
s length. The disc has its center of gravity located at
2  2
ω2 ω a distance 2 mm from the axis of the shaft. When
(c) 1− 2 + 2ξ
ωn ωn the shaft is allowed to vibrate in its natural blow
shaped mode, it has a frequency of vibration of 10

ww(d)
s
1− 2
ω2
ωn
2 
− 2ξ
ω
ωn
2 rad/s. When the shaft is rotated a 300 revolution
per minute, it will whirl with a radius of
(a) 2 mm (b) 2.25 mm

w.E
55. Critical speed for shaft of lateral stiffness k and
rotor of mass m having eccentricity e is given by
(c) 2.50 mm (d) 3.00 mm

62. A slender shaft supported on two bearings at its

a
p p
(a) 2k/m (b) k/m ends carries a disc with an eccentricity e from the
(c)
p
k/ (2m)
p
(d) ek/ (2m)
syE
56. The rotor of a turbine is generally rotated at
axis of rotation. The critical speed of the shaft is
N . If the disc is replaced by a second one of the
same weight but mounted with an eccentricity 2e,

(a)
(b)
the critical speed
a speed much below the critical speed ngi critical speed of the shaft in the second case is
(a) N
2 (b) N
√
2

(c)
(d)
a speed much above the critical speed
the speed has no relation to critical speed

57. A uniform cantilever beam undergoes transverse

ne (c) N

eri
(d) 2N

63. The critical speed of rotating shaft depends upon

n
(a) mass
vibrations. The number of natural frequencies
associated with the beam is
(a) 1 (b) 10
(b) stiffness
(c) mass and stiffness
g.n
e
(d) mass, stiffness and eccentricity
(c) 100 (d) infinite

58. Whirling speed of a shaft coincides with the

natural frequency of its
(a) longitudinal vibration
64. The critical speed of a shaft is affected by the
(a) diameter and the eccentricity of the shaft
(b) span and the eccentricity of the shaft
t
(b) transverse vibration (c) diameter and the span of the shaft
(c) torsional vibration (d) span of the shaft
(d) coupled bending and torsional vibration
65. The natural frequency of transverse vibration of
59. The critical speed of a shaft is affected by the a mass-less beam of length L having a mass m
attached at its mid span is given by (EI is the
1. eccentricity of the shaft flexural rigidity of the beam)
2. span of the shaft p
3. diameter of the shaft (a) mL3 / (48EI) rad/s
p
(b) 48mL3 / (EI) rad/s
Of these statements p
(c) 48EI/ (mL3 ) rad/s
(a) 1 and 2 are correct p
(b) 1 and 3 are correct (d) 3EI/ (mL3 ) rad/s

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272 CHAPTER 4: VIBRATIONS
NUMERICAL ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Body of mass 5 kg is supported on a spring of
stiffness 1960 N/m and has a dash pot connected to
it, which produces a resistance of 0.98 N at velocity
of 0.5 m/s. Calculate the natural frequency and
damping ratio of the system.
2. An unknown mass m is attached to one end of
a spring of stiffness k having natural frequency
20 Hz. When 2 kg mass is attached with m, the
natural frequency of the system is lowered by
20%. Determine the unknown mass m and spring
stiffness k.
ww
3. A circular cylinder of mass m and radius r is
connected by a spring of stiffness k as shown in
the figure.
w.E k r
a
b
m
syE
Calculate the natural frequency of the system if
m = 4 kg, k = 50 kN/m.
4. The exhaust from a single cylinder four-stroke
diesel engine is connected to a silencer and the
pressure therein is to be measured with a simple U-
tube manometer. If the engine speed is 1000 rpm,
what will be the frequency of pressure fluctuations
in the silencer? What will the minimum length of
the manometer tube so that the natural frequency
of the oscillation of the liquid column will be 5
times slower than the frequency of the pressure
fluctuations in the silencer?
5. A homogeneous solid cylinder of length l, cross-
sectional area a and specific gravity s (< 1.0) is
floating in water with its axis vertical.
a
x 11. A 120 kg machine is mounted at the mid-span
l modulus 200 GPa and cross-sectional moment of
Calculate the natural frequency of the system for
s = 0.8 and l = 2 m.
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6. A gun barrel of mass 800 kg has a recoil spring
of stiffness 300 kN/m. The barrel recoils 1.5 m on
firing. Determine the initial recoil velocity of the
barrel. Also calculate the critical damping factor
for the system.
7. A mass of 5 kg is attached to a spring having a
stiffness 20 kN/m. The mass slides on a horizontal
surface, the coefficient of friction between mass
and surface is 0.2. Calculate the damped frequency
of of the system. Also calculate the reduction in
the amplitude per cycle.
8. The disc of a torsional pendulum has a moment of
inertia of 0.05 kg-m2 and is immersed in a viscous
fluid. The brass shaft attached to it is of 15 cm
diameter and 50 cm long. When the pendulum is
vibrating, the observed amplitudes on the same
side of the rest position for successive cycles
are 12 and 8 degrees. Calculate the logarithmic
decrement and damping torque of the system.
ngi 9. A machine of mass 2 ton is acted upon by an
external force of 3000 N at a frequency of 2000
rpm. To reduce the effects of vibration, isolator
ne of rubber having a static deflection of 4 mm under
the machine load and an estimated damping factor
eri
ξ = 0.2 are used. Calculate the force transmitted
to the foundation and amplitude of the forced
vibrations.
n g.n
10. A vertical single stage air compressor having a
mass of 600 kg is mounted on springs having
e
stiffness of 2 × 105 N/m and damping factor ξ =
t
0.3. The rotating parts are completely balanced
and the equivalent reciprocating parts weight 25
kg. The stroke length is 0.3 m. Calculate the
amplitude of the vertical vibrations. Also calculate
the phase difference between the motion and
excitation force when the compressor is operated
at 300 rpm.
of a 1.5 m long simply supported beam of elastic
inertia 1.53 × 10−6 m4 . An experiment is run on
the system during which machine is subjected
to harmonic excitation of magnitude 2 kN at a
range of excitation frequencies. The largest steady
state amplitude recorded during the experiment
is 2.5 mm. Calculate the natural frequency and
magnification factor of the system.
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