Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Using Fluent To Modeling 2D Subsonic Flow Over A NACA 2412 Airfoil at AOA 4deg PDF
Using Fluent To Modeling 2D Subsonic Flow Over A NACA 2412 Airfoil at AOA 4deg PDF
Using Fluent To Modeling 2D Subsonic Flow Over A NACA 2412 Airfoil at AOA 4deg PDF
[deg].
Fluent
Depending on if you are using a UNIX or Windows machine opening Fluent 6.1.22 will differ.
UNIX
Type – fluent 2ddp in the command window
5/24/2006 1/21
The following start up screen for Fluent should appear
5/24/2006 2/21
Locate the NACA2412.msh file just created in Gambit and Left Click Ok
The NACA2412.msh file will be read into Fluent, and when this is completed, Done will appear at the bottom the
window.
5/24/2006 3/21
Next the grid created in Gambit needs to be checked for errors
Grid Æ Check
If no errors occur the screen will look similar to the following after the grid check. The word Grid Check will
appear at the top of the screen, and the word Done will appear at the bottom of the screen.
5/24/2006 4/21
If there is an error Fluent will inform you at the bottom of the screen.
The errors may look something like this.
If these errors occur Gambit needs to be re-opened and a new mesh needs to be created for the airfoil simulation.
Now that the mesh is loaded into Fluent, the problem needs to be initialized properly.
The first thing to do is to define this airfoil model as a viscous flow. Do this by selecting the following menus.
Define Æ Models Æ Viscous
5/24/2006 5/21
When this option is selected the Viscous Model window will appear.
3. Next in the Near-Wall Treatment field Left Click on Enhanced Wall Treatment
5. Left Click on OK to close the window and confirm the model settings.
Next the free stream velocity of the airflow around the wing needs to be set.
In order to do select the following menus
Define Æ Materials…
5/24/2006 6/21
The Materials window will appear. On this screen the material properties of the substances in the simulation can be
defined. In this case air is the default, and air is what is needed for this simulation. Therefore Left Click on Close.
5/24/2006 7/21
The Boundary Conditions window will appear
1. Enter the free stream velocity desired in the Velocity Magnitude (m/s) field. For the purposes of this simulation
choose 80 m/s (Re ~ 5.7e6).
5/24/2006 8/21
Next the numerical solution method for the simulation needs to be selected.
To select the method complete the following
Solve Æ Controls Æ Solution…
1. Click the black downward arrow in the Momentum field. Select Second Order Upwind
2. Click the black downward arrow in the Turbulence Kinetic Energy field. Select Second Order Upwind
3. Click the black downward arrow in the Turbulence Dissipation Rate field. Select Second Order Upwind
5. Left Click on OK
5/24/2006 9/21
Now the freestream velocity needs to be initialize
To do this complete the following commands
Solve Æ Initialize Æ Initialize…
1. Left Click the black downward arrow in the Compute From field
2. Select velocity_inlet
5/24/2006 10/21
Next the convergence parameters of the solution need to be chosen.
To do this complete the following
Solve Æ Monitors Æ Residual…
1. In the Options field make sure Print and Plot are selected
5/24/2006 11/21
Next the simulation can be started.
To do this select the following
Solve Æ Iterate…
5/24/2006 12/21
If all goes well Fluent will iterate the solution until is has converged.
Several parameters for the flow are plotted in the Fluent [0] Fluent Inc. window
The same parameters are printed out of the Fluent display screen
5/24/2006 13/21
Once the Continuity value falls below 1e-5, the simulation will have converged, and the Fluent display will look as
follows.
NOTE: If the continuity value does not drop below 1e-5, and the plots in the Fluent [0] Fluent Inc. window have
leveled out, then cancel the iteration process and continue to next step.
There are now a variety of ways to look at the results Fluent has calculated. General categories of result reporting
include: integral quantities (forces and moments); contour plots; X-Y plots . For the contour and XY-plot options, a
distinction must be made between the 2-D and the 3-D cases: in 2-D, all the data lie in a plane and are ready for
being displayed in either of the two formats; in 3-D the data lie in space and, to produce a contour plot or an XY-
plot, one must first identify the subdomain from which to display the data (see the “4.Fluent Tips” tutorial).
The appropriate form to report integral quantities (forces and moments) is through the corresponding
dimensionless coefficients. Thus, the data must first of all be appropriately normalized. To do this select the
following menu
Report Æ Reference Values…
5/24/2006 14/21
The Reference Value window will appear.
The Reference Value window allows the entry of all the normalizing values into Fluent. In other words it will
transform Lift and Drag forces into coefficients. For the purposes of this simulation the Velocity and Area (chord
length) needs to be changed.
5/24/2006 15/21
Now that the forces have been normalized, Fluent is ready to report the correct coefficients.
To display lift and drag coefficient start by selecting the following menus
Report Æ Forces…
5/24/2006 16/21
This will cause the drag data to appear in Fluent’s main window. Scroll the window all the way the right, and the
final number displayed on the bottom row, labeled total coefficient, is the drag coefficient. Record this coefficient,
and continue. Drag = 0.0119
This will cause the lift data to appear in Fluent’s main window. Scroll the window all the way the right, and the
final number displayed on the bottom row, labeled total coefficient, is the lift coefficient. Record this coefficient,
and continue. Lift = 0.647
5/24/2006 17/21
Now that the force coefficients have been reported, you are ready to report the pitching moment coefficient.
To display it start by selecting the following menus Report Æ Forces…
2. Under Wall Zones, select the appropriate wall name (you only want contributions coming from the surface of the
wing).
2. In the Moment Center field, enter the coordinates of the point about which you want to calculate the pitching
moment and its coefficient.
This will cause the moment data to appear in Fluent’s main window. Scroll the window all the way the right, and
the final number displayed on the bottom row, labeled total coefficient, is the pitching moment coefficient.
Record this coefficient. Note that, in 2-D, only the moment component perpendicular to the plane of the airfoil is
reported. In 3-D, on the other hand, you must enter three coordinates for the point about which you want the
moment to be evaluated and three moment components are reported.
To display contours of calculated quantities (e.g. the streamfunction), in 2-D it's sufficient to
3. Left Click on the down-arrow to the right of Contours of... and select Velocity
4. Left Click on the down-arrow to the right of Velocity and select Magnitude stream function
5. Left Click on OK
To generate an XY-plot of the distribution of one quantity (e.g. tangential velocity or pressure) vs.
a running variable in 2-D, it's sufficient to
Then you can explore all sorts of options under the Axes... and Curves... options that allow you to adjust the
plotting style in every detail.
It is possible to export the graphics generated within Fluent(both XY-plots and contour plots) to files to be used later
(for audio-visual presentations or for a written report). To export the current graphics window:
5/24/2006 18/21
3. Select the format you want (TIFF is very portable and will open quickly using any software with TIFF
capabilities; postscript will take FOREVER to open using software like ghostscript);
6. Select the reverse foreground/background option (e.g. if the graphics windows displayed on the monitor has a
black background, reversing it will generate an output file with a white background);
5/24/2006 19/21
5/24/2006 20/21
Using Fluent for 3D models
Using Fluent-3D is almost identical to using Fluent-2D. There are a few differences, but not enough to warrant a
new tutorial. However, several of these differences have been pointed out in the Fluent Tips handout available on
the class website. Therefore before using Fluent-3D make sure to read the Fluent Tips handout to avoid any
confusion.
Sometimes, in order to make both experimental and numerical Reynolds numbers match it may be necessary to
choose a low velocity value in Fluent. Unfortunately, this is a problem because Fluent has trouble modeling low
velocity flows (Free stream velocity < 5 [m/s]) with the k-ε model presented in this tutorial. There are several things
that might be done to fix this problem (Low Velocity), but none of them have yet to be proven satisfactory. In fact
all methods shown here have been put through preliminary testing, and all have output larger than expected values
of drag. I will list them as ideas for the student to try, in the hope that someone will take the ideas past preliminary
testing, and correctly figure out how to model all low Reynolds number flows for Applied Aerodynamics.
In order to increase velocity while keeping Reynolds number constant there are two options. First, lower the
kinematic viscosity (density/viscosity) of the fluid in which the wing is being tested. In Fluent this can be done by
changing the material properties of the fluid under Define Æ Materials. The kinematic viscosity can be altered by
lowering the density. In order to keep the same Reynolds number, raise the velocity to compensate for a drop in
kinematic viscosity. For example, if the kinematic viscosity if halved, then double the free stream velocity to keep
the same Reynolds number. This increase in velocity should allow Fluent to better model the flow Once the fluid is
altered make sure to update the Reference Values that are used in calculating the lift and drag on the airfoil. This
means changing both the density and free stream velocity to the correct values. As a note, it is probably not a good
idea to alter the density of the flow too much (more that a factor of three).
The second option is to shrink the chord length of the wing. This can be done by altering the mesh created in
Gambit. Begin by changing the chord length of wing before it is entered into Gambit. In other words when creating
the journal file make sure the ‘x’ and ‘y’ coordinates of the wing correspond to an airfoil of chord length less that 1
[m]. Once this new file is imported into Gambit, follow all of the same steps presented in the 2D tutorial to
complete the wing mesh. The only difference this time is that the wing will take up less space in the wind tunnel
section of the model because its chord length has been reduced. In order to keep the same Reynolds number, raise
the velocity to compensate for a drop in chord length. As before, if the chord length if halved, then double the free
stream velocity keep the same Reynolds number. Once again this increase in velocity should help Fluent to better
model the flow.
5/24/2006 21/21