2015 - 381 - Author Corrected

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ArticleTitle Temperature Dependency Studies on Volumetric Change and Structural Interaction in Aqueous Rare Earth
Nitrate Solution
Article Sub-Title
Article CopyRight Springer Science+Business Media New York
(This will be the copyright line in the final PDF)
Journal Name Journal of Solution Chemistry
Corresponding Author Family Name Kumar
Particle
Given Name Shekhar
Suffix
Division Reprocessing R&D Division
Organization Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Address Kalpakkam, 603102, India
Email shekhar@igcar.gov.in
Author Family Name Dash

Particle
Given Name Debasmita
Suffix
Email
Author Family Name Mallika
Particle
Given Name C.
Suffix
Email
Author Family Name Mudali
Particle
Given Name U. Kamachi
Suffix
Email
Received 22 February 2013

Schedule
Revised
Accepted 9 April 2015
Abstract Densities and refractive indices of the aqueous solutions of lanthanum, samarium, cerium, europium, and
praseodymium nitrate were determined at different temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 343.15 K and
atmospheric pressure, with the molality ranging from ~0.0002 to ~1.5 mol·kg−1. From these density values,
the apparent molar volume was calculated and correlated with the Meyer–Seaders equation and the
temperature dependence of density was correlated by a second order polynomial. From the correlation, the
apparent molar volumes at infinity dilution were estimated to give an idea about the structural interactions
occurring in the solutions. The cubic expansion coefficient and the variation of isobaric heat capacity with
pressure at different temperature were calculated from the volumetric measurements. The measurements
were performed as per ASTM procedures. The volumetric properties provide information on ion–ion and
ion–solvent interactions. A comparison has been made for the experimental values with those of literature,
if available. The compositional dependency of volume on concentration provides an insight into long range
electrostriction of water by the ions.
Keywords (separated by '-') Electrolytes - Density - Refractive index - Apparent molar volume - Structural interactions
Footnote Information Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10953-015-0381-6)
contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Journal : Small 10953 Dispatch : 9-9-2015 Pages : 21
Article No. : 381 h LE h TYPESET
MS Code : JOSL2257 4 CP
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DOI 10.1007/s10953-015-0381-6
12
3 Temperature Dependency Studies on Volumetric Change

Author Proof
4 and Structural Interaction in Aqueous Rare Earth

5 Nitrate Solution
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6 Debasmita Dash1 • Shekhar Kumar1 • C. Mallika1 •
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7 U. Kamachi Mudali1
8 Received: 22 February 2013 / Accepted: 9 April 2015
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9 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
10 Abstract Densities and refractive indices of the aqueous solutions of lanthanum,

11 samarium, cerium, europium, and praseodymium nitrate were determined at different
12 temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 343.15 K and atmospheric pressure, with the
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13 molality ranging from *0.0002 to *1.5 molkg-1. From these density values, the
14 apparent molar volume was calculated and correlated with the Meyer–Seaders equation
15 and the temperature dependence of density was correlated by a second order polyno-
16AQ1 mial. From the correlation, the apparent molar volumes at infinity dilution were esti-
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17 mated to give an idea about the structural interactions occurring in the solutions. The
18 cubic expansion coefficient and the variation of isobaric heat capacity with pressure at
19 different temperature were calculated from the volumetric measurements. The mea-
20 surements were performed as per ASTM procedures. The volumetric properties provide
21 information on ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions. A comparison has been made for
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22 the experimental values with those of literature, if available. The compositional

23 dependency of volume on concentration provides an insight into long range elec-
24 trostriction of water by the ions.
25 Keywords Electrolytes Density Refractive index Apparent molar volume Structural

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26 interactions
27
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A1 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10953-015-0381-6)

A2 contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
A3 & Shekhar Kumar

A4 shekhar@igcar.gov.in
1
A5 Reprocessing R&D Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
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28 1 Introduction
29 The study of thermophysical properties of dilute aqueous electrolytes is of great impor-

30 tance for experimental as well as theoretical purposes. These properties are important in
Author Proof
31 understanding many phenomena of industrial, environmental, and geochemical issues.

32 Rare earths that are produced in the fission of U and Pu act as reactivity poisons [1]. In the
33 aqueous route of reprocessing, spent nuclear fuel is chopped up and dissolved in nitric
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34 acid, followed by solvent extraction with diluted TBP. The residue of the solvent
35 extraction step contains all the soluble fission products (excluding Pu) and hence is called
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36 HAW (high acidic waste). The PUREX solvent does not extract tri-valent actinides and
37 lanthanides and they follow the HAW path. Group partitioning methods are used to
38 mutually separate these groups of elements. In the post-PUREX process, thermodynamic
39 properties of the solutes are required for precise modeling of solvent extraction. These
40 properties include volumetric properties of solutes like the density contributions of
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41 aqueous and organic species.
42 Thermophysical properties of most of the rare earth chlorides, perchlorates, and nitrates
43 have been studied by many researchers [2–6]. There is evidence that chlorides and per-
44 chlorates form outer-sphere complexes with rare earth ions while nitrate ion forms inner-
45 sphere complexes [7–21]. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of aqueous solu-
46 tions of some lanthanide nitrates are reported. The density data are required in mass
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47 balance and mass transfer calculations and also for the designing of solvent extraction
48 apparatus for separation of organic and aqueous phases. When an electrolyte is dissolved in
49 water, it will dissociate into cations and anions, which will be surrounded by water
50 molecules as well as the counter ions and the electrolyte solution will not behave as an
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51 ideal solution. The non-ideality in the electrolyte solutions is dominantly attributed to the
52 water–ion and ion–ion interactions. From the raw density data we determined the apparent
53 molar volume of the solute from which we can understand the ion–ion and ion–solvent
54 interactions. The purpose of the present study is to identify the volumetric effects due to
55 different interactions occurring in the aqueous nitrate solutions.
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56 2 Experimental Section
57 2.1 Chemicals Used

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58 Lanthanum nitrate, samarium nitrate, cerium nitrate, europium nitrate, and praseodymium
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59 nitrate were obtained from M/s AlfaAesar. All the chemicals and reagents used in this
60 study were AR grade. The salts were vacuum dried and then used. In some cases the bottles
61 were under dry nitrogen seals.
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62 2.2 Apparatus and Procedures
63 All the solutions were freshly prepared in ASTM Grade-1 water as per ASTM D-1193 [22].
64 The binary electrolyte solutions were prepared on the molality basis (*0.0002 to
65 *1.5 molkg-1). All weighings were made on a precision Shimadzu AUW220D balance
66 (220 g, 0.01 mg resolution). Water for the density standard was drawn from the water purifier
67 immediately before the experiments and it was degassed in an ultrasonic bath (TEC-110H) at
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68 35 kHz for 60 s. The density meter was calibrated at each experimental temperature. When
69 not in use, the solutions were kept in air-tight closed condition, in a JULABO SW-22 shaker
70 bath at 298.15 ± 0.1 K. The JULABO SW-22 Shaker Bath was coupled to JULABO FP-40
71 chiller for cooling. The ambient conditions were monitored with a Cole-Parmer hygrometer
Author Proof
72 (0.1 %) consisting of a thermometer (±0.1 °C) and pressure sensor (0.1 kPa).
73 For density and refractive index measurement, a precise vibrating-tube densitometer
74 (Anton Paar DMA-5000), coupled with an Anton Paar ABBEMAT RXA-156 refrac-
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75 tometer and a 30-station autosampler SP-3m, was used. The densitometer and refrac-
76 tometer had Peltier thermostats for maintaining the desired sample temperature with an
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77 accuracy of ±0.001 K. The accuracy of all density measurements was found to
78 be ±1 9 10-6 gcm-3. Density measurements were made in complete confirmation with
79 ASTM-D4052 [23].
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80 3 Result and Discussion
81 The apparent molar volume of solutes (designated as component 2) in solutions at

82 T = 298.15 K was calculated by using the following equation:
1000 0 M2
V2;/ ¼ ðq qÞ þ ð1Þ
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mqq0 q
84 where V2;/ is the apparent molar volume, m is the molality in molkg-1, M2 is the
85 molecular weight of the solute and q0 and q are the densities of water and of the solution,
86 respectively.
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87 The experimental V2;/ values were fitted with a Meyer–Seaders type equation, which
88 was used to calculate the apparent molar volumes of the aqueous rare earth nitrate solutions
0
89 at infinite dilution, V2;/ . This equation takes the form:
0
V2;/ ¼ V2;/ þ sv m þ bv m1:5 ð2Þ
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91
0
where V2;/ is the limiting apparent molar volume, m is the molality in molkg-1, and sv and
92 bv are empirical constants determined from experimental results. The slope of the plot
93 between V2;/ and m will give the value of constants and the intercept will give the value of
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0
Table 1 Comparison of experimental V2;/ (cm3mol-1) values with literature values
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Solute 0 0 0 0 0 0
V2;/ / V2;/ / V2;/ / V2;/ / V2;/ / V2;/ /
cm3mol-1 cm3mol-1 cm3mol-1 cm3mol-1 cm3mol-1 cm3mol-1
Expt. Spedding Spedding et al. Millero Marriott et al. Hakin et al.
et al. [2] [5]a [24] [25] [26]
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Ce(NO3)3 45.76 – – – – –
La(NO3)3 48.69 49.49 – 47.90 49.16 –
Pr(NO3)3 44.15 45.52 45.46 44.47 46.03 46.97
Sm(NO3)3 45.65 45.99 45.86 44.67 46.57 –
Eu(NO3)3 45.18 – 46.87 – 46.85 –
a
Calculated using the Owen–Brinkley equation
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Table 2 Apparent molar volume

Solute sv bv
parameters for Eq. 3
Ce(NO3)3 30.54 16.8
La(NO3)3 25.37 10.7
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Pr(NO3)3 27.77 7.31

Sm(NO3)3 30.52 5.21
Eu(NO3)3 47.16 -0.179
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1.3
Expt.
Rard et.al.[28]
1.25
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1.2
1.15
ρ(g.cm )
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-3
1.1
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1.05
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0.95
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10
R
-1
m (mol.kg )
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Fig. 1 Comparison of experimental densities of aqueous solutions of Eu(NO3)3 with values from Rard at
298.15 K
0 0
94 V2;/ . The V2;/ values thus obtained were compared with literature values [2, 5, 24–26] and
95 we found good agreement between our experimental and literature values. The comparison
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96 of experimental and literature value is given in Table 1. The empirical constants of Eq. 2
97 are given in Table 2.
98 On equating Eqs. 1 and 2 and rearranging, the following form of the equation for
99 density of the solutions is obtained [27]:
1:5
q m m
¼ 1:00 þ a0 þ b0 ð3Þ
q0 m0 m0
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1.9
Expt.
Spedding et.al.*[5]
1.8 Spedding et.al.[2]
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1.7
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1.6
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1.5
ρ(g.cm )
-3
1.4
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1.3
1.2
1.1
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1
0.9
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
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10 10 10 10 10 10
-1
m (mol.kg )
Fig. 2 Comparison of experimental densities of aqueous solutions of La(NO3)3 with literature values at
T = 298.15 K
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101 where
M2 q0 V2;/
0
a0 ¼
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103
103 a0
b0 ¼
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103
105 The experimental densities of Eu(NO3)3 at T = 298.15 K are compared with those of Rard
106 [28] and those of La(NO3)3, Pr(NO3)3 and Sm(NO3)3 at T = 298.15 K are compared with
107 the results of Spedding et al. [2, 5]. The comparisons are shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 and
108 the experimental data at 298.15 K for different rare earth nitrates are in good agreement
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109 with the corresponding literature data.

110 Thermodynamically, the variation of volume with temperature is given by

o ln V o ln q
a¼ ¼ ð4Þ
oT p oT p
112 On integrating Eq. 4, we have
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1.9
Expt.
Spedding et.al.[2]
1.8
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1.7
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1.6
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1.5
ρ (g.cm )
-3
1.4
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1.3
1.2
1.1
ED
1
0.9
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
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10 10 10 10 10 10
-1
m (mol.kg )
Fig. 3 Comparison of experimental densities of aqueous solutions of Pr(NO3)3 with literature values at
T = 298.15 K
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VT
¼ eaðT T0 Þ
ð5Þ
V0
VT q
114 Since ¼ q0 , thus
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V0 T
q0
¼ eaðT T0 Þ
ð6Þ
qT
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116 Here a is the cubic expansion coefficient (thermal isobaric expansibility) and it is a
117 function of temperature. Thus it is assumed that the coefficients of Eq. 3 will have a
118 temperature dependency like
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1:5
qTðKÞ

m m
¼ 1 þ a0 þ b0 ð7Þ
q0TðKÞ m0 m0
120 where
h i
a0 ¼ a0 1 þ a1 ðT 298:15 KÞ þ a2 ðT 298:15 KÞ2 ð8Þ
122 and
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1.9
Expt.
Spedding et.al.[2]
1.8
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1.7
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1.5
ρ (g.cm )
-3
1.4
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1.3
1.2
1.1
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1
0.9
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
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10 10 10 10 10 10
-1
m (mol.kg )
Fig. 4 Comparison of experimental densities of aqueous solutions of Sm(NO3)3 with literature values at
T = 298.15 K
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h i
b0 ¼ b0 1 þ b1 ðT 298:15 KÞ þ b2 ðT 298:15 KÞ2 ð9Þ
q0TðKÞ is the density of water at T(K). The density of ASTM Grade-I water at 298.15 K was
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125 taken as 0.997043 gcm-3. The density data for different nitrate salt solutions at different
126 temperatures and concentrations are reported in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Coefficients of
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127 Eqs. 8 and 9 and the corresponding standard deviations are listed in Table 8.
128 The temperature dependency of the apparent molar volume is given as follows:
h i
298:15 K
V2;/ ¼ V2;/ 1 þ aðT 298:15 KÞ þ bðT 298:15 KÞ2 ð10Þ
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130 The variation of apparent molar volume with temperature and different concentrations for
131 aqueous solution of lanthanum nitrate is shown in Fig. 5. The apparent molar volume
132 variations with temperature and concentration for aqueous solutions of the other studied
133 nitrate salts are shown in the Figs. S1s–S4 reported in the supplementary file. According to
134 Eq. 11, the cubic expansion coefficient can be written as
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Table 3 Densities of Ce(NO3)3 solutions at different temperatures and molalities
T(K) m(molkg-1) 0.0002 0.0009 0.0025 0.0063 0.0138 0.0562 0.0984 0.2024 0.4811 0.8941
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293.15 0.998294 0.998471 0.998928 0.999984 1.002025 1.013419 1.024544 1.050956 1.116177 1.201338
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298.15 0.997135 0.997312 0.997766 0.998814 1.000844 1.012159 1.023213 1.049458 1.114278 1.198953
MS Code : JOSL2257
303.15 0.995739 0.995915 0.996366 0.997408 0.999426 1.010677 1.021663 1.047758 1.112212 1.196438
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308.15 0.994123 0.994297 0.994746 0.995784 0.997794 1.008984 1.019913 1.04587 1.109990 1.193800
313.15 0.992307 0.992478 0.992928 0.993959 0.995961 1.007097 1.017975 1.043806 1.107620 1.191039
318.15 0.990304 0.990475 0.990922 0.991949 0.993944 1.00503 1.015861 1.041580 1.105113 1.188171
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323.15 0.988125 0.988296 0.988744 0.989764 0.991752 1.002797 1.013584 1.039201 1.102471 1.185188
h
328.15 0.985784 0.985952 0.986400 0.987417 0.989401 1.000404 1.011154 1.036676 1.099704 1.182100
4 CP
h LE
333.15 0.983290 0.983454 0.983902 0.984916 0.986893 0.997866 1.008576 1.034012 1.096811 1.178911
ED
338.15 0.980636 0.980807 0.981196 0.982268 0.984235 0.995174 1.005861 1.031210 1.093799 1.175619
343.15 0.977853 0.978024 0.978173 0.979472 0.981441 0.992353 1.003003 1.028284 1.090679 1.172230
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Table 4 Variation of densities of Eu(NO3)3 solutions at different temperatures and molalities
T(K) m(molkg-1) 0.0002 0.0007 0.0014 0.0046 0.0099 0.0478 0.0981 0.2421 0.4187
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293.15 0.998271 0.998405 0.998610 0.999531 1.000932 1.011594 1.025405 1.063685 1.106601
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298.15 0.997113 0.997248 0.997451 0.998367 0.999799 1.010358 1.024092 1.062149 1.104823
MS Code : JOSL2257
303.15 0.995717 0.995849 0.996055 0.996962 0.998401 1.008892 1.022552 1.06041 1.10286
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308.15 0.994100 0.994231 0.994436 0.995341 0.996775 1.007215 1.020811 1.058488 1.100733
313.15 0.992283 0.992413 0.992620 0.993517 0.994941 1.005345 1.018881 1.056394 1.098449
318.15 0.990279 0.990408 0.990616 0.991509 0.992909 1.003291 1.016775 1.054137 1.096021
CT
323.15 0.988102 0.98823 0.988436 0.989327 0.990658 1.00107 1.014504 1.051729 1.093452
h
328.15 0.985762 0.985886 0.986091 0.986978 0.988217 0.998690 1.012078 1.049177 1.090751
4 CP
h LE
333.15 0.983252 0.983364 0.983593 0.984482 0.985333 0.996153 1.009502 1.046488 1.087923
ED
338.15 0.980500 0.980509 0.980822 0.981835 0.982250 0.993476 1.006788 1.043611 1.084972
343.15 0.977453 0.977325 0.975830 0.978955 0.978888 0.990631 1.003769 1.039629 1.081881
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Table 5 Densities of Sm(NO3)3 solutions at different temperatures and molalities
T(K) m(molkg-1) 0.0002 0.0005 0.0009 0.0044 0.0091 0.0470 0.0980 0.2497 0.4972 0.9989
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293.15 0.998260 0.998363 0.998454 0.999477 1.000825 1.011501 1.025797 1.066062 1.127542 1.235255
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298.15 0.997102 0.997207 0.997293 0.998313 0.999653 1.010263 1.024475 1.064504 1.125630 1.232759
MS Code : JOSL2257
303.15 0.995706 0.995806 0.995895 0.996909 0.998240 1.008795 1.022928 1.062745 1.123548 1.230129
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308.15 0.994088 0.994189 0.994278 0.995288 0.996613 1.007116 1.021182 1.060805 1.121311 1.227383
313.15 0.992272 0.992372 0.992461 0.993466 0.994784 1.005243 1.019246 1.058692 1.118924 1.224524
318.15 0.990266 0.990366 0.990457 0.991460 0.992772 1.003189 1.017134 1.056419 1.116396 1.221554
CT
323.15 0.988087 0.988186 0.988279 0.989275 0.990584 1.000963 1.014857 1.053996 1.113739 1.218479
h
328.15 0.985745 0.985844 0.985936 0.986933 0.988228 0.998580 1.012428 1.051429 1.110955 1.215300
4 CP
h LE
333.15 0.983247 0.983346 0.983439 0.984429 0.985661 0.996045 1.009829 1.048721 1.108018 1.212023
ED
338.15 0.980601 0.980699 0.980723 0.981775 0.982652 0.993271 1.006840 1.045794 1.104705 1.208646
343.15 0.977811 0.977914 0.977001 0.978748 0.978538 0.989675 1.001951 1.042161 1.099500 1.205099
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Table 6 Variation of densities of La(NO3)3 solutions at different temperatures and molalities
T(K) m(molkg-1) 0.0002 0.0007 0.0013 0.0043 0.0093 0.0497 0.0979 0.2450 0.5045 1.0045
CO
293.15 0.998274 0.998449 0.998574 0.999426 1.000777 1.011655 1.024332 1.061323 1.122021 1.221215
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298.15 0.997119 0.997293 0.997418 0.998265 0.999608 1.010413 1.023011 1.059761 1.120089 1.218730
MS Code : JOSL2257
303.15 0.995722 0.995894 0.996019 0.996862 0.998195 1.008938 1.021461 1.057999 1.117988 1.216115
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308.15 0.994107 0.994278 0.994404 0.99524 0.996569 1.007255 1.019713 1.056057 1.115734 1.213382
313.15 0.992290 0.992458 0.992586 0.993417 0.994741 1.005376 1.017774 1.053948 1.113337 1.210538
318.15 0.990287 0.990455 0.990581 0.991409 0.992730 1.003320 1.015663 1.051679 1.110803 1.207584
CT
323.15 0.988108 0.988275 0.988401 0.989227 0.990544 1.001092 1.013388 1.049259 1.108139 1.204529
h
328.15 0.985767 0.985931 0.986060 0.986881 0.988195 0.998706 1.010959 1.046699 1.105353 1.201373
4 CP
h LE
333.15 0.983271 0.983434 0.983560 0.984380 0.985691 0.996173 1.008386 1.043996 1.102446 1.198122
ED
338.15 0.980624 0.980788 0.980913 0.981731 0.983038 0.993493 1.005668 1.041169 1.099426 1.194773
343.15 0.977839 0.978000 0.978128 0.978941 0.980249 0.990677 1.002807 1.038221 1.096290 1.191334
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Table 7 Densities of Pr(NO3)3 solutions at different temperatures and molalities
T(K) m(molkg-1) 0.0003 0.0064 0.0018 0.0052 0.0111 0.0441 0.0965 0.2724 0.5142 1.0311
CO
293.15 0.998303 0.998423 0.998730 0.985624 1.001281 1.010147 1.024097 1.067113 1.122224 1.223502
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Article No. : 381
298.15 0.997147 0.997265 0.997573 0.989121 1.000106 1.008915 1.022774 1.065519 1.120299 1.221009
MS Code : JOSL2257
303.15 0.995750 0.995868 0.996171 0.987408 0.998691 1.007449 1.021229 1.063728 1.118203 1.218384
RE
308.15 0.994135 0.994251 0.994555 0.985408 0.997058 1.005772 1.01948 1.061755 1.115952 1.215641
313.15 0.992317 0.992433 0.992734 0.983123 0.995229 1.003900 1.017545 1.059617 1.113555 1.212782
318.15 0.990314 0.990430 0.990731 0.980607 0.993213 1.001849 1.015434 1.057318 1.111019 1.209819
CT
323.15 0.988138 0.988250 0.988550 0.977806 0.991025 0.999628 1.013159 1.054874 1.108351 1.206749
h
328.15 0.985795 0.985905 0.986205 0.974757 0.988672 0.997245 1.010728 1.052284 1.10556 1.203579
4 CP
h LE
333.15 0.983296 0.983407 0.983706 0.971336 0.986166 0.994713 1.008153 1.049564 1.102648 1.200309
ED
338.15 0.980652 0.980759 0.981056 0.966574 0.983514 0.992036 1.005435 1.046711 1.099616 1.196943
343.15 0.977865 0.977973 0.978272 0.961864 0.980722 0.989223 1.002584 1.043737 1.096472 1.193482
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Article No. : 381
Table 8 Regressed coefficients of density for different electrolytes at different temperatures

MS Code : JOSL2257
Solute a0 a1 a2 b0 b1 b2 SD
-1 -4 -6 -2 -5 -6
RE
Ce(NO3)3 2.96 9 10 -2.00 9 10 4.77 9 10 -6.55 9 10 9.08 9 10 -2.15 9 10 4.14 9 10-2
-1 -5 -6 -2 -4 -5
Eu(NO3)3 2.94 9 10 7.90 9 10 -4.65 9 10 -4.29 9 10 -3.10 9 10 1.25 9 10 3.26 9 10-2
-1 -4 -6 -2 -4 -5
Sm(NO3)3 2.98 9 10 1.20 9 10 -6.81 9 10 -4.33 9 10 -2.30 9 10 1.02 9 10 3.11 9 10-2
-1 -4 -6 -2 -5 -6
CT
La(NO3)3 2.85 9 10 -2.03 9 10 4.80 9 10 -4.62 9 10 9.56 9 10 -2.04 9 10 1.74 9 10-2
h
-1 -4 -6 -2 -5 -7
Pr(NO3)3 2.80 9 10 -1.73 9 10 3.63 9 10 -4.22 9 10 6.28 9 10 -8.14 9 10 3.69 9 10-1
4 CP
h LE
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90
85 0.0043m
Author Proof
0.0093m
80
0.0497m
75 0.0979m
F
0.2449m
V 2, ϕ (cm 3.mol -1)
70 0.5045m
OO
1.0045m
65
60
55
PR
50
45
40
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
ED
Temp (K)
Fig. 5 Variation of apparent molar volume with temperature for aqueous solutions of La(NO3)3 at different
concentrations
CT

o ln VðT; mÞ
aðT; mÞ ¼ ð11Þ
oT p
136 Applying the Maxwell relation to the differential of enthalpy,

RE
" #
oV
dH ¼ Cp dT þ V T dp ð12Þ
oT p
138 Volumetric and thermal properties of solution can be correlated as

R
2
oCp oV
¼ T ð13Þ
CO
op T oT 2 p
140 where Cp is the isobaric heat capacity of the solutions.

141 In terms of cubic expansion coefficient, the second derivative of volume with tem-
142 perature can be written as
UN
2 " #
o V 2 oaðT; mÞ
T ¼ TV a ðT; mÞ þ ð14Þ
oT 2 p;m oT p;m
2
144 The T ooTV2 term can be directly expressed in terms of derivative of density as
123
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-4
x 10
10
293.15 K
298.15 K
Author Proof
303.15 K
8 308.15 K
313.15 K
318.15 K
F
323.15 K
328.15 K
6
OO
333.15 K
338.15 K
343.15 K
α (K )
-1
PR
2
0
ED
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1
CT
m(mol.kg )
Fig. 6 Concentration dependency of cubic expansion coefficient for aqueous solutions of Ce(NO3)3 at
different temperature
RE
" #
o2 V oqðT; mÞ 2
2
1000 þ mM2 2 o qðT; mÞ
T ¼T ð15Þ
oT 2 p;m q2 ðT; mÞ qðT; mÞ oT P;m oT 2 p;m

þ mM2
146 where 1000 is the volume of solution.
R
q2 ðT;mÞ
147 At infinity dilution there will be no solute–solute interaction. Here the positive values of
0
148 V2;/ are the result of strong ion–solvent interactions. In this case the apparent molar
CO
149 volume increases with the addition of the electrolyte and temperature because the solvent
150 volume decreases due to strong ion–solvent interactions and all the rare earth nitrates
151 follow the same trend. The values obtained are in good agreement with the literature value.
152 The variations of cubic expansion coefficient with concentration for aqueous solution of
153 Ce(NO3)3 is shown in Fig. 6 and that of all other nitrate salts are shown in Figs. S5–S8
UN
154 given in the supplement file. An increase in value of a with increase in concentration is
155 observed in those figures. The variation of pressure derivative of heat capacity, calculated
156 from Eq. 14, is plotted against temperature for aqueous solutions of Ce(NO3)3 and
157 Sm(NO3)3 and shown in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. Figures S9–S11 given in the sup-
158 plementary file show the variation of pressure derivative of the heat capacity with tem-
159 perature for aqueous solutions of all other investigated nitrates. According to Hepler [29],
123
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4
x 10
6
0.0002m
0.0009m
Author Proof
5 0.0025m
0.0063m
0.0138m
0.0562m
F
4 0.0984m
(∂ C /∂ P) (cm 3 .K -1 )
0.2024m
OO
0.4811m
3 0.8941m
T
2
p
PR
1
0
ED
-1
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
Temp (K)
CT

oCp
Fig. 7 Variation of op with temperature for aqueous solutions of Ce(NO3)3
160 the change in heat capacity with pressure or the change of the second derivative of volume
RE
161 with temperature are related to the changes in the structure of water. He proposed that
162 solutes for which the second derivative of volume with temperature is negative, i.e., the
163 derivative of isobaric heat capacity with pressure is positive, will act as structure breakers
164 and vice versa. For some rare earth nitrates the variation of isobaric heat capacity with
165 pressure is positive over all the temperature range whereas some show a negative variation
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166 at lower temperature which subsequently becomes positive at higher temperatures. From
167 the variation of isobaric heat capacity with temperature we can predict that the lower
CO
168 lanthanides (lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium) are acting as structure makers at
169 lower concentrations and structure breakers as the concentration increases, while samarium
170 and europium show positive values for the variation of isobaric heat capacity with pressure
171 at all concentrations and temperatures, which implies they act as structure breakers at all
172 concentrations and temperatures. The reason behind that is the cations La to Nd and Tb to
UN
173 Lu have different inner sphere water co-ordination numbers, while for the cations from Nd
174 to Tb there exist equilibrium mixtures of the two inner sphere water co-ordination numbers
175 [3, 4].
176 The refractive index and apparent molar refraction of some aqueous rare earth nitrates
177 were reported for selected wavelengths of the helium and mercury spectra [30] but the
178 values for sodium D-line were not reported. In this paper the refractive index values related
179 to the sodium D-line are reported for several different aqueous rare earth nitrates. The
123
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x 10
10
9
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0.0002m
8
0.0005m
0.0009m
7
F
0.0044m
(∂ C p /∂ P) T (cm 3 .K -1 )
0.0091m
6 0.0470m
OO
0.0980m
5 0.2497m
0.4972m
0.9989m
4
PR
3
1
ED
0
-1
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
Temp (K)
CT

oCp
Fig. 8 Plot of op with temperature for aqueous solutions of Sm(NO3)3 at different concentrations
180 refractive index values of the aqueous nitrate salts at 298.15 K are reported in Table 9. The
RE
181 experimentally determined refractive index values of nitrate salt solutions were correlated
182 to the following equation,
nD ¼ nDW þ am þ bm2 ð16Þ
R
184 where nD is the predicted refractive index of the solution and nDw is the refractive index of
185 water used in solution preparation, m is molality in molkg-1, and a and b are coefficients.
CO
186 The value of nDw is taken as 1.3325. The regressed coefficients are reported in Table 10.
187 The refractive index values at 298.15 K increase with increasing concentration. The
188 equation of Lorentz and Lorenz has been extended to define a term called the Lorentz–
189 Lorenz molar refraction given by the following equation,
Rm ¼ n2 1 = n2 þ 2 M=q

ð17Þ
UN
191 where M is the molecular weight. The apparent molar refractions (Rm) have been calcu-
192 lated for the aqueous nitrate salts and the values are shown in Table 9. Comparison plots of
193 experimental apparent molar refraction of La (NO3)3 and Ce (NO3)3 with the interpolated
194 results of Leipziger [30] are represented in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively.
123
Author Proof
Table 9 Refractive indices of aqueous rare earth nitrate solutions at 298.15 K

La(NO3)3 Ce(NO3)3 Pr(NO3)3
-1 3 -1 -1 3 -1
123
m (molkg ) nD25 Rm (cm mol ) m (molkg ) nD25 Rm (cm mol ) m (molkg-1) nD25 Rm (cm3mol-1)
0.0002 1.33245 37.1101 0.0002 1.33252 37.1172 0.0003 1.33246 37.1172

0.0007 1.3325 37.1170 0.0009 1.33255 37.1236 0.0064 1.33249 37.1236
UN
0.0012 1.3325 37.1203 0.0025 1.33262 37.1387 0.0018 1.33253 37.1387
0.0043 1.33267 37.1537 0.0063 1.33282 37.1796 0.0052 1.33268 37.1796
0.0093 1.3329 37.2028 0.0138 1.33315 37.2246 0.011 1.33299 37.2246
CO
0.0497 1.33471 R 37.6050 0.0562 1.33504 37.6741 0.0441 1.33442 37.6741
Article No. : 381
0.0979 1.33676 37.6543 0.0984 1.33682 38.0884 0.0965 1.33667 38.0884

MS Code : JOSL2257
0.2449 1.34276 37.8652 0.2024 1.34115 38.2514 0.2724 1.34361 38.2514

0.5045 1.35245 38.0555 0.4811 1.35158 38.4430 0.5141 1.35231 38.4430
RE
1.0045 1.36791 38.6231 0.8941 1.36492 38.7523 1.0311 1.36801 38.7523
Sm(NO3)3 Eu(NO3)3
CT
-1 3 -1
m (molkg ) nD25 Rm (cm mol ) m (molkg-1) nD25 Rm (cm3mol-1)
h
4 CP
h LE
0.0002 1.33247 37.1168 0.0002 1.33246 37.1123

ED
0.0005 1.33249 37.1185 0.0007 1.33249 37.1175
0.0009 1.33251 37.1146 0.0014 1.33251 37.1239
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0.0044 1.33266 37.1513 0.0046 1.33268 37.1576

PR
0.0091 1.3329 37.1831 0.0099 1.33291 37.2116
h
0.047 1.33455 37.5484 0.0478 1.33452 37.5824

0.098 1.33673 38.1198 0.0981 1.33661 38.2725
4 DISK
OO
Pages : 21
0.2497 1.34285 38.3658 0.2421 1.34233 38.4526

h TYPESET
0.4972 1.35204 38.6543 0.4187 F 1.34869 38.6859

0.9989 1.36783 38.8865
J Solution Chem
h 4 DISK
h
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Table 10 Regressed coefficients

Solute a b
of refractive index for different
electrolytes at 298.15 K
Ce(NO3)3 0.0439 -0.0086
Eu(NO3)3 0.0435 -0.0113
Author Proof
Sm(NO3)3 0.0434 -0.0081

La(NO3)3 0.0441 -0.0088
Pr(NO3)3 0.0431 -0.0084
F
OO
60
Expt.
Litt.[30]
50
PR
40
R (cm .mol )
-1
3
ED
30
m
20
CT
10
RE
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-1
m (mol.kg )
R
Fig. 9 Comparison of experimental apparent molar refraction with literature values for aqueous solutions
of La(NO3)3
CO
195 4 Conclusion
196 Density and refractive index of the aqueous rare earth nitrate salts were experimentally
197 measured as per ASTM procedures. The refractive indices increase with increasing con-
UN
198 centration at 298.15 K. Densities of the aqueous nitrate salt solutions increase with con-
199 centration and decrease with temperature, between 293.15 and 343.15 K, at a pressure of
200 0.1 MPa. The apparent molar volumes at all concentrations were estimated and correlated
201 with the Meyer–Seader equation to find the apparent molar volumes at infinite dilution. In
202 this case the apparent molar volume increases with the addition of the electrolyte and with
203 the temperature because the solvent volume decreases due to strong ion–solvent interac-
204 tions. The values obtained are in good agreement with the literature. From the variation of
205 isobaric heat capacity with temperature we can predict that the lower lanthanides
123
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h
J Solution Chem
60
Expt.
Litt.[30]
50
Author Proof
40
F
R (cm .mol )
-1
OO
3
30
m
20
PR
10
ED
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-1
m (mol.kg )
Fig. 10 Plot of experimental apparent molar refraction and literature data for aqueous solutions of
CT
Ce(NO3)3
206 (lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium) are acting as structure makers at lower concen-
207 trations and structure breakers as the concentration increases, while samarium and euro-
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208 pium show positive values for the variation of isobaric heat capacity with pressure at all
209 concentrations and temperatures, which implies that they act as structure breakers at all
210 concentrations and temperatures.
211
212
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213 References
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214 1. Proceedings of the 6th OECD/NEA Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and fission prod-
215 ucts Partitioning and Transmutation. EUR 19783 EN, Madrid, Spain (2000)
216 2. Spedding, F.H., Shiers, L.E., Brown, M.A., Baker, J.L., Guitierrez, L., McDowell, L.S., Habenschuss,
217 A.: Densities and apparent molal volumes of some aqueous rare earth solutions at 25°. III. Rare earth
218 nitrates. J. Phys. Chem. 79, 1087–1096 (1975)
219 3. Spedding, F.H., Saeger, V.W., Gray, K.A., Boneau, P.K., Brown, M.A., DeKock, C.W., Baker, J.L.,
UN
220 Shiers, L.E., Weber, H.O., Habenschuss, A.: Densities and apparent molal volumes of some aqueous
221 rare earth solutions at 25°. I. Rare earth chlorides. J. Chem. Eng. Data 20, 72–81 (1975)
222 4. Spedding, F.H., Shiers, L.E., Brown, M.A., Derer, J.L., Swanson, D.L., Habenschuss, A.: Densities and
223 apparent molal volumes of some aqueous rare earth solutions at 25°. II. Rare earth perchlorates.
224 J. Chem. Eng. Data 20, 81–88 (1975)
225 5. Spedding, F.H., Cullen, P.F., Habenschuss, A.: Apparent molal volumes of some dilute aqueous rare
226 earth salt solutions at 25. J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1106–1110 (1974)
227 6. Spedding, F.H., Pikal, M.J., Ayers, B.O.: Apparent molal volumes of some aqueous rare earth chloride
228 and nitrate solutions at 25°. J. Phys. Chem. 70, 2440–2449 (1966)
123
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229 7. Coward, N.A., Kiser, R.W.: A spectrophotometric study of the Nd3?–NO3 association. J. Phys. Chem.
230 70, 213–217 (1966)
231 8. Peppard, D.F., Mason, G.W., Hucher, I.: Stability constants of certain lanthanide(III) and actinide(III)
232 chloride and nitrate complexes. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24, 881–888 (1962)
233 9. Nelson, D.L., Irish, D.E.: Interactions in lanthanide systems. I. A Raman and infrared study of aqueous
Author Proof
234 gadolinium nitrate. J. Chem. Phys. 54, 4479–4489 (1971)

235 10. Knoeck, J.: Vibrational spectrometric and electrochemical evidence for lanthanum(III)–nitrate com-
236 plexes in aqueous solution. Anal. Chem. 41, 2069–2079 (1969)
237 11. Nakamura, K., Kawamura, K.: A nuclear magnetic relaxation of 139La in ionic aqueous solutions. Bull.
F
238 Chem. Soc. Japan 44, 330–334 (1971)
239 12. Reuben, J., Fiat, D.: Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of solutions of the rare-earth ions and their
240
OO
complexes. III. Oxygen-17 and proton shifts in aqueous solutions and the nature of aquo and mixed
241 complexes. J. Chem. Phys. 51, 4909–4917 (1969)
242 13. Silber, H.E., Scheinin, N., Atkinson, G., Grecsek, J.: Kinetic investigation of lanthanide(III)–nitrate
243 complexation reaction. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 68, 1200–1212 (1972)
244 14. Garnsey, R., Ebdon, D.W.: Ionic association in aqueous lanthanide nitrate solutions by ultrasonic
245 absorption spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 50–56 (1969)
246 15. Choppin, G.R., Strazik, W.F.: Complexes of trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions. I. outer-sphere ion
PR
247 pairs. Inorg. Chem. 4, 1250–1254 (1965)
248 16. Bukietynska, K., Choppin, G.R.: Environmental effects on f–f transitions. III. Spectral intensities of
249 lanthanide nitrate, sulfate, and a-picolinate solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 52, 2875–2880 (1970)
250 17. Choppin, G.R., Henrie, D.E., Buijs, K.: Environmental effects on f–f transitions. I. Neodymium(III).
251 Inorg. Chem. 5, 1743–1748 (1966)
252 18. Bansal, B.M.L., Patil, S.K., Sharma, H.D.: Chloride, nitrate and sulphate complexes of europium(III)
253 and americium(III). J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 26, 993–1000 (1964)
ED
254 19. Abrahamer, I., Marcus, Y.: Interaction of lanthanide and nitrate ions in solutions. I. Inner- and outer-
255 sphere coordination in aqueous solutions. Inorg. Chem. 6, 2103–2106 (1967)
256 20. Spedding, F.H., Jaffe, S.: Conductances, transference numbers and activity coefficients of some rare
257 earth perchlorates and nitrates at 25°. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 884–888 (1954)
258 21. Hester, R.E., Plane, R.A.: A Raman spectrophotometric comparison of interionic association in aqueous
259
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solutions of metal nitrates, sulfates, and perchlorates. Inorg. Chem. 3, 769–770 (1964)
260 22. Standard, A.S.T.M.: D-1193. Specification for Reagent, Water (2006)
261 23. ASTM Standard D-4052, Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital
262 Density Meter (2002)
263 24. Millero, F.J.: The molal volumes of electrolytes. Chem. Rev. 71, 147–176 (1971)
264 25. Marriot, R.A., Hakin, A.W., Rard, J.A.: Apparent molar heat capacities and apparent molar volumes of
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265 Y2(SO4)3(aq), La2(SO4)3(aq), Pr2(SO4)3(aq), Nd2(SO4)3(aq), Eu2(SO4)3(aq), Dy2(SO4)3(aq), Ho2(-

266 SO4)3(aq), and Lu2(SO4)3(aq) at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 33, 643–687
267 (2001)
268 26. Hakin, A.W., Liu, J.L., Erickson, K., Munoz, J.-V., Rard, J.A.: Apparent molar volumes and apparent
269 molar heat capacities of Pr(NO3)3(aq), Gd(NO3)3(aq), Ho(NO3)3(aq), and Y(NO3)3(aq) at T = (288.15,
270 298.15, 313.15, and 328.15) K and p = 0.1 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 37, 153–167 (2005)
R
271 27. Kumar, S., Koganti, S.B.: Prediction of densities of mixed aqueous solutions of electrolytes—UO2(-
272 NO3)2, Pu(NO3)4 and nitric acid. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 34, 410–412 (1997)
273 28. Rard., J.A.: Osmotic and activity coefficients of aqueous La(NO3)3 and densities and apparent molal
CO
274 volumes of aqueous Eu(NO3)3 at 25 °C. J. Chem. Eng. Data 32, 92–98 (1987)
275 29. Hepler, L.G.: Thermal expansion and structure in water and aqueous solutions. Can. J. Chem. 47,
276 4613–4617 (1969)
277 30. Leipziger, F.D., Roberts, J.E.: The apparent molar refraction of some aqueous rare earth nitrates.
278 J. Phys. Chem. 62, 1014–1016 (1958)
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123
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Author Family Name Dash

Received 22 February 2013

3 Temperature Dependency Studies on Volumetric Change

4 and Structural Interaction in Aqueous Rare Earth

8 Received: 22 February 2013 / Accepted: 9 April 2015

10 Abstract Densities and refractive indices of the aqueous solutions of lanthanum,

22 the experimental values with those of literature, if available. The compositional

25 Keywords Electrolytes Density Refractive index Apparent molar volume Structural

A1 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10953-015-0381-6)

A3 & Shekhar Kumar

29 The study of thermophysical properties of dilute aqueous electrolytes is of great impor-

31 understanding many phenomena of industrial, environmental, and geochemical issues.

57 2.1 Chemicals Used

62 2.2 Apparatus and Procedures

81 The apparent molar volume of solutes (designated as component 2) in solutions at

Table 2 Apparent molar volume

Pr(NO3)3 27.77 7.31

109 with the corresponding literature data.

112 On integrating Eq. 4, we have

Table 8 Regressed coefficients of density for different electrolytes at different temperatures

136 Applying the Maxwell relation to the differential of enthalpy,

138 Volumetric and thermal properties of solution can be correlated as

140 where Cp is the isobaric heat capacity of the solutions.

Table 9 Refractive indices of aqueous rare earth nitrate solutions at 298.15 K

0.0002 1.33245 37.1101 0.0002 1.33252 37.1172 0.0003 1.33246 37.1172

0.0979 1.33676 37.6543 0.0984 1.33682 38.0884 0.0965 1.33667 38.0884

0.2449 1.34276 37.8652 0.2024 1.34115 38.2514 0.2724 1.34361 38.2514

0.0002 1.33247 37.1168 0.0002 1.33246 37.1123

0.0044 1.33266 37.1513 0.0046 1.33268 37.1576

0.047 1.33455 37.5484 0.0478 1.33452 37.5824

0.2497 1.34285 38.3658 0.2421 1.34233 38.4526

0.4972 1.35204 38.6543 0.4187 F 1.34869 38.6859

Table 10 Regressed coefficients

Sm(NO3)3 0.0434 -0.0081

234 gadolinium nitrate. J. Chem. Phys. 54, 4479–4489 (1971)

265 Y2(SO4)3(aq), La2(SO4)3(aq), Pr2(SO4)3(aq), Nd2(SO4)3(aq), Eu2(SO4)3(aq), Dy2(SO4)3(aq), Ho2(-

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