PULWAMA ATTACK

SUBMITTED BY-
ASHUTOSH KUMAR, B.A., LL.B.(HONS.)
(1’st semester), (Roll No.- 2114)
SUBMITTED TO-
MR. VIJAYANT SINHA
This final draft is submitted in partial fulfilment in Legal Methods & Research
Methodology for the completion of B.A., LL.B.(HONS.) course.

SEPTEMBER 2019
CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY,
PATNA
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE…………………………3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………...4
1. Introduction………………………………………………………..5
1.1 Aims and Objectives…………………………………………..6
1.2 Research Questions…………………………………………....6
1.3 Hypothesis……………………………………………………...6
1.4 Research Methodology………………………………………...6
2. Jaish-e-Mohammed………………………………………………..6
3. Role of Central Reserve Police Force…………………………….8
4. Problems faced by general public of Jammu and Kashmir due to
regular war like situation between India and Pakistan…………9
5. Effect of war on society……………………………………………11
5.1 On the economy………………………………………………..11

5.2 Destruction of infrastructure…………………………………12

5.3 Labour force…………………………………………………...13

5.4 On society……………………………………………………....13

5.5 Displacement…………………………………………………...14
5.6 Education……………………………………………………….15
5.7 Gender…………………………………………………………..16
5.8 Politically……………………………………………………….17

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………17
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I, hereby, declare that the work reported in the B.A. L.L.B (Hons.) Project Report entitled
“PULWAMA ATTACK” submitted at CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY,
PATNA is an authentic record of my work carried out under the supervision of Mr. Vijayant
Sinha. I have not submitted this work elsewhere for any other degree or diploma. I am fully
responsible for the contents of my Project Report.

(Signature of the Candidate)

ASHUTOSH KUMAR,

B.A. LL.B., 1st year

SEMESTER -1st

CNLU, Patna
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to show my gratitude towards my guide Mr. Vijayant Sinha, Faculty of Legal
Method and Research Methodology, under whose guidance, I structured my project.

I owe the present accomplishment of my project to my CNLU librarians, who helped me

immensely with materials throughout the project and without whom I couldn’t have
completed it in the present way.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends and all those unseen hands that helped
me out at every stage of my project.

THANK YOU,

ASHUTOSH KUMAR,

SEMESTER -1st

CNLU, PATNA
1. Introduction:
On 14 February 2019, a convoy of vehicles carrying security personnel on the Jammu
Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber at Lethpora in
the Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The attack resulted in the deaths of 40
Central Reserve Police Force personnel and the attacker. The responsibility for the attack was
claimed by the Pakistan-based Islamist militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed. The attacker was
Adil Ahmad Dar, a local from Pulwama district, and a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed. India
has blamed Pakistan for the attack. Pakistan condemned the attack and denied any connection
to it.

Start date- 14 February 2019.

Fatalities- 40.

Location- Lethpora, Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Target- Security personnel of the Central Reserve Police Force.

Attack type- suicide attack, car bombing.

Deaths- 40+1 suicide bomber.

After this incident, India strike back. Indian fighter jets crossed the Line of Control before
dawn on Tuesday (after two weeks of Pulwama Attack) and carried out “non-military pre-
emptive air strikes” within Pakistan to target a training camp of the terror group Jaish-e-
Mohammed, in the biggest escalation between the two countries in decades.

Around 3:30 am on Tuesday, 12 Mirage 2000 fighter jets of the Indian Air Force crossed the
Line of Control and dropped 1000 kg bombs on a vast terror training facility at Balakot,
which was the hub of suicide attack training.

Several terrorists, trainers and Jaish commanders planning more terror strikes in India were
killed.

Some 300 terrorists, including Jaish chief Masood Azhar’s brother-in-law, were killed.
1.1 Aims and Objectives:
a). The researcher tends to throw some light on causes of Pulwama Attack and its
consequences.
b). The researcher tends to throw some light on relationship of India and Pakistan after
Pulwama Attack.

1.2 Research Questions:

1) Pulwama Attack.
2) Terrorist group involved in Pulwama Attack.
3) Establishment and functions of Central Reserve Police Force.

1.3 Hypothesis:
The researcher tends to hypothesize the Pulwama Attack, terrorist group involved after it, the
problems faced by C.R.P.F. and effect of attack on India-Pakistan relationship.

1.4 Research Methodology:

The researcher relied on the doctrinal method of research to complete this project. The
researcher also takes help from books, websites, and journals to complete the project.

2. Jaish-e-Mohammed:
Jaish-e-Mohammed (literally "The Army of Muhammed", abbreviated as (JeM) is a Pakistan-
based Deobandi Jihadist terrorist group active in Kashmir. The group's primary motive is to
separate Kashmir from India and merge it into Pakistan. Since its inception in 2000, the terror
outfit has carried out several attacks in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It projects Kashmir
as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation.
After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its ‘jihad’ to other parts of India, with an intent to
drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent. It has carried out several
attacks primarily in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It also maintained close relations
with Taliban and Al-qaeda in Afghanistan and continues to be allied to them.

Scholars state that JeM was created with the support of Pakistan's Inter- Services Alliance
(ISI), which uses it to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.
The JeM has been banned in Pakistan since 2002, but resurfaced under other names It
continues openly to operate several facilities in the country.
According to B. Raman, Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed as the "deadliest" and "the principal
terrorist organization in Jammu and Kashmir". The group was responsible for several terror
attacks: 2001 attack on Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly, 2001 Indian Parliament
attack, 2016 Pathankot airbase attack, 2016 attack on the Indian Mission in Mazar-i-Sharif,
2016 Uri attack, and 2019 Pulwama attack, each of which has had strategic consequences for
India–Pakistan relations. The group has been formed an organization by Pakistan, Russia,
Australia, Canada, India, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States,
and the United Nations.

In 2016, Jaish was suspected of being responsible for an attack on the Pathankot airbase in
India. The Indian government, and some other sources, accused Pakistan of assisting Jaish in
conducting the attack. Pakistan denied assisting Jaish, and arrested several members of Jaish
in connection with the attack, who were then released by the security establishment according
to a report in Dawn. Pakistan called the report a "fabrication".

In February 2019, the group took responsibility for a suicide bombing attack on a security
convoy in the Pulwama district that killed over 40 security personnel, named as one of the
largest attacks in recent years.

Origins:
Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is said to have created Jaish-e-Mohammed by
working with several Deobandi terrorists associated with Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. By the late
1990s, states Ahmed Rashid, the Pakistani military justified jihad in Kashmir as a legitimate
part of its foreign policy. Harkat had been set up in mid-1990s with ISI support to carry out
"spectacular acts of terrorism". The United States declared it a terrorist group in 1998 and
bombed its training camps in Afghanistan.

In December 1999, Harkat terrorists hijacked the Indian Airlines Flight 814 scheduled to fly
from Kathmandu to Delhi, and diverted it to Kandahar, where they were looked after by the
Afghan Taliban and the Pakistani officials stationed at the airport. After they slit the throat of
a passenger, the Indian government agreed to their demands and released Maulana Masood
Azhar, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar, three Harkat operatives
previously imprisoned in India. The released prisoners were escorted to Pakistan by the ISI,
and Masood Azhar was chosen to head the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed. The ISI is said to
have paraded him on a victory tour through Pakistan to raise money for the new organisation.
Some analysts argue that ISI built up the JeM to counter the growing power of Lashkar-e-
Taiba (LeT). Many analysts believed that around 1999, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence
(ISI) used JeM to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.
Although the JeM has been officially banned in Pakistan since 2002, it continues to openly
operate several facilities in the country.

Azhar's leadership is said to be nominal. The group has a largely decentralised structure.
JeM's membership, drawn from the former members of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, was allied to
the Taliban in Afghanistan and Al Qaeda. The members had shared the Al Qaeda training
camps in Afghanistan and carried loyalty to Al Qaeda. A majority of the members of Harkat
are said to have followed Azhar into the newly founded group, leaving Harkat under-funded
and under-supported.

3. Role of Central Reserve Police Force:

The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is India's largest Central Armed Police Force and
also considered to be World's largest Paramilitary Force. It functions under the authority of
the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India. The CRPF's primary role
lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order and
counter insurgency. It came into existence as the Crown Representative's Police on 27 July
1939. After Indian Independence, it became the Central Reserve Police Force on enactment
of the CRPF Act on 28 December 1949.

Besides law and order and counter-insurgency duties, the CRPF has played an increasingly
large role in India's general elections. This is especially true for the states of Jammu and
Kashmir, Bihar and in the North East, with the presence of unrest and often violent conflict.
During the Parliamentary elections of September 1999, the CRPF played a major role in the
security arrangements. Of late, CRPF contingents are also being deployed in UN missions.

With 239 battalions and various other establishments, the CRPF is considered India's largest
paramilitary force and has a sanctioned strength of more than 300,000 personnel as of 2017.

The Force has grown into a big organization with 243 Bns, (including 210 executive Bns, 6
Mahila Bns, 15 RAF Bns, 10 CoBRA Bns, 5 Signal Bns and 1 Special Duty Group, 1
Parliament Duty Group), 43Group Centres, 20 Training Institutions, 3 CWS, 7 AWS, 3 SWS,
4 Composite Hospitals of 100 bed and 17 Composite Hospitals of 50 bed. It is All India in
character, both in deployment and in its composition. Due to its unique capability to quickly
adapt to various situational requirements, and also, to work in perfect harmony with the State
Police, CRPF has, over the years, acquired the distinction of being perhaps the most
acceptable Force, by the people and the State administrations.

4. Problems faced by general public of Jammu and Kashmir due

to regular war like situation between India and Pakistan:
Early history

According to the mid-12th century text Rajatarangini, the Kashmir Valley was formerly a
lake. Hindu mythology relates that the lake was drained by the sage Kashyapa, by cutting a
gap in the hills at Baramulla (Varaha-mula), and invited Brahmans to settle there. This
remains the local tradition and Kashyapa is connected with the draining of the lake in
traditional histories. The chief town or collection of dwellings in the valley is called
Kashyapa-pura, which has been identified as Ancient Greek: Κασπάπυρος Kaspapyros in
Hecataeus (Apud Stephanus of Byzantium) and the Kaspatyros of Herodotus, 3.102. Kashmir
is also believed to be the country indicated by Ptolemy's Kaspeiria.

The Pashtun Durrani Empire ruled Kashmir in the 18th century until its 1819 conquest by the
Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh. The Raja of Jammu Gulab Singh, who was a vassal of the Sikh
Empire and an influential noble in the Sikh court, sent expeditions to various border
kingdoms and ended up encircling Kashmir by 1840. Following the First Anglo-Sikh War
(1845–1846), Kashmir was ceded under the Treaty of Lahore to the East India Company,
which transferred it to Gulab Singh through the Treaty of Amritsar, in return for the payment
of indemnity owed by the Sikh empire. Gulab Singh took the title of the Maharaja of Jammu
and Kashmir. From then until the 1947 partition of India, Kashmir was ruled by the
Maharajas of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. According to the 1941 census, the
state's population was 77 percent Muslim, 20 percent Hindu and 3 percent others (Sikhs and
Buddhists). Despite its Muslim majority, the princely rule was an overwhelmingly Hindu
state. The Muslim majority suffered under Hindu rule with high taxes and discrimination.

The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan over the
Kashmir region. The conflict started after the partition of India in 1947 as a dispute over the
former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and escalated into three wars between India and
Pakistan and several other armed skirmishes. China has also been involved in the conflict in a
third-party role. Both India and Pakistan claim the entirety of the former princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir. India controls approximately 55% of the land area of the region and
70% of its population, Pakistan controls approximately 30% of the land, while China controls
the remaining 15%. India administers Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen
Glacier. Pakistan administers Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. China administers the
mostly uninhabited Shaksgam Valley, and the Aksai Chin region.

After the partition of India and a rebellion in the western districts of the state, Pakistani tribal
militias invaded Kashmir, leading the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir to join India and
starting the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 which ended with a UN-mediated ceasefire along a
line that was eventually named the Line of Control. After further fighting in the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1965 and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Simla Agreement formally
established the Line of Control between the two nations' controlled territories. In 1999, armed
conflict between India and Pakistan broke out again in the Kargil War over the Kargil district.

Since 1989, Kashmiri protest movements were created to voice Kashmir's disputes and
grievances with the Indian government in the Indian-controlled Kashmir Valley, with some
Kashmiri separatists in armed conflict with the Indian government based on the demand for
self-determination. The 2010s were marked by further unrest erupting within the Kashmir
Valley. The 2010 Kashmir unrest began after an alleged fake encounter between local youth
and security forces. Thousands of youths pelted security forces with rocks, burned
government offices, and attacked railway stations and official vehicles in steadily intensifying
violence. The Indian government blamed separatists and Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based
militant group, for stoking the 2010 protests. The 2016 Kashmir unrest erupted after killing of
a Hizbul Mujahideen militant, Burhan Wani, by Indian security forces. Further unrest in the
region erupted after the 2019 Pulwama attack.

According to scholars, Indian forces have committed many human rights abuses and acts of
terror against Kashmiri civilian population including extrajudicial killing, rape, torture, and
enforced disappearances. According to Amnesty International, no member of the Indian
military deployed in Jammu and Kashmir has been tried for human rights violations in a
civilian court as of June 2015, although there have been military court martials held. Amnesty
International has also accused the Indian government of refusing to prosecute perpetrators of
abuses in the region.
5. Effect of war on society:
Post war effects are widely spread and can be long term or short term. Soldiers experience
war differently than civilians, although either suffer in times of war, and women and children
suffer unspeakable atrocities in particular. In the past decade, up to two million of those killed
in armed conflicts were children. The widespread trauma caused by these atrocities and
suffering of the civilian population is another legacy of these conflicts, the following creates
extensive emotional and psychological stress. Present-day internal wars generally take a
larger toll on civilians than state wars. This is due to the increasing trend where combatants
have made targeting civilians a strategic objective. A state conflict is an armed conflict that
occurs with the use of armed force between two parties, of which one is the government of a
state. "The three problems posed by intra‐state conflict are the willingness of UN members,
particularly the strongest member, to intervene; the structural ability of the UN to respond;
and whether the traditional principles of peacekeeping should be applied to intra‐state
conflict". Effects of war also include mass destruction of cities and have long lasting effects
on a country's economy. Armed conflict have important indirect negative consequences on,
infrastructure, public health provision, and social order. These indirect consequences are
often overlooked and underappreciated.

5.1 On the economy

The economy may suffer devastating impacts during and after a time of war. According to
Shank, "negative unintended consequences occur either concurrently with the war or develop
as residual effects afterwards thereby impeding the economy over the longer term". In 2012
the economic impact of war and violence was estimated to be eleven percent of gross world
product (GWP) or 9.46 trillion dollars. Everyday activities of a community or country are
disrupted and property may be damaged. When people become misplaced, they cannot
continue to work or keep their businesses open, causing damages to the economy of countries
involved. A government may decide to direct money to fund war efforts, leaving other
institutions with little or no available budget.

In some cases war has stimulated a country's economy (World War II is often credited with
bringing America out of the Great Depression). According to the World Bank the event that
conflicts subside in the country, and in the event that there is a transition to democracy the
following will result in an increase economic growth by encouraging investment of the
country and its people, schooling, economic restructuring, public-good provision, and
reducing social unrest. Conflict very rarely has positive effects on an economy according to
the world bank "Countries bordering conflict zones are facing tremendous budgetary
pressure. The World Bank estimates that the influx of more than 630,000 Syrian refugees
have cost Jordan over USD 2.5 billion a year. This amounts to 6 percent of GDP and one-
fourth of government's annual revenues". One of the most commonly cited benefits for the
economy is higher GDP growth. This has occurred throughout all of the conflict periods,
other than in the Afghanistan and Iraq war period. Another benefit commonly mentioned is
that WWII established the appropriate conditions for future growth and ended the great
depression. In previous cases, such as the wars of Louis XIV, the Franco-Prussian War, and
World War I, warfare serves only to damage the economy of the countries involved. For
example, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it
almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

As a result of the Sri Lankan Civil War, Sri Lanka's military spending as a percentage of
GDP, increased from 1.6 percent in 1983 to 3.5 in 2008 and reached an all-time peak at 5.9
percent of GDP in 1995 representing over 20 percent of the government's total spending.
Until the war, arms were not nearly a significant amount of government spending and their
defense personnel increased from 22,000 in 1989 to 213,000 in 2008. After the war began,
however, arms were imported annually in response to increasing violence. By the year 2000,
the Sri Lankan government's "import bill for arms was around $US 274 million", a record
high during the war.

5.2 Destruction of infrastructure

Destruction of infrastructure can create a catastrophic collapse in the social interrelated

structure, infrastructure services, education and health care system. Destruction of schools
and educational infrastructure have led to a decline in education among many countries
affected by war. If certain infrastructural elements are significantly damaged or destroyed, it
can cause serious disruption of the other systems such as the economy. This includes loss of
certain transportation routes in a city which could make it impossible for the economy to
function properly and also for people to be evacuated.

5.3 Labour force

The labour force of the economy also changes with the effects of war. The labour force is
affected in a multitude of ways most often due to the drastic loss of life, change in population,
the labour force size shrinking due to the movement of refugees and displacement and the
destruction of infrastructure which in turn allows for a deterioration of productivity.

When men head off to war, women take over the jobs they left behind. This causes an
economic shift in certain countries because after the war these women usually want to keep
their jobs. The shortage of labour force during the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War enabled women
to enter fields of employment that had previously been closed to them and absorbed them into
a large number of much-needed jobs. In Women and Work in Iran, Povey points, "The Iran–
Iraq war reduced the supply of male labour is one factor. The war increased the number of
women seeking work or resisting exclusion. Many women even occupied important positions
for the first time". This can also be seen in the Second Liberian Civil War, and in the
Rwandan genocide. Women in both conflicts took over their husband’s jobs due to the effects
of the war, and received more economic equality as a result.

5.4 On society

"International humanitarian law (IHL), also known as the laws of war and the law of armed
conflict, is the legal framework applicable to situations of armed conflict and occupation. As
a set of rules and principles it aims, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed
conflict". International humanitarian law works to limit the effects of war and will protect the
people who do not participate in such hostilities. Most wars have resulted in a significant loss
of life. Conflict characterizes a major obstacle for the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), particularly for the universal completion of primary education and gender equality
in education. "The Millennium Development goals are the world's time-bound and quantified
targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions-income poverty, hunger,
disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion-while promoting gender equality, education,
and environmental sustainability. They are also basic human rights-the rights of each person
on the planet to health, education, shelter, and security". There can be no doubt that armed
conflict directly kills, injures, and harms more men than women in that combatants are
predominantly male. Armed conflict has many indirect consequences such as on health and
survival. "Armed conflict both generates conditions for increased morbidity and mortality".

During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, more French soldiers died of typhus than were
killed by the Russians. Felix Markham thinks that 450,000 crossed the Neman on 25 June
1812, of whom less than 40,000 recrossed in anything like a recognizable military formation.
More soldiers were killed from 1500–1914 by typhus than from all military action during that
time combined. In addition, if it were not for the modern medical advances there would be
thousands more dead from disease and infection.

5.5 Displacement

Displacement or forced migration results most often during a time of war and can adversely
affect both the community and an individual. When a war breaks out, many people flee their
homes in fear of losing their lives and their families, and as a result, they become misplaced
either internally or externally. Those who are internally displaced face a direct threat because
they do not receive the rights that a refugee may receive and are not eligible for protection
under an international system. Victims of internal displacements are symptoms of war that are
often motivated by communal hatred based on ethnic background, race, or religious views.
External displacement are individuals who are forced out of the borders of their country into
another as seen with the Syrian Refugees. The following may have a severe economic impact
on a country.

In 2015, 53 percent of refugees worldwide originated from Somalia, Afghanistan, and Syria.
In a Global Trends Report by the UNHRC, approximately 65 million people around the world
have been forced from their home. Out of this number, 21.3 million are refugees, over half of
the demographic under the age of 18. Some of the top countries absorbing these displaced
peoples are Pakistan (1.6 million), Lebanon (1.1 million), and Turkey (2.5 million). In times
of violence, people are displaced from their homes and seek places where they are welcome,
periodically meeting places they are not welcome.

In response to an influx of refugees and asylum seekers from countries such as Afghanistan,
Iraq, and Sri Lanka, Australia initiated a controversial plan in 2001 titled the Pacific Solution
which called for all asylum seekers arriving by boat to be sent to the small and barren island
Nauru. Asylum seekers were housed in crowded tents and lived under a constant threat of
running out of resources, especially water. Individuals were kept in the detention center until
their refugee status was granted or denied. Chris Evans, former immigration minister stated
the Pacific Solution as being “a cynical, costly and ultimately unsuccessful exercise,” and
was ended under a newly elected Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in 2007. In February 2008,
after the Pacific Solution was ended, the final members of a group of 82 refugees detained on
Nauru were granted residency rights and resettled in Australia according to a humanitarian
resettlement program.
In the case of the Sri Lankan Civil War, displacement had a high chance to impoverish those
affected, but women and children were found to be the most vulnerable to the burden of
displacement. A Sri Lankan female head of household earns less than a household that has a
male head. After men and women became displaced, however, females lost 76% of their
income and males lost 80%. While the lost income is within a relatively close percentage,
females were more likely, on average to fall below the official poverty line. Male household
by comparison were able to stay above the line even after becoming displaced. In a post-
displacement setting, male headed households had more earned income than female headed
households. Males benefit from manual labor, carpentry, masonry, and government services
while females had earned their income from informal work. Informal work for females is
more difficult in a post-displacement setting where they do not have access to the same tools
as they did pre-displacement.

The Palestinian people have suffered from displacement as a result of armed conflict and the
military occupation. The largest displacement caused due to war occurred in 1947, after the
United Nations agreed to have Palestine divided into two states. It later became the Israeli
decision that Palestinian refugees no longer were permitted to return to their lands unless it
was to reunify a family. "Nearly one-third of the registered Palestine refugees, more than 1.5
million individuals, live in 58 recognized Palestine refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, the
Syrian Arab Republic, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem".

5.6 Education

Oftentimes when a country is in an economic crisis there is an increase in poverty which

results in the decline of education. Over half of the world's children that are out of school are
assessed to live in conflict-affected fragile states. According to the UNESCO report “The
groups most negatively affected by conflict were those that suffered from multiple exclusion,
for example based on gender, area of residence, household wealth, language, and ethnicity”.
One predominantly damaging, effect of conflict on education is the proliferation of attacks on
schools with children, teachers and school buildings become the targets of violence. During
times of war teachers and students often suffer from death or displacement. This prevents the
opening of schools and increases teacher’s absenteeism. In the case of Iraq, boys were pulled
out of school to work for their families, and therefore the education gap for men and women
shrank.
5.7 Gender

Conflict negatively impacts women and men, which often results in gender-specific
difficulties that are not recognized or addressed by mainstream communities across the globe
(Baden and Goetz, 1997). War impacts women differently as they are more likely to die from
indirect causes as opposed to direct causes. "Women and girls suffered disproportionately
during and after war, as existing inequalities were magnified, and social networks broke
down, making them more vulnerable to sexual violence and exploitation, the Under-
Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations". Men during war are more likely to die from
direct causes such as direct violence. The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, made
women and armed conflict one of most critical areas of concern. It stated that peace is
directly linked to equality between men and women and to development post conflict
(Beijing Platform for Action). Plumper found that most women live longer when they are in
peacetime, when compared to a state that is in armed conflict the gender gap of life
expectancy drastically decreases in the male to female ratio. The indirect effects of
militarized conflicts' affect access to food, hygiene, health services, and clean water. Women
suffer more harshly from the damage to the health as well as overall well being, other
infrastructure damages, and the wider economic damage as well as from dislocation during
and post-conflict. During a time of war women are often separated from their husbands or
lose them as a cost of war. Because of this there is a dramatic economic cost effect on women
causing many to bear the entire economic responsibility for their household.
Three of the most common things done by Israeli military occupation includes the apartheid
wall, displacement of people, and house demolitions caused by bombings especially in Gaza.
This has severe consequences on men and women. As the number of marital disputes rises
after a house demolition, women are forced to look for work in order to support the
livelihood of their families. Also, there is a large rise in domestic violence that leaves women
more vulnerable. Palestinians, particularly women, are unable to access basic services
because of the closeness to or route of the apartheid wall, resulting in everyday abuse and
suffering as they pass through Israeli checkpoints in order to have such access and
admittance.

5.8 Politically

When war strikes it ends up affecting government structures along with the people in power
of the government. Many times, one regime is removed and new forms of government are
put into place. This can be seen in the Second Liberian Civil War where rebels had removed
the current leader, Charles Taylor, and with the help of the United Nations deployed a new
democratic form of government that stands for equal rights and even has a women president
in Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. This change in government was also apparent in Rwanda in 1993
when the genocide finally stopped. The country had shifted from dictatorship to pure
democracy and gave both men and women the right to vote. The country also installed a
quota system where a certain number of government seats must belong to women. The
country's quota was 30% of seats, however women now hold 55% of seats from their own
merit. These changes in government also changes the way the country behaves economically.

Some scholars, however, have argued that war can have a positive effect on political
development.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
BOOKS:

1. India-Pakistan Relations: Issues and challenges

Publisher- G.B. Books

Edition- 01, 2016

Writers- Sanjay Kumar, Dhirendra Dwivedi and Mohammad Samir Hussain

2. India- Pakistan Relations

Publisher- Kalpaz Publications

Writers- Ajithkumar M.P.

WEBSITES:

1. www.thehindu.com

2. www.indiatoday.in

3. en.m.wikipedia.org