Biogas Audit Bangladesh 2011 - 2013: Background, Boundaries, Methodologies Detailed Results

FINAL REPORT Biogas Audit Bangladesh 2011 - 2013, VOLUME II
BIOGAS AUDIT 1
BANGLADESH
2011 - 2013
VOLUME II
Background, Boundaries,
Methodologies
and
Detailed Results
FINAL VERSION
June 2013
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Beijing, PR China
NDBMP-IDCOL Dhaka/Bangladesh USTB Beijing/P.R. China

FINAL REPORT Biogas Audit Bangladesh 2011 - 2013, VOLUME II!
2!
A Study conducted for the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme
(NDBMP)
Infrastructure Development Company Ltd. (IDCOL) / KfW – Kreditanstalt fuer
Wiederaufbau / German Development Bank
Note:
This paper reflects the opinion of the authors, not necessarily IDCOL's or
KfW's policy.
Consultants:
Prof. Dr. Li Zifu, Heinz-Peter Mang, Kalidas Neupane, Elisabeth-Maria Huba, Marc Wauthelet
Assistants:
Cheng Shikun, Nusrat Jahan, Dr. Thomas Fischer
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3!
Content VOLUME II
Abbreviations and Acronyms!______________________________________________!5!
Management Summary!____________________________________________________!6!
Acknowledgements!_______________________________________________________!8!
1.! Introduction and Justification!_________________________________________!10!
2.! Audit Background, Boundaries and Methodologies!_____________________!13!
2.1 Background!_______________________________________________________________!13!
2.2 Boundaries! _______________________________________________________________!14!
2.3 Methodologies! ____________________________________________________________!15!
3. Detailed Results!_______________________________________________________!19!
3.1 Fault Tree Approach for technical assessment of Biogas Plant Systems! ______!19!
3.1.1 Introduction!____________________________________________________________________!20!
3.1.2 Resources, technology and locations!______________________________________________!22!
3.1.3 Conceptual model of a Fault Tree Approach!________________________________________!24!
3.1.4 Fault trees!_____________________________________________________________________!26!
3.1.5 Calculations of Fault Probability! __________________________________________________!32!
3.1.6 Conclusions!____________________________________________________________________!33!
3.2 Users' satisfaction!_________________________________________________________!34!
3.3 Effectiveness of Training!___________________________________________________!36!

3.4 Effluent Application!________________________________________________________!38!
3.5 Biogas sector development! ________________________________________________!39!
3.5.1 NDBMP Database for internal monitoring and quality control! _________________________!39!
3.5.2 Biogas sector development from LCPO's perspective! _______________________________!39!
3.5.3 Marketing strategies! ____________________________________________________________!42!
3.5.4 Technology Implementation Procedure!____________________________________________!42!
3.5.5 Loan Implementation Procedure!__________________________________________________!43!
3.5.6 Biogas business planning!________________________________________________________!44!
3.5.7 Biogas Plant Cost and Entrepreneurship / Sector Economy! __________________________!45!
3.5.8 Biogas sector perspectives and NDBMP!___________________________________________!51!
3.5.9 Prefabricated biogas digesters! ___________________________________________________!52!
Attachment to BAB VOLUME II! ___________________________________________!57!

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FIGURES
Figure 1: 9 clusters for BAB data collection!....................................................................................................!23!

Figure 2: Schematic overview on an ideal and complete biogas system for farm-households;
desulfurizer and double burner stoves are not foreseen in the NDBMP standard model!........................!24!
Figure 3: Global fault tree of BPS!....................................................................................................................!27!
Figure 4: Types of failures detected in Biogas Plant Sub-systems!.............................................................!28!
Figure 5: Fault Tree of Structural Components!..............................................................................................!28!
Figure 6: Fault Tree of Biogas Utilization Sub-System!.................................................................................!29!
Figure 7: Fault Tree of Piping Sub-System!.....................................................................................................!30!
Figure 8: Fault Tree of Biogas Production Sub-System!...............................................................................!31!
Figure 9: Fault Tree for Effluent Disposal Sub-System!.................................................................................!32!
Figure 10: Fault probability of the five sub-systems!......................................................................................!33!
TABLES
Table 1: Results of Biogas User Surveys 2007 to 201, internal Technical Audit 2010 and BAB 2011-
2013: Functioning of Biogas Plants (in % and [households])!.......................................................................!10!
Table 2: Categories of 171 recommendations formulated in BUS 2007 – 2011 and TA 2010!...............!11!
Table 3: Cattle and Poultry farm households audited!...................................................................................!16!
Table 4: Criteria and descriptions for failures of sub-systems of small-sized biogas systems:!..............!25!
Table 5: Overview on interviews disaggregated by gender!..........................................................................!34!
Table 6: Information and knowledge transfer from LCPOs to biogas owners and operators!..................!37!
Table 7: Organizational focus of LCPOs!.........................................................................................................!40!
Table 8: Technical focus of LCPOs!.................................................................................................................!40!
Table 9: Main income of LCPOs!......................................................................................................................!40!
Table 10: Legal character of LCPOs!...............................................................................................................!41!
Table 11: Business Nature of LCPOs!..............................................................................................................!41!
Table 12: Promotion material!............................................................................................................................!42!
Table 13: After construction services (ACS) / After Sales Services (ASS) and monitoring!.....................!42!
Table 14: Major problems addressed in After Construction Services!.........................................................!43!
Table 15: Payment of subsidies from IDCOL to LCPOs!...............................................................................!44!
Table 16: Gross profit margin from biogas plant construction!.....................................................................!46!
Table 17: Economic performance of LCPO biogas departments in FY 2012: 58% are in loss!...............!46!
Table 18: Example calculations for the construction of biogas plants!........................................................!47!
Table 19: Costs of Biogas plants!....................................................................................................................!48!
Table 20: Operational expenses per LCPO and its 10 Branch offices!.......................................................!48!
Table 21: If 510 plants per year per LCPO are constructed, an institutional support of BDT 8.100 /
plant is needed!....................................................................................................................................................!49!
Table 22: If 810 plants per year per LCPO are constructed, an institutional support of BDT 6.000/plant
is needed!.............................................................................................................................................................!49!
Table 23: SWOT analysis of NDBMP programme conducted by LCPOs!..................................................!51!
Table 24: Advantages and disadvantages of biogas technology for LCPOs and the country!................!52!
Table 25: Comparison between onsite constructed and offsite-manufactured digesters!........................!53!
Table 26: Comparison ABS, FRP and concrete digester!.............................................................................!54!
Table 27: Standards for Soft digester!..............................................................................................................!54!
Table 28: Performance comparison between brickwork and plastic digesters!..........................................!55!
Table 29: Transportation and installation of Prefabricated Bag Digesters!.................................................!55!
Table 30: Criteria list to select best appropriate prefabricated biogas plant!..............................................!56!
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Abbreviations and Acronyms

5!
ADB Asian Development Bank
BAB Biogas Audit Bangladesh Team
BBDF Bangladesh Biogas Development Foundation
BDT Bangladesh Taka (national currency)
BGP Biogas Plant
BPS Biogas Plant System
BSCIR Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
BUS Biogas user Survey
FTA Fault Tree Approach
FY Fiscal Year
GoB Government of Bangladesh
h hour(s)
ha hectare
hh Household(s)
ICS Improved cooking stove
IDCOL Infrastructure Development Company Limited
NDBMP National Domestic Biogas and Manure Program
(I)NGO (International) Non-Governmental Organization
KfW Kreditanstalt fuer Wiederaufbau
LCG Local Consultative Group
LCPO Lending & Construction Partner Organization
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MFI Micro Finance Institute
mio million
NBFI Non-bank financial institution
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PO Partner Organization
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation
TA Technical Audit
ToR Terms of Reference
VOL Volume (document)
WP Work Package
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Management Summary 6!
The Biogas Audit Report Bangladesh 2011 - 2012 is structured into three volumes and five parts:
Volume I
(I) Summary of Findings & Recommendations - focuses on the main objective and the
results of the Technical Audit and Implementation Verification Mission for the KfW-
supported biogas activities in Bangladesh, Biogas Audit Bangladesh (BAB) for short. To
achieve the main objective: "a comprehensive operational assessment of the promoted
hardware (technology) as well as software (management, coordination, process,
performances and impacts) aspects of the biogas plants installed in the framework of
NDBMP from 2006 to 2012", the scope of work of the BAB team was oriented on 7 key
questions, which defined 7 Work Packages (WP):
WP1: How reliable is the data from regular users' surveys on plant operation rate, slurry
use?
WP2: How to optimize low cost household biogas plant performance?
WP3: How good is the biogas plant quality, how good are the design, construction quality,
appliance quality, and after-sales service quality?
WP4: How reliable is the NDBMP regular internal monitoring?
WP5: How is IDCOL retaining its trained program staff?
WP6: How will the occasional flooding in Bangladesh squeeze the potential market of
biogas and affect plant construction?
WP7: How effective is the coordination between sector institutions on program
interventions, implementing and monitoring?
The ACTION PLAN as outlined during Debriefing Sessions with IDCOL and KfW in May
and June 2013, and related TERMS OF REFERENCES are added as Chapter 8.
Volume II
(II) Introduction and Justification - collects critical findings from biogas plant analysis and
institutional assessments published by international experts since 2005; this part repeats
key observations and remarks from earlier surveys, monitoring and evaluation reports.
(III) Audit background, boundaries and methodologies - summarizes relevant frame and
background information related to the Biogas Audit Bangladesh, and gives a brief
description of audit methodologies and the selection processes, as well as audit
boundaries.
(IV) Detailed results of the audit work - gives more details beyond the findings presented in
Volume I by accomplishing the Specific Objectives as listed in the Terms of Reference:
1. Assess suitability of the design of biogas plants being disseminated in terms of their
proposed performance, durability, cost-effectiveness, user-friendliness, convenience
of operation, availability of feeding materials and its ratio of use, and expected
efficiency.
2. Appraise physical quality of the installed biogas plants in terms of existing condition of
different components in general and gas tightness of dome in particular, quality of
construction materials and appliances, quality of workmanship involved in construction
as well as operation and maintenance conditions.
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3. Evaluate the effectiveness of quality control mechanism: quality standards, monitoring

of quality during construction as well as operation, maintenance and after sales 7!
service, compliance of quality standards, being practiced.
4. Appraise the level of user’s satisfaction in terms of their views on quality of the
product, social and financial benefits being enjoyed from the products, problems being
encountered and user-friendliness of the offered technology.
5. Evaluate the effectiveness of the training offered to the companies and owners, and
appraise level of professionalism of companies and their field staff.
6. Document different effluent application methodologies in relation to fertilizer efficiency

and soil improvement quality.
7. Appraise the internal IDCOL management and sector coordination and document
findings along with the responsibility matrix.
In the ATTACHMENT to Volume II the reader finds the templates of the questionnaires
for households and LCPOs, and the list of persons and institutions contacted during the
audit.
Volume III
(V) Attachment package - contains cross-reference sources with visited plant lists,
databases, and a photo-documentation.
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Acknowledgements 8!
The international team carrying out the Biogas Audit Bangladesh was highly motivated to
enter into the Bangladesh Biogas World where enthusiasm for technical developments
towards advancements of the biogas sector prevails among professionals; and where
constructors and owners raise explicit concerns about technology models, financing
mechanisms and knowledge transfer. With critical solidarity the BAB team analyzed in depth
the implementation work done by NDBMP in the years 2006 to 2012. The results are
presented in this Biogas Audit Report. We take this opportunity to express our thanks again
to all persons who supported our work:
• 159 biogas households, who gave us access to their kitchen, shed, garden and biogas
plant; they have been valuable interview partners, serving fresh fruits, and lending
helping hands for troubleshooting and feedstock weighting. In overall total, 1% of the
NDBMP biogas plants constructed up to September 2012 have been visited by the BAB-
team.
• 15 partner organizations in their offices across the country, who opened their
documentation and talked to us about their entrepreneurial experience with, and
expectations towards IDCOL and NDBMP; in addition they were our local facilitators,
guided us to find the biogas users’ households, and provided spare parts for repairing the
plants before testing. Although they were statistically already representing the currently
(2012) 31 active partner organizations in NDBMP, we also receive important information
from those ‘not sampled’ organizations during the NDBMP stakeholder meetings
• Responsible staff and consultants of KfW, IDCOL, NDBMP, SNV, GIZ, ADB, BBDF who
supplied us with valuable updated and background information, documents, logistics and
active interest in our work:
o KfW through IDCOL supported BAB with

! 333 working days of international (China, Germany, Nepal, Belgium) biogas,
agriculture and evaluation experts, divided in 5 missions to Bangladesh
between 2011 and 2013
! 164 working days of young professionals from Bangladesh and China
supporting the expert team
! Equipment for measurement and survey consumables
! 4 x one month field mission of international experts and young professionals
to visit 6 divisions (out of countrywide 7) and cover 25 districts (out of 64)
! Travel and transport
o IDCOL/NDBMP contributed to BAB
! 4 x one month for NDBMP supervision inspectors as supporting partner staff
for technical-socio-economical field surveys, for discussion and exchange of
ideas, and for field work translation.
! Digital and hardcopy documentation, NDBMP biogas plant database access,
and office support.
!
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! Local transport arrangements for fieldwork.

9!
! Administrative support (to support arrangements for visa, visits in biogas
households, meetings with biogas sector stakeholders).
o SNV working as a NGO in Bangladesh, supporting the Government of Bangladesh to
implement the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme (NDBMP) from
2006 to end 2012 contributed also to BAB team’s work with
! 15 field mission days from accompanying SNV expert,
! Support for logistics, organizing and inviting the BAB team to “prefabricated
biogas plant workshop”, “bioslurry training” and “technical finding workshop”
events, and digital and hardcopy documentation.
• Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) as agricultural research institution
contributed to BAB through exchange of scientific results, being valuable interview
partners, providing research and field trial reports.
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) regional technical assistance project - Empowering
the Poor through Increasing Access to Energy (RETA-7512), under which the Energy for
All Partnership is established as a platform to support various efforts on energy access
in Asian developing countries. The consultant team for “Technical Requirements and
Quality Assurance for Prefabricated Domestic Biogas Plants of Fiberglass Reinforced
Plastics in Bangladesh” exchanged their ideas with the BAB team as RETA-7512 was
looking into the feasibility of introducing prefabricated domestic biogas plants and
analyze the biogas value chain to develop a delivery model and a detailed
implementation plan for disseminating fiberglass biogas plants in Bangladesh.
• The Bangladesh Ministry of Power, Energy, and Mineral Resources (MoPEMR) and
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) jointly implemented
project “Sustainable Energy For Development”, which supported the BAB team with
insights in their strategy how to promote rural electrification by expanding the grid and
using biogas and photovoltaic on the one hand and through sustainable biomass energy
management on the other hand, especially in regard to the use for cooking.
• The Bangladesh Biogas Development Foundation (BBDF) which is creating awareness
on Biogas and spread out the knowledge and idea among the public of Bangladesh, for
their support inviting the BAB team to their events and bring them together with the
Bangladesh biogas expert scene.
• A worldwide network of biogas friends and experts, who followed with great interest and
also essential questions the audit progress
• Our “drivers” and “captains”, who transported us on land and water safely to any place in
the country we selected based on the NDBMP database.
We sincerely hope that this Biogas Audit supports a long-term positive market development
of NDBMP and the Bangladesh biogas sector.
Biogas Audit Bangladesh Team

Prof. Dr. Zifu Li, Heinz-Peter Mang & BAB team colleagues
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1. Introduction and Justification 10!
This Chapter provides an overview on critical findings from biogas plant analysis and
institutional assessments published by international experts since the first programme
feasibility study in 2005. It can therefore not be avoided that this part repeats key
observations and remarks from earlier surveys, monitoring and evaluation reports.
Biogas technology implementation started in Bangladesh during the 70ies. The first floating-
drum biogas plant based on KVIC Indian design was constructed in 1972 at the premises of
Bangladesh Agriculture University (BAU). In 1976, another family size KVIC design plant was
constructed at the premises of BCSIR. In 1981, Environment Pollution Control Department
constructed about 150 floating-drum and 110 Chinese model fixed dome plants. Further
efforts to promote biogas were undertaken by BCSIR, DANIDA, LGED, DLS and Grameen
Bank. During the years 1989 to 1991, IFRD had imparted training to local youth and enabled
them to construct 126 biogas plants. A wider dissemination of biogas technology took place
when BCSIR implemented the “Biogas Pilot Plant (1st phase) Project” July 1995 to June
2000. During this period, 4,664 fixed dome plants were put in place throughout the country.
Hence, following the successful completion of the first phase of the program, BCSIR
implemented the 2nd phase of the Biogas Pilot Plant from July 2000 to June 2004,
establishing 17,194 plants. The investment subsidy for biogas households was Taka 7,500
per plant. In the period October 1998 to June 2003, LGED also implemented a biogas project
and constructed 1,120 biogas plants. Grameen Shakti constructed biogas plants without any
subsidy; about120 plants have been constructed by this organization by December 2005. It
has been observed that out of all the previously constructed biogas plants about 47% has
been said to function well, while another 32% are reported to function partially. Moreover,
most of the biogas plants are found under-fed.
In rural Bangladesh the average cooking time per family per day is estimated to be 5 hours.
Each household consumes about 3 tons of biomass per year for cooking purposes only.
Assuming that 55% of households use biomass for cooking, calculation results in about 40
million tons of biomass required annually country wide for cooking fuel. Supply of such large
quantity of biomass creates high pressure on the forest. It also causes indoor air pollution:
smoke from incomplete burning and often humid biomass is considered to be a major source
of health hazards esp. for women and children, particularly to those belonging to poor and
vulnerable groups. The use of agriculture residues and animal waste as cooking fuel rather
than as organic fertilizer leads in addition to adverse effects on soil fertility, thus affecting
crop production, productivity of land, and food security.
Table 1: Results of Biogas User Surveys 2007 to 201, internal Technical Audit 2010 and BAB
2011-2013: Functioning of Biogas Plants (in % and [households])
Report Functioning Partly Functioning Not Functioning

BUS 2007 50% [25] 38% [19] 12% [6]
BUS 2008 86% [90] 14% [15] 0% [0]
TA 2010 50% [52] 37.5% [39] 12.5% [13]
BUS 2009 75% [374] 17% [87] 8% [39]
BUS 2010 74% [222] 19% [57] 7% [21]
!
Report Functioning Partly Functioning Not Functioning

11!
BUS 2011 82% [258] 11% [35] 7% [22]
BAB 2011-2013 80% [85] 12% [13] 8% [8]
From the review of earlier surveys resulted:

• User satisfaction during construction: Around one third of the users were not satisfied with the
performance of CPOs during construction: scarcities of spare parts, lack of well-trained
technical experts, non-operational plants due to technical failure in construction.
• Training: Less than half of the households with BGPs received any training on operation and
maintenance; some do not even have a biogas plant manual. Only 50% received half-day
training on O&M. The BGP owners mention problems about irregular and inadequate supply
of raw materials due to lack of technical know-how needed for operating the plant which
sometimes causes heavy dissatisfaction with the CPO (12% of the users).
• Service: The level of after-sale-services is for around 50% of the households very poor. The
LCPOs have hardly done any major maintenance work and so a number of plants have
become non-functional. The reasons for the users not doing or asking for necessary repair
works are the low level of awareness and lack of knowledge how to do so. Despite mandatory
provision of warrantee and after-sale-services, users are often not aware of the roles and
responsibilities of LCPOs in this regard. The field findings revealed that the plants constructed
with loans were provided with better after-sale-services than that constructed with cash
payment or full subsidy.
• Quality Control: No systematic modus operandi to sample biogas plants to be visited for
quality control purpose is at hand. LCPOs are not taking the quality standards sufficiently
serious and NDBMP is not effectively enforcing the agreed standards.
• User’s satisfaction with LCPO performance is correlated with the status of functioning of the
installed biogas plants. Although more than 50% of the users are fully satisfied as their plants
are fully functional, it is important to note that more than a quarter to a half of the users are
either partially unsatisfied or not satisfied at all. Moreover, a desegregated view of these data
across the POs needs to be adopted. This is important because for some POs the level of
dissatisfaction is very high, which is again very directly related to the proportion of fully
functioning plants in their total plants.
Table 2: Categories of 171 recommendations formulated in BUS 2007 – 2011 and TA 2010
Recommendations related to: BUS 07 BUS 08 BUS 09 BUS 10 TA 10 BUS 11 Total

1 After Sales Service 1 1 1 4 2 9
2 Training for POs 1 1 2
2.1 O&M Service 1 1 2
2.2 Construction quality 1 1 4 1 7
2.3 Promotion & Marketing BP 1 1
2.4 Promotion & Marketing bioslurry 1 1 2
Entrepreneurial qualities /
2.5
management 2 2
3 Monitoring of Pos 1 6 1 8
3.1 Flow of funds 1 1
3.2 Service delivery 1 1
3.3 Construction quality 1 2 3
4 Subsidies, loan, financing (users) 1 2 2 1 3 9
5 Appliances 1 1 2 1 5
!
Recommendations related to: BUS 07 BUS 08 BUS 09 BUS 10 TA 10 BUS 11 Total

6 Construction material 1 5 6
12!
7 Bioslurry use & marketing 1 2 1 2 4 2 12

8 Construction quality 3 1 9 1 14
9 Alternative feedstock 1 1 1 3
Cooperation with GoB & nat.
10 1 1
institutions
10.1 Agricultural extension & research 1 1 1 3
10.2 Additional funding 1 1 2
10.3 Health issues 1 1 1 3
Payment, incentives etc. for Pos
11 1 1 1 1 4
and technicians
Media campaigns / Promotion /
12 1 1 3 5
Marketing
13 Value addition to BP / multi-benefits 1 1 1 3
14 Business model 1 1 2
15 User training 1 1 1 1 4
15.1 Slurry use 1 1 2
15.2 O&M 1 7 1 9
15.3 Optimized gas use 1 1
IDCOL internal monitoring system /
16 2 2 2 25 31
trouble shooting & research team
17 Equipment for field staff 1 1 2
Cooperation with international
18 1 1 2
experts
19 External review 1 1
Extend implementation period
20 1 1
/targets
Cooperation between IDCOL &
21 1 1 1 3
POs
22 User satisfaction 1 1 1 3
23 Reach un-electrified areas 1 1
24 Update demand assessment 1 1
10 18 17 23 70 33 171
The review of program documents finally motivated the Consultant to revise and adapt the
originally planned content of VOLUME II, Chapter 3.5: "As the NDBMP also envisions
making access to biogas for smaller households, it is proposed to promote also smaller
plants requiring a daily feeding of 30 kg of dung (3 cattle head). Such plant should be able to
produce gas for cooking during at least 3 hours." (Implementation Plan, National Domestic
Biogas and Manure Programme in Bangladesh, Final version April 2006) Therefore, in
Chapter 3.5 of VOL. II the topic 'prefabricated biogas plants' is introduced as an opportunity
to tackle various challenges of NDBMP such as implementation speed, construction quality
issues, subsidy policies, commercial feasibility and sustainable market development, as well
as disaster preparedness and flood resistance.
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2. Audit Background, Boundaries and Methodologies

13!
2.1 Background
Biogas technology implementation started in Bangladesh during the 1970ies. The first
floating-drum biogas plant based on KVIC Indian design was constructed in 1972 at the
premises of Bangladesh Agriculture University (BAU). In 1976, another family size KVIC
design plant was constructed at the premises of BCSIR. In 1981, Environment Pollution
Control Department constructed about 150 floating-drum and 110 Chinese fixed dome
models.
Further efforts to promote biogas were undertaken by BCSIR, DANIDA, LGED, DLS and
Grameen Bank. During the years 1989 to 1991, IFRD trained young people to construct 126
biogas plants. A wider dissemination of biogas technology took place through BCSIR's
“Biogas Pilot Plant Project - 1st Phase” from July 1995 to June 2000. During this period,
4,664 fixed dome plants were installed throughout the country. In a 2nd phase from July 2000
to June 2004, BCSIR implemented 17,194 plants. The investment subsidy was Taka 7,500
per plant.
In the period October 1998 to June 2003, LGED constructed 1,120 biogas plants. Grameen
Shakti disseminated 120 biogas plants without any subsidy by December 2005. Out of all the
previously constructed biogas plants about 47% are evaluated by different studies as "well
functioning", while 32% are reported to function partially1.
Bangladesh is considered to be a country, which is highly feasible for biogas production as it
fulfills all prerequisites to harness the technology. For example, high quality construction
materials such as good quality cement, good quality bricks, iron rods and sand are easily
available. Gravel is very scarce, but replaced by ‘khoa’ 2 . Water is commonly available
through tube wells and local ponds. The average temperature, which is a governing factor for
biogas production, is appropriate.
Looking at the availability of cattle dung, 8.44 million households keep 22.29 million of
cattle/buffalo; about 952,000 households own more than 5 heads of cattle whereas another 2
million households keep 3 - 4 cattle. These figures indicate that at least 3 million household
sized biogas plants are technically feasible.
Poultry droppings are also considered as excellent feedstock for biogas; around 80,000
poultry farms are estimated to operate in Bangladesh. Usually a poultry farm keeps 200 –
1,000 poultry birds making a household size biogas plant highly feasible.
A limiting factor for the technical theoretical potential of domestic biogas plants could be
monsoon flooding, high water tables especially during rainy season, and declining number of
cattle per household. Since dairy farms and poultry farms are more or less stable regarding
rearing of livestock and poultry birds, linking biogas with such farms could resolve these
limitations.
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation has been advising the implementation of the
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
No criteria for “functioning well” or “partially functioning have been delivered so far.
2
Khoa: broken or crushed 1st class bricks, size from ¾ inch to ¼ inch of angular shape, produced mechanically or by hand
!
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“National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme” (NDBMP) in Bangladesh from 2006 to
2012 under the “Infrastructure Development Company” (IDCOL), and other national and local 14!
partner organizations.
The overall objective of the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme (NDBMP) is
to develop and disseminate domestic biogas plants in rural areas with the ultimate goal to
establish a sustainable and commercial biogas sector in Bangladesh.
The National Strategy for Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction and Social Development
prepared by the Ministry of Finance and Planning also puts emphasis on “creating a policy
environment that is capable of providing right incentives to adopt new technologies”. It also
emphasizes the integration of environmental conservation strategy into national poverty
alleviation strategies.
NDBMP contributes to achieve millennium development goals set by the Government.
Contribution of biogas in this regard will help poverty reduction through (1) savings on energy
expenditure, (2) increased agriculture production by maximum utilization of bio slurry as
fertilizer, (3) gender equality through empowering women in decision-making and
maximization of their participation in the programme, (4) improved health through provision of
clean cooking energy, (5) improving sanitation by toilet construction connection to the bio-
digester, and (6) creation of opportunities for local employment.
Under this programme a total of 37,269 plants (revised target) should be installed in the
years 2006 to 2012. Several activities are implemented to achieve this target: promotion and
subsidy administration to provide Taka 9,000 per household as investment subsidy;
construction of high quality plants should be ensured by enforcing a quality control system.
To ensure proper functioning of the plant, guarantee on plants for 5 years and maintenance
services will be provided for 3 years, and training on operation and maintenance will be
provided to each biogas plant owner family. Training material and sessions will be developed
and imparted to the staff of the partner organizations to strengthen their capabilities. Proper
management and utilization of bio-slurry will be given high emphasis.
Till April 2009, about 35,000 plants were already installed in Bangladesh by a wide range of
organizations.3 The total technical potential from the available feedstock for household sized
biogas plants is estimated at 3 million systems.
2.2 Boundaries
IDCOL and KfW defined the Biogas Audit Boundaries, and as such the pathway for adequate
planning was prepared:
• The main objective of the Implementation Verification and Technical Audit assignment
(Biogas Audit Bangladesh - BAB - in short) is to make a comprehensive operational
assessment of the promoted hardware (technology) as well as software (management,
coordination, process, performances and impacts) aspects of the biogas plants installed
in the framework of NDBMP from 2006 to end 2012.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3
Abdul Hye Mondal, Md. Zabid Iqbal, ATM Shaifullah Mehedi: Final Report - Skills for Green Jobs in Bangladesh, Bangladesh
Institute of Development Studies, E-17 Agargaon, Dhaka-1207, December 2009
!
!
• The specific objectives of the evaluation field studies conducted during 2011 and 2012
were defined as follows: 15!
proposed performance, durability, cost-effectiveness, user-friendliness, convenience of
operation, availability of feeding materials and its ratio of use, and expected efficiency.
construction materials and appliances, quality of workmanship involved in construction as
well as operation and maintenance conditions.
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of quality control mechanism: quality standards, monitoring
of quality during construction as well as operation, maintenance and after sales service,
compliance of quality standards being practiced.
4. Appraise the level of user’s satisfaction in terms of their views on quality of the product,
social and financial benefits being enjoyed from the products, problems being
• The Scope of Work of BAB includes a detailed analysis of 10 randomly selected but
representative biogas clusters (each cluster with at least 7 biogas households, out of them
at least 50% will be assessed) distributed in the entire country, selection criteria follows
statistical science considering different sizes (6), ages (constructed 2006 –2012), access
possibilities under the given budget frame, and number of biogas plants per region,
installed under the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme (NDBMP) since
2006.
• As agreed in the Terms of Reference, the technical and financial audit could not work on a
statistically approved sample size, as the budget frame does not allow carrying out these
investigations in depth.
2.3 Methodologies
A blended approach of methodologies was applied during the audit:
1. To be as statistically representative as possible, the audit included on a detailed analysis
of 10 randomly selected but representative biogas clusters, each cluster with at least 7
biogas households, out of which at least 50% to be assessed.
2. BAB team visited a total of 159 biogas plants, but only 106 have been audited as they had
been pre-sampled under the NDBMP framework according to the criteria presented in
Chapter 2.3 of Volume II. The samples were distributed across the entire country; the final
!
!
selection following statistical science considered 6 different sizes (1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2,
4.8m3 of expected daily biogas production capacity), ages (over 7 years, built 2006 – 2012), 16!
access possibilities under the given budget frame (seasons, time, and transport limitation),
and number of biogas plants per region (including divisions with highest and lowest number
of biogas plants), installed under the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme
(NDBMP) since 2006.
Table 3: Cattle and Poultry farm households audited
Audited (106 farms) Data from Plant Completion Reports,

Plan (sampled from data base) - Overall Situation May 2013
Animals Real (found on ground) (905+27406+2978=31289 farms)
Without animals 0 0% 2 2%* Without animals 905 3%
Cattle farms
Up to 2 heads 2 0.02% 17 19% Up to 2 heads 28 0.01%
3 to 4 heads 9 13% 33 37% 3 to 4 heads 2878 11%
4 to 5 heads 21 25% 8 9% 4 to 5 heads 4235 16%
More than 5
heads 52 62% 31 35% More than 5 heads 20265 73%
Poultry farms
Less than 250
birds 0 0% 3 11% Less than 250 birds 7 0.02%
250-1,000 birds 17 77% 13 46% 250 - 1,000 birds 2045 69%
More than 1,000
birds 5 23% 12 43% More than 1,000 birds 925 31%
Mixed farms
Cattle and poultry 0 0% 8 7% Multiple kind of animals are not registered
* They buy manure and collect other organic waste as feedstock
3. For data collection during Field Missions:

3.1 The team drafted questionnaires for household interviews and interviews of LCPO
representatives; these draft questionnaires were discussed within the interdisciplinary team
and finalized. The templates contain multiple choice questions and open questions in order
to make the interviewees comfortable to give their opinion without feeling pressurized by the
interviewer. The questionnaire guidelines were prepared in English, and the interviews were
conducted in Bengali. The questionnaires are in the attachment to VOLUME II.
3.2 Technical sketches based on the original construction plans were developed to facilitate
the measurements on-site, and to evaluate the investment cost spent per unit volume.
3.3 A list of key points for system observation was elaborated to enable the BAB team to
evaluate the biogas system even in places where plant owners would not accepted detailed
technical measurements.
3.4 Logistics were coordinated with NDBMP staff, and tools and equipment were purchased
on hardware markets in Dhaka.
3.5 A template for Daily Field Reports was developed to enable the team members who
would not participate in the field missions to be updated on findings and challenges, and to
!
give timely feedback to their colleagues.

17!
3.6 The final sampling method was based on the data obtained from the NDBMP database
on constructed biogas plants. As most suitable a cluster sampling as multistage sampling
combined with a stratified sampling approach was identified to provide the most relevant
statistical results. The applied filter order reads as follows: district / LCPOs / plant type / plant
size / year of construction / upozilla / union.
3.7 Screening the database for uniform sampling criteria, the BAB team developed the
following sampling system:
Criteria 1: District - all plants registered in one district are considered
Criteria 2: LCPO 1 - all plants registered in one district are related to the LCPO that is
responsible for specific construction
Criteria 3: LCPO 2 - the district specific average construction number per LCPO is
calculated and LCPOs with construction numbers below the average are left out from
the sampling process
Criteria 4: Plant type (cattle or poultry) - the plants constructed by the selected
LCPOs are disaggregated according to their type
Criteria 5: Plant size - the plants constructed by the selected LCPOs are
disaggregated according to their type and size
Criteria 6: Year of construction - the plants constructed by the selected LCPOs are
disaggregated according to their type, size and year of construction
Criteria 7 & 8: Upozilla & union - the plants constructed by the selected LCPOs are
disaggregated according to their type, size and year of construction, and identified by
their location in order to audit the largest possible number within the given time and
budget line.
By this sampling process a statistical representativeness and relevance was assured; in
addition, this sampling method enabled the team during the field study to select another plant
from the same strata and in the same cluster in case that one pre-selected plant was not
accessible for audit activities.
4. Interviews with key stakeholders in the national biogas sector included open talks and
semi-structured interviews. Key stakeholders included 15 Lending and Construction Partner
Organisations (LCPOs) out of 31 active under IDCOL contract in 2012, as well as NDBMP
and KfW staff, agricultural experts and representatives of the international donor community.
In 2013, only 21 LCPOs presented construction plans with loan request to IDCOL.
5. Since May 2011, the consultant undertook intensive literature research and desk studies
on Bangladesh specific biogas topics; results are presented in VOLUME III.
6. The BAB team contributed to the following workshops with the intention to share
knowledge with NDBMP and LCPO staff, and further sector stakeholders:
• Kick-Off Workshop on 19 November 2011
• Debriefing Meeting after Field Mission on 7 December 2011
!
• Debriefing Meeting after Field Mission on 12 February 2012

18!
• Stakeholder Meeting on Prefabricated Biogas Digesters on 19 April 2012
• Meeting of the Biogas Association on 20 April 2012
• Debriefing Meeting after Field Mission on 9 May 2012
• Agricultural Workshop on 24 September 2012
• Technical Workshop on 25 September 2012
• Stakeholder Meeting on BUS 2012 and Preliminary Results of BAB on 27 September
2012
• Quality Check Criteria meeting on 26 May 2013
• Final Debriefing Workshop on 28 May 2013
• Final Debriefing Workshop in KfW Frankfurt on 3 June 2013
7. The audit benefitted from the multi-national and multi-professional diversity of the BAB
team, whose knowledge on biogas technology issues and program implementation is based
and developed in a variety of cultural, social and technical frame conditions. The fact that
male and female, junior and senior biogas experts worked together as well integrated team
resulted in a solid and independent data collection and analysis under a broad range of
cultural and professional perspectives. It is expected that this team work approach will
motivate NDBMP decision makers to encourage the active involvement of women, social
marketing and agricultural experts in the biogas program.
!
3. Detailed Results 19!
Chapter 3 gives details of findings beyond the Summary of Findings presented in Volume I. It
follows the outline specified by the Specific Objectives defined in the Terms of Reference:
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of quality control mechanism: quality standards,
monitoring of quality during construction as well as operation, maintenance and after sales
service, compliance of quality standards, being practiced.
4. Appraise the level of user’s satisfaction in terms of their views on quality of the
product, social and financial benefits being enjoyed from the products, problems being
3.1 Fault Tree Approach for technical assessment of Biogas Plant Systems
This sub-chapter covers three Specific Objectives as defined in the Terms of Reference:
and
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of quality control mechanism: quality standards, monitoring of
quality during construction as well as operation, maintenance and after sales service,
compliance of quality standards, being practiced.
BAB team visited a total of 159 biogas plants, but only 106 have been audited as they have
been sampled officially under the NDBMP framework according to the criteria presented in
Chapter 2.3 of Volume II, and 8 biogas plants have not been constructed in the framework of
!
!
NDBMP. Two sampled biogas plants were still in the start-up phase in the same month of
visit, three biogas plants were visited on request of neighbors to audited plants, only one 20!
sampled biogas plant owner refused the interview, but observations could be noted. This
gives the background to the reason why only an average of statistically 100 biogas plants are
subject to the analysis by a Fault Tree Approach.
For the first time a Fault Tree Approach (FTA) was applied to assess biogas plant systems,
to identify failures, and to evaluate their impacts on the operation of small-sized biogas plant
systems (BPS) from a technical perspective. FTA proved to be an effective analysis tool for
the technical evaluation of biogas systems.
Five sub-systems of BPS were defined including (1) structural components, (2) biogas
appliances, (3) piping system, (4) biogas production, and (5) effluent disposal system. Based
on the statistical analysis of 100 samples, the fault probabilities of the five sub-systems are
0.32, 0.25, 0.48, 0.88 and 0.71, respectively. The weights of the five sub-systems are
determined by the Delphi method and the fault probability of the BPS is then calculated. The
results show that the expected daily biogas amount is seldom reached, failures in the piping
system happen frequently, and that proper disposal and reuse of bio-slurry are often
neglected. Regardless of any social and economic benefits of BPS implemented under the
National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme (NDBMP), under technical aspects the
implementation of NDBMP could be evaluated as follows: (1) The operation status of BPS is
not optimal; (2) The ideal status of well-operated and performing biogas plants hardly exists;
(3) Skilled masons and quality workmanship are prerequisites for efficient functioning of BPS;
and (4) Maintenance plays a key role for continuous efficient functioning.
The definition of the system, its components and functional analysis is introduced and
technical faults, probabilistic analysis and discussion of results are presented.
A simplified calculation is performed based on failure frequency displaying the general
operation scenario of BPS under NDBMP Bangladesh.
3.1.1 Introduction
The production of biogas through anaerobic digestion provides significant advantages over
other forms of bioenergy production, and has been evaluated to be the most energy-efficient
and environmentally beneficial technology for bioenergy production 4 . Biogas, a clean,
efficient, and renewable source of energy, is gaining popularity as a substitute for other fuels
to save energy and to protect the environment 5. Biogas for Sanitation destroys bacteria,
viruses and Helminth eggs in human and animal excreta to a certain extent; the digested nd
post-composted sludge can be used in agriculture6. The development of rural household
biogas systems is an important way of promoting agricultural adjustments, reducing Green
House Gas (GHG) emissions, increasing rural incomes, enhancing the ecology in rural areas,
optimizing rural energy consumption structures, and improving the quality of both rural life
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4
Weiland P. Biogas production: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:849-60.
5
Liu Y, Kuang Y, Huang N, Wu Z, Xu L. Popularizing household-scale biogas digesters for rural sustainable energy
development and greenhouse gas mitigation. Renew Energy. 2008, 33: 2027-2035
6
Mang HP, Li Z. Technology review of biogas sanitation - Biogas sanitation for blackwater, brown water or for excreta and
organic household waste treatment and reuse in developing countries. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ). 2010. Eschborn, Germany
!
!
and agricultural products7. Anaerobic digestion for treating organic waste reduces solid waste
volumes, but enriches plant nutrients into residues8, which can then be used as fertilizer to 21!
return nutrients to the soil ecosystem9. The performance of biogas residues or bio-slurry
compared to mineral fertilizer shows positive impacts on crop yields and soil microbial
functions10.
Successful dissemination of domestic biogas technology has occurred worldwide in countries
where governments and institutions are involved in the subsidy system, in planning, design,
construction, operation and maintenance of biogas plants 11 . Several countries in Asia,
particular China and India, have launched large-scale campaigns to popularize biogas
technology12.
As an agriculture-based country, Bangladesh faces energy and environmental challenges13,
and - at the same time, has huge potentials for utilizing biogas technologies. Over 25,000
fixed dome biogas plants operated on cow dung or poultry litter have been installed in
Bangladesh until 2008. 14 Associated with Netherlands Development Organization (SNV),
German International Cooperation Agency (GIZ), and Asian Development Bank (ADB),
Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL) launched the National Domestic Biogas
and Manure Programme (NDBMP), which aim to construct a total of 37,269 household-
based biogas plants between 2006-201215.
NDBMP Biogas Plant Systems (BPS) is based on a household-scale biogas digester: they
are usually defined as integrated systems that include pretreatment of feedstock, biogas
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
7
Chen RJ. Livestock-biogas-fruit systems in South China. Ecol Eng 1997; 8: 19-29
Gautam R, Baral S, Heart S. Biogas as a sustainable energy source in Nepal: present status and future. Renew Sust Energy
Rev 2009; 13:248-52
Chen Y, Yang G, Sweeney S, Feng Y. Household biogas use in rural China: a study of opportunities and constraints. Renew
Sust Energy Rev 2010; 14(1): 545-9
Cheng S, Li Z, Shih J, Du X, Xing J. A field study on acceptability of 4-in-1 biogas systems in Liaoning Province, China. Energy
Procedia 2011, 5: 1382-1387
Ding W, Niu H, Chen J, Du J, Wu Y. Influence of household biogas digester use on household energy consumption in a semi-
arid rural region of northwest China. Appl Energy 2012; 97: 16-23
8
Mata-Alvarez J, Macé S, Llabrés P. Anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. An overview of research achievements and
perspectives. Bioresour Technol 2000; 74:3-16
9
Odlare M, Arthurson V, Pell M, Svensson K, Nehrenheim E, Abubaker J. Land application of organic waste-effects on the soil
ecosystem. Appl Energy 2011; 88:2210-8
10
Svensson K, Odlare M, Pell M. The fertilizing effect of compost and biogas residues from source separated household waste.
J Agric Sci 2004; 142:461-7.
Suthar S. Potential of domestic biogas digester slurry in vermitechnology. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101: 5419-5425.
Abubaker J, Risberg K, Pell M. Biogas residues as fertilisers – Effects on wheat growth and soil microbial activities. Appl Energy
2012; 99: 126-134.
11
Mang HP, Li Z, Mantopi M, Huba EM, Schwarz D, Schnell R, Nguyen G, Kellner C, Selke J. Biogas production in developing
countries (low-tech applications) for small-scale heat and cooking gas. 2012. Springer Publication.
Jiang X, Sommer GS, Christensen KV. A review of the biogas industry in China. Energ Policy 2011; 39: 6073-6081.
Hossain G. Improved cookstove and biogas programmes in Bangladesh. Energy Sust Develop 2003, VII (2l): 97-100
Prasertsana S, Sajjakulnukit B. Biomass and biogas energy in Thailand: Potential, opportunity and barriers. Renew Energy.
2006, 31:599-610.
Gautama R, Baral S, Heart S. Biogas as a sustainable energy source in Nepal: Present status and future challenges. Renew
Sust Energy Rev 2009, 13: 2668-2674
Rao PV, Baral SS, Dey R, Mutnuri S. Biogas generation potential by anaerobic digestion for sustainable energy development in
India. Renew Sust Energy Rev 2010, 14: 2086-2094. 13: 248-252
Surendra KC, Khanal SK, Shrestha P, Lamsal B. Current status of renewable energy in Nepal: Opportunities and challenges.
Renew Sust Energy Rev 2011; 15:4107-4117
12
Bond T, Templeton MR. History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world. Energy Sust Develop 2011;
15:347-354.
13
Asif M, Barua D. Salient features of the Grameen Shakti renewable energy program. Renew Sust Energy Rev 2011; 15:
5063-5067
14
W.M.H. Jaim, Shabeen Akter: Seed, Fertilizer and Innovation in Bangladesh: Industry and Policy Issues for the Future, IFPRI
Project Paper, September 2012
15
Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL). website: http://www.idcol.org/energyProject.php
!
!
utilization and post-treatment of digestate. According to Chinese biogas standards16, the

volume of a single BPS household digester should be less than 20m3 effective volume. 22!
Many researchers have focused on technical problems of BPS 17 due to the fact that
operational reliability is one of the most important issues for disseminating household-sized
biogas technology. There are many methods to model reliability, among which the Fault Tree
Approach (FTA) is a deductive, top-down method aiming at the analysis of the effects of
initiating faults and events within a complex system18. Compared to other methods, FTA has
an understandable logic background structure and is thus accepted as evaluation method of
complex and multi-level systems19. It is also a risk-estimation tool that can model interactions
between events, thus deriving the occurrence of an event based on the occurrence or non-
occurrence of other events20. Fault Tree Analysis has been applied already in numerous
fields such as water supply systems, power distribution systems, and fuel cell degradation21.
Identification and analysis of potential risks in BPS are expected to improve BPS' operational
reliability, thereby optimizing actual operation impact. However, there is not yet any report
about the application of Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) in the biogas sector. !
3.1.2 Resources, technology and locations
Bangladesh is among the countries that are committed to the dissemination of household
sized biogas plants. To evaluate the general operation scenarios of BPS under NDBMP in
Bangladesh, the Biogas Audit Bangladesh gave the opportunity for nationwide data collection.
To this end, the national territory was clustered; each of the 9 clusters contained 10 to 12
BPS. A total of 100 BPS were selected and sampled. In order to gain detailed technique data,
technique assessment of BPS aiming at operation status in reality was performed. Before
field study, necessary tools were prepared for checking the components of BPS. The
household members responsible for maintaining biogas plant and cooking were interviewed
in a bid to identify the failures.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
16
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. Classification of scale for biogas engineering (NY/T 667-2003).
2003. [in Chinese]
17
Cheng S, Li Z, Shih J, Du X, Xing J. A field study on acceptability of 4-in-1 biogas systems in Liaoning Province, China.
Energy Procedia 2011, 5:1382-1387.
Ding W, Niu H, Chen J, Du J, Wu Y. Influence of household biogas digester use on household energy consumption in a semi-
arid rural region of northwest China. Appl Energy 2012; 97: 16-23.
Mwirigi JW, Makenzi PM, Ochola WO. Socio-economic constraints to adoption and sustainability of biogas technology by
farmers in Nakuru Districts, Kenya. Energy Sust Develop 2009; 13(2):106-15.
Willem G, Wang G. Microanalysis of the benefits of China’s family-size bio-digesters. Energy 2010; 35: 4457-4466
Charles N, Jo D, Henri S, David T, Henry K, Herman L. Multi criteria sustainability assessment of biogas production in Kenya.
Appl Energy. 2012; 93: 496-506.
18
Bedford T, Cooke R. Probabilistic Risk Analysis: Foundations and Methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
19
Ortmeier F, Schellhorn G. Formal Fault Tree Analysis - Practical Experiences. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer
Science. 2007;185:139-51.
20
Bedford T, Cooke R. Probabilistic Risk Analysis: Foundations and Methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
21
!Abdul Rahman F, Varuttamaseni A, Kintner-Meyer M, Lee JC. Application of fault tree analysis for customer reliability
assessment of a distribution power system. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2013;111:76-85.
Lindhe A, Norberg T, Rosén L. Approximate dynamic fault tree calculations for modelling water supply risks. Reliability
Engineering & System Safety. 2012;106:61-71.
Doménech E, Escriche I, Martorell S. Exposure Assessment based on a combination of event and fault tree analyses and
predictive modelling. Food Control. 2010;21:1338-48.
Lindhe A, Rosén L, Norberg T, Bergstedt O. Fault tree analysis for integrated and probabilistic risk analysis of drinking water
systems. Water Research. 2009;43:1641-53.
Placca L, Kouta R. Fault tree analysis for PEM fuel cell degradation process modelling. International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy. 2011;36:12393-405.
Volkanovski A, Čepin M, Mavko B. Application of the fault tree analysis for assessment of power system reliability. Reliability
Engineering & System Safety. 2009;94:1116-27.
!
!
23!
Figure 1: 9 clusters for BAB data collection
Biogas from BPS is utilized mostly as cooking fuel. NDBMP's fixed brick dome designs are
developed for two types of feedstock: (a) cattle dung and human excreta, and (b) poultry
droppings.
Each design is constructed in 6 standardized sizes for a variety of daily gas production
capacities: 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.8m3.
!
!
24!
Figure 2: Schematic overview on an ideal and complete biogas system for farm-households;
desulfurizer22 and double burner stoves are not foreseen in the NDBMP standard model
A typical BPS is commonly described as biogas production and utilization system composed
of five main categories: structural components (e.g. inlet tank, outlet chamber and digester),
piping system (e.g. gas pipeline and valve), biogas utilization system (e.g. biogas stove and
biogas lamp), effluent disposal system (i.e. digestate storage and reuse) and elements
related to the anaerobic digestion process (biogas production). The reliability characteristics
of these categories are different in nature.
3.1.3 Conceptual model of a Fault Tree Approach

The objective of FTA is to assist in identifying potential risks, thereby adopting relative
improvement approaches to avoid a system breakdown. In a detailed exercise, fault trees
with technical audit data have been modeled to visualize operation faults and reasons.
Five sub-systems of BPS defined as (1) structural components, (2) biogas appliances, (3)
piping system, (4) biogas production, and (5) effluent disposal system cover the entire biogas
plant system.
Each subsystem can be disaggregated into several basic events, which will be then
visualized in a fault tree. All undesired events are defined. The event is resolved into its
immediate causes. This resolution of events continues until basic causes are identified
through a questionnaire, photo-documentation, observations and measurements. A logical
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
22
While 88% of the biogas plants systems had a methane content of more than 50% (up to 70% in one case), all measured
chicken litter using biogas plants have shown a H2S content higher than 100ppm up to 3000ppm, but also 40% of the cow dung
plants showed biogas plants a H2S content of higher than 100ppm but always under 250 ppm, therefore a desulfurizer for
poultry biogas plants is of health and burner/stove material lifetime benefit.
!
!
diagram called a fault tree is constructed showing the logical event relationships based on
the data collected during the field missions, technical problems are identified as a basic 25!
event and criteria for FTA are defined. These criteria and descriptions for failures in the five
subsystems are displayed in the following table.
Table 4: Criteria and descriptions for failures of sub-systems of small-sized biogas systems:
B1: Failures in Sub-System "Structural components" of the audited plants:
Failure criteria and descriptions Detection method % found

1. Inconvenient position of plant components: e.g. plant is Visual inspection; 17%
too far away from animal shed, inlet tank is too high for
feeding, outlet tank is too remote to be reached.
2. Unsuitable inlet pipe slope: it is impossible to clean the
inlet pipe with a long stick or rod when the inlet pipe is Test with a long stick 50%
blocked - because the wall of the inlet tank hinders the or rod
rod from sliding into the pipe.
3. Broken / missing mixing device: the mixing device is
9%
damaged or not in place; in such a case the mixing of
raw material with different viscosities is difficult.
4. Crack in structural components: cracks in the wall of
either inlet or outlet chamber or in the dome walls relate 5%
either to bad construction quality or to natural impacts
such as flood, land slides, earth quakes or slope
pressure.
B2: Failures in Sub-System "Biogas utilization equipment" of the audited plants:

1. Malfunction of biogas stove: flame pedestal is broken; Visual inspection; 25%
gas tap is broken; air injection ring is rusty or broken; air
injection hole is blocked or too big to adjust gas Check with tools;
consumption or flame.
2. Inoperative or not existing biogas lamp: almost no Light the stove and
household uses biogas lamp anymore. This criterion will observe the flame
not be considered as failure in the fault tree analysis. -
B3:!Failures in Sub-System "Piping system" of the audited plants:

1. Strong leakage of piping system: pipe is connected Visual inspection; 16%
unprofessionally. The valve is out of function or defective;
unsuitable water valve instead of gas valve; connections Check leakage with
between valve and pipe or between pipe and nipple are soapy water;
not fixed; main gas pipe & gas pipeline connections are
corroded; clamp for fixing the connection of flexible
hoses is missing.
2. Blockage of piping system (refer to system sketch): when Measure with scale;
Inflate pressure into 38%
H1 is bigger than H6, the risk of blockage of the gas pipe
increases. If the biogas pipeline is too long or overhang pipe by air pump,
and there is no water trap, water may be condensed clean water trap,
among pipe. Missing dome coverage may be an indicator observe burner holes
for level problems, too.
!
26!
B4: Failures in Sub-System "Biogas production" of the audited plants:

When the daily biogas production is less than 1/2 of Gas flow meter,
designed daily standard capacity, the following failures are calculation based on
considered: stove use,
1. Leakage of biogas in digester: gas tightness of biogas
digester is not good in the present of pressure inside Increase pressure in 5%
digester. There may be gas leakage when biogas is digester (by air pump)
produced and stored. and check dome
2. Thick scum layer on the surface prevents biogas from surface; Observation,
stick measurement, 14%
bubbling up into dome gas storage space and is reducing
biogas storage capacity. pH meter,
3. Collapse of anaerobic digestion process: some thermometer, gas
parameters affect the normal anaerobic digestion analyzer, 2%
process such as unbalanced carbon/nitrogen ratio, too
high or too low pH value, H2S content, low temperature,
existence of inhibitor, etc.
4. Not enough feedstock: farmers reduce number of Interviews, weight of 85%
animals thus not enough manure available; or the manure filled, farm
farmers don’t feed regularly the plant. history
B5: Failures in Sub-System "Effluent disposal/ reuse system" of the audited plants:

1. No effluent from outlet chamber: outlet pipe is blocked; Visual inspection; 17%
unsuitable feedstock e.g. sawdust is added or there is
too much feedstock; the slurry inside of outlet chamber Interviews
may be thick, sometimes like solid-phase.
2. Biogas slurry is discharged wherever, e.g. to water body 31%
without any pretreatment; no disposal management.
3. Unsuitable effluent disposal: The slurry is only stored as
waste without being reused as organic fertilizer. Slurry is
45%
applied permanently into farmland, and directly without
sufficient composting or stabilization.
!
BPS failure happens because of events occurring in one or more of the five subsystems
(structural components, biogas utilization equipment, piping system, biogas production, and
effluent disposal system). As such, any failure in a subsystem (called “first-level contributors”)
can result in the abnormal operation of BPS. Similarly, subsystem failure also results from
undesirable events in the second-level contributors until the basic events.
3.1.4 Fault trees
The top event of the elaborated fault tree is the “abnormal operation of small-sized biogas
system”. The global BPS fault tree is an “OR” gate that includes the faults of any of the five
sub-systems faults. The following Figures present fault trees for the five sub-systems.
!
Every type of fault is broken down to identify the different causes until the basic events that
are responsible for the undesirable event are clearly deducted. Each event is numbered in 27!
the order of B1 to B5 for first-level contributors, C1 to C14 for second-level contributors, D1
to D31 for third-level contributors and E1 to E4 for forth-level contributors, respectively.
!
Abnormal!operation!of!BPS!
A!
Fault!of!structural! Fault!of!biogas! Fault!of!piping! Fault!of!biogas! Fault!of!effluent!

components! utilization!system! system! production! disposal!system!
B1! B2! B3! B4! B5!
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
Legend!!
! Top!event! Transfer!In!
symbol!
! Intermediate!event! OR!gate!
Figure 3: Global fault tree of BPS
The potential risks for the overall operation due to malfunctioning of sub-systems were
evaluated by establishing a fault tree for BPS. Based on this fault tree, the encountered
failures were classified in into five main categories and 14 key types. The following failures
were detected in the 100 sampled plants:
!
Unsuitable!efMluent!disposal! 28!
Absent!of!efMluent!disposal!
No!efMluent!from!outlet!chamber!
No!enough!feedstock!
Breakdown!of!anaerobic!digestion!process!
Thick!scum!layer!
Leakage!of!biogas!digester!
Strong!leakage!of!piping!system!
Blockage!of!piping!system!
Malfunction!of!biogas!stove!
Crack!in!structural!components!
Broken/absent!of!mixing!device!
Inconvenient!position!of!plant!components!
Unsuitable!inlet!pipe!slope!
0! 10! 20! 30! 40! 50! 60! 70! 80! 90!

!
Structure!components!
Biogas!utilization!equipments!
Piping!system!
!
Biogas!production!
!Effluent!disposal!system!
! ! !
!
Figure 4: Types of failures detected in Biogas Plant Sub-systems
Legend:! !
Figure 5: Fault Tree of Structural Components
!
In the category 'structural components', the most serious fault is an unsuitable inlet pipe,
accounting for 50% of all in detail studied BPS. After 5-year operation time, about all mixing 29!
devices are broken or missing. Among the 100 BPS samples, 5 % outlet or inlet chambers
were cracked due to flood or ground settling. It is supposed that masons and supervisors are
not aware of the importance of the correct positioning of plant components. From the
category specific fault tree displayed above, it turns out that low-quality workmanship could
be called the main reason for failure events in this sub-system.
Legend:!
Figure 6: Fault Tree of Biogas Utilization Sub-System
Only biogas stoves have been considered in the category 'biogas utilization equipment',
based on the fact that the visited households generally do not use biogas lamps and other
appliances. The fault frequency of biogas stoves is high (25%) due to the fact that trivial
components are not well maintained - such as air injection hole, air injection ring, and gas tap.
The operational status of a biogas stove is directly linked to its efficiency. The efficiency of
biogas stoves has been quoted as 20%-56%23, which clearly depends on the day-to-day
maintenance.
In 88% of the biogas plants, methane content of more than 50% (up to 70% in one case) was
measured. All audited poultry litter based biogas plants show H2S content higher than
100ppm up to 3000ppm, but also 40% of the cattle manure fed plants produced a H2S
content between 100 and 500 ppm. BAB team therefore recommends installing desulfurizers
for the benefit of users' health - and to extend stove construction material lifetime.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
23
Itodo IN, Agyo GE, Yusuf P. Performance evaluation of a biogas stove for ISAT/GTZ. Biogas Digest Volume II. Biogas -
Application and Product Development, Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT), Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ); 1999.
!
!
30!
Legend:!
Figure 7: Fault Tree of Piping Sub-System
The most frequent failure of the piping system are weak (37%) or strong (16%) leakages; this
is obviously due to the many connections within the piping systems, inadequate material and
neglected maintenance. Any loose connection could lead to leakage. This kind of failure
event could be easily avoided through good piping material and fittings, as well as through
committed maintenance. However, the longer a biogas plant operates, the more frequent
occurs this failure.
A potential risk of blockage of the gas piping system exists when H1 is bigger than H6 (refer
to the Schematic Overview of BPS). 60% of the sampled biogas plants are constructed in
such a way that this potential risk could be detected by measuring the relevant levels; 38%
had already experienced foam or condense water blockages in the past. This failure is
caused either by missing understanding or knowledge (= missing training) and / or low-
quality workmanship.
87% of BPS are not equipped with a water trap; where the pipeline is too long, condense
water accumulates in the pipe and causes problems for smooth biogas supply to the stove.
Regular discharge of condense water is necessary to reduce the impact of this failure.
In total, 53% of the sampled BPS show failures in the piping system - either blockage or
leakage, main gas valves (25%). rubber hose (13%) or kitchen gas taps (29%). In order to
avoid any kind of failures for this sub-system both, understanding the reason why quality
work is required for plumbing and timely maintenance, play key roles for trouble-free
operation.!
!
!
31!
Legend:!
Figure 8: Fault Tree of Biogas Production Sub-System
Biogas production is the core purpose of any BPS; and it is a key condition for satisfactory
biogas utilization. When daily biogas production yields less than 50% of the designed
standard capacity, sub-system failures must be investigated. 30% of the households reported
insufficient biogas production. Among them, 5 biogas digesters presented leakages due to
low-quality workmanship. Tests and interviews revealed in the majority (85%) of the biogas
plants too low amount of feedstock, and in 14 % existed a thick scum layer in the digester
that prevented the biogas rise. In summary, low biogas production is related to a significant
knowledge gap on biogas technology and plant maintenance. Plant owners and their
household members need to be enabled to manage their BPS for improved biogas yields.
In the effluent disposal sub-system, the most frequent failures are “unsuitable effluent
disposal” (44%), “no effluent from outlet chamber” (17%), and “absence of effluent disposal”
(31%). If no slurry overflows from the outlet chamber, the fermentation process doesn’t
operate well or the liquid is infiltrating into the ground. This failure could also be avoided by
quality check after construction and during commissioning. Bio-slurry is - besides biogas, one
of the essential benefits of the whole BPS as it facilitates resource recovery and reuse in
agriculture. However, in reality, this benefit of BPS is often neglected.
!
32!
Legend:!
Figure 9: Fault Tree for Effluent Disposal Sub-System
3.1.5 Calculations of Fault Probability
From the statistical analysis above, fault probability (P) of event B1 is calculated based on
fault probability of event C1, C2, C3 and C4.
P!" ≈ 0.48
Fault probability (P) of event B2 is based on failure number of event C6, which is 0.25.
Fault probability (P) of event B3 is based on failure number of event C7 and C8, which is
0.48 as explained above.
Fault probability (P) of event B4 is 0.88, based on the number of statistical failures against
100 samples.
Fault probability (P) of event B5 is calculated based on fault probability of event C13, C14
and C15. Event C13, C14 and C15 are not independent events, therefore,
P!" = P!"# + P!"# + P!"# = 0.71
Then, the fault probability of top event A, which stands for abnormal operation of BPS, is
calculated based on fault probability of five sub-systems, namely, event B1, B2, B3, B4 and
B5.
!
!! = ! − ! − !!" ! − !!" ! − !!" ! − !!" ! − !!"

= ! − ! − !. !" ! − !. !" ! − !. !" ! − !. !! ! − !. !" = !. !" 33!
The calculation is based on the probability theory. The result indicates that ideal operation
and performance of BPS hardly exists in reality. Any mistake could lead to a total defect of
BPS as demonstrated in the fault tree analysis. The fault probability of the five sub-systems
could be applied as operation scenarios of BPS.
100%!
90%!
80%!
70%!
60%!
50%!
40%!
30%!
20%!
10%!
0%!
Fault!of!structure! Fault!of!biogas! Fault!of!piping! Fault!of!biogas! Fault!of!efMluent!
components! utilization! system! production! disposal!system!
equipment!
!
Figure 10: Fault probability of the five sub-systems
3.1.6 Conclusions
Technical data collected during the countrywide Biogas Audit Bangladesh were processed;
findings were categorized and analyzed under the Fault Tree Approach. The faults of BPS
are summarized and criteria for failures of BPS are defined.!
Fault Tree Approach analysis contributes in a very efficient way to the technical analysis of
BPS as it helps to identify components' faults that could result in reduced performance of a
biogas plant. Among the five sub-systems – faults in biogas production (88%) (Mainly due to
underfed biogas plants) and faults in the effluent disposal and reuse systems (71%) happen
most often, followed by failures in the sub-system "piping" (48%). !
The results show that best plant performance could be achieved only through serious training
of masons and plumbers, supervisors and manufacturers, and women and men as future
biogas plant owners and users, in order to implement perfect construction work and timely
maintenance:
1. The general operation status of BPS is not at its optimum, sizes should be reduced;
2. The ideal operation and promised performance status hardly exists in reality;
3. Skilled masons, informed owners and 'operators' (mainly women) are prerequisites to
well-performing BPS.
!
3.2 Users' satisfaction ! 34!
Chapter 3.2 is dedicated to Specific Objective 4:
Appraise the level of user’s satisfaction in terms of their views on quality of the product,
social and financial benefits being enjoyed from the products, problems being encountered
and user-friendliness of the offered technology.
BAB team experienced a remarkable gender specific difference in both knowledge about
biogas technology and appreciation of benefits. In the first field missions this observation was
both limited and confirmed by the fact that in 30 interviews, the team for being strangers and
men was not allowed to talk directly to the housewife, but has to rely on "second-hand"
information provided by husbands and male relatives about female opinions on biogas
technology. This chapter therefore presents findings focusing on women.
The decision to expand BAB team by a national female junior expert resulted in a significant
increase of interviews with biogas using housewives, and thus in a wealth of insights which
men as official plant owners would not have been able to provide.
Table 5: Overview on interviews disaggregated by gender
Total Number of Interviews 106 100%

Interviews conducted with female interview partners only 38 36%
Interviews conducted with male interview partners only 36 34%
Interviews conducted with couples 32 30%
Total number of interviews conducted by male BAB team member 38 100%

Total number of interviews conducted by female BAB team 68 100%

member
The level of knowledge of the interviewed women about biogas technology is exceedingly
poor. This lack of knowledge leads to a number of obstacles for successful program
implementation, and hinders the capitalization of biogas benefits in the households of the
BPS owners. Overall little knowledge on biogas plant management creates both, confusion in
the female user and reduced performance of the biogas plant. As a result some women
consider installing a biogas plant as an awful decision of the husband. The following list is
based on the gender-specific analysis of 106 household interviews:
• Women don’t obtain the required information about maintenance and cleaning of
biogas appliances: even in the cleanest kitchen stove plate holes were found filled
with food remainders, which create disturbance of gas transient.
!
!
• Women are not informed about how to control slurry intrusion in the gas pipe. They
have no idea about the utilization of the main gas valve; therefore they tend to keep 35!
the main gas valve open after cooking, and they do not close it during plant feeding
which results in slurry intrusion in the gas pipeline.
• Women are not informed about the flame color or height, which indicate the gas
pressure, efficiency and the gas consumption rate.
• Women are not taught how to detect the presence of water in the gas pipeline by
observing the flame movements.
• Knowledge about bioslurry is for a large number of women at the rank of zero. Some
of them believe that bioslurry management and distribution aren’t their
responsibilities. Although the women of many tribes in the hilly region have the
liability of agricultural practice they aren’t aware about the value of bioslurry.
• Women’s participation in training and information sharing on biogas technology, plant
and slurry management is not common.
• Most of the interviewed women are not aware about the health hazards caused by
smoke from firewood although they themselves suffer from eye irritation and
respiratory health problems.
• Women who felt inspired by biogas plants built in the neighborhood said they could
not convince the husband or the head of the family to invest in a biogas system.
• A nice stove is a common demand among the interviewed women. Some of the
women use modern looking stoves designed for LPG but not for biogas. This results
in lower performance of the biogas plant system.
• The distance between stove and the gas valve is a matter of irritation for the women;
therefore they generally do not close the main gas valve.
• Most of the interviewed women hesitate to use human excreta as raw material for
biogas production whereas interviewed men are openly thinking about using human
excreta to increase biogas yields and to replace reduced feedstock from poultry litter
or cattle dung.
• Women’s expectation on biogas yields relate to the size of the biogas plant, not to the
amount of feedstock and the regularity of feeding. Eventually women are unaware
about the amount of raw material for biogas generation that is related with the
number of cattle or poultry. Even with decreasing numbers of animals, women still
expect equal cooking hours like before.
• It is common that women are responsible to mix cow dung and water for cattle
manure based biogas plants but most of them don’t know the mixing ratio of cow
dung and water. Men are often responsible to feed poultry litter based plant.
BAB team emphasizes the need to include women's perspective into the NDBMP
program design, starting with promotional activities, training events and attractive stove
models, and by hiring female staff in NDBMP and the LCPOs. The following list -
although not exhaustive - contains recommendations collected during the interviews with
female biogas users:
• The stove design should be changed to make the kitchen more attractive; and the
distance between stove and stove valve should be reduced.
!
• Create awareness about the effect of firewood smoke, which causes cancer,
coughing, bronchitis etc. 36!
3.3 Effectiveness of Training

Chapter 3.3 is dedicated to Specific Objective 5:
Evaluate the effectiveness of the training offered to the companies and owners, and appraise
level of professionalism of companies and their field staff.
LCPO staff's role in the programme design is not limited to subsidy and loan administration
and technology implementation: LCPO's staff is the facilitator between NDBMP and (future)
biogas plant owners. LCPO's masons and supervisors are the ambassadors for farm-
household based biogas technology; and they are biogas trainers for women and men. This
fact leads to the conclusion that anything these masons and supervisors do not know about
biogas technology and bio-slurry application will not be transferred to the plant owners and
operators.
LCPOs receive training on several topics:
• Management training for managers and construction supervisors during 2 days:
– Loan and subsidy administration,
– Biogas office installation,
– Supervision of masons and plant performance
• In 2006 to 2010, LCPO were trained in administration and documentation
• Following a Study "Gender aspects in Biogas Village” in 2010 a "female motivators'
training" was organized
To date, LCPOs did not receive a 'training for trainers' in bioslurry use and marketing, and
obviously also no training in Operation & Maintenance of biogas stoves, gas valves, water
traps - as there is little to no knowledge available in the biogas households.
Capacity enhancement of LCPO staff is usually limited to the senior authority of the LCPO:
heads of biogas departments, biogas engineers and LCPO managers participate in the
training offered by IDCOL and NDBMP. They are expected to transmit to their colleagues
and co-workers the knowledge gained in the training sessions: 83% confirm that they
conduct internal training on biogas to their supervisors and junior level staff.
Looking at the ultimate beneficiary of these training events - the biogas plant owner and
operator, the output is quite weak. 59% of the biogas owning households claim that they
have not received any training, not even an instruction on site during construction or handing
over of the biogas plant, 4%, both men and women, received short instructions on the spot
and only 12% confirmed that LCPO staff handed over a leaflet or user manual.
In 21%, husbands have been trained for operation and maintenance, but only in 3% these
husbands informed their wives about how to manage the system. In few cases daughters
and the sons are those who participate on behalf of the family in the training. Where a
woman is officially head of the household, she is considered as training participant - 2% of
!
BAB interview partners confirmed this observation. The following table displays the
participation, disaggregated by gender, in training, orientation and information transfer. 37!
Table 6: Information and knowledge transfer from LCPOs to biogas owners and operators
Training in Operation & Maintenance %
No training at all 59
Leaflet! 12
Husband received 1 day orientation 21

Husband received orientation from LCPO during construction 7
Wife received orientation from LCPO during construction 4

Husband received on-spot instructions 4
Wife received on-spot instruction 4

Housewife informed by husband 3
Wife received 1 week training 2
Daughter received 1 day orientation 2

Husband received 1 week training 1
Son received 1 day orientation 1

Training in Bio-Slurry Use
No training on bio-slurry use 88
One-day training on bio-slurry management 9

Information about efficiency of liquid slurry instead of solid manure 1
Talk about guidelines for slurry use 1
1-month training on bio-slurry use conducted by Governmental Office 1
The Construction Manual is generally used as training material for LCPO technicians,
masons and supervisors. However, LCPOs complain that the manual alone is not sufficient
for supervisor training, as the tasks of a supervisor covers not only construction issues but
also plant siting, bio-slurry use, user training in maintenance. In addition, LCPOs ask for
training in promotion, marketing and gender inclusion.
BAB team concludes that women’s participation in any training event and information session
on biogas plant operation and maintenance as well as slurry management should be more
emphasized than it is currently done by NDBMP and LCPOs. The training should include
stove and pipe cleaning procedures, and explain the relation between visible indicators -
such as flame color and movements, and plant operation.
!
3.4 Effluent Application 38!
Chapter 3.4 summarizes the findings related to bio-slurry use and disposal according to the
Specific Objective 6:
Document different effluent application methodologies in relation to fertilizer efficiency and
soil improvement quality
BAB database analysis reveals that those biogas plant owners, who use bio-slurry for
different purposes, developed very individual ways of bio-slurry application. Still 31% of
biogas plant owners have no slurry pit and their system discharge the effluent directly to
neighbouring fallow lands or water bodies; 44% have one pit - very often just a pond; and
about 25% have 2 and more storage pits for slurry.
This corresponds with the data on slurry use: 31% who discharge the effluent directly into the
environment do not see any opportunity to use the slurry as fertilizer; 50% told BAB team
that they are using 100% of the produced bio-slurry - either as fertilizer on own lands or as
commercial product (liquid and dried fertilizer; dried dung cake as fuel). About 19% of biogas
farmers store the slurry at least seasonally and for partial use.
Some plant owners told BAB team that using bio-slurry improves both taste and harvest
yields of vegetables and crops. Among those who apply bio-slurry types of use vary
remarkable, including organic fertilizer without composting (15%), with composting (36%),
mixed with other agricultural residues (9%). If bio-slurry is managed, bio-slurry is used for
fish feed (15%) - either liquid or dried; in dried form bio-slurry is sold as fertilizer for
gardening (43%), or as dung stick for kitchen fuel (12%).
LCPOs do talk to farmers about the potential benefits of bio-slurry, but they are obviously not
able to support farmers in the correct application of slurry or in marketing efforts. Therefore
the number of owners who sell slurry as fertilizer is still very limited; some sell up to 20% of
their slurry production every month at 1 to 2 TK/kg, summing up to 3000 TK/year. One
biogas plant owner usually sells bio-slurry for 10 000 TK/year.
It is, however, relevant to notice that still 50% of the biogas farmers experience problems
with bio-slurry management; either for its liquid form or for the knowledge gap about its
properties: while some farmers are afraid that their crops will be negatively affected by the
high nutrient content of bio-slurry, others guess that bioslurry contains less nutrients than
cow dung.
During the Field Missions, BAB team observed the following risks related to currently
practiced bio-slurry management among NDBMP biogas plant owners:
• Safety distances between water sources and slurry pits, or water sources and pit
latrines are often not respected thus creating risks of contamination by nitrates,
nitrites and pathogens.
• Slurry pits are generally not sealed resulting in infiltration, runoff, and leaching, or
they are permanently overflowing resulting in one point pollution and soil overloading.
!
3.5 Biogas sector development 39!
The review of program documents motivated the Consultant to revise and adapt the originally
planned content of VOLUME II, chapter 3.5: "As the NDBMP also envisions making access
to biogas for smaller households, it is proposed to promote also smaller plants requiring a
daily feeding of 30 kg of dung (3 cattle head). Such plant should be able to produce gas for
cooking during at least 3 hours" (Implementation Plan, National Domestic Biogas and
Manure Programme in Bangladesh, Final version April 2006).
Therefore, this chapter does not focus on internal IDCOL management strategies
Appraise the internal IDCOL management and sector coordination and document
Instead, it is dedicated to future trends and opportunities in the biogas sector development.
This includes three relevant topics:
1. NDBMP database for internal monitoring and quality control;
2. The situation of LCPOs as key stakeholders for sustainable sector development;
3. Prefabricated biogas plants as an opportunity to tackle various challenges of NDBMP such
as implementation speed, construction quality issues, subsidy policies, commercial feasibility
and sustainable market development.
3.5.1 NDBMP Database for internal monitoring and quality control
BAB team was informed only in May 2013 that NDBMP stopped the use of its web based
database in December 2012 as too many differences in spelling, understanding and
interconnection with "desktop" database were detected; this underlines the BAB and TA
observations. In the ongoing reprogramming process, BAB recommendations will be
considered as well.
3.5.2 Biogas sector development from LCPO's perspective
Until October 2012, in total 52 LCPOs had contributed to build 20157 biogas plants across
the country. BAB focused on companies with current IDCOL contracts when sampling
LCPOs for semi-structured interviews; 12 of the 31 active (2012) companies were
interviewed in their headquarter and two in branch offices between November 2011 and
September 2012. These 12 companies have constructed 68.73% of all NDBMP biogas
plants (13851 out of 20157) and are still actively contributing to the sector. Apart from the two
branch office interviews, open talks were also conducted during field visits with
representatives of LCPOs met on site.
The interviews collected data on eight different aspects relevant for biogas sector
development.
1. Partner Organization identity and profile;
2. Domestic biogas technology dissemination approaches;
3. Program framework, capacity building and monitoring;
!
4. Technology implementation procedure;

5. Loan implementation procedure; 40!
6. Biogas business planning;
7. Biogas plant cost and entrepreneurship / economy;
8. LCPO's opinion on NDBMP's and sector perspectives.
High-level representatives of LCPOs such as Chairmen, Directors, Project Managers and
Biogas Consultant provided relevant information; only one of the interview partners was a
woman. The findings are summarized as follows.
1. Partner organization identities and profiles
Each of the LCPOs has its own mission and vision; however, common for all is the search for
prosperity of people and support for the rights of people. The range of activities also differs:
RSF has activities in only two sectors, while NU works in 16. Solar business is for 75% of the
LCPOs a relevant activity.
The LCPOs working with NDBMP have different sizes, different outreach and different
structures: 83% maintain an office in Dhaka; the number of branch offices varies between 1
and 1200; and district coverage ranges from 1 to 64.
Table 7: Organizational focus of LCPOs
Parameter % of responses
1 Construction 66
2 Financing 66
3 Maintenance 58
4 Community and Social Development 17
Table 8: Technical focus of LCPOs
1 Domestic biogas 66
2 Solar Energy 66
3 Medium & large scale biogas technology 58
Table 9: Main income of LCPOs
Parameter % of response
1 Microcredit 50
2 Solar 33
3 Donor support 25
4 Biogas 17
5 Consultancy services 17
6 Health services 17
!
Table 10: Legal character of LCPOs

41!
1 Non Governmental Organization 75

2 Company 25
3 Micro Finance Organization 17
Two organizations have dual legal status, one as NGO and Microfinance Institution, and one
as Microfinance and Private Company.
Table 11: Business Nature of LCPOs
1 Not-For-Profit 75
2 Commercial / "for profit" 17

3 Charity 8
One LCPO has dual business nature: sometimes Not-For-Profit and sometimes commercial.
2. Domestic Biogas Technology Dissemination through LCPOs

Until now, 52 LCPOs have worked with IDCOL/NDBMP contracts. The motivation to join the
programme differs from organization to organization: 25% underline that their organizational
objectives are compatible with NDBMP objectives, and 25% mention that they had
experience with biogas technology already before NDBMP started. 50% got involved
because IDCOL requested them to participate in the programme.
41% of the LCPOs active in the NDBMP framework in 2011/2012 have signed the project
agreement for the first time; 41% has signed for the second time, and 8% work already under
the third agreement. The positive issues in the agreement are not analyzed in depth by the
organizations, but most of them say all the issues in the agreement are positive. However,
some highlight the concept of sustaining biogas, optimal utilization of local resources,
financing and technical assistance to NGOs and companies, transparency of the programme
itself as main positive aspects of the agreement with IDCOL. Many challenging issues are
also mentioned: provision of collateral, interpretation of subsidy, payment schedule, no
provision of staff salary and other administrative cost, and the control over the quotations.
NDBMP/IDCOL is providing different types of training for LCPO managers and masons.
Each organization has different capacity; some has built only 4 biogas plants, others have
constructed more than 12000. Therefore it is difficult to compare the LCPOs, as a lot
depends on the maturity of the organization and its motivation to work under the conditions of
the Project Agreement.
!
3.5.3 Marketing strategies 42!
All LCPOs are using published material from IDCOL/ NDBMP. Apart from using this material,
their main promotional tools are door-to-door visits.
Table 12: Promotion material
1 Use only NDBMP's material 75
2 Develop own strategies and material according to different 25

conditions in the districts in addition to IDCOL material
3 Complement NDBMP's material with own ideas 17
Usually the key message for promotion of biogas is "easy cooking"; in addition, LCPOs
emphasize the use of bioslurry as substitution of chemical fertilizer.
To disseminate the programme messages and to motivate farmers to invest in biogas plants,
LCPOs adopt different methodologies such as awareness programs, house-to-house visits,
focal group discussions, visits to local leaders, posters and leaflets, orientation and yard
meetings, and presentations at fairs.
3.5.4 Technology Implementation Procedure
98% of the biogas plants for which LCPOs signed agreements with farmers are already
constructed, and 2% are currently under construction. Usually the construction starts within
one (50%) or two (41%) weeks after signing the agreement between client and LCPO. All
LCPOs have internal quality control systems (IQS) in place: 75% of the LCPOs monitor each
and every plant during construction, 17% monitor samples only, and 8% monitor only in very
specific cases believing that their masons are following each quality instruction. Quantity of
appliances and pipes are checked in each site by masons and supervisors, however, the
quality of these materials is not controlled, as LCPOs believe in brand names and NDBMP
selection.
Table 13: After construction services (ACS) / After Sales Services (ASS) and monitoring
1 Every year in each plant 41
2 In critical situation 33
3 Each month 25
4 Give the service on complaint / call of owner 17
5 Every year only in randomly selected plants 8

!
!
50% of LCPOs address the user's complaint within a week, 41% on the next day and 8%
during the same day. Major problems addressed are listed in the following Table. 43!
Table 14: Major problems addressed in After Construction Services
1 Less gas 58
2 Stove stops to burn during the time of cooking 33
3 Pipe leakage 17
4 Plant not started 8
5 Nipple broken 8
6 Gas valve problem (broken) 8
7 Slurry in pipeline 8
8 Stove burns only for short time 8
3.5.5 Loan Implementation Procedure
Before 2012, 92% of the biogas plants (13843/14987) are so far financed with loans. 25% of
the owners ask for a loan for more than 75% of the plant cost; 58% need 50 to 74%, 17%
request less than 50% of the plant cost. 58% of the LCPOs start construction work within one
week after signing the loan agreement, and others within two weeks. The main problem with
the loan management is the down payment by the plant owners; another barrier is that
owners don’t have transport and time to come to the LCPO office to sign the loan agreement,
and in many cases construction starts before the loan agreement is signed.
The period of loan repayment differs: 50% of the LCPOs mention 2 years, 25% say 1 to 2
year, and 8% give 3 years. Each of the LCPOs motivates users to perform extra income
generation activities such as sale of fertilizer, sale of gas (in case of excess), fish cultivation
and other activities to repay the loan in time.
The main problem of the loan procedure is the cash collection, as there is no collateral and
guarantee; LCPOs suggest that it would be easier, if loans to local groups could be applied.
In addition, the fact that masons and construction supervisors are responsible for cash
collection complicates the procedure. As far as possible the responsibilities for construction
and loan should be separated, as they are two different processes.
During visits and discussion it turned out clearly that the subsidy paid from IDCOL for each
biogas plant is understood by the LCPOs as institutional support or payment from IDCOL to
the LCPO for their work. The biogas plant owner benefits from this subsidy only as “not
invoiced services”, but has no control whether or not these services are provided by the
LCPO at a correct cost. This hinders the transparency of the whole subsidy system and
creates distrust between biogas clients and LCPOs. Concerning the discussion about
subsidies, please refer to the following Chapter 3.5.6 and Tables 18 – 22.
!
3.5.6 Biogas business planning 44!
The LCPOs fix their biogas targets considering the following parameters:
• Information from staff involved in biogas work at household level (67%)
• Looking on previous year's progress (66%)
• Through market study (33%)
• Based on IDCOL-NDBMP requirements (8%)
• Availability of masons (8%)
However, only 33% achieve their targets, while 67% cannot accomplish their plans. Reasons
for the success are identified as quality of construction, goodwill of company and dedication
of staff and organization.
Reasons for not achieving the targets are:
• Focus on construction of plants against cash only;
• Preferring other financing mechanism as they are no longer interested in loan
procedure;
• Other institution gives more subsidy (up to 17000TK) per plant in the same area;
• Benefit from loan procedure is not sufficient to cover operation costs;
• Lacking sources of funds
• Less subsidy
• The organization is not experienced in strategic planning and target setting
• High staff turnover, lack of skilled manpower
• Lack of maintenance knowledge
• Increased cost of construction material
• Poultry firms shut down due to bird flu
• Number of cattle decreased
• Construction material not available
• Management issues within the organization
92% of the LCPOs are receiving the payment of subsidies on time as soon as the loan
agreement is signed; as per agreement between the LCPO and IDCOL this payment is due
21 working days after submission of an invoice.
Table 15: Payment of subsidies from IDCOL to LCPOs
1 Within 21 working days of invoice submission 58

2 Four weeks 25
3 More than four weeks 8
4 Two weeks 8
33% of the LCPOs are not satisfied with the payment mechanism in place:
• Procedure takes long time for preparation;
• Cost variations in different regions are not considered.
!
25% of the LCPOs are convinced that biogas technology could be a sustainable business
even without subsidies and even at household level. 45!
In 2013, only 21 LCPOs signed a contract with IDCOL’s NDBMP in contrast to 31 in 2012
(2006/7: 54 LCPOs). This process of slimming down the number of biogas program
implementers contains both positive and negative aspects: the positive aspects indicate that
the committed LCPOs are interested to take ownership of the biogas program, as even in the
interviews some of them mentioned that biogas technology could be a good business; the
negative aspects proof the following statement of the SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN FY2011 –
FY201524 - although this statement relates to the formal banking sector, it describes to a
certain extend the business understanding of a number of LCPOs: “The combination of
public ownership and lack of competition contributed to not only weak performance of the
banking sector measured in terms of what is known as the CAMEL indicators, but very
importantly, the banking sector became a huge source of rent seeking and corruption.”
Already in 2005, the IDCOL-SNV Technical Feasibility Study describes: “The participation of
stakeholders varies from consultative, contributory, operational and collaborative depending
upon the nature of tasks to be performed. Biogas program is recommended to encourage
operational and collaborative partnership as far as possible. This will help in
institutionalization of partners and building true ownership feeling of the interventions by the
stakeholders.“ 25
In 2009, the revised NDBMP Implementation Plan links ‘ownership’ only to the GoB: “A
degree of government ownership is critical to the long-term survival and sustainability of the
sector.”26
The biogas sector in Bangladesh is today characterized by competition of subsidy levels, and
not by market oriented competition of companies that search to win customers by delivering
high quality products and by providing reliable services. In the view of most of the LCPOs,
the term „ownership“ refers only to the farmers who have to pay and maintain their biogas
plant, not to themselves as the real owners of the national biogas program and the drive for
implementation. Especially the smaller LCPOs do not see themselves in the ‘driver’s seat’ -
but IDCOL staff; instead, they understand their role in the program as contractor (in the worst
case as odd-job man), not as entrepreneur in a nascent business sector.
3.5.7 Biogas Plant Cost and Entrepreneurship / Sector Economy
Biogas plants are constructed on the basis of a general quotation, which is prepared annually
by NDMP; the LCPO revises and adapts the quotation according to local prices. 83% of the
LCPOs define their quotation on the basis of market prices and considering their internal
expenses. 17% of the LCPOs apply directly the NDBMP quotation. 50% of the LCPOs are
satisfied with this type of quotation where as 50% have some reservations as neither
transportation costs nor contingencies are included.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
24
SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN FY2011-FY2015, Accelerating Growth and Reducing Poverty Part!1, der Strategic Directions and
Policy Framework Planning Commission, Ministry of Planning ,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
25
Prakash C. Ghimire, Renewable Energy Consultant, Development Partners – Nepal: Feasibility Studzý Biogas Program
Bangladesh, 2005
26
Revised Implementation Plan 2009, IDCOL
!
!
Gross profit margin from each plant

46!
17% of the interviewed LCPOs didn't talk about profits, as they are not-for-profit
organizations. Other LCPOs calculate with the following margins:
Table 16: Gross profit margin from biogas plant construction
1 10% -15 % 50
2 Balance 17
3 No gross profit 8
4 0-10% 8
33% of the LCPOs don’t know the break-even-point of biogas plant construction activities, as
they never analyzed it.
One LCPO told BAB team that the break-even-point should be calculated based on the cost
for masons; currently the LCPO employs 16 masons and the break-even-number of biogas
plant construction therefore would be 16 x 4 x 12 = 768 (note: this organization built 965
plant in 7 years). 25% of the LCPOs guess that they need to construct 100 biogas plants to
achieve the break-even-point. Regarding the net profit, 33% told BAB team that the profit
from each plant is about BDT 5.000; 8% talk about a net profit of 6%, where as the rest
claims that biogas business is a loss and without any economic profit at all.
Table 17: Economic performance of LCPO biogas departments in FY 2012: 58% are in loss
1 Break-even 17
2 Loss 25
3 Not analyzed 25
4 Net loss > 20% 25

5 Loss 5% 8
None of the LCPOs runs a workshop for biogas appliances. 17% affirmed that they purchase
the appliances from NDBMP recommended manufacturers.
The topic ‘subsidy’ is raised and discussed since long; LCPOs claim that their biogas
business could never be financially viable if the subsidy would not be increased significantly.
The subsidy increase from BDT 7.000 to BDT 9.000 in 2008, resulted in an increase of
biogas plant constructions in 2009. In the last annual review meeting, IDCOL agreed to
assess the subsidy demand of LCPOs in the NDBMP framework. Together with some
LCPOs the IDCOL biogas team calculated the minimum subsidy amount that will bring a
LCPO biogas business to the breakeven point. The Consultant was asked by KfW to revise
this calculation based on the BAB findings. In the following chapter - and especially in the
Tables 18 to 22, in which the Consultant performed a detailed calculation based on data
obtained from LCPOs and IDCOL.
The following example of a financial analysis is based on the assumptions:
!
!
1. LCPO is a non-governmental not-for-profit organization or as a social enterprise;

47!
2. Branch office staff involved in biogas plant construction includes 3-4 masons and 1
supervisor, each branch office can construct 8-10 biogas plants per month in sizes of 1.2 to
2.4 m3 daily biogas production capacity, and 3-4 plants during rainy season, totally at least 8
plants x 9 month + 3 plants x 3 month = 81 plants per year;
3. The actual subsidy of BDT 9.000 covers the overheads costs if an LCPO has 10 branch
offices and will construct 510 biogas plants per year. But no provision for damage, no service
fees (for guarantee) and no maintenance fees for After Sale Services are included in the
following calculations. To cover these quality insurance costs, service fees and maintenance
fees, the subsidy should increase for smaller volumes of 1.2-2.4 m3 daily biogas production
capacity, but may remain stable for higher capacities as 3.2 and 4.8 m3, as these plant sizes
are constructed for better-off clients and for commercial poultry farms.
Table 18: Example calculations for the construction of biogas plants
Estimated Bill of Quantities of Materials and prices for Biogas Plants

!
Cow Dung Based Poultry Liter Based
SN! Item Unit Size of Plant Unit Size of Plant
1.2 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 4.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 4.8
1! Materials!
1.1! Bricks Nos 850 935 1130 1250 1470 1890 Nos 770 900 1020 1130 1334 1726
1.2! Sands Cu. m. 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.5 3.3 Cu. m. 1.5 1.5 1.8 2 2.3 3
1.3! Aggregates Cu. m. 0.3 0.35 0.45 0.5 0.65 0.9 Cu. m. 0.3 0.34 0.42 0.48 0.62 0.88
1.4! Cement Bags 11 13 15 16 20 26 Bags 11 13 15 16 19 26
1.5! GI Wire Kg 1 1 1 1 1 1.5 Kg 1 1 1.5 1.5 2 2
1.6! MS rod Kg. 8 10 13 16 22 36 Kg. 8 11 14 17 24 41
1.7! Polythine m 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1
2! Appliances!
2.1! Dome Pipe m 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 m 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
2.2! Hose Clamps Nos 6 6 6 6 12 12 set 6 6 6 6 12 12
2.3! Teflon Tape Nos 2! 3 3 3 4 4 Nos 2! 3 3 3 4 4
2.4! Brass Nipple Nos 2! 4 4 4 6 6 Nos 2! 4 4 4 6 6
2.5! Main Valve Nos 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nos 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.6! Water Drain Nos 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nos 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.7! Gas Tap /Ball valve Nos 1 1 2 2 2 3 Nos 1 1 2 2 2 2
2.8! Stove Nos 1 1 2 2 2 3 Nos 1 1 2 2 2 2
2.9! Mixer Nos 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nos 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.1! Hose Pipe /Flexible pipe m 10 10 12 12 12 15 m 10 10 12 12 12 15
2.11! Inlet Pipe m 4 4 4 4.5 5 5 m 4 4 5 5 6 6
2.12! Emulsion Paint litr 1 1 1 1 2 2 litr 1 1 1 1 2 2
3! Labour and Service Fee!
3.1! Service Fee (‘000) BDT 5 5 5 5 5 5 Takka 5 5 5 5 5 5
3.2! Maintenance Fee (‘000) BDT 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Takka 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
3.3! Mason Mandays 6 7 8 9 10 13 Mandays 6 7 8 9 10 13
3.4! Labours* Mandays 15.36! 18.48! 21.6! 24.72! 28.96! 39.44! Mandays 15.36! 18.48! 21.6! 24.72! 28.96! 39.44!
*!per!cum!earthwork!excavation!is!taken!as!0.8!md!/cum!!and!the!excavation!qty!is!taken!as!3.5!times!the!size!of!plant!and!2!labors!per!one!mason!
!
!
Table 19: Costs of Biogas plants

48!
Estimated Cost of Biogas Plants
Cow Dung Based Poultry Liter Based
Item Unit Size of Plant Size of Plant
1.2 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 4.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 4.8
Materials BDT 14776 16820 19936 21852 26534 34992 14066 16378 18966 20826 24998 33832
Bricks Nos 6800 7480 9040 10000 11760 15120 6160 7200 8160 9040 10672 13808
Sands Cu. m. 1120 1260 1400 1540 1750 2310 1050 1050 1260 1400 1610 2100
Aggregates Cu. m. 720 840 1080 1200 1560 2160 720 816 1008 1152 1488 2112
Cement Bags 5280 6240 7200 7680 9600 12480 5280 6240 7200 7680 9120 12480
GI Wire Kg 100 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 150 150 200 200
MS rod Kg. 576 720 936 1152 1584 2592 576 792 1008 1224 1728 2952
Polythine m 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
Appliances BDT 3896 4026 5161 5251 5728 6896 3896 4026 5342 5342 5908 6006
Dome Pipe m 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Hose Clamps Nos 36 36 36 36 72 72 36 36 36 36 72 72
Teflon Tape Nos 40 60 60 60 80 80 40 60 60 60 80 80
Brass Nipple Nos 110 220 220 220 330 330 110 220 220 220 330 330
Main Valve Nos 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320
Gas Tap /Ball valve Nos 320 320 640 640 640 960 320 320 640 640 640 640
Stove Nos 750 750 1500 1500 1500 2250 750 750 1500 1500 1500 1500
Mixer Nos 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750
Hose Pipe m 328 328 393.6 393.6 393.6 492 328 328 393.6 393.6 393.6 492
Inlet Pipe m 721.6 721.6 721.6 811.8 902 902 721.6 721.6 902 902 1082.4 1082.4
Emulsion Paint litr 220 220 220 220 440 440 220 220 220 220 440 440
Labor BDT 7008 8344 9680 11016 12688 17032 7008 8344 9680 11016 12688 17032
Mason Man-days 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 5200 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 5200
Labor Man-days 4608 5544 6480 7416 8688 11832 4608 5544 6480 7416 8688 11832
Total BDT 25680 29190 34777 38119 44950 58920 24970 28748 33988 37184 43594 56870
Service Fee (‘000) BDT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maintenance Fee (‘000) BDT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total cost of plant BDT 25680 29190 34777 38119 44950 58920 24970 28748 33988 37184 43594 56870
Construction Material cost of plant 14776 16820 19936 21852 26534 34992 14066 16378 18966 20826 24998 33832
Cost of appliances BDT 3896 4026 5161 5251 5728 6896 3896 4026 5342 5342 5908 6006
Cost of Labor BDT 7008 8344 9680 11016 12688 17032 7008 8344 9680 11016 12688 17032
!
Table 20: Operational expenses per LCPO and its 10 Branch offices
1. Staff & their Salary Plant number/year 510 810

Per plant additional cost
Designation Number Monthly Salary BDT Yearly Salary including 1 festival bonus (BDT)
(BDT)
1 Programme Manager 1 25000 325000 637 401
2 Account 1 20000 260000 510 321
!
3 Branch Manager 5 11000 715000 1402 883
4 Supervisor 10 9000 1170000 2294 1444 49!

5 Masons 7000 already included in BGP costs
Total BDT 2470000 4843 3049
2. Operating expenses
Cost of branch office 510
Item Cost of central office
plants
Office rent 3500 10000 540000 1059
Utilities 1300 2000 180000 353
Printing and stationary 500 3000 96000 188
Conveyance 5000 20000 840000 1647
Total 10300 35000 1656000 3247
Grand total 1236000 420000 4126000 8090
Item Cost of branch office 810 Cost of central office
Office rent 5559 10000 787059 972
Utilities 2065 2000 271765 336
Printing and stationary 794 3000 131294 162
Conveyance 7941 20000 1192941 1473
Total 16359 35000 2383059 2942
Grand total 1963059 420000 4853059 5991

!
Table 21: If 510 plants per year per LCPO are constructed, an institutional support of
BDT 8.100 / plant is needed
510 plants: Subsidy Analysis

1 Size 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 4.8
2 No of plants 510 510 510 510 510 510
Income
1 Sales BDT 13096596 14886696 17736372 19440894 22924296 30049200
Expenses
1 Construction cost per year BDT 13096596 14886696 17736372 19440894 22924296 30049200
2 Salary BDT 2470000 2470000 2470000 2470000 2470000 2470000
3 Operation expenses BDT 1656000 1656000 1656000 1656000 1656000 1656000
Total Expenses BDT 17222596 19012696 21862372 23566894 27050296 34175200
Operating profit BDT -4126000 -4126000 -4126000 -4126000 -4126000 -4126000
Grant required per plant (BDT)
(if 510 plants/y, for institutional support) -8090 -8090 -8090 -8090 -8090 -8090
!
Table 22: If 810 plants per year per LCPO are constructed, an institutional support of
BDT 6.000/plant is needed

1 Size 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 4.8
2 No of plants 810 810 810 810 810 810
Income
1 Sales BDT 20800476 23643576 28169532 30876714 36409176 47725200
!

50!
Expenses
1 Construction cost per year BDT 20800476 23643576 28169532 30876714 36409176 47725200
2 Salary BDT 2470000 2470000 2470000 2470000 2470000 2470000
3 Operation expenses BDT 2383059 2383059 2383059 2383059 2383059 2383059
Total Expenses BDT 25653535 28496635 33022591 35729773 41262235 52578259
Operating profit BDT -4853059 -4853059 -4853059 -4853059 -4853059 -4853059
Grant required per plant (BDT)
(if 810 plants/y, for institutional support) -5991 -5991 -5991 -5991 -5991 -5991
In the discussion of a general increase of the subsidies from BDT 9.000 to BDT 13.500 the
following aspects have to be considered:
1. Staff:
(i) Not all LCPOs maintain Branch Offices with 2 employees; in smaller LCPOs the Branch
Manager works as supervisor.
(ii) In LCPOs headquarters, the tasks of the program coordinator could be combined with
the tasks of the program manager – there is no evidence that 2 similar functions should be
subsidized as overheads.
(iii) In average, total biogas staff in successful LCPOs that achieve the quality construction
of 510 biogas plants per year, should be composed by 1 program manager, 1 accountant,
5 branch manager, 10 supervisors, and 20 masons.
3. What will happen, if the Branch Office cannot construct the minimum of 51 biogas plants
per year?
4. Construction costs should be revised, too, not only the subsidy level: A significant number
of biogas plants has no mixing device; central gas pipes are locally produced (cheaper than
calculated); digging is not completed as it has been calculated for – thus construction costs
do often not reach what has been calculated as a matrix.
5. There is a new tendency that two third of the biogas clients pay in cash, only one third
requires a long-term loan. Is this already reflected in the "selling price"? This will change if
smaller biogas plant sizes are better promoted.
6. Considering the fact that most of the biogas plants are under-fed, and referring to the
socio-economic conditions of the target group (pro-poor) the Consultant proposes that
subsidies should be increased mainly for plant sizes of 1.2, 1.6 and 2m3 in order to broaden
the ‘pro poor’ segment in IDCOL’s biogas program. Subsidies for 2.4m3 could be slightly
adjusted, but not for the plant sizes of 3.2 and 4.8m3.
7. It should be further analyzed if biogas plants built at commercial poultry farms should be
included in the subsidy scheme, especially when the biogas is sold or electricity is generated.
9. The subsidy concept as elaborated recently in 2013 focuses on the business development
of LCPOs, not on potential biogas plant owners. It could be doubted if this subsidy concept
contributes to achieve commercially viable market oriented biogas technology dissemination
in Bangladesh. In addition, it even does not integrate in the calculations any After-Sales-
Services and refurbishment costs (after 5 years) to assure the well performance of the
!
biogas plant: no performance indicators are related to the subsidy disbursement. As long as
the potential customer does not realize a benefit from the increased subsidy, the pace of 51!
plant construction will not boost.
3.5.8 Biogas sector perspectives and NDBMP
BAB team asked LCPO representatives to give their opinion about NDBMP to support efforts
towards sustainable development of the national biogas sector. The following tables give
proof of serious interest of the partners in the long-term establishment of a commercially
viable biogas industry.
Table 23: SWOT analysis of NDBMP programme conducted by LCPOs
Strengths Weaknesses
Reduce CO2 No use of Slurry

Cook easily No senior level biogas expert
Less time consuming R&D money is not utilized
Environmental friendly Country survey for biogas potential not done
Honest Limitation increase
Regular follow up and monitoring Lending policy
Soft ware for accounting Advance only on Co-lateral to LCPOs
Good funding mechanism Cannot give suitable opportunities to the LCPO
Clear policy LCPO only working with biogas is at the stage of
Expert staff stop
Benefits to the user Management on the aspect of public relation
Marketing Act as donor
Subsidy provision Too optimistic targets
Good monitoring Less publicity
Appropriate technology No programme support cost
Transparent No budget for motivational activities
Training Support Limits feedstock to cattle and poultry
Technical support
Attitude and approach is positive
Socially accepted
Cost effective
Opportunities Threats
Biogas is an emerging sector Cattle number is decreasing

Use of Slurry Bird flu
Unlimited resources of organic material Government subsidy strategy to natural gas
Rural people Disasters
No natural gas in all places Flood/Rainy Season
Better design Price hike
Training Government policy (sometimes)
!
!
Fiber glass use (prefabricated plants) Slurry may pollute ground water if not properly
Big market managed 52!
Use of latrine Health Hazards
Many biogas can be built as there are lots of Loan Repayment
farmers and lots of available feed stock Shortage of skilled and available masons
Table 24: Advantages and disadvantages of biogas technology for LCPOs and the country
Advantages for LCPOs Disadvantage for LCPOs

• Getting goodwill & reputation • Risky programme
• Create business • Spend too much time
• Supporting in achieving objective • Business in loss
• Helpful to promote other activities • Biogas expert required in organization
• Increase social influences
• Financial support
Benefits for the country Disadvantages for the country
• Poverty reduction • More monitoring cost
• Environment
• Reduced pressure on natural gas
• Conservation of forest
• Reduce Health Hazards
• MGD-7
LCPOs' suggestions for NDBMP's future include:
• Subsidy should be increased and should be given to LCPO as support for administration and
staff
• Emphasis on awareness creation and use common publicity means
• Intensive and interactive training on biogas construction
• Prefabricated digesters such as fiber glass models or other technology to enhance
dissemination
• Flexibility on design and size
• Think on generation of electricity
• Decentralize the authority and improve interaction between sector partners
• Sector should be politically addressed
3.5.9 Prefabricated biogas digesters
In contrast to onsite brick-concrete constructed digesters, prefabricated digesters are produced off-
site from a wide range of materials that are endowed with special physical properties.
Prefabricated digesters are characterized as follows:
• Affordable in view of their service life
• Convenient and easy to maintain
• Could serve as collateral because they can be removed and sold second-hand
• Transportable on a ready-to-assemble package
• Customized sizing to meet different purposes
Prefabricated biogas digester are suitable for places where
!
• Ground water level is high, or area is flood or disaster prone;

• It is difficult to construct masonry digesters for geological reasons; 53!
• Quality of digester construction cannot be secured;
• Construction material such as bricks or concrete is not available or very expensive;
• Access is difficult esp. for the transport construction materials;
• Restructuring of rural areas or peri-urban settlements.
Prefabricated digesters are currently available as 'Soft Digesters' or 'Hard Digesters'. Soft digesters
are made of PVC, PAMM, or LDPE. Hard digesters are made of FRP, Hard PVC, HDPE, ABS or
PP.
The portable digesters are lightweight; their weight is only 1/10 of concrete digesters. They have a
low coefficient of heat conductivity, with a good insulation effect. Therefore they are also suitable
for cold areas. They have in general good corrosion resistance against all kinds of organic acids.
They have high strength, good toughness, and good tightness; they are water-proved and air-
proved, and have a long service life and low maintenance cost. The service life of FRP digesters
could reach easily 20-25 years due to their high and permanent quality if FRP digesters are
produced in a industrial mode in a factory. This quality is also based on high mechanical strength
and elongation, which is much higher than in a hydraulic digester.
Table 25: Comparison between onsite constructed and offsite-manufactured digesters
Parameter FRP Concrete

Production Total or partial industrialized production efficiency, Onsite construction by craftsmen, low
method short construction cycle, quality guaranteed, production efficiency, long construction
beneficial to promote the development of biogas cycle, intensive quality control required, less
production industrialization, construction promotion in biogas industrialization
specialization, management grouping and service
socialization.
Toxicity and Free of toxicity and pollution, no contamination of the Free of toxicity and pollution, no
pollution environment contamination of the environment
Maintenance Normal use will not cause damage to digester body, Should be maintained, probably repaired
and its cost or medium term maintenance; it can be used (emptied) in medium term that causes stop of
continuously. No stop of gas production, no need of gas production, interruption of use, risk for
maintenance cost. high maintenance cost.
Service life Over 25 years, if industrial manufactured, even longer Normal service life exceeding 10 years, but
if installed underground maintenance is necessary in case of cracks
5-year Maintenance free, low operation cost, normal Due to possible cracks in digester body and
operation operation serious stripping of internal surface, at least
emptying and maintenance recommended
once in five years; significant operation cost.
10-year Digester body is free of maintenance; low operation Risk of serious leakages resulting from
operation cost, normal operation cracks in digester body and serious stripping
of internal surface; continuing normal
operation after major repair; significant
operation cost.
Total Reasonable initial investment, free of regular Less initial investment, need for regular
investment maintenance, limited operation cost maintenance, high operation cost
Mass (weight) Light, specific weight ≤1.9, designable to dome Huge weight, general transport of only the
structure, easy overlapping for transport, increased material, easy damage; prefabricated
number in transport and reducing transport cost members for assembly, but increased
transport cost
!
Parameter FRP Concrete

54!
Strength High strength close to strength of steel, but specific Lower specific strength
strength being 3 times of that of steel
Chemical
Excellent, acid resistant at normal temperature, no Poor resistance to acid, corrosive runoff of
corrosion
mass (weight) change in 1 year internal surface, good alkali resistance
resistance
Anti-aging Excellent Excellent, but easy cracking, skinning and
powder dropping
Water Very low High

absorption rate
Combustion Inflaming retarding or self-extinguishing Noncombustible

property
Biogas output Conforming to applicable national standard and Conforming to applicable national standard
30% over the national standard, energy-saving and
cost effective
Gas leakage No pressure drop 24h after filling gas of 10kpa Allowable 3%, 24h after filling gas of 8kpa
(air tightness)
Building cycle Easy and short-time installation, short building cycle Long building cycle of generally 8-12 days
of generally 1-2 days
Table 26: Comparison ABS, FRP and concrete digester

Parameter ABS digester FRP digester Concrete digester
Factory production, Individual civil engineering
Mode of production Workshop production by hand
mechanically suppressed construction
Good sealing, highly polished Influenced by the operators,
Tightness Air leakage likely
inside hidden trouble of air leakage
Weight About 80kg About 160kg About 8000kg
Well matched, light weight,
Transportation Handmade, big loading gap Field construction
low transportation cost
3-7days,1 mechanic and many
Production quantity 40 sets, 4 people/day 1 set, 2 people/day
unskilled laborers
High strength, impact Good strength, ordinary
Mechanical properties High strength, weak toughness
resisting, strong toughness impact force
Service life 20 years 20 years Within 10 years
Maintenance No Some need internal manage Internal manage every 1/2 year
Construction and
Half a day, 2 people Half a day, 2 people 3-7 days, many people
installation
Table 27: Standards for Soft digester
Enterprise standard Test result
Parameter Suspended Suspended

Full-sealed
combination combination Full-sealed bag type
bag type
type type
Bearing capacity, Pa ≥ 4000 4000 5800 4200
perfo Product performance
Tearing strength, N ≥ 180 180 378/336 378/336

Air tightness (4ka, 24h) ≤ 3
Free of deformation, peeling, Free of deformation, peeling,
Acid-and alkali-resistant performance
softening or crack softening or crack
Puncture resistant performance (broach
Not pierced Not pierced
of 50g free falling from1000/600mm high)
15/13 15/13 28.7/26.47 23.4/19.9
rman
Tensile strength Longitudinal ≥

Mate
rial
ce
MPa Horizontal ≥ 15/13 15/13 28.7/26.47 23.4/19.9

!
!
Enterprise standard Test result

55!
Parameter Suspended Suspended
Full-sealed
combination combination Full-sealed bag type
bag type
type type
Right angle facture Longitudinal ≥ 66 62 92.6 82.7
Strength KN/M Horizontal ≥ 62 60 98.8 85.4
389 389 368 363
Elongation at break Longitudinal ≥
% Horizontal ≥ 392 392 378 375
Table 28: Performance comparison between brickwork and plastic digesters
Parameter Brickwork biogas digester Soft plastic biogas digester

Digester 10-20 days 1-3 days
construction cycle
Digester Relatively high Reduced by about 20%-30% of traditional
construction cost digester
Digester Hard fixed unmovable easy to leak Soft movable well sealed
performance
Service life Long Long
Shape requirement Deep inflexible Hollow inflexible
Biogas generation Average High and stable it can remain normal gas
rate generation in winter if insulation measures
are taken
Surplus gas Cannot store surplus gas of biogas nor be Can store surplus gas and be movable
movable
Combustion power Flame normally 15cm high with light Flame as high as 15-35cm with strong
firepower firepower
Scum formation on Forming scum and difficult to solve Free of shell formation normally
surface
Feeding and Difficult in feeding due to small pipe Easy and convenient for feeding and
discharging diameter and high dilution requested. In discharging. No person is needed for
case of required emptying for repairing, emptying in case of internal problems.
person needs to enter the digester; risk of
getting poisoned.
Technology and Master air-tightness process. Understand Easy to master. Operation can be
process engineering drawing. Master brick arch conducted in short period of time. Success
requirements technology. Understand diagnosis and rate of digester construction reaches
treatment of biogas leakage and water 100%.
leakage of digester as well as protection.
About three months are required for
training.
Maintenance service When biogas digester is damaged or When biogas digester is damaged or
biogas leaks, it is difficult to repair, which biogas leaks, it is difficult to repair, which
will influence the normal use of digester. will influence the normal use of digester.
Industrialization and Not possible Possible
scale production
Table 29: Transportation and installation of Prefabricated Bag Digesters
Item Technical parameter
Digester, storage bag, hard/soft pipe, desulfurizer, biogas blower pump, T joint, switch,
Components
bend, reducer, straight connection, slurry sucking machine, etc
3 3 3
Volume of digester 6m 8m 10m
Dimension of digester 2150*1800*1500 (mm) 2600*2200*1400 (mm) 3700*1800*1500 (mm)
Weight 24kg 26kg 28kg
!
Package box 650mm*550mm*400mm

56!
Ambient temperature 10-45°C
Voltage: 220V; Outlet gas pressure: 0.03MPa; displacement: 0-30L/min; outlet pipe
Blower pump
diameter: 16mm; power: 25kW
Even if the frame conditions - such as high ground water table or extended flooding, long
rainy seasons, soil temperature throughout the year at least 20oC, and limited access roads
(minimum for 6t trucks) are recommending the installation of prefabricated biogas digesters,
there are more criteria to be considered before a decision about the type of prefabricated
digesters should be taken.
Table 30: Criteria list to select best appropriate prefabricated biogas plant
Criteria Details
o GWP impact is 0.032 kg CO2 equivalent per kg cement (country specific
Construction material Green
figures!)
House Gas Inventory for Life-
o GWP impact is 0.101kg CO2 equivalent per brick (country specific
Cycle-Assessment (LCA)
figures!)
o Transport of construction material and workers
Energy Inventory o Energy need during on-site installation
o Energy input during operation
o Recycling of construction material after operational lifetime
(environmental impact)
End-of-Life o Operational lifetime (esp. in situation where people are yet to be
motivated for the adoption of this technology and the necessary skill and
materials are not readily available, it is necessary to prefer plants with
longer life though it may require higher initial investment.)
o A design should be simple and understandable, not only for construction
Simple Design
but also for "operation and maintenance”.
o Work input (time and staff) needed during installation.
Utilization of easy available
o Consider to make use of easily available materials, also for repair work
material
o The feeding and digester design should be compatible with the type of
inputs to be used (cattle, pig or poultry manure, mixing with straw, feed
Suitable for the type of feedstock residues, kitchen waste, urine, water...)
to be used o Potential dry matter content which could be handled within the digester
o Stable floor connection possible,
o If toilet connection possible and acceptable, preventive measures for
short cut avoiding from inlets to outlet etc.
o Selection of a particular design and size of its various components or
Frequency of Using Inputs and
parts also depends on how frequently the user can feed the system and
Outputs
also how frequently the gas will be utilized.
o Biogas storage sizes, maximum and average pressure.
Banking business model o Prefabricated biogas plant itself could be used as loan collateral
3
Cost relations o Price per m construction and/ or effective volume
!
Attachment to BAB VOLUME II

57!
1. Household Questionnaire
2. LCPO Questionnaire
3. Contacts during BAB onsite missions
!
!
NDBMP!Plant!Code!…………………………....!/!BAB!Interview!No.!………….………………..!
HOUSEHOLD Questionnaire
for Verification &Audit Mission to NDBMP
Informed consent & cover page
Greetings! My name is ______________________________. I am here on behalf of the German
Development Cooperation supporting the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Program. We
are conducting a detailed analysis of biogas plants installed in the country since 2006 under the
framework of the program – especially observing biogas production and use, and the handling of
bio-slurry. In order to get more information about your biogas plant, its operation and the
challenges and benefits you are experiencing, we are conducting a survey of households in this
area.
Your household has been selected by chance from all the households with biogas plants in this
area. I would like to ask you some questions related to the installation, operation, maintenance
and other issues related to your biogas plant. We would also like to take technical measurements
of the plant components and carry out some tests to evaluate the plant’s overall condition.
The information you provide will be useful to find out the status of biogas plants not only in your
community, but also in general in other regions and will be used to plan future improvements of
the program for biogas energy in Bangladesh.
All the information you give will be dealt with as confidential; it will be used to prepare general
reports, without mentioning any specific names. There will be no way to identify that you are the
one who gave this information.
Participation in the survey is voluntary, and you can choose not to take part.
If you have any questions about the survey, you can ask the NDBMP staff or the LCPO staff who
are both here with the survey team. Do you have any questions about the survey?
Name and Signature of interviewer
Date:
Respondent agreed to be interviewed 1. YES 2. NO
Signature of Respondent
Interviewers:
Remember to obtain consent from each household. Write answers directly in the tables and
mark the boxes at each question. The listed options just provide for facilitation - don’t give
answers instead of your interview partner. Enable her/him to say " I don't know" or to give any
answer even if not listed among the options.
Check ALL answers recorded in each section, ensuring gaps or missing answers are
obtained BEFORE leaving the household.
_____________________________________________________________________
Data Entry personnel
Name
Date
Data Entry Code
! 58!
1. HOUSEHOLD IDENTIFICATION
This section is to be completed for each household visited
101. Plant Code No (NDBMP Database)
102. Central Gas Pipe Number (LCPO register)
103. Name of the Plant Owner
104. Phone No.
105. Responsible LCPO (NDBMP Database)
106. Contact Telephone No.
107. District name
108. Village Name
109. GPS
110. Sample number
3
111. Type and Size of Plant Cattle dung Poultry manure m
112. Type of Financing Loan Cash
113. Date of construction &operation start-up
114. Construction type of house
115. Electricity supply (grid connection) Yes No
116. Total number of persons benefitting from biogas
for cooking
117. Family members of plant owner living in the house:
Female adults Male adults Girls (age 12 Boys (age 12 Girls (age Boys (age
(age >18) (age >18) – 18) – 18) <12) <12)
118. Main income source(s) of family

119. Respondent’s name
female male
120. Respondent's role / position in
family
121. Date of interview
122. Time interview started
123. Time interview was completed
2. ANIMALS
Numbers Total number If open grazed, for
Adult Calf before 5 years how many
Livestock
Stall- Open- Stall- Open- hours/day? In which
fed grazed fed grazed season?
Cow/Oxen (201-
206)
Poultry (207-212)
Other animal (213
- 218) (specify)
3. INSTALLATION AND FUNCTIONING OF YOUR BIOGAS PLANT Data Entry
codification
Why did you decide to have a Biogas Plant? 301
Please describe your motivation:
How did you get to know about Biogas Technology? 302
Please describe
Who constructed your biogas plant? 303
1. Unskilled Mason
2 LCPOs’ Mason
3 Local Skilled Mason
4 Do not know
Were any standards set by the Partner Organization regarding the 304
quality of construction material and mason to construct biogas
plants?
1 No
2 Yes
3 Do not know
! 59!
If yes, what types of quality standards were set (answers can be more 305
than one)?
1 Trained masons should be used
2 Standards on construction materials
3 Standards on pipe and appliances
4 Standards on plant design
5 Do not know
How much time was needed to complete the installation of your biogas plant?
1 From the first request: days / weeks / months 306
2 From the day of layout: days / weeks / months 307
Are you satisfied with the performance of the Partner Organization 308
during the preparation and construction of your biogas plant?
1 No
2 Yes, Partly
3 Yes, Fully
4 Please give reasons:
Is your biogas plant functioning according to your expectation and 309
knowledge?
1 No – if no, continue with 310, 311
2 Yes, partly – continue with 312
3 Yes, fully – continue with 313
If your plant is not functioning / has failed, how long is the plant 310
defunct?
1 Less than a month
2 1 to 4 months
3 4 to 12 months
4 More than a year
5 Never started
If your plant has failed, what do you think are the reasons for such 311
failure(s)?
1 Poor workmanship during construction
2 Sub-standard quality of construction materials and
appliances
3 Poor operation because of poor training (over fed,
under-fed, too much water, too less water)
4 Poor maintenance/ No maintenance service available
5 Non-availability of spare parts
6 Natural disasters
7 Slurry entered into the gas pipe
8 Water collected in pipe clogged it
9 Higher water table/flooding during rainy season
10 Do not know
11 Others (please specify)
If your biogas plant is partly functioning- what does not work 312
according to your expectations and knowledge?
1 Biogas production not as expected and required
2 Mixing device is damaged / broken
3 Inlet pipe is blogged and cannot be cleaned out
4 Slurry production is not as expected
5 Other (please specify)
If “Yes, fully functioning”: are you satisfied with the biogas plant? 313
1 No - if No, continue with 314
2 Yes, partly – continue with 315
3 Yes, fully – continue with 316
If you are NOT SATISFIED, what are the reasons? (more than one 314
answer possible)
1 Not enough gas for cooking/lighting
2 Difficult to operate
3 Often encountering technical problems
4 Additional work
! 60!
5 Food cooked with biogas is not tasty

6 Too much water needed
7 Slurry is too liquid; cannot be sold / burned /
transported
8 Others (specify)
If partly satisfied, what are the reasons? (more than one answer 315
possible)
1 Too little gas for cooking/lighting
2 Difficult to operate
3 Often encounter technical problems
4 More additional work for men / women
5 Food cooked on gas is not tasty
6 Others (specify)
If fully satisfied, what are the reasons? (more than one answer 316
possible)
1 Enough gas for use
2 Trouble free functioning of plant
3 Easy cooking/lighting
4 Economic benefits (Please describe)
5 Health benefits (Please describe)
6 Social benefits (please describe)
7 Environmental Benefits (please describe)
8 Workload reduction (please describe)
9 Others (specify)
How often do you feed your biogas plant? 317
1 Daily
2 Once in two days
3 Once in three days
4 Once in four days
5 Others (specify)
How much dung is fed at one feeding? (check/ weigh the feeding 318
scoop / bucket / basket and evaluate the quantity)
kg/one feeding
Do you collect dung from others than your own cattle/poultry? 319
1 No
2 Yes: kg/day on an average
3 If yes: Do you pay for the collected dung /manure? TK
Do you feed other feeding materials besides cattle dung / poultry 320
manure?
1 No
2 Organic kitchen and household waste
3 Human excreta (toilet connection)
4 Poultry droppings
5 Cattle dung
6 Agricultural waste
7 Other (specify)
How much water is used to mix cattle dung / poultry dropping /other 321
material?
1 More than the volume of cattle dung / poultry dropping
/ other material
2 Equal to the volume of cattle dung / poultry dropping /
other material
3 Less than the volume of cattle dung / poultry dropping
/ other material
Do you know how much dung is required to be fed into your plant 322
daily?
1 No
2 Yes: kg:
Has anyone in your family received training on operation and 323
maintenance of biogas plants? (Please consider all possible answers!)
! 61!
1 No training received
2 No training but leaflet/booklet/manual provided
3 Yes, service provider gave training
3 Yes, family head (husband / wife – please mark!)
received training by service provider
4 Housewife was informed by husband about plant
operation and how to cook on biogas
5 Yes, husband / wife (please mark!) received one day
orientation training provided by service provider
6 Yes, husband / wife (please mark!) received short
term O & M training (7days or less)
7 Yes, husband / wife receivedon the spot instructions
from mason/company supervisors etc.
8 Beside technical training, agricultural aspects have
been highlighted by service provider
9 Others (specify)
Have you received any follow up services from the Partner 324
Organization?
1 No, not even when requested
2 No, not at all
3 Yes, on call
4 Yes, regularly (Please give period of “regularly”)
Is there any service center nearby? 325
1 No
2 Yes, very near (with in 5 km reach)
3 Yes, quite far (5-10 km reach)
4 Yes, very far (more than 10 km reach)
Is a toilet attached to biogas plant? 326
1 No, we do not have toilet - continue with 328
2 We have toilet but not attached to biogas plant -
continue with 328
3 Yes, Toilet is attached to biogas plant - continue with
327
If toilet is attached to the plant, who encouraged you to do so? 327
1 Own motivation
2 The Partner Organization
3 Friends and relatives
4 Others (specify)
Are there any taboos related to attaching toilets to biogas plants? 328
1 No
2 Biogas from plants with attached toilets is considered
to be un-sacred
3 People are hesitant to handle the slurry if a toilet is
attached to the biogas plant
4 Others (specify)
Are there any advantages in attaching toilets to biogas plants? 329
1 No
2 Safety in the night
3 Cleanliness and hygiene
4 Others (specify)
Do you know your investment to built the plant? 330
1 Don’t Know (continue with 333)
2 Yes Amount in TK…………………
Did you take loan to build the plant? 331
1 Don’t Know (continue with………)
2 Yes Amount of Loan in TK……………..
If yes - status of repayment 332
1. All repaid
2. Paying Continues (give running month…………..)
Was it ever necessary to repair your biogas plant? 333
! 62!
1 No - if no, continue with 337 (this may be change)

2 Yes – if yes continue with 334
If yes, what kind of problems had to be solved by repair work? 334
1 Gas leakage through joints in pipeline
2 Mal/Non-functioning of stoves
3 Mal/Non-functioning main valve/gas taps
4 Slurry in gas pipeline
5 Clogging of pipes because of condensed water
6 Clogging of inlet pipe
7 Low gas production
8 No gas production
9 Structural damages (please specify….)
10 Others (specify)…
What kind of repair work has been carried out? 335
1 Repair / Replacement of pipelines
2 Repair / Replacement of stoves
3 Changing/repair of main gas valve/gas taps
4 Repairs of structural damages (please specify…..)
5 Others (specify)….
Who carried out the repair work? 336
1 Technicians from Partner Organization
2 Household members and relatives
3 Hired technicians from the market
4 Others (specify)….
How much Taka you spent for your plant since installation 337
1 For operation: TK
2 For maintenance: TK
3 For repair: TK
4 Do not know
Are there any after-sales-services/warranty provisions on your biogas 338
plant?
1 No - continue with 337
2 Yes, for biogas plant ……. years
3 Yes, for appliances ..... years
4 Do not know - continue with 337
Are you satisfied with such after-sales-services/warranty provisions 339
on your plant? (Please give reasons, why / why not!)
1 No
2 Yes, partly
3 Yes, fully
Would you invest again (if needed) or advice others to install a biogas 340
plant?(Please give reasons, why / why not)
1 No, because ....
2 Yes, because ....
What is the frequency of the following operational and maintenance 341
activities you carry out usually at your biogas plant? (Please use code
as follows: (1 – daily, 2- Once in two days, 3- Once in three to four
days, 4- Once in a week, 5- Monthly, 6 – As and when needed, 7-
Never)
1 Plant Feeding
2 Cleaning of inlet tank and pipe
3 Use of Main valve
4 Checking of leakages
5 Cleaning of water drain (water trap)
6 Cleaning of outlet/ overflow opening
7 Maintaining (feeding and emptying of compost pits)
8 Oiling of gas tap
9 Cleaning of gas stove
10 Cleaning of gas lamp
11 Breaking of scum layer
! 63!
12 Any other (specify)

4. USE OF BIOGAS
For what purpose do you us biogas? 401
1 Cooking only
2 Lighting only
3 Cooking and lighting both
4 Other (specify)…..
How many stoves/gas lamps do you have installed? 402
1 Stoves (… single burner, …… double burners, type)
2 Gas lamps (type)
How long the stove(s) / lamp(s) is / are burnt in a day (calculate the 403
timing of all the stoves)? USE 24 HOUR FORMAT
Stove(s)
1 ……. to ……. (in the morning)
2 ….… to …… (in the afternoon)
3 ……. to ….… (in the evening)
4 Further information
Lamp(s)
5 …..… to ……(in the morning)
6 …..… to ……(in the evening)
7 Further information
Do you say, biogas is enough for cooking and / or lighting? 404
1 Not enough
2 Enough for cooking and/or lighting
3 Enough for cooking but not enough for lighting
4 Enough for lighting but not enough for cooking
If not enough, since when and for how many months? 405
1 Since the start
2 Throughout the year
3 During winter months (From….......... to …................)
4 Since ... months now
If biogas is not sufficient, for which time do you need gas for cooking 406
and/or lighting? USE 24 HOUR Format
Stove (s)
1 …..….to ……….(in the morning)
2 ………to …..…..(in the afternoon)
3 …..… to ….….. (in the evening)
Lamp(s)
4 …..… to ……(in the morning)
5 …..… to ……(in the evening)
If gas is not enough, what may be the reason(s)? 407
1 Too small plant size
2 Under-fed plant
3 Over-fed plant
4 Plant not regularly fed
5 Less gas production due to defective construction
6 Less gas due to defective operation and maintenance
7 Less gas production during winter months
8 Others (specify)
9 Do not know
Are you using other fuel besides biogas for cooking purpose? (Give 408
amount, unit and cost/unit)
1 No Amount Unit TK/unit
2 Traditional Cook stove (cow dung
/ fire wood / agricultural residues
– please mark)
3 Improved cook stove (cow dung /
fire wood / agricultural residues –
please mark)
4 LPG stove
! 64!
5 Kerosene stove
6 Electrical stove or appliances (list
-for example: rice cooker-)
7 Others (specify)…..
How much other fuel did you use for cooking purpose before having a 409
biogas plant? (Give amount, unit and cost/unit)
Amount Unit TK/unit
1 Fire wood
2 Cow dung
3 Agricultural residues
4 LPG
5 Kerosene
6 Electricity
7 Other (specify)
Are you using other sources of fuel besides biogas for lighting? (Give 410
amount, unit and cost/unit)
1 NO Amount Unit TK/unit
2 Electricity
3 Kerosene
4 LPG
5 Other (specify)
How much other fuel did you use for lighting purpose before having a 411
biogas plant? (Give amount, unit and cost/unit)
Amount Unit TK/unit
1 Fire wood
2 Cow dung
3 LPG
4 Kerosene
5 Electricity
6 Other (specify)
Do you sell biogas to other households? 412
1 NO
2 Yes – please describe how, unit and price/unit
5. USE OF SLURRY
2
Total land owned by the Household at the plant site m 501
2
Surface used for agriculture and gardening at the plant site m 502
2
Land used for agriculture ..... km away from plant site m 503
Do you use biogas slurry on farm for agriculture or gardening? 504
1 No
2 Yes – completely continue with 504
3 Yes - Partially …(%), - continue with 504
4 Yes - seasonally - continue with 504
If NO, what do you do with the slurry? 505
1 Sale to others for agriculture or gardening
2 Give out to others for free
3 Make dung cakes to burn for own use
4 Make dung cakes to burn for sale
5 Drain to water courses or drains
6 Other (specify)
Why do you not use slurry? 506
1 It has lesser nutrient value than dung / manure
2 It is difficult to use because it is liquid
3 Reluctant to use the slurry from biogas plant because toilet
is attached
4 No land for slurry use
5 Others (specify)
If YES, what do you do with the slurry? 507
1 Use as organic fertilizer without composting
2 Use as organic fertilizer after composting (in shadow/ under
a roof / not protected against sun) - please mark
! 65!
3 Mixing with agricultural waste..

4 Use as fish feed
5 Use slurry through irrigation canal directly
6 Dry out, collect and use for gardening / agriculture
7 Make dung cakes and use as fertilizer on own field
8 Other (specify)
Are you encountering any problems with handling of slurry? 508
1 No
2 Difficult to carry
3 Difficult to compost
4 No place available for drying, collection and composting
5 Other (specify)
Have you received any advice/training from the Partner Organization on 509
the use of slurry?
1 No
2 Yes – please give some details on content of advice /
training:
6. Suggestions to the Program Development
Do you have any suggestions how the National Domestic Biogas and 601
Manure Program should develop within the next 5 years in order to
implement more biogas plants in the rural areas?(more than one answer
is possible)
1 No
2 Improved methods for slurry handling
3 More training to all household members
4 More support to households for investment in biogas plants
5 Improved After-sales services
*measure wt of substrate (dung) check in 319
Thank you very much for your time!
___________________________________________________________________________
7. OBSERVATION CHECKLIST(Please tick and enter relevant information)

Component Observation Quality of Maintenance Obvious Data
Workmanship done problems Entry
Code
Location of 1. Sunny 701
Plant (please 2. Partly sunny
take photo!) 3. Shadow
Relative 1. Good and 702
positioning of convenient
plant 2. Satisfactory
components 3. Bad
Distance plant 703
to kitchen ……….. meters
Distance plant 704
to water …………meters
sources
Distance plant ………… meters 705
to shed
Level shed 1. inlet lower 706
floor to plant than shed floor
inlet 2. inlet higher
than shed floor
3. same level
Condition of 1. soil 707
shed floor 2. concrete
3. bricks
4. other ..........
Condition of 1. Good 1. Good 1. No 708
inlet tank 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
! 66!

Code
working 3. poor
3. Not working
Is it possible 1. No 709
to clean the 2. Yes
inlet pipe with
a long stick
Mixing device 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
working 3. poor
3. Not working
digester and 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
gas storage working 3. poor
(dome) 3. Not working
outlet 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
chamber working 3. poor
3. Not working
water trap 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
working 3. poor
3. Not working
gas pipeline 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
working 3. poor
3. Not working
Type of Pipe 1. GI 715
2. HDPE/PVC
3. Flexi plastic
main gas 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
valve working 3. poor
3. Not working
rubber hose 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
pipe working 3. poor
3. Not working
Gas Tap 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
working 3. poor
3. Not working
gas-lamp 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
working 3. poor
3. Not working
pressure 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
meter working 3. poor
3. Not working
Stove 1 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
(specify): working 3. poor
3. Not working
Stove 2 2. Defective but 2. fair 2. Yes
(specify): working 3. poor
3. Not working
Flame Stove 1. Blue and 723
! 67!

Code
1characteristic strong
2. Yellowish
3. Yellow and
weak
Flame Stove 2 1. Blue and 724
characteristic strong
2. Yellowish
3. Yellow and
weak
Cleanliness of 1. clean 725
kitchen 2. fair
3. poor
Slurry pit(s) 1. Sunny 1. Good 726
Number: 2. Partly sunny 2. fair
3. In shadow 3. poor
Condition of 1. Good 727
plant 2. fair
surrounding 3. poor
Scum layer 1. None 728
2. Thin Layer
3. Thick layer
Sediments in 1. None 729
the bottom 2. Thin Layer
3. Thick layer
Slurry coming 1. Yes, during 730
out of visit
overflow 2. Obviously
regularly
3. Did not
overflow since
days
Color of slurry 1. Blackish 731
coming out 2. Yellowish
3. Fresh yellow
4. Other:
describe
Smell of slurry 1. No smell 732
2. Smell
3. Strong smell
Consistency 1. very liquid 733
of slurry 2. good flow
consistency
3. creamy
Overall 1. good 1. good No 734
condition of 2. working with 2. fair Yes
plant problems, 3. poor
3. not working
8. MEASUREMENT CHECKLIST
Please take the measurements as indicated in the following sketch and document them in
cm in the sketch.
In addition please measure:
ITEM Measurement Date Entry
Code
o
Temperature inside the digester C 812
o
Ambient Temperature C 813
pH value of slurry in the digester 814
Top filling over the dome Cm 815
! 68!
local brick dimensions LxHxW ...cm x ...cm x ...cm 816

Gas quality check:
CH4 817
H2S 818
CO2 819
Indicate measurements and tick in the following sketches where leakages are observed:
! 69!
9. CHECKING FOR LEAKAGES AND GAS PRODUCTION

Gas tightness of Pipeline: Check leakage through main valve using soap water 90
solution. Close main valve. Pump air from rubber hose pipe in the kitchen and increase 1
the pressure up to 70 cm of water column. Leave it for 10 minutes.
Check the pressure. If the pressure drop is zero, there is no leakage. If drop is less
than 5 cm water column, there is minor leakage and if drop is more than 5 cm, then
there is major leakage.
1 No leakage
2 Minor Leakage
3 Major leakage
Gas tightness of Dome: Ensure there is no leakage through main valve. Open the main 90
valve. Pump air into the digester through rubber hose pipe to increase pressure up to 2
70 cm of water column (if the plant is already having that pressure, just record the
pressure, no need to pump extra air). Close main valve and wait for at least one hour.
Check the pressure drop. If pressure increases, there is no leakage. If the pressure
remains same or decreases by a maximum of 2 cm, then there is minor leakage and if
there is pressure-drop of more than 2 cm in slurry level, there is major leakage.
1 No leakage
2 Minor Leakage
3 Major leakage
Gas Production: Ensure that there is no leakage through main gas valve. Close main 90
gas valve. Take measurement of height of slurry in outlet. Stop using biogas and leave 3
the plant for at least one hour. Measure the height of slurry after one hour. Calculate
the gas production in one hour. If the plant is full with gas during inspection (slurry
coming out of overflow opening), then measure the quantity of slurry that comes out of
the plant in that period, if possible. If not, take out few buckets of slurry from the outlet
to lower the slurry level and carry out the measurement as mentioned above
1 Gas production in …...minutes = litres
2 Gas production per day =litres
Method with the gas meter ……. Connected to the digester during 1 day (main valve
opened) 90
Gas consumption of the burner (injector diameter to be specified:) 4
10. Sequence of Activities

FIRST OF ALL: Get consent from User for interview and testing
Interviewer:
1. Fill the questionnaire with appropriate person (user)
2. Ensure that all the questions are answered and the answers are consistent
3. Complete observation checklist (alone or with technical team)
Technical team:
1. Check leakage in main gas valve using shampoo water solution and ensure that there is no
leakage.
2. Close main valve
3. Measure the slurry level in the hydraulic chamber (from the bottom of overflow opening)
4. Request users not to use gas or not to open main valve until further notice
5. Check leakage through pipeline and document it
6. Fill out the observation checklist (can also be done by interviewer if he/she finishes interview
before technical team finalizes tests)
7. Fill out the measurement sheet
8. After at least one hour after the closing of main valve (stoppage of using gas), take
measurement of the slurry level in the hydraulic chamber and document it
9. Carry out dome gas tightness test and document it
! 70!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(PO!code)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(district!Code)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Date!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Interview!Nr.!!
Questionnaire!for!Technical,!Social!and!Institutional!Audit!of!NDBMP!
Informed)consent)&)cover)page)
(Lending)&)Construction))Partner)Organizations)
Greetings! My name is ______________________________. I am here on behalf of the German
International Development Cooperation supporting the National Domestic Biogas and Manure
Program. We are conducting a detailed analysis of biogas plants installed in the country since
2006 under the framework of the program – especially observing biogas production and use, and
the handling of bio-slurry. In order to get more information about the technology dissemination
strategy and process, as well as the challenges and benefits you are experiencing, we are
conducting a survey not only of households but also on Partner Organizations.
Your organization is constructing household biogas plants in this area. I would like to ask you
some questions related to the 'marketing strategy', training offers, subsidies, installation, after-
sales-services, operation, maintenance and other issues related to these biogas plant. We would
also like to take technical measurements of biogas plants and their components and carry out
some tests to evaluate the plants' overall conditions and integration into households' economy
and work schedule.
In addition we are interested to get your opinion about the NDBMP strategic development,
coordination, past and current performance and future potential.
The information you provide will be useful to find out the status of the NDBMP and will be used to
plan future improvements of the implementation of biogas technology in Bangladesh.
All the information you give will be dealt with as confidential; it will be used to prepare general
reports, without mentioning any specific names. There will be no way to identify that you are the
one who gave this information.
Participation in the survey is voluntary, and you can choose not to take part.
If you have any questions about the survey, you can ask the NDBMP staff who are here with the
survey team. Do you have any questions about the survey?
Name and Signature of interviewer

Date:
Respondent agreed to be interviewed 1. YES 2. NO
Signature of Respondent
Interviewers:
Remember to obtain consent from each PO. Write answers directly in the tables and mark the
boxes at each question. The listed options just provide for facilitation - don’t give answers
instead of your interview partner. Enable her/him to say "I don't know" or to give any answer
even if not listed among the options.
Check ALL answers recorded in each section, ensuring gaps or missing answers are
obtained BEFORE leaving the PO.
_____________________________________________________________________
Data Entry personnel
Name
Date
Data Entry Code
1. Partner Organization Identification

This section is to be completed for each Partner Organization contacted
101. PO Code (NDBMP Database)
102. Central Gas Pipe Number series
103. Complete name of the PO
104. Short name
105. Phone No.
106. No. of staff
107. PO email
! 71!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
108. District, where interview takes place

109. Name of interviewed person
(Male/Female)
110. His/her position in the PO
111. Contact phone number
112. email
113. Date of signing First Agreement with IDCOL-NDBMP
114. Date of ending Agreement with IDCOL-NDBMP
115. Organizational focus on Construction Maintenance Financing
116. Technical focus on Domestic Medium & large scale Solar Energy
biogas biogas
117. Main income source of PO
118. Date of interview
119. Time interview started
120. Time interview was completed
2. Partner Organization Profile Data Entry
Code
Legal constitution / form of your organization 201
1 Non Governmental Organization
2 Micro Finance Organization
3 Company
4 Governmental Organization
What is the "business nature" of your organization? 202
1 Charity
2 Not-For-Profit
3 Commercial / "for profit"
4 Other (specify)
Organizational coverage 203
1 No of district
2 No of branch offices
LCPO offices in Dhaka 204
1 Number
2 Address:
3 Phone
4 email:
5 Contact person's name: (male / female)
LCPO offices in districts (* Add extra sheet if needed) 205
1 Number
2 Addresses:
3 Phone
4 email:
5 Contact person's name:
(male / female)
What is your organizational vision / strategic objective? (Please 206
elaborate)
Please describe the mission of your organization: 207
Please list the sectors / fields of activities in which your organization is 208
engaged in (more than one answer is possible)
1 Domestic biogas plants
2 Solar Home Systems
3 Rural Development & Energy Infrastructure
4 Urban Development & Energy Infrastructure
! 72!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
5 Social Development & Health

6 Agriculture (vegetable & crop production)
7 Cattle farming
8 Poultry farming
9 Micro finance
10 Banking
11 Training
12 Water & Environmental protection
13 Sanitation
14 Solid Waste Management
15 Food Security
16 Millennium Development Goals
17 General Construction
18 Medium & large scale biogas technology
Employment Record (please give staff number and gender for each 209
position)
Number Men Women
1 Director / Company owner
2 Manager
3 Administrator
4 Accountant
5 Supervisor
6 Permanent masons
7 Contracted masons acc.
construction
8 Permanent plumber
9 Contracted plumber acc. work
10 Agronomist
11 Village motivators / trainers
12 Marketing staff
13 Construction helpers
Please give average monthly payment and type of contract per position 210
(1 = indefinite contract; 2 = yearly contract; 3 = contract per biogas plant
construction; 4 = profit 'sharing'; 5 = other (please specify))
Contract Men: TK Women:
TK
1 Director / Company owner
2 Manager
3 Administrator
4 Accountant
5 Supervisor
6 Permanent masons
7 Contracted masons
8 Permanent plumber
9 Contracted plumber
10 Agronomist
11 Village motivators / trainers
12 Marketing staff
13 Construction helpers
3. Domestic Biogas Technology Dissemination
! 73!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
In which year did you sign the First Participation 301

Agreement (PA) with IDCOL-NDBMP?
Since then, how many PAs did you sign with IDCOL- 302
NDBMP
Motivation to sign Agreement with IDCOL-NDBMP: please elaborate 303
Positive issues within the Agreement (please list) 304
Challenging issues within the Agreement (please list) 305
Did IDCOL provided the following to your organization (please tick): 306
1 Awareness campaigns on Biogas Technology
2 Launch of slurry application activities
3 Training for officials, masons, households and trainers
4 Don't know
Domestic Biogas plants build so far (total number) 307
(Total) target set by IDCOL-NDBMP for your organization? 308
In how many districts should these plants being built? 309
What is the popular size?
Is there any preferential size demanded by households? If yes - which 310
one - and please give reasons
According to your experience: are there any differences in the size 311
demand between the districts - if yes, please explain how and why
Does your organization have a promotional and/or marketing strategy 312
for the dissemination of domestic biogas plants? (More than one
answer is possible)
1. No - we use only NDBMP's material
2. Yes - we complement NDBMP's material with own ideas
(please provide example material to interviewer)
3. Yes - we develop own strategies and material according to
the different situation and conditions in the districts (please
provide example material to interviewer)
4 Yes - our trained staff updates the strategy at any time when
there is a need for adaptation to new clients
(please provide example material to interviewer)
What key messages do you use for promotion and marketing? Please 313
list:
Which methodologies do you use to approach the households? Please 314
list:
Do you provide orientation to the staff before they are deployed in the 315
field?
2 Yes - please provide example (for copying), and
continue with 320
If NO, why not: please describe 316
If yes who gives the orientation? 317
1 Manager
2 Supervisor
3 Mason
4 Field Motivator /Promotion & Marketing staff
5 Other (Pls specify)
What is the content of the orientation on the construction agreement 318
(more than one answer)
1 Guarantee
2 After construction service
3 Biogas Quality Standards
! 74!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
4 Quality construction material and standards

5 Quality biogas appliances and standards
6 Role and responsibility of biogas users
7 Role and responsibility of LCPO
8 Biogas Plant Cost
9 Subsidy
10 Credit/Loan
11 Payment conditions
12 Role of mason and supervisor
13 Measurement and reporting criteria
14 Tentative duration of construction
15 About other biogas company in the same district
16 Hand over of biogas plant
17 NDBMP quality control visits
18 Feeding the plant
19 Use of slurry for fertilizer and composting
20 Maintenance of biogas appliances (stoves / lamps)
21 Maintenance of biogas plant (emptying of digester; repair
mixing device, slabs, inlet and outlet chambers ....)
22 Pipe & fittings (water drain, gas valve and taps, gas pressure,
rubber hose pipe ...)
23 Biogas benefits
4. Program framework, capacity building and monitoring
Do you personally know the content of the (First) Agreement on 401
Domestic Biogas Construction with IDCOL-NDBMP?
1 No
2 Yes
Who signed the (First) Agreement on Domestic Biogas Construction 402
with IDCOL-NDBMP? (give name, gender & position):
Is this person still with your organization 403
1 No
2 Yes
Did IDCOL-NDBMP give orientation on the agreement before signing it? 404
2 Yes
If yes, what did they highlight? Please elaborate: 405
If no, did you / your organization request orientation from IDCOL- 406
NDBMP?
1 No
2 Yes
If Yes: What was the answer / the following action of NDBMP? (please 407
describe):
Up to now: was there any training on Domestic Biogas Technology 408
Implementation provided by IDCOL-NDBMP?
1 No
2 Yes
If Yes: what were the topics and who from your organization 409
participated
Topic staff position Man Woman
1 Technology - design & layout
2 Technology - construction
3 Feeding the plant
! 75!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
4 Use of biogas
5 Slurry use
6 Maintenance of biogas plant
7 Repair of biogas plants
Do you have internal training sessions for your staff working in 410
domestic biogas technology?
2 Yes - continue with 411
If NO, why not: 411
If YES, please list topics and participants: 412
Topic staff position Man Woman
1
2
3
4
5
6
Please describe the MONITORING carried out by IDCOL-NDBMP on your 413
organization:
1.1 once per 1.2 once per 1.3 twice per
Period of contract year year
1
monitoring 1.4 every third 1.5 once per 1.6 Other
month month (please specify)
2 Content of 2.1 accounts 2.2 list of 2.3 Other
monitoring constructed (please specify)
plants
5. Technology Implementation Procedure
Number of construction agreements till today 501
Number of plants constructed till today 502
Number of plants currently under construction 503
After signing a construction agreement: what is the average 504
time required until start of construction of biogas plants
(days / weeks / months)
Do you monitor biogas plants and their quality by means of an Internal 505
Quality Control system?
2 Yes - continue with 510
If NO, why not? (more than one answer is possible) 506
1 Confident in quality of construction
2 No trained staff in organization to establish and carry out IQC
3 If any other reason, please specify
If YES, in which moment between signing the construction agreement 507
and handing over the biogas plant do you apply IQC?
1 In every biogas plant in any moment
2 Only sometimes in some plants
3 In critical situations (please specify)
4 Other moment (please specify)
Do you check the quality of construction material delivered to the site? 508
1 NO
2 YES
If no, why not? 509
If Yes, how often? 510
! 76!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
1 On each construction sites

2 Only randomly at some construction sites
Who checks it? (please indicate if woman (1) or man (2) staff is involved 511
in IQC)
1 Manager / Director
2 Supervisor
3 Mason
4 Others (Pls. Specify)
Do you check the quality of biogas appliances? 512
1 NO
2 YES - continue with 521
If No, Why not? 513
1 At each new installation
in IQC)
2 Supervisor
3 Mason
Do you check pipes and fittings? 516
1 NO
If No, Why not? 517
1 At each new installation
in IQC)
2 Supervisor
3 Mason
Reasons for quality problems (Give ranking 1 to 5, 1 for being more 520
responsible, and 5 for less)
1 Material (list ....)
2 Construction quality
3 Piping & fitting
4 Appliances
5 Maintenance & operation
6 Plant design
7 Weak internal quality control
8 Weak support from NDBMP (technical / economical /
capacity building)
Responsibility for quality problems (Give ranking 1 to 5, 1 for more being 521
responsible and 5 for less)
1 LCPO staff
2 Owner & family & household / farm workers
! 77!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
3 Appliance manufacturers
Do you provide periodically AFTER Construction SERVICES (ACS) to the 522
biogas households?
1 No
2 Yes
If No, Why you don't do ACS? 523
1 No trained staff
2 Not in business priority
3 Not well paid
4 If any other reason (please specify):
If Yes, in which sequences do you carry out control visits? 524
1 Every year in each plant
2 Every year only in randomly selected plants
3 In critical situation
How fast do you respond to customer complaints? 525
1 Same day
2 Next day
3 With in a Week
4 Depends on current work load in the moment of complaints
According to your experience: what are the major problems addressed in 526
customers' complaints since you are in the biogas business? (please
list)
6. Loan Implementation Procedure
Number of signed loan agreements till today 601
Number of plants constructed under loan agreement till 602
today
Number of plants with loan agreement currently under 603
construction
After signing the loan agreement: average time required until 604
start of construction of biogas plants (days / weeks / months)
What do you identify as main obstacles for signing loan agreements with 605
interested households? (please list)
What is the range of loan amount requested by households? 606
1 Full amount of biogas system costs including material and labor
2 51 to 75% of biogas system costs including material and labor
6 Only labor cost
7 Only material cost
8 Only cost for biogas appliances
What are the criteria for your organization to fix the loan interest and the 607
re-payment rate? (please elaborate or give relevant documents to the
interviewer)
According to your experience: How long is the average re-payment time? 608
Do you motivate / support households to create income generating 609
activities (home / farm based enterprises) related to their biogas system?
1 NO
2 YES
! 78!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
If YES: please give examples 610

According to your experience: what are the weak points of the Loan 611
Procedure?
7. BIOGAS BUSINESS PLANNING in your organization
In your Business Plans, how did you set your target in the Domestic 701
Biogas Department?
1 Looking on previous year's progress
2 Through market study
3 Information from staff involved in domestic biogas work
4 Based on IDCOL-NDBMP requirements
Did you achieve your biogas target last year? 702
1 NO - continue with 705
If No, What are the main reasons? 703
If Yes, What are the main reasons of success? 704
Are you receiving the subsidy and refinancing amount timely? 705
If NO: what do you identify as reasons for the delay? 706
If Yes, how long does it take receive the subsidy and refinancing in your 707
account after submission of all required documents and reports?
1 two weeks
2 four weeks
3 more than four weeks
4 other (please specify)
Are you satisfied with the current subsidy delivery and refinancing 708
mechanisms?
If NO: why not? 709
If Yes, please give reasons: 710
Do you have any other biogas projects that generate income for your 711
organization besides being PO to IDCOL-NDBMP?
1 NO
2 YES
If YES, what do these projects and activities add to your IDCOL-NDBMP 712
linked activities?
1 Capacity building for organization's staff in other Renewable
Energy technologies
2 Capacity Building and funds for toilet construction
3 Capacity building and funds for agricultural activities at farm
level
4 Training for biogas plant owners on agriculture / animal
husbandry / micro and small entrepreneurship
Does your organization promote different biogas plant designs, also 713
without financial subsidy support?
1 NO
2 YES
What are the advantages of these other designs compared to the IDCOL 714
design? (please elaborate)
How do you see the household biogas market without subsidies and 715
! 79!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!
IDCOL refinancing mechanisms from your organization's perspective?

1 Good to prosperous (please give reasons)
2 Will be sustained but never be an important business part
(please give reasons)
3 Construction will become unfeasible (please give reasons)
4 Other opinion (please elaborate)
8. Biogas Plant Cost and Entrepreneurship / Economy of LCPO
How do you calculate the quotation for a biogas plant? 801
1 Looking on market Price
2 Looking on internal expenditure
3 Using approved quotations from IDCOL-NDBMP
Are you satisfied with the approved quotation? 802
If No, why you are not satisfied? 803
If Yes, What is the gross profit from each plant? 804
1 10% -15 %
2 15%-20%
3 20%- 25%
4 Above 25%
5 Other (specify):
If your organization is working in different districts: are their significant 805
differences in costs for biogas plants due to price differences for
construction material / labor / transport? (please mark)
1 NO
2 YES
How much does your organization invest annually into the domestic 806
biogas and manure program? (please give at least rough estimations)
1 Retaining skilled staff
2 Office setting (Furniture, Computer, Vehicles etc)
3 Office Administration Head Quarter and Branch Offices
(Stationary, Rent, salaries)
4 Biogas Appliances Management
5 Loan administration
6 Marketing / Advertise / Promotion / Training
7 Research and development
8 Material Transportation Expenses (Petrol, diesel, bus/taxi
/aero plane etc)
9 Equipment and tools for construction
10 Equipment and tools for quality check
11 After Sales Service & warranty
12 Other (Pls. Specify)
How many plants per year do you need to construct to reach 807
the break-even point?
What is your net average profit margin per plant in this Fiscal 808
Year?
How do you rate the economic performance of your Biogas Department in 809
this year?
1 Profitable (Net profit %..................)
2 Break Even Status
3 Loss (Net Loss %.....................)
Do you have your own biogas appliances workshop? 810
! 80!
DATA!SHEET!Nr:!…………………………!/!………………………..!/!..........................!/!.......................!

2 YES
If Yes, what are your main products? 811
1 Stoves
2 Lamps
3 Mixing Device
If No, from where you are buying? (give names and contact data) 812
Has your organization a permanent contract with any biogas appliances 813
manufacturer?
1 NO
2 YES
Which products are you buying from this manufacturer? 814
1 Stoves
2 Lamps
3 Mixing Device
9. LCPO's opinion on NDBMP's and sector 's perspectives
Strengths of NDBMP (please elaborate) 901
Weaknesses of NDBMP 902
Opportunities of NDBMP 903
Threats to NDBMP 904
In your opinion - what are the benefits and advantages resulting from domestic 905
biogas technology for households:
In your opinion - what are the disadvantages resulting from domestic biogas 906
technology for households :
biogas technology for your organization
In your opinion - what are the disadvantages resulting from biogas technology 908
for your organization
biogas technology for the country
In your opinion - what are the disadvantages resulting from domestic biogas 910
technology for the country
Do you have any further suggestions to the NDBMP program implementation 911
strategy:
!
! 81!
Contacts(during(BAB(onsite(missions((
Organisation
Name Position Address District Country Cell number Phone e-mail website
Name Type
Development Road-90, House 88 02882 88 09 666
David Kunze Director KfW Dhaka Bangladesh david.kunze@kfw.de
Bank 10/c, Gulsan-2 2713 777 333
Biogas Grameen Grameen Bank 01199-
M A Gofran NGO Dhaka Bangladesh gofran@dhaka.net www.gshakti.org
Consultant Shakti Bhaban, Mirpur-2 269968
Network
Netherland
WIM J.van Leader DR. Kuyperstraat 31(0) 6 283 33 (0)
SNV Development Netherlands wvannes@snvworld.org www.snvworld.org
Nes Renewable 5 935 35 703440 244
Organisation
Energy
Rahman
Redwanoor Palasbari West
Managing Renewab 01712-
Rahman Enterprise Para ,Asuliya, Dhaka Bangladesh redwanoor@yahoo.com
director le Energy 586110
Bulbul Savar
CO.
Settlement RDEC-LGED
Roshan Raj UN- 01755 88-02- roshan.shrestha@uppr
Improveme International Building, Level-8, Dhaka Bangladesh
Shrestha HABITAT 501157 8156435 bd.org
nt Advisor Agargaon
Community RDEC-LGED
Roshan B. UN- 01741- 88-02- roshan.shakya@upprbd
Banking International Building, Level-8, Dhaka Bangladesh
Shakya HABITAT 340164 8156435 .org
advisor Agargaon
Md. Borhan
Managing 58/A Mohakhali 01911- borhan.mojumdar@yah
Uddin RINDA Enterprise Dhaka Bangladesh
director Bazar 925690 oo.com
Mojumdar
Abu Taher 58/A Mohakhali 01727- borhan.mojumdar@yah
Chairman RINDA Enterprise Dhaka Bangladesh
Nannu Bazar 601407 oo.com
Islami
Commercial
Amecon
Md.Hasrulla Complex, 01915- azmot@ameconelctroni
Director Renewab Factory Dhaka Bangladesh
h 2/1,Block-kha 461353 cs.com
le Energy
section-02,
Mirpur
Martin Training 9002544,
Marketing 1/C-1/A, Pallabi, 01819- mmmawts@caritasmc.o
Ronald MAWTS Centre & Dhaka Bangladesh 9002493, www.mawts.org
Manager Mirpur-12 525317 rg
Pramanic Factory 8013810
E2,House:15 880-02- dipal@dipalbarua.com,
Dipal C. Enterprise & 01713- www.greenenergyb
Chairman BGEF Road 36, Dhaka Bangladesh 9861140, dipal@greenenergybd.c
Barua NGO 500500 d.com
Gulshan-2 8818915, om
Head of
E2,House:15 880-02-
Research & Enterprise & 01726- info@greenenergybd.co www.greenenergyb
Naim Din BGEF Road 36, Dhaka Bangladesh 9861140,
Developme NGO 177634 m d.com
Gulshan-2 8818915,
nt
RISDA- House-46, Lane- 01552350687
Hemayet Executive 88-02-
Banglade NGO 3, Block-A, Dhaka Bangladesh , info@risda.org.bd, www.risda.org.bd
Hossain Director 9008133-4
sh section-^, Mirpur 01972350687
Organisation
Name Type
Md. 15-18, Lane-6,
Shamsul Project Shubash Block-D, 01730- 88-02-
NGO Dhaka Bangladesh shubashati@gmail.com
Arefin Manager ati Kalapani-Bat 300082 9013431
Laskar Tala, Mirpur-12
Eng.
Executive RDF Tower, 01920- 88-448-
Md.Abul RDF NGO Barguna Bangladesh trmmbd@yahoo.co, www.rdfbd.org
Engineer Police Line Sarak 214438 62706
Bashar
Dr.
Principal
Mohammaa Research Dr. Quadrat -I- 01556- 88-
Scientific BCSIR Dhaka Bangladesh roufmd@yahoo.com www.bcsir.gov.bd
d Abdur organisation Khuda Road 318036 028622908
Officer
Rouf
Senior
Md. Saiful Research Dr. Quadrat -I- 01816- saiful_chem@yahoo.co
Scientific BCSIR Dhaka Bangladesh www.bcsir.gov.bd
Islam organisation Khuda Road 477161 m
Officer
ATM WIN House-2,
Private 88-02-
Mahbubul Chairman sources Road#1/A, Dhaka Bangladesh www.ttbcbd.com
Company 8833463
Alam Limited Gulsan-1
Mohammad Area GHASHF 438, Mehedibag 01819- ghashful@ghashful- www.ghashful-
NGO Dhaka Bangladesh
Salim Manager UL Road 511132 bd.org bd.org
Energy Development 86- www.energyforall.i
Xia Zuzhang xiazuzhang@gmail.com
for All Bank 13888783919 nfo
Salvista Hub. 8802-
Eng.M.K. Headof Chicks @ Private 01712-
House:8, Road: Dhaka Bangladesh L228142531- info@cknfeeds.com www.cknfeeds.com
Nazrul Islam Operation Feeds Company 837095
14, Dhanmondi 33
Salvista Hub. 8802-
Ekhlasul Managing Chicks @ Private 01711-
House:8, Road: Dhaka Bangladesh L228142531- info@cknfeeds.com www.cknfeeds.com
Haque director Feeds Company 262394
14, Dhanmondi 33
Salvista Hub. 8802-
Shahed Chicks @ Private 01713-
Advisor House:8, Road: Dhaka Bangladesh L228142531- info@cknfeeds.com www.cknfeeds.com
Israil Khan Feeds Company 278184
14, Dhanmondi 33
Md. Salvista Hub. 8802-
Business Chicks @ Private 01713-
Ashfaqul House:8, Road: Dhaka Bangladesh L228142531- info@cknfeeds.com www.cknfeeds.com
Manager Feeds Company 278190
Islam 14, Dhanmondi 33
Dhaka Trade
Centre, 99, Kazi
Md. Tobarok Saori
Managing Telecom Nazrul Islam 01740-
Hossain Telecom Dhaka Bangladesh tobarok@saoritel.com www.saoritel.com
director Company Avenue 5th 909497
Bagmar Ltd.
floor, Kawran
Bazar
Mayor of
Advocate
Tongi 01711- mayor@tongimunicipalit www.tongimunicipa
Md. Azmat Mayor GO 19, Tongi Bhoran Gazipur Bangladesh
Municipal 525733 y.com lity.com
Ullah Khan
ity
( 83(
Organisation
Name Type
Inclusive
House: 474,
Insurance
Syed H Secratory Road:31, New 01914-
RADOL Through Dhaka Bangladesh 02 871 5323 radol_06@hotmail.com www.radol.org
Loton General DOHS, 005956
NGO-Insurer
Mohakhali
Partnership
Commitm D/4, Zakir
Chief
Monir Alam ent Consultancy hossain Road. 01714- monir.chowdhury07@g
Executive Dhaka Bangladesh 02-9103551
Chowdhuri Consulta Office Block-E, 082977 mail.com
Officer
nts Mohammadpur
28, Metropolitan
Housing Society,
Md. Shafiqul Program 01914- 88-02-
NUSRA NGO Babor road, Dhaka Bangladesh nusrabd@yahoo.com www.nusrabd.org
Islam Coordinatot 157737 9136990
Block-F,
Mohammadpur
BRAC-Centre for 01199-
Prabir Manager, BRAC- Development 810144
NGO Dhaka Bangladesh 9205583 bcdm@bdmail.net
Kumar Saha Operation CDM Management, 01711-
Rajendropur 075960
Md. Ghulam Gonosha
Executive Mirzanagar via 01713-
Mustafa stho NGO Dhaka Bangladesh 9673512 geducation@dhaka.net www.gkbd.org
Director Savar Cantt 033862
Dulal Kendro
Senior
Manzur Gonosha
Director, Mirzanagar via 01711-
Kadir stho NGO Dhaka Bangladesh 9673512 gkhealth@dhaka.net www.gkbd.org
Health Savar Cantt 429860
Ahmed Kendro
Program
House:8, Road :
Ferdous Project Poly Private 01713- www.polyconcrete.
1, Block:F, Dhaka Bangladesh ferdous@pcc.no
Sheikh Director Concrete Company 238386 com.bd
Banani
info@risda.org.bd,
House- 46(1st
RISDA- risdabangladesh@yaho
Hemayet Executive floor), Lane-3,
Banglade NGO Dhaka Bangladesh 15522350687 9008133-4 o.com, www.risda.org.bd
Hossain Director Block -A, Section-
sh hemayet168@yahoo.co
6, Mirpur .
m
info@risda.org.bd,
House- 46(1st
Md. RISDA- risdabangladesh@yaho
floor), Lane-3,
Shamsur Chairman Banglade NGO Dhaka Bangladesh 1711480207 9008133-4 o.com, www.risda.org.bd
Block -A, Section-
Rahman sh srahman09@yahoo.co
6, Mirpur .
m
Salvista Hub.
Shah Sufi Brand Chicks @ Private
House:8, Road: Dhaka Bangladesh 1713278187 8142531-33 info@cknfeeds.com www.cknfeeds.com
Ahmed Executive Feeds Company
14, Dhanmondi
( 84(
Organisation
Name Type
Head of
Salvista Hub.
Engr. M.K. Operation, Chicks @ Private 1713278179,
House:8, Road: Dhaka Bangladesh 8142531-33 info@cknfeeds.com www.cknfeeds.com
Nazrul Islam New Feeds Company 01712837095
14, Dhanmondi
Project
Executive mmalik@idcol.org,
Mahmood Panthopath,
Director IDCOL GO Dhaka Bangladesh 8116663 mahmood.malik13@gm www.idcol.org
Malik Kawran Bazar
and CEO ail.com
S.M. Director
Panthopath,
Formanul Legal IDCOL GO Dhaka Bangladesh 9103881 fislam@idcol.org www.idcol.org
Kawran Bazar
Islam Affairs
9114385,
Senior
Nazmul Panthopath, 01912 8111235,
Programme IDCOL GO Dhaka Bangladesh faisal@idcol.org www.idcol.org
Islam Faisal Kawran Bazar 056989 9143157 Ext-
Manager
33
Sr.
Mohammad
Investment Panthopath, 9102171-
Wahidur IDCOL GO Dhaka Bangladesh 1556338657 mwahidr@hotmail.com www.idcol.org
Officer Kawran Bazar 8(Ext-4)
Rahman
(Technical)
Netherland
Rajeev Senior munankami@snvworld.
SNV Development Dhaka Bangladesh
Munankami Advisor org
Organisation
House # 23,
Independ
Independen Ranavola
M. ent Consultancy
t Avenue, Sector # Dhaka Bangladesh 1716981532 8953462 mhassan@cite
Hassanullah Consulta farm
Consultant 10, Uttara Model
ncy
Town
Seed
Sha 45/ka,
Md. Rafiqul Executive Bangla 01730- 8837132, seedbangla@gmail.co
NGO (Hossain market), Dhaka Bangladesh
Islam Director Foundati 063950 8851333 m
North Badda
on
Biogas
Technolo 140, Crescent
Md. btcsl@yahoo.com,
gy Consultancy Road, Green 01715-
Shamsul Chairman Dhaka Bangladesh 9613962 shamsul34@yahoo.co
Consultin farm Road, 967790
Haque m
g Dhanmondi
Services
Former BARI/
Director BSTI/
01713
General/ Plant dmislam@agni.com,
Dr. M S 002180,
Chairman/ Growth GO Dhaka Bangladesh dmislam1946@yahoo.c
Islam 01726
President/ Regulator om
444595
Technical Associati
Advisor on
( 85(
Organisation
Name Type
Biogas
Technolo 140, Crescent
btcsl@yahoo.com,
Md. Naimul Managing gy Consultancy Road, Green 01715
Dhaka Bangladesh 9613962 n_haque_ifrd@yahoo.c
Haque director Consultin farm Road, 293667
om
g Dhanmondi
Services
Dilder
Senior Road-90, House www.giz.de/bangla
Ahmed GIZ German GO Dhaka Bangladesh 9666701000 dilder.taufiq@giz`.de
Advisor 10/c, Gulsan-2 desh
Toufiq
Dr. Eng M.
Senior Road-90, House www.giz.de/bangla
Khalequzza GIZ German GO Dhaka Bangladesh 9666701000 khaleq.zaman@giz.de
Advisor 10/c, Gulsan-2 desh
man
Dr. Eng.
Senior Road-90, House 01711 www.giz.de/bangla
Khursheed- GIZ German GO Dhaka Bangladesh 9666701000 khaleq.zaman@giz.de
Advisor 10/c, Gulsan-2 522832 desh
UL-Islam
Institute
of
Professor 9661920-73/
Statistical University of University of 01731
Dr. Md. Amir Director Dhaka Bangladesh 8281, 8293
Research Dhaka Dhaka 267718
Hossain (O)
and
Training
Institute
of
House- 357,
Manage
Road 27, New info.imcb@gmail.com,
M Zakir ment Consultancy 01819
President DOHS, Dhaka Bangladesh 8834046 youngconsultant@gmail
Hossain Consulta firm 162727
Mohakhali, .com
nt
Dhaka 1213
Banglade
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Biogas Audit Bangladesh 2011 - 2013: Background, Boundaries, Methodologies Detailed Results

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Biogas Audit Bangladesh 2011 - 2013: Background, Boundaries, Methodologies Detailed Results

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FINAL REPORT Biogas Audit Bangladesh 2011 - 2013, VOLUME II

NDBMP-IDCOL Dhaka/Bangladesh USTB Beijing/P.R. China

3.2 Users' satisfaction!_________________________________________________________!34!

3.3 Effectiveness of Training!___________________________________________________!36!

Attachment to BAB VOLUME II! ___________________________________________!57!

Figure 1: 9 clusters for BAB data collection!....................................................................................................!23!

Abbreviations and Acronyms

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of quality control mechanism: quality standards, monitoring

6. Document different effluent application methodologies in relation to fertilizer efficiency

o KfW through IDCOL supported BAB with

! Local transport arrangements for fieldwork.

Biogas Audit Bangladesh Team

1. Introduction and Justification 10!

Report Functioning Partly Functioning Not Functioning

Report Functioning Partly Functioning Not Functioning

From the review of earlier surveys resulted:

Recommendations related to: BUS 07 BUS 08 BUS 09 BUS 10 TA 10 BUS 11 Total

Recommendations related to: BUS 07 BUS 08 BUS 09 BUS 10 TA 10 BUS 11 Total

7 Bioslurry use & marketing 1 2 1 2 4 2 12

2. Audit Background, Boundaries and Methodologies

Audited (106 farms) Data from Plant Completion Reports,

3. For data collection during Field Missions:

give timely feedback to their colleagues.

• Debriefing Meeting after Field Mission on 12 February 2012

3. Detailed Results 19!

utilization and post-treatment of digestate. According to Chinese biogas standards16, the

3.1.2 Resources, technology and locations

Figure 1: 9 clusters for BAB data collection

3.1.3 Conceptual model of a Fault Tree Approach

Failure criteria and descriptions Detection method % found

Failure criteria and descriptions Detection method % found

B3:!Failures in Sub-System "Piping system" of the audited plants:

Failure criteria and descriptions Detection method % found

Failure criteria and descriptions Detection method % found

Failure criteria and descriptions Detection method % found

3.1.4 Fault trees

Fault!of!structural! Fault!of!biogas! Fault!of!piping! Fault!of!biogas! Fault!of!effluent!

B1! B2! B3! B4! B5!

Figure 3: Global fault tree of BPS

0! 10! 20! 30! 40! 50! 60! 70! 80! 90!

Figure 5: Fault Tree of Structural Components

Figure 6: Fault Tree of Biogas Utilization Sub-System

Figure 7: Fault Tree of Piping Sub-System

Figure 8: Fault Tree of Biogas Production Sub-System

Figure 9: Fault Tree for Effluent Disposal Sub-System

3.1.5 Calculations of Fault Probability

!! = ! − ! − !!" ! − !!" ! − !!" ! − !!" ! − !!"

3.2 Users' satisfaction ! 34!

Chapter 3.2 is dedicated to Specific Objective 4:

Table 5: Overview on interviews disaggregated by gender

Total Number of Interviews 106 100%

Total number of interviews conducted by male BAB team member 38 100%

Total number of interviews conducted by female BAB team 68 100%

3.3 Effectiveness of Training

Training in Operation & Maintenance %

Husband received 1 day orientation 21

Wife received orientation from LCPO during construction 4