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Science Reviewer Term 1
Science Reviewer Term 1
12 SDGs
BACKGROUND
Galileo Galilei
Science is defined as
- A body of knowledge
- A process of finding solutions for problems
Scientific method
Process Skills
1. Observe
2. Inferring,
Forming an idea about an expected result based from present knowledge and
understanding.
4. Formulating Hypothesis
5. Experimenting
6. Identifying and Controlling variables
7. Collecting Data
8. Classifying
9. Measuring
10. Using number relationship
11. Making models
12. Interpreting Data/Analysis
13. Communicating
Problem Statement
Factors in an experiment
- Variables
IV, DV, CV
- IV
Manipulated
- DV
Dependent on the IV. Changes because of changes in IV.
- CV
Variables used to keep the experiment controlled.
Measurement
Conversion Rates
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
SI BASE UNITS
BASE QUANTITY UNIT
Mass Kg/kilogram
Length m/meters
Time s/seconds
Temperature K/Kelvin
Amount of Mol
substance/matter
Electric Current A/Ampere
Luminous Intensity Cd/candela
SIG FIGS
RULE 1
RULE 2
RULE 3
RULE 4
- Zeroes used solely for spacing the decimal point are not significant
- 0.003303m = 4 sigfigs
RULE 5
- In scientific notation, all figures to the left of “x^10EXP” are significant. The
exponent has no effect on the amount of sigfigs.
RULE 6
- Any zero present after a non-zero without a decimal point is not a sigfig
I.E 118680 = 5 sig figs
SIGFIG OPERATIONS
1. When multiplying or dividing, the answer must have the same amount of sig figs
as the lowest quantity.
(Number with the fewest sig figs determines the number of sig figs in the final
answer)
2. When adding or subtracting, the answer must be rounded to the place value of
the least precise quantity.
Precision
Scientific Notation
- In order to add or subtract numbers written in scientific not, you must express
them with the same powers of 10.
- 5.8 x 10^3 + 2.16 x10^4
5.8 x 10^3 + 21.6 x 10^3 = 27.4 x 10^3 = 2.74 x 10^4
- When multiplying numbers in sci-not, multiply the first factors and add the
exponents.
- When dividing numbers in sci-not, divide the first factor in the numerator by the
first factor in the denominator. Then subtract the exponent in the denominator
from the exponent in the numerator.
Avogadro’s number
- 6.02 x 10^23
Avogadro’s Number
- Therefore, a 12.01 g sample of carbon contains 6.02 x 10^23 carbon atoms.
- Avogadro’s Number = 6..02 x 10^23
- Mole/Mol is unit of measurement for an amount of a chemical substance.
PROJECTILE MOTION
- Displacement: change in position
- Projectile: an object thrown w/ an initial horizontal velocity and acted ONLY by
earth’s gravity
- Acceleration of gravity is = to -9.8m/s^2
- Scalar: magnitude (it’s the number of a measurement) (ex. Distance, speed,
time)
- Vector: magnitude + direction (ex. Velocity, acceleration)
- Acceleration: rate at which the velocity of an object changes. Vf – Vi all over time
is the formula.
- Thrown horizontally
- Dx = Vxt (This equation is along the x-axis, think of it like a graph in math,
meaning horizontally)
- Dy= 1/2(-9.8)t^2 (for thrown horizontally wala muna yung initial velocity along y
(Viyt)
- Release at an angle
- Dxmax = Vxt (total)
- Dymax = Vyit + ½(-9.8m/s^2)t^2 Vyit is initial velocity along the y- axis times
time)
- Vyi = sin theta Vi ( yung theta is the angle that will be given in the problem)
- Vx= cos theta Vi
Electricity
- Voltage is the work that pushes the electric current
- Source (15k V) Transmission lines (70k V) Substation (14k V)
Distributing Substations (1400 V) Post transformers (220-240 V)
- Sources of energy:
- Fossil fuels: coal, oil, gas
- Nuclear energy:
- Energy from falling water (hydroelectric) :
- Wind energy
- Solar energy
- Geothermal energy: underground water heated by molten rock (volcano) can turn
in to steam to turn the turbines for electrical energy
- Energy from the tides