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    Exp 3

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    of 5
    EXPERIMENT NO.: 3. ‘To determine the ratio Xq/X for Three Phase Alternator by using “Slip Test” 1. Theory D-Axis i Fig.1. Armature MMF resolved in to its D and Q components “The salient pole synchronous machine can be represented as shown in Fig.l. The armature Sanssts @f three phase winding, if connected to balanced three phase supply: n along pole axis, known as direct-axis and ‘axis quadrature to this, i., 90° electrical lagging to this, ‘The reactancts ofthese two windings along with these two axes ae dy |. Dirgct-axis Synchronous Reactance, Xt When the machine is operating under steady state conditions, actio& of resultant armature mm ae fixed wit shown in Fig. \ 1, = Attar Armature PhaseTurns ‘Armature Phase Current and d-axis synchronous reactance Xy=aLq=2rfLg Toble nox. os a rotating magnetic the magnitude and line of th respect o field. This mmf establishes flux, which is Peak (b) Developed Diagram of (a) Fig. 2. Flux Paths for D-axis Synchronous Reactance Xa. For minimum air gap and minimum reluctance, the armature current, which is required for cstblishing the constant ait gap flux, must be MINIMUM (since @=(Nol/Reluctance), The Constant applied voltage minus the minimum impedance voltage drop (LayayZ) gives MAXIMUM ‘nmature terminal voltage between the leads and three phase variac, Thus the d-axis synchronous reactance is given by ¥__ Maximum ArmatureTerminal Voltage per Phase _V, x, aur, ‘Minimum Armature Current per Phase a eeancenconet Along d-axis the armature mmf is fully spent in establishing d-axis fluconly and there is no component on q-ais. Hence the reactance offered by armature coil is X«. ‘Since the relative speed / velocity between armature mmf wave and field structure is 2er0, the field may be open or closed. But when there is speed difference (or slp) between these tv, vole maybe ined aro the Sel winding du to armature fuk and ld cure! may affect steady armature flux when field is closed. Therefore, the field is kept open during this test 2. Quadrature-axis Synchronous Reactance, Xt ‘When the machine is operating under steady state conditions, the ‘tude and line of action of resultant armature mmf are fixed with. to reer pee pee TT sen of ett ane fae ie with rempect eld, This mmf entelses fx ct ‘When the peak of steady armature mmf wave coincides with the interpoler i ae pack ot a ature yuadrature or interpol ‘axis, then the situation is as illustrated in Fig. 3. It is seen from this figure ‘tat reluctance, offered 1° ae ee ty Grol Si gaps along gas is maximum, Under this conditions the me . linkages: \earmat ling i is wus Iedictanes log atic wave by winding is called quadrature axis synchron Le ArmatureFluxx Armature Phase Turns Armature Phase Current and g-axis synchronous reactance X,~0lq™2rfLy, (b): Developed Diagram of (a) @ | Fig. 3. Flux Paths for Q-axis Synchronous Reactance Xq. For maximum air gap and maximum reluctance, the armature current, «hich is required for establishing the constant air gap flux, must be MAXIMUM (since ®=(Noly. “luct |. The constant applied voltage minus the maximum impedance voltage drop (Iamax Z) gt armature terminal voltage between the leads and three phase variac. Thus the q-axis synchronous reactance is given by ae ; X= __ Minimum Armature Terminal Voltage per Phase _ Vaav if resistance isneglected ‘Maximum Armature Current per Phase iPrs _ The reactance offered by armature coil along q-axis is Xq because the armature mmf is fully spent in establishing q-axis flux only and there is no component on d-axis. The voltage and current are changing from minimum to maximym values. If voltmeter and So are connected, then pointers of these meters swing between minimum, and maximum Wein; The ammeter pointer swing is wide and the voltmeter has only small swing because of the ‘impedance voltage drop. feted steady armature mmf wave rotates at synchronous speed. If rotor or field structure is he Prime mover or motor, at a speed other than synchronous speed, the relative speed called these two speeds is slip speed, and the test where this difference of speed is maintained, is ‘eae slip test. For the measurement of Xq and Xq, which are positive sequence reactances, the sistin ee ‘Wave and field structure must rotate in the same direction. If the field poles revolve in opposite to the rotating mmf wave, negative sequence reactance would be measured, more spt Performing ths est, slip should be made as ‘small as possible. With small slip, there is Wie te (Ut) available for swinging the pointers of meters. So readings can be taken easily lum error and better results can be obtained. fuadamenah 4 Voltage (around 25% of rated value) is applied to the armature to have only component of voltage with no harmonics for producing steady armature mmf. Again the presestTent is low with low voltage and small slip. With low current reluctance torque (due to With ignce of damper winding) is low in salient pole ‘machine and synchronization is avoided. Speeds of, ene atten, reluctance torque is more and there may be synchronization ie, equal ture mmf and field poles. —_— vs ov annature mmf wave may be either along d-axis or along g-axis, peal PE ye pointers of the meters and readings cannot be taken There wil ot Be ar ges X, and Xq are obtained under unsaturated region and not under Wah curve ut the eror is cancelled out if rato is taken. Therefore, sip testis rei : st atanin the ratio XoXq sui nce in speeds, at one instant rotating armature mmf wave is along d-axis Due to the differe Lene {i and at ober instant that is along 0" 'e time interval between these two situations is tha ‘Zuid tur the rotor through 90 electrical at slip speed. The air gap along d-axis is ess than the Jr gap along q-axis, therefore it can be concluded that Xz > Xq for salient pole synchronous machine. Normally the ratio is between 0.6 to 0.7. ‘Since cylindrical rotor machines have uniform ait gap, Xy=Xq=Xa where X, is synchronow reactance. Strictly speaking X, id slightly less than Xz because of the presence of air gap alon, q-axis due to the rotor slots and its opening, The ratio of Xq/Xq is not equal to 1.0 but 0.95. 3. Armature Leakage Reactance, Xe! The total flux produced by the armature ciirrent consists of two components - one ‘component crosses the air gap whereas the second component does not cross the air gap and links armature only. The component of the total flux that links armature alone, is called the armature leakage fux, which gives rise to the armature leakage reactance x,. All the positive sequence reactanoes have x, a8 one part of it. For example, X¢=xxtXmu and Xq=Xu+Xng- Here Xeg and Xn BFE the amature magnetizing reactances or mutual reactances along d and q-axes respectively. For convenience, armature leakage reactance x, is considered equal for both direct and quadrature axes Field Opn Fig. 4. Experimental ret-up for Determining the Ratio XX, by Slip test . Apparatus Required . Synchronous Machine: rating DC shunt motor (Prime Mover): rating. Three Phase Dimmerstat: rating mmeter: one, 0-10 amps. AC Voltmeter: one, 0-75 volts. 300 ohms, 2 amps, (Not required for table number 5). -r speedometer: one Nawaene . Proceduic “ 1. Make the eonnection as shown in Fig. 4, Set the variac output to zero. 2. Ifthe synchronous machine isnot having damper winding, housed in the pole shoe, .. the

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