Group 2 :

1. Alifvia Dias Mawar D. (210917050)

2. Elok Faikhotul Ni’mah (210917047)
3. Yuli Purwandari (210917038)
4. Yunita Rifa’atul Mahmudah (210917066)

They don’t comprehend well

Question
1) Fauziyah
2) Dian Ayu
3) Ros Diana

POPULATION AND SAMPLING

1. Target Population : All the members of a real or hypothetical set of people, events,or object
to which educational researchers wish to generalize the results of the research (borg, w.r., gall,
m.d. 1989:216)
Ex : All Junior High School students in Indonesia taking the national english examination
2. Accessible Population : the portion of the population to which the researcher has reasonable
access; may be a subset of the target populationSample is small group of people selected to
represent the much larger entire population from which it is drawn.
Ex : All Junior High School students in malang taking the national english examination.

Sample is small group of people selected to represent the much larger entire population from
which it is drawn.
Ex : Some of Junior High School students in Malang taking the national english national
examination.

Types of sampling methods :

Random sampling/probability sampling is a procedure for sampling from a population in which
(a) the selection of a sample unit is based on chance and
(b) every element of the population has a known, non-zero probability of being selected.

RANDOM SAMPLING
a. Simple Random Sampling
 Simple random sampling is the process of selecting a sample in such a way that all
individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance of selection for
the sample.
Example : Random selection of 20 students from class of 50 student. Each student has equal
chance of getting selected. Here probability of selection is 1/50.
Steps in simple random sampling:
(a) Defining the population.
(b) Choosing your sample size.
(c) Listing the population.
(d) Assigning numbers to the units.
(e) Finding random numbers
(f) Selecting your sample.

b. Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling is away to take a sample with regard to strata(levells) in the
population.
For example : research on the importance of religion among Hayam Wuruk University
students. Researchers create strata, which are new students, which are second year students,
which are thirtd years,and which are final year students. Each strata or levels
areproportionally sampled using random sampling.

c. Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling is sampling in which groups, not individuals, are randomly selected.
Clusters can be communities, states, school districts, and so on. The steps in cluster sampling
are similar to those in random sampling except that the random selection of groups (clusters)
is involved. Cluster sampling often involves selection of clusters within clusters (e.g., districts
in a state, then schools in a district) in a process known as multistage sampling.
Steps in Cluster Sampling:
1. Identify and define the population.
2. Determine the desired sample size.
3. Identify and define a logical cluster (e.g.,neighborhood, school, city block).
4. List all clusters (or obtain a list) that make up the population of clusters.
5. Estimate the average number of population members per cluster.
6. Determine the number of clusters needed by dividing the sample size by the
estimated size of a cluster.
7. Randomly select the needed number of clusters, using a table of random numbers.
8. Include in your study all population members in each selected cluster.

d. Systematic Sampling
 Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method where the elements are chosen from
a target population by selecting a random starting and selecting other members after a fixed
‘sampling interval’. Sampling interval is calculated by dividing the entire population size by
the desired sample size. Systematic sampling is not used very often, but in some instances, it
is the only feasible way to select a sample. Systematic sampling is sampling in which every
Kth individual is selected from a list. The list includes all the individuals in the population,
and K is a variable determined by dividing the number of individual son the list by the
number of subjects desired for the sample. The major difference between systematic sampling
and the other types of sampling is that all members of the population do not have an
independent chance of selection for the sample. After the first name is selected, all the rest of
the individuals to be included in the sample are automatically determined.
For example a study requires 10 samples from 100 people, then the number of group
intervals is 100/10 = 10. Furthermore respondents were divided into each group and then
randomly taken each group.

Sample systematic random

Sample is a sampling of every 10th person who comes to the puskesmas. So every person who
comes in the order of 10, 20, 30 and so on then that is what is used as a research sample.

Systematic sampling involves the following steps:

1. Identify and define the population.

2. Determine the desired sample size.
3. Obtain a list of the population.
4. Determine K by dividing the size of the population by the desired sample size.
5. Start at some random place in the population list. Close your eyes and stick your finger on
a name.
6. Starting at that point, take every Kth name on the list until the desired sample size is
reached.
7. If the end of the list is reached before the desired sample is reached, go back to the top of
the list.

NON RANDOM SAMPLING

Non random sampling is a sampling technique not chosen randomly. elements of the
population chosen to be sampled could be due to chance or other factors previously planned by
the researcher. Usually this method is used when the cost is very little, the results are requested
immediately, do not require high accuracy because it is just a general description. Type of Non
Random Sampling :
1. Convienence sampling / Accidental sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
3. Quota sampling
1. Convenience sampling
Also referred to as accidental sampling or haphazard sampling, is the process of including
whoever happens to be available at the time.

2. Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling, also referred to as judgment sampling, is the process of selecting a
sample that is believed to be representative of a given population. In other words, the
researcher selects the sample using his experience and knowledge of the group to be sampled.
For example, if a researcher plans to study exceptional high schools, she can choose schools
to study based on her knowledge of exceptional schools. Prior knowledge or experience can
lead the researcher to select exceptional high schools that meet certain criteria, such as a high
proportion of students going to four-year colleges, a large number of Advanced Placement
students, extensive computer facilities, and a high proportion of teachers with advanced
degrees. Notice the important difference between convenience sampling, in which participants
who happen to be available are chosen, and purposive sampling, in which the researcher
deliberately identifies criteria for selecting the sample. Clear criteria provide a basis for
describing and defending purposive samples, and as a result, the main weakness of purposive
sampling is the potential for inaccuracy in the researchers criteria and resulting sample
selections.

3. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is the process of selecting a sample based on required, exact numbers, or
quotas, of individuals or groups with varying characteristics. It is most often used in wide-
scale survey research when listing all members of the population of interest is not possible.
When quota sampling is involved, data gatherers are given exact characteristics and quotas of
persons to be interviewed.

For example: 35 working women with children under the age of 16, 20 working women
with no children under the age of 16). Obviously, when quota sampling is used, data are
obtained from easily accessible individuals. Thus, people who are less accessible (e.g., more
difficult to contact, more reluctant to participate) are underrepresented.

 The process of Quota sampling

The process of selecting a Sample based on required, exact numbers, or quotas, of
individuals or groups of varying characteristics.

 Advantages
Widely used in large-scale surveys when data are obtained from easily accessible
individuals within well-defined categories.
 Disadvantages
People who are less accessible (e.g., more difficult to contact, reluctant to participate) are
underrepresented.