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Latency considerations in_lte
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Mary McEvoy Carroll (14 SlideShares) , Communications strategy consultant at Secure Designs, Inc.
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Published on Oct 03, 2014
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and
users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have …
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and
users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user
experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage
areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow loading webpages and delays with
streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have
become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the
competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon
famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also
stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue.
Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive
advantage) of growing social, M2M, and realtime services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the
capacity expectations of LTEA, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at
microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing,
switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the
links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as
a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node
providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTEA, with latency
targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important,
when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers
meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements
for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTEA networks.
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1. WHITE PAPER Latency Considerations in LTE Implications to Security Gateway September 2014
2. Latency Considerations in LTE Contents Executive Summary
......................................................................................... 3 Latency LTE's New Performance Metric
....................................................... 4 Calculating Total
Latency............................................................................................................ 4 Stringent New Requirements
with LTEA ........................................................................... 5 Microsecond Performance for X2
............................................................................................ 6 X2 Delay and User Throughput
............................................................................................ 7 Latency Impacts the User Experience
................................................................................... 8 Lower Latency Improves Page Load Times
.................................................................... 8 Estimated Sales Impact
........................................................................................................... 9 M2M and OnLine Gaming
..................................................................................................... 9 Implications for Security Gateway
.................................................................................. 10 Conclusions
.................................................................................................................................... 11 Stoke® Security
eXchange ............................................................................ 11 STOKE®, and the Stoke logo are registered
trademarks of Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved. Literature # 1300029001. 2
3. Latency Considerations in LTE Executive Summary Network delay or latency is critical in today’s mobile
broadband where both Internetbased businesses and user expect network response will be close to
instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a
simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of
RAN optimization techniques, to slowloading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays
negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive
advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition. The
direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon
famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google
also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic. For LTE network
operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency
is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive
advantage) of growing social, M2M, and realtime services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting
the capacity expectations of LTEA, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at
microsecond speed. Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air
interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and
the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any
individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency
budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17%
to the budget. However, in LTEA, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will
consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms,
250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at
the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing
LTE and LTEA networks. STOKE® solutions are purpose built from the ground up for today's mobile
broadband environment to solve critical, performance impacting problems for mobile network operators.
Stoke Security eXchange ™ is a carrier grade, field proven solution ideal for these requirements since it
introduces <30 microseconds of latency, supports creation of multiple VLANs and line rate/10Gbps
throughput for small packet sizes of 96 bytes. STOKE®, and the Stoke logo are registered trademarks of
Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved. Literature # 1300029001. 3
4. Latency Considerations in LTE Latency LTE's New Performance Metric Latency and throughput are the
essential factors in network performance and collectively they define the speed of a network. Whereas
throughput is the quantity of data that can pass from source to destination in a specific time, round trip time
(RTT) latency is the time it takes for a single data transaction to occur, meaning the time it takes for the
packet of data to travel to and from the destination, back to the source. Latency is often considered to be even
more important than speed in determining quality user experience: “Network latency, perhaps more so than
average downlink speeds alone, can affect users' experience, especially for realtime services like video
calling, VoIP and even gaming applications.” Source: Light Reading1 As consumer and businesses
increasingly merge user experience across multiple devices and networks, mobile networks must also be
engineered to minimize delay. Calculating Total Latency The total latency budget is measured in milliseconds
(ms), but is comprised of individual network elements and interfaces, which individually may only add
microseconds (μs), but must be added together to calculate total endtoend latency. Latency must be carefully
managed and measured. Latency includes delay from propagation, buffering and queuing, transmission, and
signal processing that is introduced at every link and network element through which a packet travels. A
primary design objective for any individual network element (such as a security gateway) should be to
minimize its latency contribution in order to stay within the overall latency budget prescribed for the link. As
mobile technology has evolved, the latency targets have become increasingly stringent. The figure following
shows the progression of roundtrip times from GSM/Edge to LTE, as defined by 3GPP. 1 Light Reading,
“LTE, A latent problem” STOKE®, and the Stoke logo are registered trademarks of Stoke, Inc. Copyright
©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved. Literature # 1300029001. 4
5. Latency Considerations in LTE Figure 1. Evolution of Mobile Network Latency Targets2 As shown in
Figure 1, for LTE networks, the 3GPP target latency budget for the user plane latency (radio and core) is
about 20 ms, excluding the backhaul transport network. The backhaul network (RAN edge Core edge,
including security gateway) would add an additional 10 ms.3 Stringent New Requirements with LTEA In
order to support the predicted growth, the 3GPP has developed LTEAdvanced Release 10, a major
enhancement of the LTE standard deployed in many mobile networks today. The new technology targets peak
data rates up to 1 Gbps and introduces new RAN concepts with the ultimate goal of designing a system that is
drastically enhanced in both cell capacity and coverage. In LTE Advanced, latency targets are reduced
substantially to 10 ms, allocated as shown following. Figure 2. Target Latency Budget for LTEA4 2 Nokia
Siemens Networks, “LTEcapable transport: A quality user experience demands an endtoend approach” 3
Qualcomm, “Latency in HSPA Data Networks”, July 2013. STOKE®, and the Stoke logo are registered
trademarks of Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved. Literature # 1300029001. 5
6. Latency Considerations in LTE Microsecond Performance for X2 To maintain performance requirements in
LTEA, the latency on the X2 links are especially critical: “In order to meet stringent latency requirements of
less than 1 millisecond, the physical and logical path of the X2 interface needs to be as short as possible.” 5 In
LTEAdvanced, new RAN optimization techniques introduced in LTEA impose critical performance
demands on the X2 interface, requiring very short latencies of <1 millisecond across the backhaul network.
This is further described: x Intercell interference coordination (ICIC) and coordinated multipoint (CoMP)
transmission are two techniques defined in LTEAdvanced specifications that target a better user experience at
the cell edge. ICIC is limiting crosstalk by coordinating spectrum allocation across multiple cells. CoMP
allows multiple base stations to simultaneously serve a user device and increase the receive power level and,
therefore, capacity. Both synchronization techniques are implemented over the X2 interface and require very
short latencies of <1 millisecond across the backhaul network to achieve realtime coordination between base
stations. x In addition to providing lowlatency connectivity, base station clocks need to be in phase to enable
proper operation of ICIC and CoMP. This leads to the requirement for highly accurate phase or timeofday
synchronization. Most 3GPP base station clocks are currently synchronized on frequency only, since accurate
phase synchronization was not a requirement up to now. The new LTEAdvanced functions, however, require
base stations to be in phase with an accuracy of 500 nanoseconds to efficiently operate ICIC and CoMP. This
is nearly impossible to achieve without active time distribution over the X2 interface. x Mobile operators will
also introduce LTE TDD radio interfaces operating in unpaired spectrum. Many operators already have
acquired unpaired spectrum, since TDD provides more flexible scaling of the up and downlink capacity and
has additional benefits to the overall architecture of the radio access network. Like ICIC and CoMP, LTE
TDD also requires phase alignment of neighboring base stations over the X2 interface in addition to the
traditional frequency synchronization used in mobile networks today. 4 LOLA, Presentation of WP2 –
Scenarios and Target System Architectures” 5 RCR Wireless Readers Forum, “New Backhaul Challenges are
emerging with LTE Advanced”, July 15, 2013. STOKE®, and the Stoke logo are registered trademarks of
Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved. Literature # 1300029001. 6
7. Latency Considerations in LTE These techniques mandate tighter coordination between base stations and
places specific performance requirements for the X2 interface with respect to capacity, latency and
synchronization. Supporting these requirements is not trivial since most mobile backhaul architecture on
which X2 interface is transported follows a hubandspoke design where traffic distribution and redirection is
performed at the security gateway in the distribution layer of the backhaul network. X2 Delay and User
Throughput Latency on the X2 interface reduces the benefit of coordination schemes. In the figure following,
X2 latency as low as 5ms reduced cell edge and median user throughputs by over 20% in this example of a
Joint Transmission CoMP scheme.6 This loss of throughput impairs the user experience and reduces network
efficiency. Figure 3. Impact of X2 delay on user throughput with CoMP scheme7 Simpler schemes may not be
impacted as much, but this shows that the sophisticated CoMP schemes require very low X2 latencies to
achieve their full potential and delivering the anticipated enhancements in speed, coverage and overall quality
of experience to the end subscriber. The table below uses the 5ms and 1ms figures above and calculates the
throughput loss for 200 μs. X2 Delay 5 ms 1 ms 200 μs Throughput Loss (20%) (5%) (1.0%) Figure 4. Loss
of Spectral Efficiency from X2 Delay. 6 Qualcomm, Backhaul Requirements for Centralized and Distributed
Cooperation Techniques”, 8 July 2010. 7 “Centralized Scheduling for JointTransmission Coordinated Multi
Point in LTEAdvanced”, S. Brueck, L. Zhao, J. Giese, M. A. Awais, proc. ITG/IEE Workshop on Smart
Antennas, Bremen (WSA'10), Germany, February 2010 STOKE®, and the Stoke logo are registered
trademarks of Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved. Literature # 1300029001. 7
8. Latency Considerations in LTE Latency Impacts the User Experience High latency causes noticeable delays
in, for example, downloading Web pages or when using latency sensitive applications such as interactive
games, VoLTE, M2M, and streaming media.8 Lower Latency Improves Page Load Times Analysis by Google
shows a relationship between page load time and round trip latency. Their analysis shows reductions of every
20 milliseconds in round trip latency reduces page load time by 715%.9 The figures following compare the
impact on page load time from two different performance characteristics bandwidth improvements and
roundtriptime (RTT). There are diminishing returns as the bandwidth gets higher, but not for improvements
in round trip time (latency). Google concluded that, unlike improvements to bandwidth, reducing the round
trip time always helps the overall page load time. Figure 5. Comparison of impact on page load times – RTT
and Bandwidth The linear relationship shown in the charts provided by Google suggest that microsecond
latency improvements would also improve the page load times and therefor have some impact on the user
experience. Both Amazon and Google have confirmed that in ecommerce applications, milliseconds of higher
page load times, which is not consciously perceivable to the user, can still have an impact on user behavior
and experience and can directly impact revenue. 8 Nokia Siemens, “Latency The impact of latency on
application performance” 9 Google Blog, “More Bandwidth Doesn’t Matter (much )” , April 2010 STOKE®,
and the Stoke logo are registered trademarks of Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved.
Literature # 1300029001. 8
9. Latency Considerations in LTE “Any increase in the time it takes Google to return a search result causes
the number of search queries to fall. Even very small differences in results speed impact query volume.”10
“Experiments at Amazon have revealed similar results: every 100 ms increase in load time of Amazon.com
decreased sales by one percent.11 Estimated Sales Impact12 Lower latency, even in microseconds, improves
page load times, which in turn can positively impact revenue for mobile operators and enterprise customers.
To illustrate the potential impact on sales from less efficient network nodes, the table below shows the
potential impact of additional 200 μs latency (page load times) on an online enterprise with $14.8B in annual
sales, using the 100 ms/1% sales decrease provided by Amazon. As shown in Figure 6, the estimated impact
on sales for each additional 200 μs of page load delay could be as high as $300k annually. Example Sales
Lost Per 100 ms Per ms 200 μs 2007 Annual Sales : $14,800 M Negative Impact on Sales (1.0%) (.01%)
(0.002%) Sales Lost ($148 M) ($1.48 M) ($0.3 M) Figure 6. Estimated sales lost for 200 microseconds delay.
M2M and OnLine Gaming Two emerging, massive applications also require low latency: x High
Performance Online Gaming x M2M, Sensory applications Ericsson expects that in 2020 there will be 50
billion devices connected and available to be used in various existing and new applications. The figures below
compare the latency requirements of new and existing applications and provide latency targets of a few
representative applications. 10 CNET News.com/ZDNET.com: “Google´s Marissa Mayer: Speed wins” by
Dan Farber, November 9, 2006. 11 Nokia Siemens Networks: “Latency: The impact of latency on application
performance”, 2009. 12 In order to estimate the impact of an additional 200μ of latency, a linear relationship
with the 100mslevel data available is assumed. STOKE®, and the Stoke logo are registered trademarks of
Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved. Literature # 1300029001. 9
10. Latency Considerations in LTE Figure 7. New High Growth Applications require Low Latency13 M2M
and Gaming Application Latency Target OnLine Gaming 80 ms (UPlane, 1 way) Gaming – Sports Events
25 ms (UPlane) SensorBased Alarms 212 ms (1 way, U+C plane) Figure 8. Example latency targets of
M2M and Gaming applications.14 Implications for Security Gateway The necessity to meet the <1
millisecond budget of the X2 interface in turn places strict requirement to minimize IPsec and packet routing
latency in the security gateway, which is the key nodal element responsible for security and routing of control
and data plane traffic in X2 interface. The entire S1 interface budget is only 1 ms (1,000 μs) each way).
Therefore, the example node referenced earlier that contributed 250 μs of latency, when placed on the S1
would be consuming 25% of the entire backhaul latency budget. Each additional 200 μs delay from a security
gateway would cause a loss of 1% throughput. In contrast, the STOKE® Security eXchange™ is engineered
to contribute only 30 μs or 3% of the 1 ms latency budget. 13 Eurocom, Achieving LOwLatency in Wireless
Communications 14 Eurocom: Presentation of WP2 – Scenarios and Target System Architectures STOKE®,
and the Stoke logo are registered trademarks of Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights reserved.
Literature # 1300029001. 10
11. Latency Considerations in LTE Conclusions Network latency, even more than download speeds, directly
impacts the user experience and bottom line revenue for online businesses. In high frequency financial
market trading, microsecond improvements are considered a competitive advantage. As low latency
applications grow in importance and ecommerce increasing moves to mobile platforms, operators will need
to carefully manage and measure latency budgets to maintain their own competitive advantage. The latency
contribution of all individual network elements, including the security gateway, must be carefully calculated.
In LTEA and especially for the X2 interface where the latency targets are drastically reduced, an additional
200 μs delay is a significant difference. Stoke® Security eXchange™ Operators are challenged to integrate
networks and technologies smoothly, sustain a quality user experience with high network performance, and
still keep service delivery costs low. Stoke solutions are purpose built from the ground up for today's mobile
broadband environment to solve critical, performance impacting problems for mobile network operators.
Stoke innovative design and patent pending technologies enable cost effective, concurrent operation of critical
functions while maintaining linerate, high performance throughput. STOKE Security eXchange is a carrier
grade, field proven solution ideal for these requirements since it introduces < 30 microseconds of latency,
supports creation of multiple VLANs and line rate/10Gbps throughput for small packet sizes of 96 bytes.
STOKE®, and the Stoke logo are registered trademarks of Stoke, Inc. Copyright ©2014 Stoke, Inc. All rights
reserved. Literature # 1300029001. 11
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