CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY
This chapter concludes Part I of the Guide, the part
which explains general concepts related to pavement
design and performance. Every attempt has been
made to provide the potential users of the Guide with
useful background information related to (1) design
inputs, (2) pavement management, (3) economics, and
(4) reliability. Of course, it is not possible to give
complete details on any of these subjects in this Guide,
and the users of the Guide are encouraged to examine
the Appendices and to review important references
which are cited herein for explicit detail for their spe-
cific needs.
This Guide can, and hopefully will, be used by
many pavement agencies ranging from the federal
level through the states to counties and cities. For this
reason, flexibility has been provided to adapt the
Guide to your use. However, many new developments
and concepts are also presented in the Guide. Please
consider carefully these new aspects before you dis-
card them or modify them in favor of existing meth-
ods. Change is not easy, but nationwide experience
has shown the need to modify this Guide, and its ap-
plication to your agency probably also deserves some
changes or at least serious consideration of change.
Chapter 1 of Part I addresses the detailed design
factors and inputs required for using the Guide. The
application and determination of final design details
will be accomplished by using the methodologies
which are presented in Part I1 for New Design and in
Part 111 for Rehabilitation Design. It is important that
you carefully review Chapter 1 and Parts 11 and III of
the Guide before you undertake any specific design
activities.
Chapter 2 of the Guide describes the relationships
between pavement design and pavement management
with particular attention to the pavement management
system (PMS) at the project level. The users of the
Guide should continue to study the relationship of
design to pavement management and consider using
the Guide’s nornographs and equations as the appro-
priate models for the design subsystem of PMS in
their agencies.
Chapter 3 examines the economic aspects of pave-
ment design and rehabilitation. The design activities
outlined in Part I1 and Part 111 do not include eco-
nomics per se. After alternative designs are developed
with the Guide, they should be compared with a true
economic analysis, as outlined in Chapter 3. This, of
course, includes the comparisons of life-cycle costs
and is best done in the context of a good complete
project level PMS methodology, such as SAMP-6 (36)
and FPS-13 (5), to name a few.
Chapter 4 covers the very important area of relia-
bility and its application in pavement design. The
users of the Guide should remember that much of the
misunderstanding of pavement design, and the result-
ing pavement failures for the past 20 years, have been
associated with uncertainty and the resulting lack of
reliability in design. Any design method based on
average conditions has only a 50-percent chance of
fulfilling its required performance life. The associated
appendices present a rational and straightforward ap-
proach to this problem. We realize this is complex
material, but users of the Guide should try to under-
stand and use this section of the Guide. The reliability
methodologies discussed here are used in Parts I1
and 111.
Having completed the reading and studying of Part
I, the user will move on to Part 11-New Design, and
Part 111-Rehabilitation in the Guide. Care should also
be exercised in the proper review of the related Ap-
pendices, which provide additional background mate-
rial. Good pavement design is not simple. It cannot be
done on the back of an envelope. Please realize that a
reasonable degree of complexity is involved, but the
Guide can be used successfully with study, training,
and careful application of engineering expertise.
Part IV of the Guide provides more detail concern-
ing the background of pavement theory and the possi-
ble application of such mechanistic methods to future
pavement design or to special cases of difficult design
requiring more detailed study. Reading and study of
Part IV can be very useful to the serious pavement
designer. A second volume resulting from the efforts
is also being made available. Volume 2 will provide
detailed background on how the Guide and the design
equations were developed, including the analytical
and empirical basis thereof.
I-65
 REFERENCES FOR PART I
1. Smith, R., Darter, M., and Herrin, M.,
“Highway Pavement Distress Identification
Manual,” Federal Highway Administration,
Report FHWA-79-66, March 1979.
2. “AASHTO Interim Guide for Design of
Pavement Structures- 1972,” published by
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials.
3. Carey, W., and Irick, P., “The Pavement Serv-
iceability-Performance Concept,” Highway
Research Board Special Report 61E, AASHO
Road Test, pp. 291-306, 1962.
4. Carey, W., and Irick, P., “The Pavement Serv-
iceability-Performance Concept,” Highway
Research Board Record 250, 1960.
5. Haas, R., and Hudson, W.R., “Pavement
Management Systems,” Krieger Publishing
Company, Malabor, Florida, 1982.
6. Heukelom, W., and Klomp, A.J.G., “Dy-
namic Testing as a Means of Controlling Pave-
ments During and After Construction,”
Proceedings of the First International Confer-
ence on Structural Design of Asphalt Pave-
ments, University of Michigan, 1962.
7. The Asphalt Institute, “Research and Develop-
ment of the Asphalt Institute’s Thickness De-
sign Manual, Ninth Edition,” Research Report
NO. 82-2, pp. 60-, 1982.
8. Federal Highway Administration, “Technical
Guidelines for Expansive Soils in Highway
Subgrades,” FHWA-RD-79-51, June 1979.
9. Terrel, R.L., Epps, J., Barenberg, E.J.,
Mitchell, J., and Thompson, M., “Soil Stabi-
lization in Pavement Structures-A User’s
Manual, Volume 1, Pavement Design and Con-
struction Considerations.”
10. Terrel, R.L., Epps, J., Barenberg, E.J.,
Mitchell, J., and Thompson, M., “Soil Stabi-
lization in Pavement Structures-A User’s
Manual, Volume 2, Mixture Design Consider-
ations,” FHWA Report IP 80-2, October 1979.
11. Ridgeway, H.H. , “Pavement Subsurface
Drainage Systems,” NCHRP Synthesis of
Highway Practice, Report 96, November
1982.
12. Moulton, L.K., “Highway Subdrainage De-
sign,” Federal Highway Administration, Re-
port No. FHWA-TS-80-224, August 1980
(reprinted 1982),
13. Thompson, D., “Improving Subdrainage and
Shoulders of Existing Pavements,” Report No.
FHWA/RD/077, State of the Art, 1982.
14. Johnson, T.C., Berg, R.L., Carey, K.L., and
Kaplan, C. W., “Roadway Design in Seasonal
Frost Areas,” NCHRP Synthesis in Highway
Practice, Report 26, 1974.
15. Yoder, E., and Witczak, M., “Principles of
Pavement Design,” Second Edition, John
Wiley & Co., pp. 179-180.
16. Linell, K.A., Hennion, F.B., and Lobacy,
E.F., “Corps of Engineers’ Pavement Design
in Areas of Seasonal Frost,” Highway Re-
search Board Record 33, pp. 76-136, 1963.
17. The AASHO Road Test-Report 5--Pavement
Research,” Highway Research Board, Special
Report 61E, p. 107, 1962.
18. Finn, EN., Saraf, C.L., Kulkarni, R., Nair,
K., Smith, W., and Abdullah, A., “Develop-
ment of Pavement Structural Subsystems,”
Final Report NCHRP 1-10, February 1977.
19. Hudson, W.R., Finn, E N . , Pedigo, R.D., and
Roberts, EL., “Relating Pavement Distress to
Serviceability and Performance,” Report No.
FHWA RD 80/098, July 1980.
20. Finn, EN., Nair, K . , and Hilliard, J. “Mini-
mizing Premature Cracking in Asphaltic Con-
crete Pavement,” NCHRP Report 195, 1978.
21. Thompson, M.R., and Cation, K., “Charac-
terization of Temperature Effects for Full
Depth AC Pavement Design,” Department of
Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, Illi-
nois Cooperative Highway Research Program,
IRH-510, October 1984.
22. Cedergren, H.R., et al., “Guidelines for
Design of Subsurface Drainage Systems for
Highway Structural Sections,” FHWA-RD-72-
30, 1972.
23. Ridgeway, H.H., “Infiltration of Water
Through the Pavement Surface,” Transporta-
tion Research Board Record 616, 1976.
I-67
I-68
24.The Asphalt Institute, “Asphalt Overlays and
Pavement Rehabilitation,” Manual Series No.
17, November 1969.
25. Lemer, A.C., and Noavenzadeh, F., “Reliabil-
ity of Highway Pavements,” Highway Research
Record No. 362, Highway Research Board,
1971.
26. Kher, R.K., and Darter, M.I., “Probabilistic
Concepts and Their Applications to AASHO
Interim Guide for Design of Rigid Pavements,”
Highway Research Record No. 466, Highway
Research Board, 1973.
27. Darter, M.I., and Hudson, W.R., “Probabilis-
tic Design Concepts Applied to Flexible
Pavement System Design,” Research Report
123-18, Center for Transportation Research,
University of Texas at Austin, 1973.
28. Deacon, J.A., and Lynch, R.L., “Deteriora-
tion of Traffic Parameters for the Prediction,
Projection, and Computation of EWL‘s,” Final
Report KYHPR-64-2 1 HPR- 1(4), Kentucky
Highway Department, 1968.
29. Hudson, W.R., Haas, R., and Pedigo, R.D.,
“Pavement Management System Develop-
ment,” NCHRP Report 215, November 1979.
30. McFarland, W.F., “Benefit Analysis for Pave-
ment Design Systems,” Res. Report 123-13,
jointly published by Texas Highway Depart-
ment, Texas Transportation Institute of Texas
at Austin, April 1972.
31. Kher, R., Phang, W.A., and Haas, R.C.G.,
“Economic Analysis Elements in Pavement
Design,” Highway Research Board Record
572, 1976.
Design of Pavement Structures
32. Winfrey, R., “Economic Analysis for High-
ways,” International Textbook Company,
1969.
33. Lee, R.R., and Grant, E.L., “Inflation and
Highway Economy Studies,” Highway Re-
search Board Record 100, 1965.
34. Wohl, M . , and Martin, B., “Evaluation of
Mutually Exclusive Design Projects,” High-
way Research Board Special Report 92, 1967.
35. Baldock, R.H., “The Annual Cost of High-
ways,” Highway Research Board Record 12,
1963.
36. Lytton, R.L., and McFarland, W.F., “Systems
Approach to Pavement Design-Implementation
Phase,” Final Report: Prepared for Highway
Research Board, NCHRP, National Academy
of Sciences, March 1974.
37. AASHTO, “A Manual on User Benefit Analy-
sis of Highway and Bus-Transit Improve-
ments,” 1977.
38. Sandler, R.D., “A Comparative Economic
Analysis of Asphalt and Concrete Pavements,”
Transportation Research Board, January 1984.
39. Dellisola, A.J., and Kirk, S.J., “Life Cycle
Costing for Design Professionals,” McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, 1982.
40. Grant E.L., Ireson, W.G., and Leavenworth,
R. J., “Principles of Engineering Economy,”
6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
Yotk, 1976, p. 293.
41. Karan, M.A., Haas, R., and Kher, R.,
“Effects of Pavement Roughness on Vehicle
Speeds,” Transportation Research Board
Record 602, 1976.