Diwa, Angela Marie M. CAS-B4A Prof. L.

Evangelio
TF (1:00- 2:30 PM) December 12, 2017

TERMS TO KNOW
I.
1. Cell Division- the process in which a parent cell divides, giving rise to two or more daughter
cells.
2. Chromosome- a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most
living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
3. Mitosis- a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).
4. Meiosis- part of the process of gamete formation, consisting of chromosome conjugation and
two cell divisions, in the course of which the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to
the haploid.
5. Cell Cycle- is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and
duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
6. Cancer- an abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in
some cases, to metastasize (spread).
7. Interphase- the stage in the development of a cell following mitosis or meiosis, during which
the nucleus is not dividing.
8. Prophase- a stage where the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the
nuclear envelope disappears.
9. Metaphase- a stage where the the spindle has captured all the chromosomes and lined them up
at the middle of the cell, ready to divide
10. Anaphase- a stage where the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled
towards opposite ends of the cell.
11. Telophase- a stage where the cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its
normal structures as cytokinesis (division of the cell contents) takes place.
12. Cytokinesis- the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells overlaps with the final
stages of mitosis.
13. Cenromere- The region of the chromosome to which the spindle fiber is attached during cell
division (both mitosis and meiosis).
14. Chromatid- is one-half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.
II.
1. Embryonic Stem Cells- are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a
human embryo.
2. Adult Stem Cells- are cells in the adult that can both self-renew by dividing and give rise to
more specialized cell types present in the tissue in which they reside. They serve to maintain and
repair the tissue.
3. Cell Line- biological tissue or group of individual cells that are genetically identical as a result
of dividing mitotically from a single progenitor cells.
4. Fertilization- the joining of sex cells to form a new living thing.
5. Zygote- an egg that has been fertilized by sperm, and which could develop into an embryo.
6. Embryo- is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
7 Differentiation- the process by which cells or parts of an organism changes during
development to serve a specific function.
8. Cloning-the process of making an identical copy of an organism or cell.
9. Blastocyst- thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a
cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises.

III.

1. Enzymes- proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reaction in living things, without being
changed themselves.
2. Catalyst- a compound that lowers the activation energy of a reaction without itself being
consumed. It makes a reaction occur faster and with less energy.
3. Substrate- molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
4. Enzyme-substrate complex- the intermediate formed when a substrate molecule interacts with
the active site of an enzyme.
5. Product- substance(s) which are produced by a reaction.
6. Allosteric Site- allows molecules to either activate or inhibit, or turn off, enzyme activity.
8. Competitive Inhibitor- a molecule similar to the substrate but unable to be acted on by the
enzyme competes with the substrate for the active site.
9. Fermentation- chemical process which molecules such as glucose are broken down
anaerobically.
10. Restriction Enzymes- is a protein that recognizes a specific, short nucleotide sequence and
cuts the DNA only at that specific site, which is known as restriction site of target sequence.
11. Non-competitive inhibitor- can bind to an enzyme with or without a substrate at different
places at the same time.