OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT-1

NAME: M.AASRITHA

REG NO: 16MIS0370

FACULTY: SUBHASHINI.R

TOPIC: ARTIFICIAL SWARM INTELLIGENCE

DESCRIPTION ABOUT ALGORITHM:

Swarm intelligence (SI) (or bio-inspired computation in general) refers to a subset of artificial
intelligence (AI). It has been identified as an emerging field which was coined for the first time
by Gerardo Beni and Jing Wang in 1989 in the context of developing cellular robotic systems.
There are multiple reasons responsible for the growing popularity of such SI-based algorithms,
most importantly being the flexibility and versatility offered by these algorithms. The self-
learning capability and adaptability to external variations are the key features exhibited by the
algorithms which has attracted immense interest and identified several application areas.

In recent times, swarm intelligence has grown in popularity with the increasing prominence of
NP-hard problems where finding a global optima becomes almost impossible in real-time
scenario. The number of potential solutions which may exist in such problems often tends to be
infinite. In such situations, finding a workable solution within time limitations becomes
important. SI finds its utility in solving nonlinear design problems with real-world applications
considering almost all areas of sciences, engineering and industries, from data mining to
optimization, computational intelligence, business planning, in bioinformatics and in industrial
applications.Some high-end application areas include navigation control, interferometry,
planetary motion sensing, micro-robot control, malignant tumour detection and control and
image processing technologies. Being an emerging topic of research, not many publications are
available which relate to swarm intelligence, except for few of the dominant approaches, which
again has been over applied. Hence, the authors aim to present a review which discusses certain
handpicked swarm intelligence algorithms and their future scope.

This study emphasizes on different SI-based algorithms entirely governed by the behavioural
aspect of biological organismswhich, in the present case, are restricted to insects and animals
(mammals and amphibians) only. Both well-known and emerging swarm algorithms are
discussed to impart an idea regarding the operation strategy and identify the potential application
areas of each. Eight different swarm algorithms are discussed, and the scope of research for each
of them are identified. However, certain swarm intelligence-based algorithms such as cuckoo
search, flower pollination algorithm and particle swarm optimization are not included in the
present scope of study since these algorithms have been already included in another publication
authored by the same group . This work is limited to the inspiration analysis, literature survey
and identification of suitable application domains only, and in-depth study with the
implementation (using pseudocodes) of each algorithm is currently excluded from the scope of
this study.

Optimization techniques can be classified in many ways. In a broad scope, they can be classified
as standard optimization, heuristics and meta-heuristics. In engineering applications heuristics
and meta-heuristic techniques play a major role in problem solving due to randomness in their
nature. Mainly swarm intelligence techniques are considered in this work for their simplicity.
Among them most widely used algorithms are Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), Artificial Bee Colony Optimization (ABC) and Fire-fly Algorithm (FFA)

OVERVIEW OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE FAMILY:

A Swarm can be defined as a set of mobile agents which are likely direct or indirectly
communicate among each other and collaboratively solve a distributed problem. Swarm
intelligence is the area which deals with nature and system collected individuals that synchronize
using self organization and decentralization. A very simple rules are followed by agents even
though there is decentralized control structure which dictates agents how to behave, interaction
between agents. Natural examples of SI consist of ant colonies, fish schooling and bee colony
etc.

There are five fundamental principles to describe swarm intelligence.

1) principle of proximity: to carry out simple space and time computation.
2) principle of quality: responding to quality factors in the environment.
3) principle of diverse response: should not commit activity along excessively narrow channels.
4) principle of stability: with environment changes should not change its mode of behavior.
5) principle of adaptability: change behavior mode when worth of computational price.
Optimization Techniques

This section deals with the most popular swarm intelligence optimization techniques which are
used for the most of the engineering applications have been discussed.

FLOWCHARTS:

2.1. Ant Colony Optimization

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) or Ant System is a metaheuristic algorithm developed by

Marco Dorigo in 1991 by studying the behaviour of ants and their colonial nature. The method
by which ants find the best route from source to target is studied and developed an algorithm as
shown
2.2. Particle Swarm Optimization

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a meta-heuristic algorithm developed by Dr. Eberhart, Dr.
Kennedy in 1995 by studying the social behaviour of bird flocking or fish schooling. The method
by which the bird flock find their way based on both individual and group’s best direction is
modelled and developed an algorithm shown

2.3. Artificial Bee Colony Optimization

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) is a meta-heuristic algorithm developed by Karabogain 2005 by

carefully studying the foraging behavior of honey bees. The algorithm of ABC is shown. The
ABC algorithm has variants such as enhanced bee’s algorithm, modified bee’s algorithm,
grouped bee’s algorithm, etc. ABC has wide range of applications in neural networks, industrial
engineering, mechanical engineering,electrical engineering, electronics engineering, control
engineering,civil engineering, image processing, data mining, etc
2.4. Fire Fly Algorithm

Fire-fly algorithm (FFA) is a meta-heuristic algorithm developed by Xin She Yang in 2008 by
studying the flashing patterns and behaviour of fire-flies. The algorithm is modelled as a
flowchart shown. Firefly algorithm has various modified and hybrid variants such as elitist
firefly algorithm, binary represented firefly algorithm, gaussian randomized firefly algorithm,
levy flight randomized firefly algorithm, chaos randomized firefly algorithm, parallel firefly
algorithm, etc
ALGORITHMIC STRUCTURE:

APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL SWARM OPTIMIZATION:

Swarm Intelligence-based techniques can be used in a number of applications. The U.S. military
is investigating swarm techniques for controlling unmanned vehicles. The European Space
Agency is thinking about an orbital swarm for self-assembly and interferometry. NASA is
investigating the use of swarm technology for planetary mapping

Ant-based routing

The use of swarm intelligence in telecommunication networks has also been researched, in the
form of ant-based routing. This was pioneered separately by Dorigo et al. and Hewlett Packard in
the mid-1990s, with a number of variants are existed. Basically, this uses a probabilistic routing
table rewarding/reinforcing the route successfully traversed by each "ant" (a small control
packet) which flood the network. Reinforcement of the route in the forwards, reverse direction
and both simultaneously have been researched: backwards reinforcement requires a symmetric
network and couples the two directions together; forwards reinforcement rewards a route before
the outcome is known (but then one would pay for the cinema before one knows how good the
film is)

Crowd simulation

Artists are using swarm technology as a means of creating complex interactive systems
or simulating crowds.

Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice was the first movie to make use of swarm technology for
rendering, realistically depicting the movements of groups of fish and birds using the Boids
system. Tim Burton's Batman Returns also made use of swarm technology for showing the
movements of a group of bats. The Lord of the Rings film trilogy made use of similar
technology, known as Massive, during battle scenes. Swarm technology is particularly attractive
because it is cheap, robust, and simple.

Airlines have used swarm theory to simulate passengers boarding a plane. Southwest Airlines
researcher Douglas A. Lawson used an ant-based computer simulation employing only six
interaction rules to evaluate boarding times using various boarding methods

Human swarming

Enabled by mediating software such as the SWARM platform from Unanimous A.I., networks of
distributed users can be organized into "human swarms" through the implementation of real-time
closed-loop control systems. As published by Rosenberg (2015), such real-time systems enable
groups of human participants to behave as a unified collective intelligence that works as a single
entity to make predictions, answer questions, and evoke opinions. Such systems, also referred to
as "Artificial Swarm Intelligence" (or the brand name Swarm AI) have been shown to
significantly amplify human intelligence, resulting in a string of high-profile predictions of
extreme accuracy.

Swarm grammars

Swarm grammars are swarms of stochastic grammars that can be evolved to describe complex
properties such as found in art and architecture.These grammars interact as agents behaving
according to rules of swarm intelligence. Such behavior can also suggest deep
learning algorithms, in particular when mapping of such swarms to neural circuits is considered
Swarmic art

In a series of works al-Rifaie et al.have successfully used two swarm intelligence algorithms—
one mimicking the behaviour of one species of ants (Leptothorax acervorum) foraging
(stochastic diffusion search, SDS) and the other algorithm mimicking the behaviour of birds
flocking (particle swarm optimization, PSO)—to describe a novel integration strategy exploiting
the local search properties of the PSO with global SDS behaviour. The resulting hybrid
algorithm is used to sketch novel drawings of an input image, exploiting an artistic tension
between the local behaviour of the 'birds flocking'—as they seek to follow the input sketch—and
the global behaviour of the "ants foraging"—as they seek to encourage the flock to explore novel
regions of the canvas. The "creativity" of this hybrid swarm system has been analysed under the
philosophical light of the "rhizome" in the context of Deleuze's "Orchid and Wasp" metaphor.