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Experiment 5 Gas Diffusion Coefficient: Objectives
Experiment 5 Gas Diffusion Coefficient: Objectives
OBJECTIVES:
Determine the gas diffusion coefficient of acetone using the established Winkelmann’s method
KEYWORDS
Diffusivity, Gas Diffusion Coefficient, Winkelmann’s method
OVERVIEW
1. INTRODUCTION
This experiment has been designed for students experiment on the technique of determining
diffusivity of the vapor of a volatile liquid based on the established Winkelmann’s method. In this
method the volatile liquid is allowed to evaporate in a vertical glass tube over the top of which a
stream of vapor-free gas is passed. A water bath is provided for maintaining a steady temperature
so that there is no eddy current in the vertical tube and mass transfer takes place from the surface
by molecular diffusion alone. The rate of evaporation can be followed by the rate of fall of the
liquid surface. A traveling microscope is provided for determining, the liquid fall. With the
knowledge of the concentration gradient, the diffusivity of the vapor of the volatile liquid can then
be calculated.
2. THEORY
C CT
N A D A (1)
L C Bm
where,
D = diffusivity [m2/s]
CA = saturation concentration at interface [kmol/m3]
L = effective distance of mass transfer [m]
CT = total molar concentration [kmol/m3]
CBm = logarithmic mean value of CB [kmol/m3]
dL
N A L (2)
M dt
where,
L = density of liquid [kg/m3]
M = molecular weight [kg/kmol]
L dL C CT
D A (3)
M dt L C Bm
2MD C ACT
L2 L20 t (4)
L C Bm
Values of L0 or L will not be measured accurately but accurate values of (L – L0) are available.
Thus, rearranging equation 4:
2MD C ACT
L L0 L L0 2L0 t
L C Bm
t C C
or, L Bm L L0 L Bm L 0 (5)
L L0 2MD C ACT MDC ACT
C
s L Bm (6)
2MD C ACT
L C Bm
D
2MC ACT s
Figure 1: Gas Diffusion Coefficient Apparatus (BP 10)
3. START UP AND SHUT- DOWN PROCEDURES
1. Fill the water bath with clean (preferably filtered) water to approximately 30
mm from the top.
2. Plug the mains cable to the electrical supply. Be sure that the voltage of the
supply is correct to suit the equipment.
6. Switch on the air pump. Adjust the needle valve so that a steady low velocity
of air stream is detected at the end of the flexible tubing.
Before using the capillary tube in an experiment using acetone, students are
advised to clean the inside of the tube.
2. Use a Hirschmann pipette to fill the tube with the solution. Tapping the
outside of the tube may be necessary if the solution is trapped and does not
flow down.
c) Shut-down Procedure
After the completion of an experiment, students are advised to shut down the
equipment as follows:
3. Allow the water to cool down until it is safe to touch. Open the drain valve
and empty the water tank.
4. Detach the flexible tubing and clean the capillary tube for next use. (Refer to
priming procedure)
5. Switch off the main power. Unplug the main cable if the equipment will not
be used for a long period.
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
3. Partially fill the capillary tube with acetone to a depth of about 35 mm.
4. Carefully insert the capillary tube through the fitting on top of the water bath cover.
Do not over-tighten the fitting.
5. Observe the initial level of acetone through the microscope. Record the level in the
table.
6. Connects the flexible tubing from the air pump line to one end of the capillary tube.
Switch on the air pump.
7. After 10 minutes, switch off the air pump. Disconnect the flexible tubing and detach
the capillary tube from the fitting. Observe and record the level of the acetone.
9. Record the time, acetone level and liquid fall in the table below.
5.0 RESULT
6.0 TUTORIALS
slope, s. Attached all of your calculation at the appendix in the experiment report.
6.2 Compare the experimental value with the theoretical value that can be predicted
from empirical equations (e.g. modified Maxwell’s equation by Gilliland).
6.3 Discuss the factors that effect the diffusion of acetone from the graph that have
been plotted.
6.4 Base on objective of the experiment and the theory in gas diffusion makes a
conclusion from your finding.
7.0 SAFETY AND MAINTENANCE
1. Always read and understand the manual properly before attempting to operate the
equipment.
2. Always wear proper attire during laboratory session. It is highly recommended that
eye protection and gloves are used.
3. Be careful when handling hazardous material. Always refer to the material safety
data sheet. Avoid inhaling in great amount any hazardous material.
4. Avoid any spillage onto electrical components to prevent electrical shock.
5. Avoid touching hot surfaces (e.g. heater) to prevent skin burn.
6. Always conduct experiment in a properly ventilated room.
1. ρ L = 760.0 kg/m3
2. M = 58.08 kg/kmol
3. Partial pressure P* = 0.8062 atm
C B1 C B2
C BM
4. C
ln B1
C B2