BIOLOGICAL MEMBRAN

AND TRANSPORT
TINA DEWI ROSAHDI, S.Pd., M.Si.
Cell Membrane
 Cell Membrane (Transport)
Cell Membrane and Cell Wall:
• ALL cells have a cell membrane made of proteins and lipids
protein channel

Layer 1
Cell
Membrane Layer 2

lipid bilayer protein

pump
• SOME cells have cell membranes and cell walls – ex: plants, fungi
and bacteria
Cell
Membrane

Cell Wall
• Plant cells have a cell wall
made of cellulose – that
cellulose is fiber in our diet

• Bacteria and fungi also

have cell walls, but they
do not contain cellulose

• Cell membranes and cell

walls are porous allowing
water, carbon dioxide,
oxygen and nutrients to
pass through easily
 Function
 Regulates the movement of materials from one
environment to the other.
 Transports raw materials into the cell and waste out
of the cell.
 Prevents the entry of unwanted matter and the
escape of needed materials.
 Maintain a steady environment: Homeostasis
 Membrane Structure

 Semi-Permeable

 Selectively Permeable

 Amphipathic~
hydrophobic & hydrophilic
regions

 Fluid Mosaic Model

 Structure

 Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with a collage

of many different proteins, lipids and
carbohydrates.
 A Phospholipid is composed of 1 glycerol molecule,
2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group. This structure
causes hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
The Structure of the Cell Membrane

Outside
of cell

Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer
 Membrane structure

 Phospholipids~ membrane fluidity

 Cholesterol~ membrane stabilization and
fluidity
 “Mosaic” Structure~
 Integral proteins~ transmembrane proteins
 Peripheral proteins~ surface of membrane
proteins
 Membrane carbohydrates ~ cell to cell
recognition;
 Membrane Proteins
Two Types:
 Integral: Proteins that insert into the membrane
(transmembrane proteins)
 Peripheral: Proteins attached to the surface of the
cell membrane.
Function:
 Transportation
 Enzymes
 Receptor sites
 Cell adhesion
 Attachment to the cytoskeleton
Random movement results in
 Solution – mixture of solute and solvent

 Solute – substance being dissolved

 Solvent – substance dissolving solute

 Living Things (Universal Solvent)-Water
 Pasive Transport
A process that does not require energy to move
molecules from a HIGH to LOW concentration

 Diffusion

 Facilitated Diffusion

 Osmosis
 Membrane traffic
 Passive transport~ diffusion
of a substance across a
biological membrane
(NO ENERGY)
[ ] = concentration
 Diffusion~ the overall
movement of particles from a
region of high [ ] to an area
of low [ ]
 Osmosis~ the diffusion of
water across a selectively
permeable membrane
 Results of Diffusion
 Dynamic equilibrium
 Once diffusion has evenly distributed the solute
throughout the solvent; movement of particles continues
with no change in []
 Homeostasis
 Preservation of equilibrium
Diffusion depends on [] gradient
 [] gradient: the difference in [] of a substance
across space
 Diffusion is said to move down a [] gradient
 Diffusion continues until there is NO [] gradient
 Ex: O2 diffuses into oxygen depleted blood
 Diffusion

Small molecules like WATER, OXYGEN,

AND CARBON DIOXIDE can move in and
out freely.

Large
molecules like PROTEINS AND
CARBOHYDRATES CANNOT

Charged IONS CANNOT

Osmosis~ the diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
Three Different Types of Solutions
Click
 Isotonic Solution
 The solute outside the cell is equal in concentration
to the solute in the cell.

 The cell retains its shape.

 water moves equally in both directions
 Hypotonic Solutions

 Solution outside the blood cell contains a lower [] of

solute than inside of the cell.
 Water will diffuse in.
 cell will lyse (burst).
 Animal cells - cytolysis.
 Plant cells do not burst- turgur pressure—
grocers use this idea
Cells in a Hypotonic Solution
 Hypertonic Solutions

 The solution outside the cell has a higher [] of solute than

inside of the cell.
 Water will diffuse out of the cell,
 causing the cell to shrink

 or crenate

 Why should you not salt meat before cooking?

CRENATION PLASMOLYSIS
Cells in a Hypertonic Solution
In what type of solution would these cells
be found?
 Water balance Summary
 Osmoregulation~
control of water balance

 Hypertonic~ higher
concentration of solutes

 Hypotonic~ lower
concentration of solutes

 Isotonic~ equal
concentrations of solutes
 Water balance Summary

 Osmoregulation~ control in
cells with cell walls:

 Turgid (very firm) - Hypo

 Flaccid (limp) - Iso

 Plasmolysis~ Hyper
 plasma membrane pulls away
from cell wall
 OTHER WAYS TO TRANSPORT
MOLECULES ACROSS THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE

Selective Transport
Review Covered Passive Transport

 Osmosis
 Does it require energy?
 NO!!!
 Diffusion
 Does it require energy?
 NO!!!
 Osmosis
 What is osmosis?
 WATER across the cell
The movement of ___________
membrane.
 Is it the movement of any other substance?
 NO!!!!
 Diffusion
 Mixing of two substances by the random motion of
molecules.
 Molecules move from a region of high concentration
to an area of low concentration.
 How do other molecules cross the cell
membrane???

 Selective Transport
 FacilitatedDiffusion (Another Passive Transport)
 Active Transport
 ProteinPumps
 Endocytosis
 Exocytosis
 Selective Transport

 There are two types of selective transport

 Facilitated Diffusion
 DOES NOT require the use of energy

 Active Transport
 DOES require the use of energy
 Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose
molecules

High
Concentration

Cell
Membrane

Low
Concentration
Protein
channel
 Facilitated Diffusion

 Does facilitated diffusion require the use of energy?

 NO!!!!
 It uses a [] gradient to transport molecules
 The molecules move from an area of high [] to an area
of low []

 Most SUGAR molecules pass across the cell membrane by

this method of transport
Carrier Proteins Carry Molecules Across
the Membrane

 Good Example - transport of Glucose into the Cell

 Active Transport

 Does active transport require the use of energy?

 YES!!!
 It uses ATP
 Transports against the [] gradient.
 Low to High []

 Sodium Potassium Pump, Endocytosis and

Exocytosis
Types of Active Transport

Figure 3.11
 Active Transport
Molecule to
be carried

Energy

Molecule
being carried
 Active Transport:
Sodium Potassium Pump

 Move Sodium out of

the cell
 Move Potassium into
the cell
 Uses energy (ATP)
 Causes the protein to
change shape
 Move against a []
gradient
 Sodium-Potassium Pump
K+ is released
6 and Na+ sites 1 cytoplasmic Na+ to the pump protein
Binding of
Extracellular fluid
are ready to bind Na+ stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.
again; the cycle repeats.

Cytoplasm

2
Phosphorylation causes the
protein to change its shape.

Concentration gradients of
K+ and Na+

5 3
The shape change expels Na+ to the
Loss of phosphate restores the outside, and extracellular K+ binds.
original conformation of the pump 4
protein.
K+ binding triggers release of the
phosphate group.
Figure 3.10
Sodium Potassium Pump
 Functions of Na+ - K+ Pump

 Regulation of cell volume

 “fixed anions” attract cations causing osmosis
 cell swelling stimulates the Na+- K+ pump to
 ion concentration,  osmolarity and cell swelling
 Heat production (thyroid hormone increase # of pumps;
heat a by-product)
 Maintenance of a membrane potential in all cells
 pump keeps inside negative, outside positive
 Secondary active transport (No ATP used)
 steep concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ maintained across the
cell membrane
 carriers move Na+ with 2nd solute easily into cell
Secondary Active Transport
 Ions or molecules move in same
(symport) or different (antiport)
direction.
 Is the movement of glucose a
symporter example or an antiporter
example?
 This example shows cotransport of
Na+ and glucose.
1. A sodium-potassium exchange
pump maintains a concentration
of Na that is higher outside the
cell than inside. Active transport.
2. Na moves back into the cell by a
carrier protein that also moves
glucose. The concentration
gradient for Na provides the
energy required to move glucose
against its concentration
gradient.
 Bulk Transport-Active

 Endocytosis
 Pinocytosis
 Phagocytosis

 Exocytosis
Endocytosis

 During ENDOCYTOSIS
the Cell Membrane
folds into a POUCH
(Vescicle) that Encloses
the Particles.
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
 Two Types of Endocytosis:
Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

 PINOCYTOSIS ---"CELL DRINKING“—Small Particles

 PHAGOCYTOSIS---- "CELL EATING“-Large Particles

 Vesicular Transport
Phagocytosis or “Cell-Eating”

Keeps tissues free of debris and infectious microorganisms.

Treatments
 Vesicular Transport: Exocytosis

 Secreting material or replacement of plasma

membrane
 Exocytosis

 EXOCYTOSIS is the opposite

OR reverse of ENDOCYTOSIS.

 EXOCYTOSIS, wastes and cell

products leave the cell.
 Specialized Transport Summary

 Transport proteins
 Facilitated diffusion~
passage of molecules and
ions with transport proteins
across a membrane down
the [] gradient
 Active transport~
movement of a substance
against its [] gradient with
the help of cellular energy
 Passive Membrane Transport
- Review -

Process Energy Source Example

Movement of O2 through
Simple diffusion Kinetic energy
membrane

Facilitated diffusion Kinetic energy Movement of glucose into cells

Osmosis Kinetic energy Movement of H2O in & out of cells

Filtration Hydrostatic pressure Formation of kidney filtrate

 Active Membrane Transport
- Review -

Process Energy Source Example

Movement of ions across

Active transport of solutes ATP
membranes
Exocytosis ATP Neurotransmitter secretion

Endocytosis ATP White blood cell phagocytosis

Fluid-phase endocytosis ATP Absorption by intestinal cells

Receptor-mediated Hormone and cholesterol
ATP
endocytosis uptake
Endocytosis via caveoli ATP Cholesterol regulation
Endocytosis via coatomer Intracellular trafficking of
ATP
vesicles molecules