Justine Raimon B.

Sanchez WAYS A BYSTANDER CAN HELP

Batch 456 (8 January 2018)
VGB Center for Training and Development a. Make area safe
b. Find all casualties
***FIRST AID*** c. Find first aid kit if available
 It is an immediate help provided to a sick or d. Control the crowd
injured person known as the victim (Ⓥ) until e. Call for help (911)
professional help arrives or becomes available. f. Assist in giving first aid under your supervision
g. Gather and protect Ⓥ belongings
h. Take notes (baseline data)
GOALS IN GIVING FIRST AID i. Reserve Ⓥ relatives
j. Lead the ambulance
1. Preserve life;
2. Prevent further harm and complications; II. Emergency action principles
3. Seek immediate medical help; and (EAP)
4. Provide reassurance
1. Scene size up / survey the scene
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRST a. Scene safety
b. Knowing what happened (cause
AIDER
of injury; nature of illness)
c. Role of bystanders
1. Bridge that fills the gap b/w the Ⓥ and the d. Number of casualties
physician. e. Asking permission / consent
2. End when the service of the physician arrives.  Implied consent – unconscious
 Express consent – conscious (I
3. Not intended to compete or take the place of am a trained first aider. Can I
the physician. help?)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A FIRST AIDER OBTAINING CONSENT

1. Observant – sees any life threatening condition  Identify yourself to the Ⓥ.

of the Ⓥ / scene safely.  State your level of training.
 Ask the Ⓥ whether you may help.
2. Resourceful – making use of best things at  Explain what you observe.
hand.  Explain what you plan to do.
3. Gentle – should not cause additional pain.
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
4. Tactful – should not alarm the Ⓥ.
5. Emphatic – putting yourself in Ⓥ‟s condition.  IDENTIFY any life threatening condition of
the Ⓥ
6. Good judgment – must know what to do.  CHECK responsiveness by tapping the Ⓥ‟s
shoulder
GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY  CHECK the vital body signs
CARE

I. Getting started a. ASSESSING RESPONSIVENESS

1. Plan of action A - Alert
2. Gathering of needed materials
V – responsive to VOICE
3. Initial response (AID)
P – responsive to PAIN
>Ask for help
U – Unresponsive / unconscious
> Intervene
> Do not further harm the Ⓥ
4. Instruct the bystanders
b. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE (AMA) Infant – Brachial pulse (arm),
ARRANGE TRANSFER FACILITY (ATF) because the neck is not yet fully
developed.
 Call emergency medical services (EMS)
 Phone first – call 911 before procedure; if  Bleeding – quickly, look for severe
Ⓥ is 8 y/o and above; a cardiac bleeding by looking over the
emergency where time is a critical factor. person‟s body from head to toe for
signals such as blood-soaked
 Phone fast – aka. Care first; do procedure
clothing or blood spurting out of
then call 911 if Ⓥ is below 8 y/o; related to
wound.
breathing emergencies.
 Shock
 Skin color, temperature, &
INFORMATION TO BE RELAYED TO EMS moisture
 What happened?
 Location of emergency?
 Number of persons injured or ill? SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
 Cause and extent of injury and nature of
illness and first aid given?  FOR CONSCIOUS Ⓥ
 Telephone # from where the call was
made? V- Ⓥ‘s name
 Name of person who called medical S – S/sx (signs and symptoms)
help (person must identify him/herself
and hand up the phone last)
A- llergies
M- edication
c. AIRWAY – passage of air from the mouth P – ast and present medical medical history
and nose, into the lungs & vice versa.
L – ast meal taken
METHODS OF OPENING THE AIRWAY E – vent/s prior to the injuru
1. Head Tilt, Chin Lift (HTCL)  FOR UNCONSCIOUS Ⓥ
- If w/o head injury, neck, or spinal cord
injury
D- eformity
2. Jaw Thrust Maneuver C- ontusion
- If w/ head injury, neck, or spinal cord
injury
A- brasion
3. Tongue Drawback P- uncture
- Ⓥ‟s tongue blocks the airway
B- urn / bleeding
T- enderness
d. BREATHING – check breathing using the L- aceration
LLF method for not more than 10 secs (3-5 S- welling
seconds).
 Look – rise & fall of the chest
 Listen – air coming from the mouth HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION
and nose
1. Head – look and feel for cut bruises & other
 Feel – use your cheek to feel any air signs of injury.
coming from the mouth and nose 2. Skin appearance – look at the Ⓥ„s face and
 lips, then record.
e. CIRCULATION 3. Pupil – check and compare pupils if both
 Pulse site eyes.
Adult and child – Carotid Pulse  Dilated – involved bleeding and state of
(neck) check for 5-10 seconds shock
 Constricted pupils – means heat stroke
 Unequal pupils – may suspect head
injury or stroke
 4. Ears, nose and mouth – check for fluid (CSF 6. Care for the more serious injury first.
or cerebrospinal fluid) or blood 7. Keep the onlookers away from the
5. Neck – for injury injured person.
6. Shoulder & collar bone – check and 8. Handle the Ⓥ to a minimum.
compare 9. Loosen tight clothing.
7. Chest & rib cage – check for DCAPBTLS 10. Provide comfort and emotional support.
8. Abdomen – press the „s abdomen
 URQ – Liver, gallbladder, pancreas B. DON’TS
 ULQ – Stomach and spleen 1. Do not further harm the Ⓥ.
 LRQ – Appendix 2. Do not let the Ⓥ see his/her own injury.
 LLQ – Descending colon 3. Do not leave the Ⓥ except to seek help.
4. Do not assume that the obvious injuries
LRQ URQ are the only one.
(Lower (Upper 5. Do not make unrealistic promises.
Right Right 6. Do not trust the judgment of a confused
Quadrant) Quadrant) Ⓥ.
LLQ ULQ 7. Do not require the Ⓥ to make decisions.
(Lower (Upper
Left Left
Quadrant) Quadrant)
HINDRANCES IN GIVING EMERGENCY
9. Hip bone – check the hip by pressing slowly CARE
downward and inward for possible fracture
or dislocation. 1. Unfavorable condition / surroundings such
10. Arms & legs – check the arms and legs at a as busy highways, cold and rainy weather,
time. and night time.
11. Spinal column – check SC by placing the Ⓥ 2. Presence of crowd.
in a side lying position and press gently from 3. Pressure from the Ⓥ and Ⓥ„s relatives.
the cervical (neck region down to the 4. Pressure from rescuer‟s own expectations.
lumbar [lower back]) for invisible injury.

MONITOR VITAL SIGNS HOW DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED?

a. Blood pressure – ⁄ mm Hg 1. DIRECT CONTACT – a course when a person

touches an infected person‟s blood / fluid.
b. Pulse rate – ⁄ bpm (adult)
2. INDIRECT CONTACT – a course when a
⁄ bpm (child) person touches an object that can be
contaminated by blood / body fluids of an
⁄ bpm (infant) on infected person.
c. Respiratory rate – rise and fall of the chest. 3. AIRBORNE – a course when a person inhales
12-24 cpm. <12 cpm (bradypnea) / >12 contaminated or infected droplets that
cpm (trachypnea) have been become airborne as an infected
Normal breathing – eupnea person cough and sneeze.
Absence of breathing - apnea 4. VECTOR – a course when an animal such as
d. Body temperature – 36.5°C – 37.5°C dogs and insects transmits disease or
pathogen in to the body through bite.

GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY

Universal precaution – set of strategies
CARE developed to prevent transmission of blood from
pathogen.
A. DO’S
1. Obtain consent as possible.
2. Think of the worse. BSIP/BSI – Body Substance Isolation Precaution
3. Call for help. - Precautions taken to isolate/ prevent
4. Remember to identify yourself. transmission of blood from pathogen.
5. Respect the Ⓥ with modesty and
physical privacy.
 BASIC PRECAUTION & PRACTICES
1. Personal hygiene – hand-washing as basic
BSIP
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) –
specialized clothing, equipment, and
supplies that keep you from directly
contacting infected materials
3. Equipment for cleaning and disinfecting.
***THE HUMAN ANATOMY***
 The study of the human body
TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY – external structures
of the body that serves as the landmark.
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY
1. HEAD
a. Eyes
b. Ears
c. Nose
d. Mouth
e. Skull
f. Brain
3. POSTERIOR – toward or at the back side of
the body; behind. (Ex. The heart is posterior
to the breast bone)
4. MEDIAL – toward or at the midline of the
body; on the inner side. (Ex. The heart is
medial to the arm)
5. LATERAL – away from the midline of the
body; on the outer side (Ex. The arms are
lateral to the chest)
6. SUPERIOR – aka CEPLHALIC; toward the
head end or upper part of a structure of the
body. (Ex. The forehead is superior to the
nose)
7. INFERIOR – aka CAUDAL; away from the
head end or toward the lower part of a
structure of the body; below.
8. PROXIMAL – close to the origin of the body
part or the point of attachment of a limb to
the body trunk. (Ex. The elbow is proximal to
wrist)
9. DISTAL – farther from the origin of the body
part or the point of attachment
***THE HUMAN BODY***
 Is made up of millions of cells, each specialized
to carry out each own particular functions but
coordinated with all body cells.

2. NECK CELL – basic unit of all living tissue; smallest

a. Throat functional structure in the body that carry out life
b. Larynx procedure.
c. Pharynx
d. Thyroid TISSUE – group of cells of the same basic type that
e. Cervical column perform single function.

3. CHEST / THRORACIC ORGAN – composed of different tissue that

Heart and Lungs
performs one overall function.
4. ABDOMEN OR ABDOMINAL CAVITY
SYSTEM – external structures of the body that
serves as the landmark.
5. EXTREMITIES
Upper – arms
Lower – legs
DIFFERENT BODY SYSTEM

ANATOMICAL DIRECTION / POSITION – to A. NERVOUS SYSTEM – coordinates & controls all

accurately describe body parts & position, we must activities of the body.
have an initial reference point & use directional
terms. PARTS & FUNCTIONS:
1. Brain – center for control & movement
1. MIDLINE – imaginary vertical line from the of voluntary muscles; receives,
mid-forehead to the nose & navel to the coordinates, and reacts to the message.
floor. It also stores information so that it van
2. ANTERIOR – toward or at the front of the react for memory,
body. (Ex. The breast bone is anterior to the a. Hypothalamus – controls emotion;
spine) part of the brain that is responsible
for thermo-regulation of the body,
 2. Nerves – receive impulses from our
senses & pass it to the brain; it is also for
control of body movements.
TWO TYPES OF NERVES
 MOTOR NERVES – pass the impulse from
the brain to the muscles of the body to
control movement. When these nerves
became damaged, it can cause
paralysis.
 SENSORY NERVES – receive information
from our senses and pass it to the brain.
When these nerves are damaged, it can
cause loss of sense/s.
3. Spinal Cord – relay or bridge of
information; it is the pathway of all
information or messages.
B. SKELETAL SYSTEM – protect the vital organs;
framework of the body. The human body
consists of 206 bones for adult and 210 for
infant <1 year old.
- It is also responsible for producing blood,
especially the white blood cell w/c is
produced by the bone marrow.
- It also responsible to lever locomotion.
Tendon – bone to muscle
Ligament – bone to bone
MAIN BODY STRUCTURES
a. Skull – provides rigid protection and to
enclose, fragile brain; protects the brain.
b. Vertebrate – aka Spinal Column. It is
composed of 33 bones: 7 in the neck part,
12 in the chest / thoracic, 5 in the loin /
lumbar, 5 in the pelvis / sacral, and 4 in the
talene / coccyx.
c. Ribs – long curved bines w/c form the rib
cage and it surrounds the chest, enabling
the lungs to expand and facilitate breathing
by expanding the chest cavity and protect
the lungs, heart, and other internal organs. It
has 12 pairs (make it a total of 24 bones).
#1 – 7 pairs – aka TRUE RIBS connects the
sternum and spinal column
#8 – 10 pairs – aka FALSE RIBS connects the
spinal column and the true ribs
#11 – 12 pairs – aka FLOATING RIBS are
connected to the spinal column only.
d. Sternum - flat bone in the chest
e. Scapula - “shoulder blade”
f. Clavicle - “collar bone”
g. Humerus - “arm bone”
h. Radius & ulna - forearm bone
i. Carpal bone - aka “wrist bone”
j. Metacarpal bone - aka “palm bone”
k. Phalanges - fingers and toes
l. Femur - thigh bone; the longest bone
m. Tibia - shin bone
n. Tarsal - ankle bone
o. Metatarsals - bones on the foot
p. Knee cap
q. Fibula - part of the legs; thin bone
C. MUSCULAR SYSTEM – The human body
consists of 620 muscles.
FUNCTIONS:
a. Primary tissue for motion
b. For movement & stabilization
c. Gives shape and contour to the body
KINDS OF MUSCLES
a. Voluntary muscle – aka skeletal
muscle; for movement, contraction, &
relaxation; can be controlled by the
brain.
b. Involuntary muscle – aka smooth
muscle; responsible for digestion; cannot
be controlled by the brain.
c. Cardiac muscle – aka heart muscle;
controls heartbeat.
D. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM – responsible for
distribution of oxygen (O2) & nutrients to the
different parts of the body & removal of carbon
dioxide (CO2).
PARTS & FUNCTIONS:
1. Heart (♥) – hollow muscular organ more
or less than the size of a fist; it is a major
pumping station.
2. Blood – body fluid in humans that
delivers necessary nutrients and oxygen
(O2) to the cells & transports metabolic
wastes products away from the body.
 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
a. Erythrocytes – aka RED BLOOD
CELLS or RBC; transport O2 & other
nutrients needed by the body.
 Hemoglobin is the red stick fluid
that circulates throughout the body;
it is the pigment in RBC that gives its
red color.
b. Leukocytes – aka WHITE BLOOD
CELLS or WBC; serves as the “soldier“
of the body that fights infection.
c. Plasma – aka RED BLOOD CELLS or
RBC; liquid component of blood
about 70% is water (H2O)
d. Platelets – responsible for blood
clotting and it is smaller than WBC
and RBC
3. Blood vessels
a. Artery – brings oxygenated blood
away from the ♥.
b. Veins – brings unoxygenated blood
to the ♥.
c. Capillary – smallest blood vessels
where gas exchange occurs.
E. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – supplies oxygen (O2)
& removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body;
responsible for the exchange of gas.
2 MECHANISMS OF RESPIRATION
 Inspiration – inhale / breathe in
 Expiration – exhale / breath out
Asphyxia – aka “suffocation”; life
threatening condition on w/c oxygen is
prevented to reach the lung tissue.
Aspiration – solid or liquid particles enter
the lungs; aka “choking”.
PARTS & FUNCTIONS:
1. Mouth and nose
2. Pharynx – aka throat; muscular passage
way about 13 cm or 5 inch long; passage
way of food & air way
3. Larynx – voice box
4. Trachea – aka windpipe
5. Bronchi – division of 2 tubes
6. Bronchioles – subdivision of bronchi
7. Alveoli – aka air sac; a grape-like structure
where the exchange of gases occurs
8. Lungs – major organ for respiration
F. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – responsible for
digestion of food & transport its end-product
to the blood; absorbs food and eliminates
waste product.
2 KINDS OF DIGESTION
a. mechanical – process of chewing,
mashing, and breaking down food into
smaller pieces.
b. chemical – process in w/c food is
exchanged into simpler substance
PARTS & FUNCTIONS:
1. Mouth – start of digestion with the aid of
saliva.
 Saliva act as a binder and lubricant
2. Pharynx
3. Epiglottis – leaf like structure that separates
digestive track from respiratory track
4. Esophagus – is about 25 cm or 10 inches
long; brings the food downward to the
stomach by a wave like action called
peristalsis
5. Stomach – located in the upper left
quadrant of the abdomen that produces
pepsin; it can hold up to 4 liters or 1 gallon
of food; it also has the size of a fist which
expands
 Pepsin – an enzyme for digestion of
protein (CHON); gastric juice w/c aids in
digestion
6. Small intestine – the major digestion
happen measuring 20 ft. or 6 meters long
7. Large intestine – storage of undigested
food; reabsorption of H2O from the digestive
process; it measures 5 ft. long or 1.5 meters
8. Rectum
9. Anus
G. URINARY SYSTEM – filters & remove waste
products from the blood; reabsorption of other
nutrients such as potassium (K), glucose, sodium
(Na) & water (H2O).
PARTS & FUNCTIONS:
1. Kidney – bean-shaped structure that filters
the blood
2. Ureters – measures 10 inches long that
drain wastes from the kidney
3. Urinary bladder – temporary storage of
urine
4. Urethra – passage way of urine
 Detrusor– muscle in the bladder
H. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM – skin is the largest
external part of the human body
FUNCTIONS:
a. Protects the body from external
environment
b. Regulates body temperature
c. Act as a sensory organ
d. Eliminates toxin through sweating
PARTS:
1. Epidermis – outermost layer
2. Dermis – innermost layer; contains blood
vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sebaceous
glands.
 Melanin – pigment that gives the skin its
dark color.
WHAT IS A SHOCK?
 Shock is depressed condition of many body
functions due to failure of enough blood to
circulate throughout the body followed by a
serious injury or illness.
 aka hypoperfusion in w/c there is a decrease
in blood flow.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SHOCK
Metabolic Shock - hypotension
Anaphylactic Shock - allergies
Traumatic Shock – emotion due to accident
Cardiogenic Shock - ♥
Hypovolemic Shock – loss of blood
Septic Shock – bacteria & infection
Neurogenic Shock – brain injury
Psychogenic Shock – attitude towards bad news
Respiratory Shock – lung diseases
BASIC CAUSES OF SHOCK
1. Pump failure – the ♥ fail to pump sufficient
blood
2. Hypovolemia – rapid increase of blood or fluid
volume in the body; aka heavy bleeding
3. Relative hypovolemia – blood vessels
suddenly dilates w/o any compensation in the
amount of blood vessel present in the system
(ex. Hemorrhage).
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS THAT CAN
LEAD TO SHOCK
Pain
Rough handling
Improper transfer
Continuous bleeding
Extreme weather exposed to heat & cold
Fatigue
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (s/sx):
Early stage
1. Pale and cyanotic
2. Skin is cold and clammy
3. Breathing is irregular
4. Nausea, vomiting, and thirst
Late stage
1. Unresponsive
2. Eyes are sunken w/ vacant expression
3. Low blood pressure
4. Pupils are dilated
5. Decrease in body temperature
6. Unconscious
DANGERS OF SHOCK
a. It can lead to infection
b. It can lead to amputation
c. It can lead to death
FIRST AID FOR SHOCK
1. Proper body positioning
a. If face is pale, elevate lower extremities
6-12 inches known as trendelenburg
b. If face is red, semi sitting or in a semi-
fowlers position (90° - fowlers; 45° - semi-
fowlers)
c. Ⓥ is vomiting, side lying to prevent
aspiration known as the recovery
position.
d. If the Ⓥ has neck injury, place him/her in
in a supine position.
2. Proper body temperature
a. Perspiring or sweating – loosen tight
clothing or proper ventilation
b. Chilling or shivering – adds more
insulation such as blanket
 3. Proper endorsement and transfer FIRST AID FOR MINOR BLEEDING:
Proper position while moving the Ⓥ & proper
Wash w/ soap and water
endorsement to medical personnel.
Apply mild antiseptic
Cover the wound
SOFT TISSUE INJURY
FIRST AID FOR MINOR BLEEDING:
Wound – a break in the continuity of a body
1. Control bleeding
tissue, either internal or external, that causes
a. Elevation
bleeding.
b. Direct pressure
KINDS OF WOUND c. Pressure bandage
d. Pressure on the supplying artery
 brachial – upper extremities
1. Closed wound – there is no break on the skin  femoral – lower extremities
surface but the underlying tissue is damaged 2. cover wound with sterile dressing
causing bleeding in a confined area like 3. care for shock
hematoma or blood clot. 4. call & consult a physician
FIRST AID FOR CLOSED WOUND:
Rest SPECIFIC BODY INJURY
Ice application to constrict blood vessels 15
mins every 2 hrs A. EYE INURIES
Compression to prevent swelling and bleeding
Elevation using gravity to reduce bleeding a. Foreign object on the eye

FIRST AID FOR MINOR BLEEDING:

2. Open wound – there is a break on the skin
surface as well as the underlying tissue in w/c
there is external bleeding (hemorrhage, severe
bleeding)
KINDS OF EXTERNAL BLEEDING
a. Capillary bleeding – most common type
of bleeding described as oozing; leaks out
slowly.
b. Venous bleeding – described as gushing;
continuous flow.
c. Arterial bleeding – described as spurting;
severe & most serious blood loss at the fast
rate.
b. Chemical exposure
1. Examine the eye in good light or
locate using a mirror.
2. If you can see the object, try to lift
off using a clean cloth. Do not use
cotton balls.
3. If you cannot remove the object,
flush the eye with running water &
continue to remove the eye.
4. You may immerse the face in a basin
w/ clean water & eye wide open.
5. If you cannot remove the object,
cover both eyes and seek medical
help immediately (SMHI).

TYPES OF FIRST AID:

CHARACTERISTICS CAUSES 1. Tilt the head toward the affected
WOUND
side to avoid contaminating the
Abrasion Rubbing
other side.
Shallow but wide against rough
surface 2. Flush with running water 15-20 mins.
3. If both eyes are affected, and/or
Puncture Narrow but deep
Pointed
any part of the body, take the Ⓥ to
object
have a shower.
Incision Clean, severe cut Sharp object
4. For severe allergic reaction, loosely
Laceration Torn edge w/ irregular
blunt materials cover both eyes with sterile dressing.
edge 5. SMHI.
Avulsion Tissue is forcefully
Explosion;
mishandling of
separated
tools
 c. Penetrating object in the eye
FIRST AID:
1. Do not touch the object or apply
pressure on it.
2. Immobilize the penetrating object
using the ff.: Styrofoam, plastic cup
or cardboard (folded into cone,
donut ring bandage, or layer of
dressing).
3. Cover unaffected eye to prevent
eye movement.
4. SMHI.
d. Eye burns – caused by looking directly
at intense light source such as sun,
welding sparks, tanning lamp, and glare
of snow.
FIRST AID:
1. Place the Ⓥ in a darker room or
shaded area.
2. Cover both eyes with cold & wet
dressing and rest.
3. If burning vision or severe pain
persists, SMHI.
e. Black eye
FIRST AID:
1. Apply cold compress for 15-20 mins
for every 3-4 hrs for the first 24 hrs.
2. If there is formation of blood in the
eye, cover both eyes and SMHI.
3. If there is a presence of open
wound, control bleeding and apply
dressing.
4. Calm and comfort the Ⓥ as you
SMH.
B. EYE INJURIES
a. Nose bleeding – aka epistaxis.
FIRST AID:
1. Instruct the Ⓥ to sit down & lean
forward.
2. Instruct the Ⓥ to pinch his nose for 15
mins.
3. Apply cold compress above the
Nose Bridge or forehead.
4. If the bleeding does not stop, repeat
the process.
5. Instruct the Ⓥ to avoid sneezing for
24 hrs. If cannot be avoided, sneeze
w/ open mouth.
b. Broken nose
FIRST AID:
1. Do not realign the broken nose.
2. Apply cold compress on the
forehead.
3. SHMI.
c. Object lodged in the nose
FIRST AID:
1. Determine which nostril is affected
by pinching one nostril at the time.
2. Avoid taking deep breath. Do not
use tweezers.
3. Pinch the unaffected nostril and
instruct the Ⓥ to blow or have the Ⓥ
sniff some pepper to induce
sneezing.
4. If the object still lodged in the nose,
SMHI.
C. EAR INURIES
a. Insect inside the ear
FIRST AID:
1. Tilt the head towards the unaffected
side.
2. Flash the light in the ear canal.
Insects are attracted to light.
3. If the insect doesn‟t crawl out, fill the
ear canal with baby oil, then re-tilt
the head to remove the oil together
with the lodged insect.
b. Ruptured ear drum
FIRST AID:
1. Tilt the head towards the affected
side.
2. Put sterile dressing outside the ear.
3. Apply cold compress outside the
ear.
D. CHEST INURIES
a. Penetrating chest wound
FIRST AID:
1. Do not touch the object or put
pressure on it.
2. Immobilize the object using ring
bandage, plastic cup, or layers of
dressing.
3. SMHI.
 b. Sucking chest wound
FIRST AID:
1. Cover the wound but make sure to
leave a finger breath opening to
remove excess air when exhaling.
2. If the Ⓥ has difficulty in breathing,
remove & re-apply the dressing.
3. SMHI.
c. Evisceration or protruding organ
2. Involvement of critical areas – hand, feet,
chest, and genitalia and must SMHI.
3. Age of the Ⓥ - if the Ⓥ is 5 y/o below and Ⓥ
is 55 y/o above, SMHI.
4. Involvement of critical areas – rapid
estimation of the burned part using your palm
by the Rule of 9 techniques.
5. Involvement of critical areas – if the Ⓥ is
diabetic or prone to high blood, SMHI.

FIRST AID:
KINDS OF BURN
1. Do not insert back the organ to
prevent contamination & infection. 1. Thermal burn – can be caused by heat or
2. Cover the organ w/ moist cloth, friction.
aluminum foil, or clean plastic to
prevent dry-up. ELEMENTS OF FIRE
3. Proper transfer (along supine
position, across fowler position).
4. SMHI.

Amputation – separation of a body part.

FIRST AID:
HOW TO CARE FOR THE AMPUTATED PART? 1. Stop the burning process.
a. Stop, drop, and roll – stop moving
1. Rinse w/ water & remove the debris. the Ⓥ , drop to the ground, then roll.
2. Rub the amputated part w/ dry dressing. b. Pour a bucket of water.
3. Put a clean plastic bag or container. c. Use blanket (wet as much as
4. Place the amputated part over a bed of possible) to cover the Ⓥ.
ice. Viability of ice takes 14-18 hrs. Without d. Use fire extinguisher.
ice, viability takes only 3-4 hrs.
5. Tag w/ name and time happen. Pull the pin
Aim the nozzle
Squeeze the lever
BURNS
Spray in sweeping position
 Burn is a damage of body tissue w/c can be 2. Cool the burn with large amount of cold
caused by heat, chemical, electrical, or running water.
radiation. 3. Cover the wound with sterile dressing.
4. Prevent infection.
FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE SEVERITY OF 5. Maintain airway open.
BURN 6. SMHI.
1. Depth – 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns
2. Chemical burn – caused by corrosive or
1° burn 2° burn 3° burn strong chemicals or acids like hydrochloric
Also known superficial Partial Full thickness
as thickness
acid (HCl).
Affected epidermis Epidermis + All layers +
part dermis muscles and FIRST AID:
bones
1. Remove contaminated clothing.
Skin Dry Red skin Char black,
appearance and has waxy 2. Flush the area with large amount of
blister water for 15-20 mins.
formation 3. For dry chemical, brush off chemical
Severity Mild Moderate Severe before flushing.
4. SMHI.
3. Electrical burn – caused by direct contact  Weakness
with live wires and accidentally hit by thunder.  Drowsiness

FIRST AID: Early s/sx:

1. Turn off the main switch.  Shivering
2. Wait for a few seconds before touching  Slow speech
the Ⓥ.  Pale in color
Memory lapses
3. Check ABC - Airway Breathing 
 Slow and clumsy movement
Circulation.  Impaired judgment
4. Care for shock.
5. Care for wound. Late s/sx:
6. Care for seizure.  Shivering stop
 The Ⓥ appears to be dead
4. Radiation burn – aka sunburn.  Slow and rigid movement
 Weak pulse & swallow breathing
FIRST AID:  Cold & bluish skin
1. Flush with large amount of water.
2. Apply cold compress. FIRST AID:
3. Apply soothing lotion. 1. Bring the Ⓥ in a warm place.
2. Add more insulation by giving more
blankets.
COLD ILLNESSES 3. Sleeping bag technique.
4. Change wet clothes into dry one.
5. Elevate the lower extremities to promote
A. FROSTBITE – localized cooling of the body, good blood circulation.
mostly affected are ears, hands, etc. 6. Human blanket / embrace.
7. Give warm beverage except coffee and
s/sx: alcohol.
 Numbness
 Bluish discoloration - blood vessels are
constricted
HEAT ILLNESSES
 Stiffness
 Tingling sensation & aching A. HEAT CRAMPS – response to heat
characterized by muscle pain & spasm due to
largely loss of electrolytes through sweating.
FIRST AID:
1. Bring the Ⓥ in a warm place. s/sx:
2. Wrap the frost bitten part w/ sterile dressing.  Muscle cramps
3. Do not rub the affected part.  Heavy sweating
4. If hands & feet are affected, soak it in warm  Lightheadedness
water & adjust the temperature little by little.  Weakness
5. In presence of 2 or more persons, use each
other‟s armpit. FIRST AID:
6. Give warm beverage except coffee & 1. Bring the Ⓥ in a cool and shady area.
alcohol. 2. Elevate the lower extremities.
3. Give electrolyte solution: 1L of H2O + 1 tsp. of
Salt (Na) + 8 tsp. of sugar. Should be taken 1
B. HYPOTHERMIA – generalized cooling of the half cup every 15 mins.
body (whole body). In critical condition, the 4. Stretch the muscle gently.
body drops its temperature b/w 35°C - 28°C. 5. Massage the affected part lightly & firmly
towards the heart (♥).
s/sx:
 Numbness
 Bluish discoloration B. HEAT EXHAUSTION – response to heat
 Irrational behavior characterized by fatigue, weakness, and
 Coma collapse due to inadequate intake of water to
 compensate for the loss of fluid through  Deformity
sweating.  Open wound
 Tenderness
s/sx:  Loss of function
 Cool, pale, & moist skin  Guarding of the affected part
 Dilated pupil  Grating sound (known as crepitus)
 Lightheadedness
 Dizziness TYPES OF FRACTURE
 Headache
 Unconsciousness
 seizure
1. Closed / simple fracture – there is a break in
the continuity of a bone but there is no break in
FIRST AID: the skin surface.
1. Bring the Ⓥ in a cool and shady area.
2. Elevate the lower extremities. 2. Open / compound fracture – one or both
3. Give electrolyte solution. bones pierce the skin.
4. Care for shock.
FIRST AID FOR CLOSED FRACTURE:
C. HEAT STROKE – aka sunstroke; response to Rest
heat characterized by extreme, high body Ice application for 15 mins every 3-4 hrs for the
temperature & disturbance of sweating
first 24 hrs,
mechanism.
Compression to decrease swelling and
s/sx: bleeding
 Red, hot, dry skin Elevation to promote body circulation &
 Constricted pupil decrease bleeding
 High body temperature
 Weakness Splinting – the process of using a splint.
 Absence of heat
 Lightheadedness & seizure
Splint – a material used to stabilize the affected
FIRST AID: area,
1. Rapid cooling:
a. Bring the Ⓥ in an air-conditioned room.
b. Apply cold compress on the Ⓥ‟s neck, DIFFERENT KINDS OF SPLINT
armpit, & grown.
c. Pour a bucket of H2O over the Ⓥ„s body. o Improvised – primarily made of a piece of
2. Care for shock. wood.
3. Care for seizure. o Commercialized – such as braces used in
4. SMHI. hospitals.
o Anatomical – body part that can support
the affected area,
BONES, MUSCLES, JOINT
INJURIES (BMJ) FIRST AID FOR OPEN FRACTURE:
1. Check ABC - Airway Breathing
Circulation.
Fracture – There is a break on the continuity of a 2. Keep the Ⓥ still.
bone. 3. Take steps to prevent infection.
4. Care for shock.
Dislocation – misalignment / displacement of 5. Apply mild antiseptic.
bones from its normal position or joint. 6. Cover the wound.
7. Immobilize the injured part below and
s/sx for fracture & dislocation: above the level of the injury using a splint.
 Pain 8. Calm & reassure the Ⓥ as you wait for
 Swelling medical assistance.
 MUSCLE INJURIES
Sprain Strain Sprain D. HICCUPS – sudden spasmodic of diaphragm
(tapilok) (nabanat) (pulikat) due to imbalance of carbon dioxide and
Stretched Tightening of oxygen (CO2 > O2). This is also caused by
Torn ligament excessive alcohol intake.
muscle the muscles
First Aid: Causes:
1° - primary stretch FIRST AID:
R.I.C.E and  Lack of
2° - secondary 1. Startle the Ⓥ.
follow up Potassium (K)
stretch 2. Divert attention
warm  Strenuous
3° - torn 3. Brown paper bag technique.
compress activity
4. Drink a glass of water straight up;
First Aid: R.I.C.E
E. FAINTING – aka syncope; sudden loss of
FIRST AID FOR CRAMPS: consciousness secondary to diminish blood flow
1. Stretch the cramped muscle. to the brain.
2. Massage firmly & gently towards the ♥.
3. Warm compress. FIRST AID:
4. SMHI if cramping persists for more than 15 1. Bring the Ⓥ in a comfortable place.
mins. 2. Elevate the lower extremities.
3. Let the Ⓥ breathe any sweet smelling fruit or
aroma.
SUDDEN ILLNESSES
F. CROUP – aka tracheolaryngobronchitis,
A. DIARRHEA – aka Loose Bowel Movement wheezing or in vernacular halak. This is also
(LBM). This is passing out of watery stool and can associated with cough.
be lead to dehydration.
FIRST AID:
FIRST AID: 1. Increase fluid intake.
2. Rest
B – anana to replace electrolytes; contains 3. Steam inhalation (eg. Use kettle‟s steam
Potassium (K). with sodium sol‟n)
R – ice for energy 4. Back tapping.

A – pple that contains pectin to harden stool

G. FEVER – aka pyrexia. A symptom of an
T – oasted bread that has charcoal to absorb underlying disease.
toxins
E – lectrolyte solution FIRST AID:
1. Wear comfortable clothing.
I – ncrease fluid intake. 2. TSB (Tepid Sponge Bath)
3. Increase fluid intake.
B. CONSTIPATION – hardening of the stool 4. Rest
5. Bring the Ⓥ in a well-ventilated area.
FIRST AID: 6. Assist in giving medications.
1. Increase fiber diet
2. Increase fluid intake.
H. TOOTHACHE
3. Exercise.
C. HEADACHE FIRST AID:
1. Maintain good oral hygiene
FIRST AID: 2. Apply tootache drops
1. Bring the Ⓥ in a quiet place or peaceful 3. Gargle with water and salt
environment 4. Apply warm or cold compress.
2. Dim light.
3. Soft music.
4. Aromatherapy.
5. Massage.
 COMMON MEDICAL
FIRST AID:
EMERGENCIES 1. Recognize the signal of ♥ attack & take
action.
A. STROKE – aka Brain attack or cerebrovascular 2. Have the Ⓥ what he/she is doing.
accident. This is a condition where the blood 3. Loosen tight clothing.
flow to the brain is interrupted long enough to 4. Have someone call for help.
cause damage. 5. Monitor vital signs (v/s).
6. Assist in giving medication.
CAUSES OF STROKE 7. Be ready to do CPR / RB when necessary.

1. Thrombosis – a clot formation in the blood

vessel wall caused by accumulated fats, C. DIABETES MELLITUS (D.M.) – A condition in
smoking, & sugar. w/c the body cannot regulate the amount of
2. Embolism – dislodged thrombus sugar in the blood.
3. Aneurysm – rupture; ballooning of the
artery MAJOR TYPES OF DIABETES
4. Compression of the artery
TYPE 1 TYPE 2 Gestational
Insulin Non-insulin
RISK FACTORS dependent dependent
Pregnancy
diabetes diabetes
1. Non-modifiable mellitus (IDDM) mellitus (NIDDM)
 Age (45-50 y/o) Juvenile onset
 Sex (Men are more prevalent) (occurs during Adult onset
 Heredity childhood)
 Race Insulin-
2. Modifiable The body
producing cells
produces more
S – moking in the pancreas
insulin
are damaged
A – lcohol Needs to
H – ypertension regularly inject
insulin
O – besity / overweight
D – iet / diabetes mellitus EMERGENCY CONDITIONS OF D.M.

s/sx: 1. Hypoglycemia – high insulin, low glucose

F.A.:
F – ace drooping * give sweets such as sugar candy or soda
A – arm weakness 2. Hyperglycemia – high glucose, low insulin
F.A.:
S – peech difficulty * inject insulin and SMHI.

B. HEART ATTACK – aka Myocardial Infarction. 3 MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF D.M.

This is a condition that occurs when the blood
flow supply the ♥ muscle is interrupted long
(3 P’s hallmark of D.M.)
enough to cause damage.
1. Polyuria – excessive urination
s/sx: 2. Polydypsia – excessive thirst
 Chest pain (aka angina pectoris) 3. Polyphagia – excessive hunger
 Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Dizziness
 Excessive sweating
 Palpitation
D. ASTHMA – narrowing of the airway passage.
CAUSES OF ASTHMA
1. Airborn allergens – pollen, pet dander,
mold
2. Physical activity – strenuous activity in
cold and dry air
3. Respiratory infections – common colds
4. Inhaled irritants – chemical fumes, dust,
smoke
5. Certain medications – aspirin, ibuprofen,
naproxen
6. Stress
CLOTH MATERIAL
DRESSING – a sterile cloth material used to cover
the wound and absorb blood.
CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A DRESSING
1. Sterile or clean as possible
2. Large enough to cover the wound.
3. Highly absorbent to keep the wound dry.
4. Compressible, thick, & soft so that pressure
applied evenly on the wound.
5. Non sticky.

s/sx: BANDAGE – a clean cloth sterile or not used to

 Wheezing upon expiration hold the dressing in place.
 Coughing
 Shortness of breath APPLICATION OF BANDAGE

FIRST AID:  Careful

1. Avoid asthma triggers.  Accurate
2. Proper positioning.  Neat
3. Proper ventilation.  End with “Square Knot”
4. Steam inhalation.  Snugly fit (not too tight and not too loose)
5. Remove tight clothing.  speedy
6. For severe asthma, SMHI.

PARTS OF A BANDAGE
E. SEIZURES – sudden episode of bio-electrical
discharge from the brain. Sometimes called
“convulsions”

s/sx:
 Localized twitching of the body part
 Brief period of unconsciousness or confused
behavior (known as petimal seizure)
 Vigorous muscle spasm; jerking limbs
(known as grand mal seizure)
 Sudden loss of consciousness
 Drooling of saliva Cravat – a folded bandage
 Broad cravat
FIRST AID:  Narrow cravat
1. Protect the Ⓥ from further injury  Very narrow cravat
 Give them room
 Cushion their head OPEN PHASE
 Loosen tight clothing
 Don‟t try to hold them down ot stop
1. Wound on the top of the head (head
their movements
topside)
2. SMHI if seizure last longer that few minutes
2. Burned face/back of the head
3. If the Ⓥ is pregnant, diabetic, or immersed
3. Wound of the chest/back
in water, SHMI.
4. Fractured forearm
4. If the Ⓥ does not regain consciousness,
5. Dislocated shoulder
SMHI. 6. Burned foot/hand
5. SHMI if another seizure begins soon after the 7. Wound on knee/elbow
first. 8. genitalia
CRAVAT PHASE 5. When taking medicines, read the label
thrice (3x).
1. Wound on the forehead
2. Eye injury POISON MAY ENTER THE BODY IN 4 WAYS
3. Nose bleeding
4. Would on ear, cheek and jaw 1. Ingestion poisoning – through mouth;
5. Wound on the shoulder mostly food poisoning.
6. Dislocated elbow 2. Inhalation – through breathing of
 Straight chemical fumes or smoke
 Bended 3. Injection – animal bites
7. Wound on the forearm
4. Absorption – skin contact
8. Multiple wound on the arm/ forearm
9. Wound on the palm
 Across the palm
 Along the palm
Botulism – form of food poisoning that causes
10. Ankle sprain death / paralysis if it‟s not treated immediately.
 Shoe on
 Shoe off E. Coli / C. Botolinium – a bacteria that causes
11. Wound on the wrist botulism responsible of food poisoning and can be
12. Wound on the hip found in smoked fish and meat and certain canned
13. Genitalia goods.

s/sx for food poisoning:

 headache
POISONING  difficulty in swallowing
 It is an absorption of harmful substance  slurred speech
 difficulty in breathing
POISON – any substance, solid, liquid, or gas that
impairs health or causes harm when introduce to FIRST AID:
the body or skin surface. 1. Identify the poison
 look for empty container
CAUSES OF POISONING:  examine the vomitus
 If the Ⓥ is conscious, keep the
vomitus w/ the Ⓥ when s/he is
1. Accidental poisoning – happens in
children transported to the hospital.
2. Call the Poison Control Center (PCC) &
2. Suicidal attempt – happens mostly in
provide the ff. info:
adults
 Ⓥ„s home
 Age
TYPES OF POISON:  Address
 Time happened
1. Corrosive – causes burn / flammable  Condition of the Ⓥ
2. Non-corrosive – nonflammable and it also  What first aid given.
applies to non-chemical substances like 3. Do not neutralize the poison with vinegar,
food. milk, sugar, or any universal antidote unless
instructed or told to do so by the PCC or
PREVENTIVE MEASURES physician.
4. Do not induce vomiting unless instructed or
1. Keep all drugs & chemical away from told to do so by the PCC or physician.
children‟s reach. 5. Place the Ⓥ in side lying position to delay
2. Liquid contents of tin cans should be the absorption of the poison.
immediately transferred to plastic containers
after opening.
3. Do not consume can goods with rusty tins &
bulging top and bottom
4. Promptly dispose expired or unused
prescription medicines.
 s/sx for inhalation poisoning: MODES OF INJECTION POISONING
 Dizziness
 Nausea and vomiting 1. Tick bite – can acquire Lyme Disease that
 Blurred vision can cause weakness / paralysis
 Chest pain 2. Bee sting – a bee sting can kill a man
 Weakness
3. Animal bite – such as dog bite
FIRST AID:
4. Snake bite
1. Maintain the airway if the Ⓥ is conscious.
FIRST AID FOR TICK BITE:
2. Check ABC
1. Use tweezers & concentrate on the head of
3. If the Ⓥ has seizure, protect the Ⓥ from
the tick. You can also use petroleum jelly to
further injury.
suffocate the tick.
4. If the Ⓥ vomits, protect the airway, placing
2. Wash the bitten part with soap & water to
the Ⓥ in a side lying position.
avoid itchiness.
3. If swelling occurs, apply cold compress.

HOW TO RESCUE A Ⓥ FROM POSSIBLE FIRST AID FOR BEE STING:

INHALATION POISONING: 1. Do not remove the sting using tweeers, for it
may release more venom.
1. Call for help. Never attempt to rescue w/o 2. Scrape the sting using firm objects like I.D.,
notifying others. credit card, blunt edge if a knife, or long
2. Check if protective gear is available, if not, fingernail.
cover your mouth & nose with wet cloth. 3. Apply cold compress to decrease swelling.
3. Take several deep breaths of fresh air 4. Remove all constricting jewelries before it
before entering the scene. begins to swell.
4. Open doors & windows to help disperse the 5. For multiple sting in the mouth, SMHI.
fumes
5. Do not light a match or flip a switch for
some gases might ignite. Rabies – aka lyssavirus or rhabdovirus, is a viral
6. If possible, stay below the level of fumes that infection that causes irritation & inflammation of
is visible above the ground. brain and spinal cord.
7. Do fireman’s drag technique to remove the
Ⓥ from the area. s/sx for rabies:
8. Do not give F.A. until you & the Ⓥ are in  Hydrophobic (fear of water)
fresh air.  Increase salivation
 Mental depression
 Fever
Contact dermatitis – common cause of allergic  Paralysis
reaction.  Confusion

s/sx for absorption poisoning: FIRST AID:

 Itchiness 1. Clean the wound w/ soap & water for at
 Swelling least 15 mins.
 Redness 2. Apply mild antiseptic
 Rashes lasts for 1-2 weeks 3. Cover the wound
4. SMHI.
FIRST AID:
1. Remove contaminated clothing by using a
pair of scissors.
2. Rinse the affected area immediately.
3. Sooth the area with medicated lotion or
take anti-histamine medication to reduce
itching.
4. Remove constricting materials like jewelry.
5. SMHI.
 SNAKE BITE STAGES OF LIFE SUPPORT:
VENOMOUS vs. NON-VENOMOUS
NON- 1. Basic Life Support (BLS) – consists of ABC.
VENOMOUS steps; use of supplementary techniques
VENOMOUS
a. *Airway – the protection &
Head Semi triangular oblongated
manifestation of a clear passageway for
Body rectangular Irregular gases principally oxygen & carbon
dioxide to pass b/w the lungs & the
Skin rough Smooth
atmosphere.
Pupil Vertical Round b. *Breathing – inflation & deflation of the
Manner of lungs or respiration via the airway.
Non constrictor constrictor
attack c. *Circulation – restores blood
Horseshoe circulation through chest compression
Bite marks With fang mark
shaped (providing an adequate blood supply to
tissues, especially critical organs, so as to
deliver oxygen to all cells & remove
s/sx for snake bite: metabolic waste via the perfusion of
 Immediate pain in the injured area blood throughout the body.
 Rapid discoloration on the site of the bite
 Headache Secondary assessment:
 Swelling  Monitor v/s
 Difficulty on breathing  Care for shock
 Excessive sweating  Transport and endorse the Ⓥ

FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITE:
1. Keep the Ⓥ still.
2. Do not apply ice on the affected area.
3. Wash the wound w/ soap and water.
4. Apply mild antiseptic.
5. Apply pressure bandage 2-4 inches from the
bitten part.
6. Do not mouth suction.
7. Do not elevate the bitten part above ♥
level.
8. For unconscious Ⓥ, check ABC.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
 It is an emergency procedure that consists of
recognizing respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest,
and foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO),
and the proper application of cardio-
pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and Rescue
Breathing (RB) to maintain life until a Ⓥ recovers
or advanced life support is available.
Life Support – series of emergency life-saving
procedures carried out to prolong life of a Ⓥ with
life threatening condition; it is a goal of CPR.
*Emergency – a situation that calls for immediate
action in sudden unexpected crisis, injury, or illness.
2. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)
– use of special equipment to maintain
breathing and circulation for the Ⓥ of a
cardiac emergency.
a. Definitive therapy – defibrillation,
drugs, and diagnosis.
b. Cardiac monitoring stabilization
c. Transportation
d. Communication
3. Prolong Life Support (PLS) – for post
resuscitation [& long term resuscitation].
Example is the patient is placed in ICU.
Respiratory arrest (-)B (+)P – condition in w/c the
breathing stops but the pulse & circulation is still
present & may continue for some time. *The Ⓥ is
deprived of oxygen.
Causes:
 Airway obstruction (aka choking)
 Mechanical – food, dentures, any
foreign body
 Anatomical – tongue, tonsillitis,
inflammation in the airways
 Drowning
 Electric shock
 Suffocation
 Strangulation (“sakal”)
 Drug overdose
 Poisoning*
F,A. for (-)B (+)P:
Rescue Breathing (RB) – a technique of
giving air into a person to supply him with
oxygen needed to survive; aka “kiss of life”,
“artificial resuscitation”, and “artificial
respiration”.
Objectives of RB:
a. To open the airway – Head Tilt, Chin
Lift, or Jaw Thrust Maneuver.
b. Ventilate the lungs or restore
breathing.
Methods in giving RB:
a. Mouth to mouth – the most effective
way to provide O2 & ventilation to the
Ⓥ.
b. Mouth to nose – recommended when
it is impossible to ventilate through the
Ⓥ„s caused by severe injury (ex. Lock
jaw or poisoning) .
c. Mouth to nose and mouth – If the Ⓥ
is infant & mouth is small.
d. Mouth to barrier – use to reduce the
risk of exposure to body fluids such as
saliva, sputum, vomitus, or blood while
taking RB.
e. Mouth to stoma (opening in front of
the neck) – ventilate over the opening;
not recommended & must be done w/
extra care.
Cardiac arrest (-)B (-)P – circulation stops or
disappear along w/ the breathing.
2 KINDS OF DEATH:
1. Clinical Death – breathing & circulation
stops for 0-6 mins.
2. Biological Death – the brain is deprived of
oxygenated blood for more than 6 mins.
Brain cells starts to die due to lack of O2.
Brain damage timeline:
4-6 minutes – brain death starts; brain
death is possible
6-10 minutes – brain damage is likely
More than 10 minutes – irreversible
brain damage is certain.
3 CONDITIONS THAT LEAD TO CARDIAC
ARREST:
1. Cardiovascular collapse – the heart is
still beating but its action is so weak that the
blood is not being circulated w/in the
system.
2. Ventricular fibrillation – the individual
fascicles of the ♥ beat independently rather
than coordinated or synchronized manner
to produce rhythmic heart beat
3. Cardiac standstill – ♥ stops beating due
to lack of O2 of the ♥ muscle.
F,A. for (-)B (-)P:
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) –
an emergency procedure applied to a Ⓥ who
is not breathing and whose ♥ is stopped
functioning / no pulse.
External Chest Compression (ECC) –
rhythmic application of pressure over the lower
half of the sternum where the ♥ is located.
*Hands Only (Compression Only) CPR – a
technique that involves chest compression w/o
artificial respiration. It is recommended only if:
1. The rescuer is unwilling or unable to
perform mouth-to-mouth RB.
2. For use in dispatcher-assisted CPR
instructions where the simplicity of this
modified technique allow untrained
bystanders to rapidly intervene.
* Rescuers should perform chest compressions
at a rate of 100 to 200 per minute.
* Compression will result a 25% blood circulation.
* Any attempt at resuscitation is better than no
attempt.
CPR = RB + ECC
CRITERIAS FOR NOT STARTING CPR:
1. Signs of decomposition – Ⓥ is in a state
of decomposition.
2. Signs of decapitation
3. Signs of irreversible death
a. Pallor mortis – paleness w/c happens
15-20 mins. after death
b. Rigor mortis – stiffness
c. Algor mortis – cooling of the body
d. Livor mortis – purplish discoloration
4. DNAR – Do Not Attempt to Resuscitate
order
DON’TS IN PERFORMING CPR CLASSIFICATION OF CHOKING/AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION:
1. Rocker
2. Bender
1. Partial obstruction w/ GOOD airway
3. Massager
4. Double Crosser
exchange – The Ⓥ can speak, cough,
5. Bouncer and breath but w/ difficulty.

COMPLICATIONS IN DOING CPR:
1. Rib fracture – due to wrong and strong
compression delivered.
2. Gastric distention – too fast or too
forceful ventilation given to the Ⓥ wherein
the air enters the stomach.
3. Aspiration – gastric contents enters the
respiratory tract into the lungs.
WHEN TO STOP CPR:
S – pontaneous breathing & pulse restore
T – urn over to professional
O – perator totally exhausted
P – hysician assumes responsibility
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION (FBAO)
 It is a common breathing emergency that
occurs when the person‟s airway is partially or
completely blocked by a foreign object.
A. CHOKING
Common causes:
1. Loose fitting dentures
2. Running while eating
3. Talking while eating
4. Excessive fluid or alcohol intake
5. Improper chewing of large pieces of food
KINDS OF OBSTRUCTION:
1. Anatomical obstruction – occurs when
the airway is blocked by any part of the Ⓥ‟s
body (ex. Backward dropping of tongue,
tonsillitis, asthma).
2. Mechanical obstruction – occurs when
the airway is blocked by any foreign object.
(Ex. Vomitus, large chunks of food, mucous)
FIRST AID:
a. Determine if the Ⓥ is choking by asking “are
you choking?”
b. If yes, ask the Ⓥ to cough forcefully to
dislodge the object.
c. Stand by to assist beside or behind the Ⓥ.
2. Partial obstruction w/ POOR airway
exchange – The Ⓥ has weak, ineffective
cough, high pitch noise during inhalation.
FIRST AID: HEIMLICH MANEUVER
STEPS
a. Stand behind the Ⓥ with one foot forward.
b. Locate the navel using your index finger.
c. Lock your arms around the Ⓥ.
d. The other hand in closed fist position (thumb
straight).
e. Place the fisted hand above the index
finger.
f. Cover with the hand.
g. Do 5 inward and upward thrust in scooping
motion until the object is dislodged.
h. Each thrust must have a distinction.
3. Complete / total obstruction – The Ⓥ
cannot speak, cough, and breathe.
a. Conscious to unconscious
1. Place the Ⓥ in supine position.
2. Open the airway.
3. Check the mouth for any obstruction
a.) Obstruction is not seen
For adults – blind finger sweep
For child / infant - do not blind finger
sweep
b.) Obstruction is seen – FINGER SWEEP
4. Check for breathing – 2 give 2 initial
ventilation
a.) 1st Vent - air bounces back (re-tilt
the head)
b.) 2nd Vent – air bounces back (give 5
abdominal thrust)
5. Recheck mouth for any obstruction.
6. Recheck breathing.
7. Do RB or CPR if necessary.
8. Place the Ⓥ in recovery position.
b. Unconscious to conscious
1. Check responsiveness.
2. Open the airway.
3. Check the mouth for any obstruction
c.) Obstruction is not seen
For adults – blind finger sweep
For child / infant - do not blind finger
sweep
d.) Obstruction is seen – FINGER SWEEP
4. Check for breathing – 2 give 2 initial
ventilation
c.) 1st Vent - air bounces back (re-tilt
the head)
d.) 2nd Vent – air bounces back (give 5
abdominal thrust)
5. Recheck mouth for any obstruction.
6. Recheck breathing.
7. Do RB or CPR if necessary.
8. Place the Ⓥ in recovery position.

c. Infant.
1. Determine if the baby is choking:
 Bluish discoloration
 Gasping for breath
 Doesn‟t cry
 Paleness
2. Check the mouth for any obstruction
3. Turn the Ⓥ head down position with your
forearm resting in your thigh. Head of
the Ⓥ is lower to your body.
4. Using your other hand, do 5 back blows
w/ the shoulder blades
5. If the object is not dislodged, turn the Ⓥ
on its back again. Head should be lower
than the body and give 5 chest thrusts.
6. Do this until the object is dislodged.
7. Recheck mouth for any obstruction.
8. Recheck breathing.
9. Do RB or CPR if necessary.
10. Place the Ⓥ in recovery / burping
position.