MTH4101: Calculus II [SOLUTIONS]

Duration: 2 hours

Date and time: 17th May 2016, 14:30–16:30

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question paper until instructed to do so by an invigilator.

You should attempt ALL questions. Marks awarded are shown next to the
questions.

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Exam papers must not be removed from the examination room.
Examiner(s): R. J. Harris, J. A. Valiente Kroon

[Note: Some questions are modified versions of exercises found in the

compulsory module textbook, Thomas’ Calculus (Twelfth Edition), as also
used for online coursework via the MyMathLab system.]

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 Page 2 MTH4101 (2016)

Question 1.
(a) [Similar to example in lectures]
We have
−1 ≤ cos n ≤ 1 for all n > 0 2
so
1 cos n 1
≤
− ≤ for all n > 0. 1
n n n
Now limn→∞ −1/n = limn→∞ 1/n = 0 2 and hence, by the Sandwich
Theorem for sequences, 1
cos n
lim = 0. 1
n→∞ n

(b) [Very easy, similar to coursework]

Recognizing this as a geometric series, we have
∞ ∞  n−1
n−1 2 −1
X X
(−1) =2 2
n=1
3n−1 n=1
3
2
= 3
1 − (−1/3)
2
= 1
4/3
3
= . 1
2
(c) [Similar to coursework]
We have
f (x) = sin x, f ′ (x) = cos x, f ′′ (x) = − sin x, 2
and so
π  1 π  1 π  1
f = √ , f′ = √ , f ′′ = −√ . 2
4 2 4 2 4 2
Hence the first three Taylor polynomials about x = π/4 are obtained:
π 
P0 (x) = f
4
1
=√ , 1
2
π 
′ π π
 
P1 (x) = f +f x−
4 4 4
1 1  π 
= √ + √ x− , 1
2 2 4
π  π   π  1 ′′  π   π 2
P2 (x) = f + f′ x− + f x−
4 4 4 2 4 4
1 1  π 1  π 2
= √ + √ x− − √ x− . 1
2 2 4 2 2 4

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 MTH4101 (2016) Page 3

(d) [Inverted version of coursework question]

We have
√ √
2x − y − 4 ( 2x − y + 2)( 2x − y − 2)
lim √ = lim √ 3
(x,y)→(2,0) 2x − y − 2 (x,y)→(2,0) 2x − y − 2
2x−y6=4 2x−y6=4
√
2x − y + 2
= lim 1
(x,y)→(2,0) 1
2x−y6=4
√
= 4−0+2 2
= 4. 1

(e) [Very easy, similar to coursework]

By straightforward differentiation we have

∂g 3
= 3x2 y 2ex , 1
∂x
∂g 3
= 2yex , 1
∂y
∂2g 3 3
= 6xy 2 ex + 9x4 y 2 ex , 2
∂x2
∂2g 3
= 2ex , 1
∂y 2
∂2g 3 ∂2g
= 6x2 yex = . 2
∂x∂y ∂y∂x

(f) [Similar to coursework but requiring understanding not just calculation

of gradient]
We have

fx = ey , 1 fy = xey , 1 and fz = 2z, 1

so

∇f |(1,ln 2,1/2) = fx (1, ln 2, 1/2)i + fy (1, ln 2, 1/2)j + fz (1, ln 2, 1/2)k 1

= 2i + 2j + k. 1

Hence f (x, y, z) increases most rapidly in the direction

2i + 2j + k
u= √ 1
22 + 22 + 12
2 2 1
= i + j + k. 1
3 3 3

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(g) [Similar to coursework]

Integrating in the given order yields
1 2 4 1 2 y=4
y2
Z Z Z Z Z 
(x + y + z) dy dx dz = xy + + zy dx dz 1
−1 0 0 −1 0 2 y=0
Z 1 Z 2
= (4x + 8 + 4z) dx dz 1
−1 0
Z 1
 2 x=2
= 2x + 8x + 4zx x=0 dz 1
−1
Z 1
= (8 + 16 + 8z) dz 1
−1
1
= 24z + 4z 2 −1

1
= 48. 2

(h) [Similar to example in lectures]

By separation of variables and integration, we obtain
1
Z Z
dy = e3x dx 2
2+y
so
1
ln(2 + y) = e3x + C, 3
3
where C is a constant of integration, and so
 
1 3x
y = exp e + C − 2. 2
3

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 MTH4101 (2016) Page 5

Question 2.
(a) [Bookwork]
P∞
n=1 an diverges if limn→∞ an fails to exist or is different from zero. 4
P∞
[Give 2 for contrapositive form: If n=1 an converges, then an → 0.]

(b) [Unseen in precisely this form]

ln(n+1)
For an = √
n
, we have

ln(n + 1)
lim an = lim √ 1
n→∞ n→∞ n
1/(n + 1)
= lim √ [using l’Hôpital] 2
n→∞ 1/(2 n)
√
2 n
= lim 1
n→∞ n + 1
√
2/ n
= lim
n→∞ 1 + 1/n

= 0. 1

Hence, in this case, the nth-Term Test is inconclusive – we cannot conclude

from it whether the series converges or diverges. 2

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Question 3.

(a) [Similar to coursework]

By the Chain Rule,
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= + 2
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
 
y y 1
= (3e )(1) + (3xe ) 2
u
1
= 3uv 2 + 3(u + v)uv 2
u
2 3
= 6uv + 3v . 1

and
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= + 2
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
 
y y 2
= (3e )(1) + (3xe ) 2
v
2
= 3uv 2 + 3(u + v)uv 2
v
2 2
= 9uv + 6u v. 1

[Give up to 4 for correct answers via direct method rather than Chain
Rule.]

(b) [Similar to coursework]

The same answers would be recovered by expressing z in terms of u and v
directly and taking the corresponding partial derivatives. 1

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 MTH4101 (2016) Page 7

Question 4.
[Similar to coursework and example in lectures]
We want to find the locations of the extreme values of f (x, y) = 3x − y + 5 subject
to the constraint
g(x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 4 = 0. 2
Now

∇f = fx i + fy j = 3i − j, 1
∇g = gx i + gy j = 2xi + 2yj, 1

so the condition
∇f = λ∇g 1
is
3i − j = 2λxi + 2λyj
and hence we have
3
3 = 2λx =⇒ λ= 1
2x
and
1 x
−1 = 2λy =⇒ y=− =− . 1
2λ 3
Substituting into the constraint equation g(x, y) = 0 yields
 x 2
x2 + − =4 1
3
or
x2 36
10 =4 =⇒ x2 = . 1
9 10
√ √
Hence√the extreme
√ values are at the points (6/ 10, −2/ 10) and
(−6/ 10, 2/ 10). 2

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Question 5.
(a) [Similar to coursework]
From the second equation we have 3v = −3x + 3y and adding this to the
first one yields
−x = u + 3v =⇒ x = −u − 3v, 1
and hence
y = v + x = −u − 2v. 1
The Jacobian is
 ∂x ∂x 
∂(x, y)  ∂u 
=  ∂y ∂v  1
∂y 
∂(u, v)
 ∂u ∂v 
−1 −3
=   1
−1 −2
= −1. 1
(b) [Similar to coursework but hard]
We have
 
 ∂(x, y) 
Z Z Z Z
2 2
(x − y) dx dy = (−v)   du dv 1
R G ∂(u, v) 
Z Z
= v 2 du dv. 1
G
The region G has boundaries obtained by transforming the boundaries of R:
x = −6 =⇒ u + 3v = 6,
x=0 =⇒ u + 3v = 0,
2
y=x =⇒ v = 0,
y =x+2 =⇒ v = 2.

Hence G is the shaded area in the sketch below. 2

v
v=2 u + 3v = 6

(−6,111111111111
000000000000
2) (0, 2)
111111111111
000000000000
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111
000000000000
111111111111 u
(0, 0) (6, 0)
u + 3v = 0

End of Paper.

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