1-2. Centre of Origin

GPB-355
(1+1)=2
RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur
Crop Improvement-I
(Kharif Crops)
Presented By:
Prof. A. R. Aher
M. Sc. (Agri), Ph. D.
Assistant Professor (Agril. Botany)
RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur. 1
araher76@gmail.com
Introduction
 How many seasons are in India and world.

 Crop Improvement.
 Objectives of plant breeding.
 Achievements.
?
2
Objectives
• Yield
• Quality
• Resistance (Biotic and abiotic)
• Maturity (Early, Synchronous)
• Agronomical characters
• Photo and thermo insensitivity
• Non shattering
• Determinate
• Dormancy
• Elimination of toxic substances
• Varieties for new season 3
Achivements
• Semi-dwarf wheat and rice variety
• Wheat: Japanese variety- Norin 10

• Rice: Dee-geo-woo-gen
• Noblisation of Indian cane: Transefered desitable characters from
noble cane to Indian cane
• Indain cane- Saccharum barberi-North India (Hardy, poor
in yield & sugar content)
• Tropical noble cane- Saccharum officinarum-(Thicker
stem, Higher sugar content)- performed badly at north
India due to low winter temp.
• Hybrids
• Molecular breeding
• Transgenic 4
Activities
Naturally existing variability Creation of new variability
Domestication Creation of Hybridization

genetic variation • Inter-varietal
Germplasm
• Distant
collection
• Somatic
Introduction Selection
Mutation
Polyploidy
Evaluation
• Auto
• Allo
Multiplication Somaclonal
variation
Genetic
Distribution
engineering
5
1. Centre of origin, Distribution
of species, wild relative in
different crops
Area (Greater diversity)
Primary centre of Origin
Secondary centre of Origin
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1926) 6

Centres of Origin
• N. I. Vavilov (1926, 1951), a Russian geneticist and plant

breeder, was the pioneer man who realized the significance
of genetic diversity for crop improvement.
• Vavilov and his colleagues visited several countries and
collected cultivated plants and their wild relatives for use in
the Russian breeding programme to develop varieties for
various agro climatic conditions of USSR.
• Vast collection of plants at Institute of Plant Industry,
Leningrad.
• Director from 1916 – 1936
• Postulated Law of Homologous Series in Variation (Law of
Parallel Variation) : Characters found in one species also
occur in other related species. 7
Centres of Origin
Vavilov 1926: 1. China. 2. Hindustan 3. Central Asia 4. Asia

Minor 5. Mediterraneas 6. Abyssinia 7. Central America
8. South America 8
Primary Centres of Diversity
• Primary centres are regions of vast genetic

diversity of crop plants. These are original homes
of the crop plants which are generally uncultivated
areas like, mountains, hills, river valleys, forests,
etc.
•Main features of Centres of diversity
1. They have wide genetic diversity.
2. Have large number of dominant genes.
3. Mostly have wild characters.
4. Exhibit less crossing over.
5. Natural selection operates.
9
Secondary Centres of Diversity
• These are the areas where certain crop species

show considerable diversity although they did
not originate there.
• These are generally the cultivated areas and
have following main features.
1. Have lesser genetic diversity than primary
centres.
2. Have large number of recessive genes.
3. Exhibit more crossing over.
4. Both natural and artificial selections operate.
10
Centres of Origin
Name of centres Main crops for which genetic
diversity is found
A)Main centres
1. China Soybean,, Common bean (SC), Small
Bamboo, Leaf Mustard (SC), Sesame (SC),
China tea
2. Hindustan Rice, Chickpea, Moth Bean, Rice bean,
Horsegram, Brinjal, Cucumber, Tree
Cotton, Jute, Pepper, African Millet,
Indigo, etc.
3. Central Asia Bread wheat, Club wheat, Shot wheat,
Rye (SC), Pea, Lentil, Chickpea, Sesame,
Flax, Safflower, Carrot, Radish, Apple,
Pear and Walnut.
11
Centres of Origin
Name of centres Main crops for which genetic
diversity is found
A)Main centres
4. Asia Minor or Durum wheat, Bread wheat, Two Rowed
Persia barley, Rye, Red oat, Chickpea (SC) lentil,
Pea (SC), Flax, Almond, Pomegranate,
Pistachio, Apricot and Grape.
5. Mediterranean Durum wheat, Husked oats, Olive, Broad bean
and Lettuce
6. Abyssinia Durum wheat, Barley, Chickpea, Lentil,
Pea, Flax. Sesame, Castor bean, African
Millet, and coffee.
7. Central Maize, Common bean, Upland cotton,
America or Pumpkin Gourd, Squash and Pepper.
Mexico
8. South America Potato Sweet potato, Lima bean, Tobacco
and Sea Island cotton 12
Centres of Origin
Zeven & Zhukovsky, 1975; Zeven & de Wet, 1982:

1. Chinese-Japanese region. 2. Indochinese-Indonesian region 3.
Australian region 4. Hindustani region 5. Central Asian region 6. Near-
Eastern region 7. Mediterraneas region 8. African region 9. European-
Siberian region 10. South America region 11. Central America &
Mexican region 12. North American regions 13
2. Wild relative in different crops
Presented By:
Prof. A. R. Aher
M. Sc. (Agri), Ph. D.
Assistant Professor (Agril. Botany)
RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur. 15
araher76@gmail.com
16
17
Cereals
RICE (PADDY) Oryza sativa L. (2n=24)

Cultivated species
i. Oryza sativa - Asian rice
ii. O. glaberrima - African rice.
18
Cereals
Races in cultivated Asian rice (Oryza sativa L) are

i) Indica
ii) Japonica (Sinica)
iii) Javanica.
Wild species utilised in breeding programme are
Oryza perennis - Origin of two cultivated species
Oryza nivara - IR 34
O.nivara resistant to grassy stunt disease.
O. minuta tetraploid - Blast and BLB
O.Officinalis - Brown plant hopper (BPH) Resistant
19
Cereals
MAIZE Zea mays (2n = 20)

Place of origin : Mexico.
Wild species utilised in breeding programme are
Zea mexicana
20
Cereals
SORGHUM Sorghum bicolor (2n = 20)

Place of origin : Africa.
Wild Sorghum sp. :
S.halapense : Utilized for forage sorghum improvement.
S.sudanense : Utilized for forage sorghum improvement.
S.nitidum : Processes shoot fly resistance and dormancy.
S.staffii : Used for inducing dormancy.
21
Cereals
PEARL MILLET Pennisetum glaucum (2n = 14)

Place of origin : West Africa.
Wild species:
P. squamulatum (2n = 46) - Drought and cold resistant
P. orientale : used for transferring apomixis.
P. setaceum P. violaceum : To transfer male sterile genes
22
Cereals
RAGI (Finger millet) Eleusine coracana (2n = 4x = 36)

Place of origin : India .
Wild Ragi sp. :
Diploids (2n=18). 1. E.indica 2. E.oligostachya 3. E.tristachya
4. E. poranansis 5. E. jaegeri 6. E. flacifolia
Tetraploids (2n = 36) 1. E. africana 2. E. longipoides
3. E. verticillata 4. E. cagopoides
23
Pulses
RED GRAM Arhar, Tur Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (2n=22)

Place of origin : Africa / Asia
Wild Species : Cajanus kerstingii
24
Pulses
BLACK GRAM (URAD) Vigna mungo (2n = 22, 24)

Origin : India
Putative parents
V. trinerivus / V. sublobata or V.mungo var. Sylvestris.
25
Pulses
GREEN GRAM (MUNG BEAN) Vigna radiata (2n = 22)

Place of origin : India
Wild relative : Vigna radiata var. sublobata
26
Pulses
COWPEA Vigna unguiculata (2n = 22)

Putative parent : Wild sub species V.unguiculate SSP.
Dekindtiana, V.unguiculate SSP. menensis
27
Pulses
SOY BEAN Glycine max (2n = 40)

Place of origin : China.
Probable ancestors :
Glycine usuriensis, Glycine tomentella, Glycine gracilis
28
Oilseed
GROUND NUT Arachis hypogaea (2n = 40)

Allo tetraploid
Place of origin : Brazil.
 A.duranansis may be the female parent
 A.batizoccoi would have contributed the smallest
chromosome.
29
Oilseed
SESAMUM (Til) Sesamum indicum 2n = 26

Centre of origin : Africa
S.alatum, S.malabaricum, S.laciniatum
30
Oilseed
CASTOR Ricinus communis (2n = 20)
Place of origin : Ethiopia

Wild Species : -
31
Oilseed
SUN FLOWER Helianthus annuus 2n = 34

Place of origin : North America.
Wild species : H. hirsutus, H. rigidus moderately resistant to

Alternaria.
32
Cash crop
COTTON (Gossypium sp.)

Diploid cotton : (2n = 26)
G. arboreum – Deshi cotton (India/ Africa)
G.herbaceum – Deshi cotton (India)
Tetraploid cotton : (2n = 52)

G.hirsutum - American cotton (America)
G.barbadense = Egyptain cotton, sea island cotton. (Egypt)
33
Cash crop
COTTON (Gossypium sp.)
Wild species: 50
G. anomalum, G. capitis-viridis, G. barbasonum,
G. triphyllum, G. raimondii, G. thurberi, G. nelsonii
34
Cash crop
COTTON
Harland (1940)
Gossypium arboreum x Gossypium thurberi
2n = 2x = 26 (AA) 2n = 2x = 26 (DD)
Gossypium hirsutum
2n = 4x= 52 (AADD)
Phillips (1963)
Gossypium herbaseum x Gossypium raimondii
2n = 2x = 26 (AA) 2n = 2x = 26 (DD)
Gossypium hirsutum
2n = 4x= 52 (AADD)
35
Cash crop
TOBACCO Nicotiana tabacum 2n = 4X = 48

Place of origin : South America.
Wild species : N. sylvestris, N. tomentosiformis, N. otophora.

36
Cash crop
TOBACCO
Nicotiana sylvestris x Nicotiana tomentosa
2n = 2x = 24 2n = 2x = 24
Nicotiana tabacum
2n = 4x= 48
Nicotiana paniculata x Nicotiana undulata

2n = 2x = 24 2n = 2x = 24
Nicotiana rustica
2n = 4x = 48
37
Fodder
BARSEEM (Egyptian clover) Trifolium alexandrinum

2n = 2x =16
Centre of origin : Syria
Probable ancestors : (Crimson clover) Trifolium incarnatum,

(Red clover) T. pratense, (Sub clover) T. subterraneum, (White
clover) T. repens
40
Fodder
LUCERNE Medicago sativa (2n = 4x = 32)

Place of origin : South Central Asia
Wild Species : -
41
Fodder
RICE BEAN Vigna umbellata 2n = 22

Place of origin : India /China.
Wild species : V. umbellata var. Gracilis.

42
Vegetables
RIDGE GOURD Luffa acutangula 2n = 26

Centre of origin : -
Wild Species : -
43
Vegetables
BOTTLE GUARD Lagenaria siceraria (2n = 22)

Place of origin : South Africa / India
Wild Species : -
44
Vegetables
SNAKE GUARD Trichosanthes cucumerina (2n = 22)

Place of origin : South eastern Asia / Australia
Wild Species : -
45
Vegetables
BITTER GUARD Momordica charantia (2n = 22)

Wild Species : -
46
Horticultural crops
MANGO Mangifera indica 2n = 40

Centre of origin : South eastern Asia / Burma & Eastern India
Wild Species : -
47
Horticultural crops
CASHEWNUT Anacardium occidentale (2n = 42)

Place of origin : Brazil
Wild Species : -
48
Horticultural crops
POMOGRANATE Punica granatum (2n = 16 & 18)

Place of origin : Persia and Iran
Wild Species : -
49
Horticultural crops
GUAVA Psidium guajava (2n = 22)

Place of origin : Tropical America / West Indies
Wild Species : -
50
Horticultural crops
Mandarin Sweet Orange Lime

Citrus reticulata Citrus sinensis Citrus aurantiifolia
(2n = 18) (2n = 18) (2n = 18)
CITRUS
Place of origin : North-east India, South China and north
Myanmar
Wild Species : C. latipes, C. honghoensis, C. micrantha,

C. celebica, C. macroptera, C. hystrix
51
52
53
Assignment 1
1. Summarize the various objectives and activities of plant

breeding.
2. Briefly discuss the major achievements in plant breeding.
3. List the various centres of origin of cultivated plants and some
important plants that originated in them, Briefly discuss the
concept of primary and secondary centre of origin.
4. Write down the information (Scientific name, Chromosome no,
origin, wild species) of following crops.
Cereals- Rice, Maize, Sorghum, Pearl millet, Ffinger millet.
Pulses-Pigeonpea, Urdbean, Black gram, Mung bean, Cowpea,
Soybean.
Oil seed- Groundnut, Castor, Sesame, Sunflower.
Fodder:Berseem, Lucerne, rice bean.
Cash crops: Cotton, Tobacco.
Vegetable: Ridge gourd, bottle gourd, Snake gourd, Bitter
gourd.
Horticultural crop- Mango, Cashew nut, Citrus, Pomegranate,
Guava.
54

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GPB-355

 How many seasons are in India and world.

• Wheat: Japanese variety- Norin 10

Domestication Creation of Hybridization

Primary centre of Origin

Secondary centre of Origin

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1926) 6

• N. I. Vavilov (1926, 1951), a Russian geneticist and plant

Vavilov 1926: 1. China. 2. Hindustan 3. Central Asia 4. Asia

• Primary centres are regions of vast genetic

• These are the areas where certain crop species

Zeven & Zhukovsky, 1975; Zeven & de Wet, 1982:

RICE (PADDY) Oryza sativa L. (2n=24)

Races in cultivated Asian rice (Oryza sativa L) are

MAIZE Zea mays (2n = 20)

SORGHUM Sorghum bicolor (2n = 20)

PEARL MILLET Pennisetum glaucum (2n = 14)

RAGI (Finger millet) Eleusine coracana (2n = 4x = 36)

RED GRAM Arhar, Tur Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (2n=22)

BLACK GRAM (URAD) Vigna mungo (2n = 22, 24)

GREEN GRAM (MUNG BEAN) Vigna radiata (2n = 22)

COWPEA Vigna unguiculata (2n = 22)

SOY BEAN Glycine max (2n = 40)

GROUND NUT Arachis hypogaea (2n = 40)

SESAMUM (Til) Sesamum indicum 2n = 26

CASTOR Ricinus communis (2n = 20)

Place of origin : Ethiopia

SUN FLOWER Helianthus annuus 2n = 34

Wild species : H. hirsutus, H. rigidus moderately resistant to

COTTON (Gossypium sp.)

Tetraploid cotton : (2n = 52)

COTTON (Gossypium sp.)

TOBACCO Nicotiana tabacum 2n = 4X = 48

Wild species : N. sylvestris, N. tomentosiformis, N. otophora.

Nicotiana paniculata x Nicotiana undulata

BARSEEM (Egyptian clover) Trifolium alexandrinum

Probable ancestors : (Crimson clover) Trifolium incarnatum,

LUCERNE Medicago sativa (2n = 4x = 32)

RICE BEAN Vigna umbellata 2n = 22

Wild species : V. umbellata var. Gracilis.

RIDGE GOURD Luffa acutangula 2n = 26

BOTTLE GUARD Lagenaria siceraria (2n = 22)

SNAKE GUARD Trichosanthes cucumerina (2n = 22)

BITTER GUARD Momordica charantia (2n = 22)

MANGO Mangifera indica 2n = 40

CASHEWNUT Anacardium occidentale (2n = 42)

POMOGRANATE Punica granatum (2n = 16 & 18)

GUAVA Psidium guajava (2n = 22)

Mandarin Sweet Orange Lime

Wild Species : C. latipes, C. honghoensis, C. micrantha,

1. Summarize the various objectives and activities of plant

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