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Polrev 2019 Outline
Polrev 2019 Outline
Polrev 2019 Outline
SCHOOL OF LAW
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This 5-unit course is a review of all branches of Political Law. Constitutional Law 1 studies the General
Consideration in the Philippine Constitution, the elements of the State and the branches of the national government while
Constitutional Law 2 focuses on the Bill of Rights. To avoid repeating similar topics, the discussion of related laws in Local
Government, Administrative Law, Laws on Public Officers, Election Laws and Public International Law are discussed in
related provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Legal Ethics is incorporated in the different topics of this syllabus.
METHODOLOGY:
The class will be conducted through lectures, recitations, quizzes and examinations.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
Readings and Assignments. You are expected to be familiar with the assigned readings on a week-to-week basis
and must be prepared to participate actively in class discussions. Supplementary readings and assignments will be given
every now and then to augment the schedule of Topics and Readings and to ensure a better understanding of a specific
topic.
Recitation. You will be called to recite or lead the discussion of a scheduled topic during the term. You are expected
to demonstrate during recitation both knowledge of the assigned readings and ability to express yourself convincingly.
Mid-term/Final Examinations. You will be given two major examinations in this course. Both will allow you to
display your knowledge and familiarity to think critically and logically.
GRADING SYSTEM:
Your grade in this course will be determined on the basis of class standing (30%) which includes quizzes and
recitations, the preliminary examination (30%), and the final examination (40%).
REFERENCES: Nachura, Antonio, E.B.. Outline Reviewer in Political Law, (2015) Quezon City: VP
Graphic Arts, Inc.
Magsalin, Mariano, Jr. F. and Roberto Rafael J. Pulido (2017) Philippine Political
Law, Pasay City: Arellano Law Foundation
COURSE OUTLINE:
INTRODUCTION
I. BASIC PRINCIPLES
B. Territory
1, Definition
2. Components
3. The Philippine Archipelago, Article 1
a. Article III, Treaty of Paris, Dec 10, 1898 (Spain ceded the P.I. to the U.S.)
b. US-Spain Treaty, Nov 7, 1900 (Cagayan, Sulu, and Sibutu)
c. US-Great Britain Treaty, Jan 2, 1930 (Turtle and Mangsee Islands)
d. 1935 Constitution (Batanes)
e. 1973 Constitution (territories by historic right or legal title)
f. RA 3046, Jun 17, 1961
g. RA 5446, Sep 8, 1968 (Sabah claim)
h. PD 1596, Jun 11, 1978 (other territories, claim over KIG)
i. PD 1599, Jun 11, 1978 (200 miles EEZ)
j. UNCLOS I, II and III (1994) (Archipelagic principle, right of innocent passage,
right to sea lane passage)
k. RA 9522 (demarcation of maritime zone and continental shelf under UNCLOS III)
Cases:
- Province of North Cotabato v GRP Peace Panel on Ancestral Domain, 568 SCRA 402 (2008)
- Magalona v Ermita, 655 SCRA 476 (2011)
- Capitol Wireless v Provincial Treasurer of Batangas, GR 180110, May 30, 2016
C. People
1. Definition
D. Government
1. Definition
- Government of the Republic of the Philippines defined, Sec 2 (1) Administrative Code
3. Parens Patriae
Cases:
-Government v Monte de Piedad, 35 Phil 728 (1916)
- Cabanas v Pilapil, L-25843, Jul 25, 1974
E. Sovereignty
1. Definition
2. Dual Aspect, Kinds and Characteristics
3. Dominium & Imperium
4. Effects of Change in Sovereignty
5. Effects of military occupation
6. Territorial, personal and extraterritorial jurisdiction
7. Acts of State
A. State Immunity
3. Express Consent
4. Implied Consent
B. Delegation of powers
1. Rule, Maxim
2. Exceptions
b. By legislative grant
- Delegation to administrative bodies (rule-making power)
Case: NPC Drivers and Mechanical Association v Napocor, 503
SCRA 138 (2006)
- Requisites for valid rules and regulations
1. R&R are authorized by the legislature
2. R&R’s scope is within the authority given by the legislature
3. R&R must be according to prescribed procedure of the law
4. R&R must be reasonable (publication necessary)
- Kinds of rules and regulations
1. supplemental R&R
2. interpretative R&R
3. contingent R&R
- Quasi-legislative vs Quasi-judicial functions
- Delegation to local government units (ordinances as subordinate
legislation)
Case: Sema v Comelec, 558 SCRA 700 (2008)
- Two Branches of General Welfare Clause (local government):
1. General legislative power
2. Police Power Proper
Cases:
- US v Salaveria, 39 Phil 102
- Fernando v St. Scholastica-s College, GR 161107 (2013)
- Eminent Domain: Genuine Necessity of Taking
- Taxation: Expressly granted by law
3. Tests for due delegation of power; Case: Pelaez v Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569 (1965)
a. Completeness Test
b. Sufficient Standard Test
A. Preamble
1. Nature, purpose and aims
B. Principles
1. Independent foreign policy and nuclear free Philippines, Article II, Sections 7-8
a. Foreign military bases, Article XVIII, Sections 4 and 25
3. The family and role of the youth, Article II, Sections 12 and 13, Article XV, Sections 1-4
a. Family as a basic autonomous social institution
- EO 209 – Family Code of the Philippines
- Republic v Albios, 707 SCRA 584 (2013)
- PD 603 – Child and Youth Welfare Code
- RA 7610 - Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act
- RA 9262 – Anti Violence Against Women and their Children (2004)
b. Protection of the mother and the unborn
- RA 10354 – Reproductive Health and Responsible Parenthood Act (2012)
Case: Imbong v Ochoa, 721 SCRA 146 (2014)
c. Natural and primary right and duty of parents
4. Communication and information in nation building, Section 24; Article XVI, Sections 1—11; Article XVIII,
Section 23; EO 02 (2016)
5. Rights of indigenous cultural communities, Article II , Section 22; Article VI, Section 5 (2); Article XII, Section
5; Article XIII, Section 6; Article XIV, Section 17; Article XVI, Sec 12;
- RA 8371 - Indigenous People’s Rights Act (1997)
7. Autonomy of local governments, Article II, Section 25; Article X; RA 7160 (LGC)
a. Kinds of Autonomy: Administrative Autonomy v Political Autonomy
Case: Limbona v Conte Mangelin, 170 SCRA 786
b. Devolution, Section 17, RA 7160, Local Government Code of 1991
c. Deconcentration of powers, Section 528, RA 7160
H. Foundling
A. Definition, nature
B. Scope
1. Election
- Batas Pambansa 881, Omnibus Election Code (1985)
1. Congress
2. Regional / local legislative power
3. People’s Initiative on Statutes
a. Initiative and Referendum
3. Election:
F. Powers of Congress
1. Legislative
d. Passage of laws
- Requirement as to bills
- As to titles of bills, Article VI, Section 26 (1)
Case: Imbong v Ochoa, 721 SCRA 146 (2014)
- How does a bill become a law?
- Effectivity of laws, NCC, Article 2
2. Non-legislative
A. The President
a. In general
Cases:
- Funa v Ermita, 612 SCRA 308 (2010)
- Funa v Agra, 691 SCRA 196 (2013)
c. Midnight appointments
Cases:
- De Castro v JBC, 615 SCRA 666 (2010)
- Velicaria-Garafil v O.P. GR 203372, Jun 16, 2015
3. Power of control and supervision, Article VII, Section 17
a. Doctrine of qualified political agency / alter ego principle
Cse: Hontiveros-Baraquel v Toll Regulatory Board, GR 181293, Feb 23, 2015
b. Executive departments and offices
c. General supervision over local government units, Article X
- Direct and indirect supervision, RA 7160, Local Government Code of 1991
4. Military powers (Commander-in Chief), Article VII, Section 18; Article II, Section 15;
Article VIII, Section 1 (2)
Cases:
- Saguisag v Ochoa, Jr. GR 212426 and 212444, Jan 12, 2016
- Bayan v Executive Secretary, GR 138570, Oct 10, 2000
- Treaty vs Executive Agreement
7. Powers relative to revenue, appropriation and tariff measures; Limitations Article Vi,
Sections 24 & 25
Case: Araullo v Aquino III, 728 SCRA 1 (2014) and 749 SCRA 284 (2015)
C. Rules of Succession
A. Judicial Power
1. Adjudicatory power
a. Involving rights legally demandable, Article VIII, Section 5 (1)
b. Affecting ambassadors, public ministers and consuls
c. PET = SC
2. Judicial Review
a. Acts of Judicial Department: lower courts, Article VIII , Section 5 (2)
b. Acts of Executive Department
c. Acts of Legislative Department
d. Requisites for Judicial Review of a constitutional issue
1. Actual case or controversy;
- justiciable question)
- not moot and academic; exceptions
- ripe for judicial action
2. Issue must be raised by proper party (locus standi); exceptions
Cases:
- Resident Mammals v Reyes, GR 180771, Apr 21, 2015; (Epistolary
Jurisdiction)
- Oposa v Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 (1993) (Intergenerational rights)
- Saguisag v Ochoa, Jr. GR 212426 and 212444, Jan 12, 2016 (supra)
3. Incidental powers
- Re: COA Opinion on the Appraised Value of the Properties Purchased for the retired
Chief/Associate Justices of SC, 678 SCRA 1 (2012)
- Re: Request for Guidance/Clarification on Section 7, Rule 111, RA 10154 requiring
government employees to secure a clearance of pendency/non-pendency of cases from CSC, 706 SCRA 502
(2013)
- Re: Save the SC Judicial Independence and Fiscal Autonomy Movement v Abolition of Judiciary development
Fund (JDF) and Reduction of Fiscal Autonomy UDK-15143, Jan 21, 2015
J. Judicial Privilege
Case: Re: Petition for recognition of the exemption of the GSIS from payment of legal fees, 612 SCRA 193 (2010)
Cases:
- Chavez v JBC, 676 SCRA 579 (2012 and 696 SCRA 496 (2013)
- Aguinaldo v Aquino III, GR 224302, Nov. 29, 2016 (Clustering)
Cases:
- Jardeleza v Sereno, 733 SCRA 279 (2014) and Resolution, GR 213181, Jan 21, 2015
- Villanueva v JBC, GR 211833, Apr 7, 2015
- Republic v Sereno, GR 237428, Resolution for M.R., Jun 19, 2018
Cases:
- Funa v Villar, 670 SCRA 579 (2012)
- Funa v Duque III, 742 SCRA 166
- Dela Llana v Chairman, COA, 665 SCRA 176 (2012)
- Capablanca v CSC, GR 179370, Nov 19, 2009
B. Economic Agencies
C. National Commissions
4. National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP), Article XII, Section 5; Article XIV,
Section 17, Article XVI, Section 12
D. Anti-Graft Bodies
Police Power
Cases:
- Tanada v Tuvera, 292 SCRA 141 (1998)
- GMA v MTRCB, 514 SCRA 191 (2007)
- Knights of Rizal v DMCI Homes, Inc., GR 213948, Apr 25, 2017
- Evasco v Montanez, GR 199172, Feb 21, 2018
- Mayor Fernando v St. Scholastica’s College, GR 16107, May 12, 2013
- Mosqueda v Pilipino Banana Growers and Exporters Asso., GR 189185, Aug 16, 2016
Cases:
- Nestle Philipiines, Inc., v Puedan, GR 220617, Jan. 30, 2017
- Turks Shawarma Company v Pajaton, GR 207156, Jan 16, 2017
- Estate of F.E. Marcos v Republic, GR 213227, Jan 18, 2017
- Lagon v Velasco, GR 208424, Feb 14, 2018
- Republic v Sereno, GR 237428, Resolution for M.R., Jun 19, 2018
- Borlongan v BDO, GR 217617; GR 218590, Apr 5, 2017
- Allowance for the Family Foundation Phil., Inc., v Garin, Resolution on Partial M.R., GR 217872; Gr 221866,
Apr26, 2017
D. Equal Protection
1. Concept
2. Requisites for valid classification
3. Judicial standards of review
a. Rational basis test
b. Intermediate scrutiny test
c. Strict scrutiny test
Cases:
Eminent Domain
- Article III, Section 9; Article XII, Section 18 (Compare to Art XII, Sec 17)
1. Definition, Concept;
2. Who exercises the power? (LGU, Administrative bodies, private corporations)
3. Taking: Requisites, Types
Cases:
4. Deprivation of Use
Cases:
- Republic v Sps. Llamas (Illegal Taking of Subdivision Roads), GR 194190, Jan 25, 2017
- Bartolata v Republic, GR 223534, Jun 7, 2017
- Napocor v Gutierrez, 193 SCRA 1 (1991)
- PPI v Comelec, 244 SCRA 272 (1995)
5. Private Property
Cases:
6. Public Use
Cases:
7. Just Compensation
Cases:
- RA 7160 (Local Govt. Code of 1991), Sec. 19, Art. 32-42 IRR og LGC
- RA 7279 (Urban Devt. and Housing Act of 1992), Secs. 9-10
- RA 6657 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law), Secs 4 & 9, art. XIII
Cases:
Taxation
Cases:
3. Tax Exemptions
4. Double Taxation
Case: City of Manila v Cosmos Bottling Company Corp. v GR 196681, Jun 27, 2018
E. Right against unreasonable searches and seizures (Right to be let alone), Article III, Section 2
1. Concept
b. Categories of privacy
1. Decisional privacy
2. Informational privacy
Two aspects:
- right not to have information disclosed
- right to live freely without surveillance and intrusion
c. To whom directed
Cases:
- Bache and Co. (Phil.) Inc., v Judge Ruiz, 148 Phil 794 (1971)
- Stonehill v Diokno, 20 SCRA 383 (1967)
a. Probable cause
Cases:
- Burgos v Chief of Staff, 133 SCRA 800 (1984)
- AAA v Carbonell, 524 SCRA 496 (2007)
- People and Pastrana v Abad, GR 196025, Feb 21, 2018
Cases:
- Soliven v Judge Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 (1988)
- Pita v CA, GR 80806, Oct 5, 1989
Cases:
- Pasion Vda.De Gracia v Locsin, 65 Phil 68 (1938)
- Mata v Bayona, 128 SCRA (1984)
Cases:
a. in flagranti delicto
Cases:
- People v Sucro, 195 SCRA 388 (1991)
- People v Go, GR 116001, Mar 14, 2001
- Reyes v People, GR 229380, Jun 6, 2018
- Umil v Ramos, GR 81567, July 9, 1990 (on rebellion)
- Luz v People, 667 SCRA 421 430 (2012) (penalty of fine, not imprisonment)
- Villamor v People, GR 200396, Mar 22, 2017
b. hot pursuit
Cases:
- People v Gerente, 219 SCRA 756 (1993)
- People v Cubcubin 136267, Jul 10, 2001
d. Time of Arrest
Cases:
- People v Rodrigueza, 205 SCRA 791 (1992)
- Go v CA, 206 SCRA 586
e. Marked Money
Case: People v Enrile, 222 SCRA 586 (1993)
f. Lack of Urgency
Cases:
- People v Pasudag, GR 128822, May 4, 2001
- People v Aminnudin, GR 74869, Jul 6, 1988
4. Administrative arrests
5. Warrantless searches
a. When allowed?
* Consent or waiver
Cases: People v Omaweng, 213 SCRA 462 (1992)
- Veroy v Layague, 210 SCRA 97 (1992)
- People v Damaso, 212 SCRA 457 (1992)
* Moving vehicle
Cases:
- People v Mago, 22 SCRA 857, (1968)
- Asuncion v CA, GR 125959, Feb 1,1999
*Emergency circumstances
Case: People v Degracia (1994)
*Airport / seaport search
Cases:
- People v Johnson, GR 138881, Dec 18, 2000
- Saluday v People, GR 215305, Apr 3, 2018
* plain view
Cases:
- People v Musa, 217 SCRA 597 (1993)
- Padilla v CA, 269 SCRA 402 (1997)
- People v Pasudag, GR 128822, May 4, 2000
- People v Valdez, GR 129296, Sep 25, 2000
- People v Compacion, GR 124442, Jul 20, 2001
Cases:
- Social Justice Society v Dangerous Drugs Board, 570 SCRA 410 (2008)
- Lucas v Lucas, 650 SCRA 667 (2011)
7. Exclusionary rule
Cases:
- People v Garry dela Cruz, GR 205821, Oct 1, 2014
- People v Gayoso, GR 206590, Mar 27, 2017
- People v Villanueva, Mar 13, 2017
- Dabon v. People, GR 208775, Jan 22, 2018
- People v Crispo, GR 230065, Mar 14 2018
- People v Que, GR 212994, Jan 31, 2018
- People v Sipin, GR 224290, Jun 11, 2018
7. Freedom of Assembly
Cases:
2. Non- Establishment Clause; exceptions; Article VI, Section 28 (3); Article VI Section 1 (2); Article XIV, Section
(3)
Cases:
Cases:
Cases:
- Executive Order No. 2, Jul 23, 2016, Requiring Govternment Offices under the Executive
Branch to Prepare Their Own People’s Freedom of Information Manual
Cases:
- Baldoza v Dimaano, 71 SCRA 14 (1976)
- Valmonte v Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989)
- Initiatives for Dialogues and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Srvices (IDEALS) v Public Sector
Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM), GR 192088, Oct 9, 2012
- Bantay Republic Act No. 7941 (BA-RA) v COMELEC, GR 177271, May 4, 2007
Cases:
- Rotary International v Rotary Club, 481 US 537 (1987)
- In Re; Edillon, 84 SCRA 1979
- Arizala v CA, GR 43633-34, Sep 14, 1990
Case: In Re: Exemption from Legal and Filing Fees of the Good Shepherd Foundation., Inc., A.M. 09-6-9- SC, Aug
19, 2009
1. Miranda Doctrine
Case: Miranda v Arizona, `384 US 436 (1966)
2. Custodial Investigation
Cases:
- People v Lugod, GR 136253, Feb 21,2001
- People v Del Rosario, GR 127755, Apr 14, 1999
3. Administrative Investigations
Cases:
- People v Uy, GR 157399, Nov 17, 2005
- People v Judge Ayson, 175 SCRA 216 (1989)
4. Police Lineup
5. Competent and Independent Counsel
6. Counsel of Choice
7. Counsel’s presence required in entire proceedings
8. SeizedArticles
9, Confession to Newsmen
Cases:
- People v Andan, GR 116437, Mar 3, 1987
- People v Endino, GR 133026, Feb 20, 2001
- Peoplev IOrdon, GR132154, Jun 29, 2000
- People v Guillermo, GR 147786, Jan 20, 2004
11. Re-enactment
Case: People v Luvendino, 211 SCRA 36 (1992)
Cases:
- Quimvel v People, GR 214497, Apr 18, 2017
- People v Amoc, GR 216937, Jun 5, 2017
Promulgation in Absentia
Cases:
- Javier v Gonzales, GR 193150, Jan 23, 2017
Cases:
- Remulla v Maliksi, GR 218040, Apr 17, 2017
Scope
Use Immunity vs Transactional Immunity
RA 1379, Section 8
U. Political Belief, Article III, Section 18 (1) / Right against Involuntary Servitude, Article III, Section 18 (2)
V. Right against Excessive Fines, Cruel, Degrading and Inhuman Punishment, Article III, Section 19
Cases:
- Maturan v COMELEC, GR 227155, Mar 28, 2017
Cases:
- Melo v People, 85 Phil 766 (1959)
- Ivler v Modesto-San Pedro, 635 SCRA 191 (2010)
- David v Marquez, GR 209859, Jun 5, 2017
Y. Right against Ex Post Facto Law, / Bill of Attainder, Article III, Section 22
Cases:
- Salvador v Mapa, 539 SCRA 34 (2007)
- Valeroso v People, 546 SCRA 450 (2008)
- People v Mejares, GR 225735, Jan 10, 2018
- PCGG v Carpio Morales, 750 SCRA 368 (2014)
- Bureau of Customs Employees Association (BOCEA) v Teves, 661 SCRA 589 (2011)