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Topic 3 Mechanical Pulping
Topic 3 Mechanical Pulping
Topic 3 Mechanical Pulping
James A. Olson
Mechanical Pulping
Debarking
Stone Groundwood
Brightening
1
Mechanical Pulping
Chemical Pulping
Lignin
Fibres
In addition to fibre removal, fibres are broken and fines (fibres <
0.5mm) are created
2
In contrast, chemical pulping produces intact fibres
General Parameters
Chemical Mechanical
3
Quality Parameters
Chemical Mechanical
Cost Parameters
Chemical Mechanical
4
History
Pre-mid 1800’s paper made of
rags.
1841, Friedrick Keller “inventor”
1848 Johan Voith in Heidenheim
made first commercial grinder.
1859 Voith developed “Raffineur”
to break up any course material not
properly ground. First success.
1867 Full plant powered by steam.
Paper made with 70% wood
(Worlds fair Paris)
1868 Tampella (finish company)
started making grinders.
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Debarking Drum
Ring Debarking
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Debarking resistance
Factors:
Moisture content
Felling season
Storage duration
4
Temperature
0
Jan May Sept Dec
7
Action of grinder
Circumferential speed 30 m/s
Grinding pressure 250kPa
Grits deform fibre-lignin matrix
Repeated visco-elastic deformation
creates heat
Increased heat in wood
Heat softens lignin that’s found in
between fibres and helps to release
the fibres
Action of grinder
8
Operating Parameters
Speed of grinder
Structure of stone
Pulp Constituents
Fines (45%)
Flour 30x30
Fibrils 30x1
Dust 1x1
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Pulp Properties
Higher strength as
more energy applied
Brightest of
unbleached pulps up
to 65 ISO
Stone Sharpening
Ceramic stones
grits
2.5mm
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Continuous Grinding
Stronger pulp
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Example
The quality of the pulp produced during grinding is dependent on the
temperature in the grinding zone. Fibre can be liberated largely intact if
the lignin has been softened by temperature, however, if the temperature
is too low the fibres will be largely broken or if the temperature is too high
the wood will start to darken.
Since virtually all of the grinding power is dissipated as heat in the
grinding zone, it follows that temperature in that zone is controlled by the
addition of shower water.
For a given grinding operation, wood, F, and dilution, D, (kg/s) enter the
grinder at Tin degrees C. The suspension leaving the grinder at Tout and
at a consistency, C. Assume that the steam is not formed. Determine the
electrical energy applied, E (J/kg), to maintain these outlet conditions.
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Mech 450 – Pulping and Papermaking
Topic 3b – Refiner Mechanical Pulping
James A. Olson
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History
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Chip Handling
Fines Fraction
Lowers energy consumption
Decreases strength, sheet density, brightness and light
scattering
Creates linting problems and increases shive content
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Chip washing
Chip Screening
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Chip Steaming/Preheating
Atmospheric type
Steam to 80 - 95 C
Most are pressurized (50kPa to 110kPa over pressure)
Objective is to warm chip and equalize the moisture
content
Can optimize a bit:
Higher temperature gives longer fibres, higher tensile
Lower temperatures give better optical properties
Chip impregnation systems
Used in CTMP Processes
Compresses chips
• Water is removed and is high in extractives… fed to effluent
• 4:1 compression ratio or higher
Passes chips into a pool liquor containing chemicals
Increase moisture content by 6-7%
Refining Equipment
Disc Refiner
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Self Pressurization
Types of Refiners
Single disc,
Moving rotor staionary stator
1.7m Dia. 15 MW
Double Disc
Two counter-rotating discs
More power delivered
Less energy required per ton
• Higher shives, less long fibres,
(similar to SGW)
Twin refiner
One rotor, two stators… more
refining surface
• Low intensity refining possible
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Refiner size over time
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Refining Action
Refining action
Fibre development
step
Fibres undergo cyclic
compressions
between bars
Internally and
externally delaminates
the fibres
Increases flexibility
and surface area
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Refiner Segment Design Parameters
Width of Grooves and Bars
Traditionally the main parameter
Wide grooves - narrow bars
• reduce specific energy consumption in refiner
• Open volume allows gap to be narrower and can result in lower pulp
quality
Wide bars / narrower grooves
• Increase specific energy consumption and improve quality
• When Volume in groove is reduced steam flow is impeded and axial
load is higher and infeed of fibres is more difficult. This can lead to
unstable feed
Height of the bars
Higher the more open the groove volume, the better steam
removal
Low bar height forces fibres to the plate gap an pulp quality
improves.
Dam number, height, and placement
Forces pulp from the grooves to the plate gap
Residence time increases.
Hinders steam removal
Bar taper and angle
When bars form a pumping angle fibre are forced through, lower
residence time which reduces energy consumption
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Theory
P PNo Load
E
QC
Specific Energy
E
Intensity: e
Number of impacts
Intensity of each impact:
“High Intensity”
EA
Specific energy per
impact I
“Low Intensity”
EB
F C Fr1 Fr 2 bS
dv r 2 4r rPm (r )c(r ) b c( r )
U 2 (r )C f Ap (r )
dr v m 2 v
r2
dr
r1
v
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Operating parameters
Refiner speed (increase)
Increase intensity at same power
Lower energy at same freeness, lower length, and tear
Plate Gap
Increases intensity
Lead to pad collapse
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Effect of refining on long fibres
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Effect of refining on wall thickness
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Effect of refining on fibre flexibility
Effect of increasing
energy plateaus at
moderate energies
Fibre development is
mostly through removal
of outer wall
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Miscellaneous Other Data
Latency Removal
30 minutes
90 degrees C
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Latency removal
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Chemi-Mechanical Pulps
• Interstage treatment
• lower energy, fibre flexibilization
• Post-treatment
• fibre flexibilization
Sulphonation reactions
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Usual means is sulphonation using sodium
sulphite or sodium bisulphite
Softening of
Softening of
middle lamella
fibre wall
lignin
lignin
Improved fibre
separation Increase in
fibre flexibility
Increased Decreased and conformability
long fibre shive content
content Decrease in freeness
Increase in breaking length
1. increase in tear index Decrease in specific scattering
2. increase in freeness
Pulp Properties
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Pulp Properties
Strength increase
Corresponds to energy
increase without cutting
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“Alphabet” Pulps
Many combinations of treatment and pulping processes are
possible
SGW
PGW
RMP PURE
PRINTING PULPS
TRMP MECHANICAL
PRMP
TMP
MONO PULPS
LFCMP HEAVY
CTLF FRACTIONAL
TCMP
CRMP LIGHT CHEMICALLY
REINFORCEMENT
CTMP MODIFIED
PULPS
OPCO
SCMP
BCMP HEAVY
UHYBS
UHYS
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Effect of yield on fibre stiffness
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Effect of sulphonation on tensile
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Effect of sulphonation on light scattering
Scattering vs Energy
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Mechanical Pulp Brightening
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Screening and Cleaning
TMP System
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Process may also include “cleaners”
(hydrocyclones)
Energy Recovery
39
Energy balance
RTS results
Retention: Short retention in pre-
heater (10-20s).
The short time at elevated temperature
reduces the brightness losses
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Conclusions
The end
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