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Non Invasive Blood Glucose Estimation Based On Photoplethysmography and Pulse Oximeter Principle
Non Invasive Blood Glucose Estimation Based On Photoplethysmography and Pulse Oximeter Principle
In order to avoid the pain, non invasive glucose measurement II. METHODOLOGY
methods are developed. There are many possibilities to do non
invasive glucose measurement like a method that use the Beer-Lambert Law
correlation between the exhaled acetone in the air provided by
the breath and the glucose levels [4]. Measurements using tears The Beer-Lambert law relates the intensity of a monochromatic
analysis through the use of contact lens [5]. Also, a widely light (Io) that falls upon a medium. Part of this light is
reviewed method is the glucose measurement using the transmitted through the medium and another part is absorbed.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) signal. This type of signal is The remaining Intensity (I) of light that propagates through the
obtained by illuminating a portion of the skin by a light- medium decays exponentially following the equation:
emitting diode at an specific wavelength and measuring any
changes in the light absorption with a photoreceptor (the most
used is photodiodes). (1)
There are several papers on literature that study use the PPG Where ε(λ) is the extinction or absorption coefficient of the
signal to obtain an estimative of the concentration of blood absorbent substance for a specific wavelength λ, c is the
glucose. Paul et al. [6] worked on a glucometer based on a concentration of the absorbent substance, which is constant for
single pair of 940nm wavelength emitter/receptor. This work the medium, and d is the length of the optical path through the
G. S. Cardoso, Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Corresponding author: Gustavo dos Santos Cardoso.
Sul, Brazil, gustavo_16a@hotmail.com
medium. Figure 1 shows the light intensity as a function of the amplitude of AC component has 1-2% of the DC value [10].
medium length. The AC component is related to the substances that composes
the arterial blood, i.e., the blood glucose concentration changes
the absorption of the tissue, which implies PPG signal changes
Photoplethysmography
The architecture of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 6. Due to the necessity to generate a polynomial curve a
calibration test with humans was needed.
Forty human volunteers, both male and female, aged 18 to 60,
weighing 50 to 100kg and with different skins colorations.
The volunteers were oriented to maintain their regular eating
habits, without carbohydrate restrictions for the 72 hours prior
to the exam, to not exercise on the day of the exam, to not eat
during the exam and to fast for 8 to 12 hours before the exam.
The test was performed by monitoring the blood glucose level
(glucose concentration in the blood) for 3 continuous hours with
the proposed device and by taking nine blood glucose level
measurements using a commercial personal blood glucose level
monitor of the “fingertip” type (ACCU-CHECK
ADVANTAGE – Roche Diagnóstica Brasil). For each
measurement taken with the commercial personal blood
glucose level monitor it was necessary to puncture the finger to
collect a small blood sample using a disposable lancet. Samples
were collected after fasting and 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes after the
Figure 6. System architecture start of the test.
Half of these data was used to adjust the polynomial curve and
Total arrangement of the system is divided into different the other half is used to validation.
sections. The digital processing module commands the light
emission by the emitters. Only one emitter can be activated at a Accuracy (Arms), average deviation (B), standard deviation
time to not interfere with the measurement of the other. Then (SDR) and precision (Ps), as suggested by Severinghaus [15],
the light is transmitted through a tissue, the remaining were calculated for several conditions with the use of the
transmitted light is captured by the photodiode. The following mathematical expressions:
photodetector converts the light into electrical signal. Then this
electrical signal is processed by an analogical signal processing
section. The output of this section is a PPG signal of one (5)
wavelength. This signal is converted by the digital processing
module into a digital signal. This process is repeated by the
other emitter of different wavelength. Then both 660nm and
805nm digital PPG signals are digitally filtered with a moving (6)
average filter with cut-off frequency at 10Hz. After that the
peak-to-peak average of the PPG signal of one cycle is related
to his own DC term. This DC term is the average of all intensity
of the light transmitted during the acquiring cycle by the
corresponding emitter. Then an R factor is calculated and (7)
related to the actual blood glucose concentration. The R factor
is calculated as following:
(2)
(8)
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