NEW ERA UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Architecture

Architecture Undergraduate Degree Program

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Arch 511/512

Volume no. __
URBAN AGRI-TECTURE: A SUSTAINABLE
LOW-COST VERTICAL HOUSING

By

VICTOR D. MARTINEZ, JR.

15-14413-531

Diliman, Quezon City

<Month Year>
 NEW ERA UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture
Architecture Undergraduate Degree Program
------- Date of thesis presentation and deliberation

Certificate of Acceptance
Upon the recommendation of the Panel of Jurors, following the successful presentation
and defense of the thesis entitled:

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Arch 511/512

Volume No. ___ --- class no.

URBAN AGRI-TECTURE: A SUSTAINABLE

LOW-COST VERTICAL HOUSING

and having found the thesis to meet the standards of the College, the same is hereby
accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science
in Architecture.

_________________________________
<Name>
Thesis Adviser

_________________________________
<Name>
Thesis Coordinator

_________________________________
<Name>
Dean
 NEW ERA UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture
Architecture Undergraduate Degree Program

This is to certify the thesis of

VICTOR D. MARTINEZ, JR.

was successfully presented a undergraduate thesis proposal and

having met the standards of the College is hereby accepted by
the Panel of Jurors on <Month Day Year>.

_______________________
Name of Chairperson
Chairperson

_______________________ ________________________
Name Name
Panel Member Panel Member
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iv
Double-spaced paragraph of not more than 300 words, the abstract should concisely
explain the content and structure of the paper and summarize its key or major
findings. The abstract gives a broad summary of the entire paper. A maximum of four
keywords shall be provided at the end of the abstract to serve as guide for easy
reference. Do not use section numbers within the abstract. "Information and
conclusions not stated in the paper, references to other literature, exact phrase of the
title, and illustrative elements such as figures and tables" should not be included in an
abstract (Derntl, 2011). ................................................................................................. iv
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................. v
1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................. 2
1.2 Rationale.......................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................ 5
1.4 Goal of the Study............................................................................................. 6
1.5 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 6
1.6 Significance of the Study ................................................................................ 6
1.7 Scope and Limitations ..................................................................................... 7
1.8 Definition of Terms ......................................................................................... 8
2.1 Project Feasibility Rejoinder ......................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Humanizing Socialized Resettlement Housing Towards Sustainable
Communities: Towards Sustainable Communities, Marie Stephanie N. Gilles, 17th
IUSAM 2012 Seminar Proceedings, 2012 ............................................................... 12
2.2.2 Adopting Organized Self-Help Housing in Low-Cost Housing in Davao
City, Philippines, Rowena Santos-Delgado, Muhon ............................................... 14
Xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxx [1.5 spacing, Times New Roman, font size 12, Justified and aligned, first
line of paragraph is indented (aligned to the first letter of the heading)] .......... 18
Xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxx [1.5 spacing, Times New Roman, font size 12, Justified and aligned, first
line of paragraph is indented (aligned to the first letter of the heading)] .......... 18
6.1 Labeling of Figures and Tables........................................................................ 25
6.1.1 Figures ....................................................................................................... 25
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 32
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. 34
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... 35

MARTINEZ – 2019-2020 i
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
Table 1. Title .......................................................................................................... 16
Table 2. Title .......................................................................................................... 19

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
Figure 1 Title........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 2 Title........................................................................................................ 15
Figure 3 Title........................................................................................................ 18

MARTINEZ – 2019-2020 iii

 ABSTRACT

Double-spaced paragraph of not more than 300 words, the abstract should concisely

explain the content and structure of the paper and summarize its key or major findings.

The abstract gives a broad summary of the entire paper. A maximum of four keywords

shall be provided at the end of the abstract to serve as guide for easy reference. Do not

use section numbers within the abstract. "Information and conclusions not stated in the

paper, references to other literature, exact phrase of the title, and illustrative elements

such as figures and tables" should not be included in an abstract (Derntl, 2011).

[Double spaced, Justified, Times New Roman, font size 12, no indentation on the

first line of paragraph]

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 FOREWORD

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

[Double spaced, Justified, Times New Roman, font size 12, no indentation on the first

line of paragraph]

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CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

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1.1 Background of the Study

As stated in a report from the United Nations (2019), the world’s population is
expected to increase by 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from 7.7 billion currently
to 9.7 billion in 2050. Between 2010 and 2020, fourteen countries will see a net inflow
of more than one million migrants, while ten countries will see a net outflow of similar
magnitude. In addition, some of the largest migratory outflows are driven by the
demand for migrant workers from Bangladesh, Nepal and the Philippines or by
violence, insecurity and armed conflict from Myanmar, Syria and Venezuela.
Southeast Asia, the region of the world that spans Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, is going through rapid urbanization
today. According to Florida (2017), the urban population in Southeast Asia will grow
by another 100 million people, rising from 280 million people today to 373 million
people by 2030. Furthermore, two cities, Manila and Jakarta, are megacities with over
10 million people.
More than half of Philippine’s population of over 100 million now reside in urban
areas according to the data on the Urban Population in the Philippines released by the
Philippine Statistics Authority (2015). Collected from the 2015 population census
shows that the level of urbanization in the country stands at 51.2 percent. This pertains
to the percentage of the population residing in urban areas in the country, translating
to 51.73 million Filipinos living in urban cities.
The rapid urbanization in the Philippines resulted in high demand for residential
spaces, but the scarcity on available land property seemed impossible to address.
According to Atencio III (2017), many of the residential condos in Metro Manila cater
largely to the mid-market segment. He said that since these projects are mid-cost, the
average salaried Filipinos who comprise the backbone of Philippine business and
economy are kept out of the housing and shelter space. He explained that the backlog
for affordable housing in Metro Manila and other urban cities is growing and supply
simply cannot keep up with demand and the population which is composed mainly of
hard-working salaried Filipinos who just simply cannot afford to purchase the existing
condominium units offered by majority of the developers in Metro Manila given that
these are more mid-priced and above what they can afford.

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The population of Region 1 reached 5,026,128 based on the 2015 Census of

Population (2018), which accounted for about 4.98 percent of the total Philippine
population. National Economic and Development Authority (2018) reported that the
region’s settlements are situated on narrow coastal lowlands and are economically
close to larger markets in Manila with access via Central Luzon. Among the provinces,
Pangasinan recorded the highest average annual population growth rate from 2010-
2015. The City of Alaminos, the home to the Hundred Islands National Park, is one of
Pangasinan’s major urban centers that complement the services provided by Dagupan
City in areas of education, health services, tourism, trade, information and
communication, and services for the distribution of agricultural produce within the
province.
As urbanization greatly increasing, the Philippines is also making efforts to
modernize and strengthen its agriculture sector, with both the state and private
companies promoting the adoption of advanced technology and smart farming
methods to increase harvests and minimize losses. Senator Poe (2019) filed Senate Bill
587 or the Integrated Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming Act of 2018. An Office
of Urban Agriculture (OUA) will be established by the Department of Agriculture.
Additionally, our government is tasked to develop climate-resilient communities in the
metropolitan areas through the promotion of modern, appropriate, cost-effective and
environmentally safe agriculture technologies to ensure food security, promote a
healthy citizenry and an improved quality of life for urban dwellers.
1.1.1 Housing Backlog in the Philippines
Owning a home remains a top priority and aspiration of many Filipinos,
however, this remains impossible for many. Sawadjaan (2019) stated that
an estimated backlog is reported to have reached 6.7 million as of 2015. He
further explained that the Philippines would need 12.3 million housing
units by 2030. In addition to this, the production of houses slowed down in
the last two years. Before, the housing sector was able to meet its target for
2016 of building one million homes, but because of the numerous problems
the industry faced, they are unsure if they will ever meet the target of
building two million homes by 2022, he added. On the other hand, report
from Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (2012) stated
that housing need can reach 12.5 million in 2030 as shown in Table 1.1.

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Table 1.1 Housing Need Projection in the Philippines

Source: Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (2012)

1.1.2 Agricultural Land Conversion

Rapid urbanization and population growth have contributed to the problem
of shrinking agricultural lands. The rampant conversion of prime
agricultural land, partly driven by rapid urbanization, population growth
and speculation, has led to conflicting land uses. Prime agricultural lands
have rapidly turned into subdivisions or malls and other commercial
complexes or are quarried and mined, while many Filipinos are scrambling
for food to eat. Sen. Pangilinan (2019) filed Senate Bill 256 or the
Agricultural Land Conversion Ban Act which seeks to put a stop on the
transformation of farm lands into other uses. He explained that this bill
aims to protect farm lands for which government already spent to irrigate.
He also added that this is also critical for food security in the country and
the prime agricultural lands are being targeted for conversion.

1.2 Rationale
The overpopulation problem and food scarcity in the Philippines will only get
worse over the years if nothing is done about it. The shortage of living areas in urban
cities like in the City of Alaminos, Pangasinan, is one of the symptoms of

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overpopulation, as shown in Table 1.2. The proposed low-cost vertical housing may
prove to be one of the most effective ways because it will accommodate more people
to share living spaces within smaller pieces of land in urban areas while offering a wide
range of options for decent and affordable housing and providing an alternative
livelihood through urban agriculture. This project will also promote urban agriculture
in highly urbanized cities nationwide, in accordance to the S.B. 587 of 2019.

Table 1.2 Estimated Housing Backlog in the Philippines by 2030

Source: Subdivision & Housing Developers Association, Inc.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

1.3.1 Main Problem
The rapidly rising numbers raise concerns on the overpopulation problem
in the Philippines, as this issue further strains already limited resources,
including the necessities of food and shelter. Also, hunger among Filipinos,
especially those squatting in urban areas, persist. A June survey from Social
Weather Stations (2015) reported an estimated 2.8 million Filipino families
had experienced involuntary hunger at least once in the past three months.
More people are moving to the cities as they lose their homes and lands to
highways and industries. They are forced to live in slum areas and under
bridges, risking their health and safety, and constantly facing eviction. On
a survey conducted by City of Alaminos (2006), the result shows that 86%
of the respondents have their owned houses while the remaining 14% are
either caretakers or renting the house they are living. Regarding to this,
how can low-cost vertical housing be integrated with urban agriculture to

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achieve various aspects of sustainability to provide a better lifestyle of

living in the City of Alaminos?
1.3.2 Sub-Problems
1.3.2.1 How will this project address the problem of urban housing in
Alaminos City?
1.3.2.2 How will this low-cost vertical housing be financed?
1.3.2.3 Which institutions could provide assistance to avail theses houses?
1.3.2.4 What are the construction methods that will be used to make these
vertical houses more affordable?
1.3.2.5 How will vertical farming be introduced to the City of Alaminos?

1.4 Goal of the Study

The goal of this project is to provide low-cost housing for low and medium-income
earners living in the City of Alaminos and providing them a sustainable and healthy
living through urban agriculture. The main objective of this project is to propose a
mixture of different farming techniques, particularly vertical farming, based on the
urban context to create a livable and sustainable community within vertical houses.

1.5 Objectives
1.5.1 To design a sustainable, low-cost vertical housing that shall be based on a
new design and shall be optimized for all processes of crop cultivation processes
using urban agriculture and vertical farming.
1.5.2 To construct an architecturally tropical urban building type and sustainable
green complex, such as low-cost vertical housing and organic market to resolve
the issues of scarcity of green space throughout the dense urban city.
1.5.3 To propose a probable and appropriate architectural solution for the
promotion of urban agriculture while living in the City of Alaminos.
1.5.4 To introduce urban agriculture and vertical farming to promote edible
landscaping.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The purpose of creating low-cost vertical housing is to create spaces where
individuals and families may comfortably live, so residential units should not be

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cramped. Adapting vertical urbanism will also save on space, land and utilities. These
vertical houses are the answer to the lifestyle change the Filipinos’ need.
1.6.1 Agriculture Industry. Agricultural productivity growth will contribute to
better nutrition through raising incomes, especially for low and medium-income
earners, and by reducing the cost of food for all consumers. The contribution of
urban agriculture to food security and healthy nutrition is probably its most
valuable asset. Food production in the city is a response of the urban poor to
inadequate, unreliable and irregular access to food, and the lack of purchasing
power.
1.6.2 Housing Industry. Vertical housing will open up land for other purposes
and will minimize the need to create new roads to prepare for the impending urban
sprawl. The resurgence of urban development through low-cost vertical housing
will help alleviate rapid urbanization issues by providing more compact, vertical
residential for low and medium-income earners.
1.6.3 Low and Medium-Income Earners. They will be transformed and enabled
to find secure and better places to live in resilient communities that are able to
withstand climate change and natural disasters, lively communities with socio-
economic and quality urban infrastructure and services, and connected
communities that are linked by transport and telecommunication to employment,
sources of livelihood, and the rest of the city. Also, they will be trained to grow
their own crops through urban agriculture and vert and save on food purchases.
1.6.4 Private Sectors. In any case, the issue of overpopulation will not directly
go away with the creation of vertical houses. It will help, but this project will
require the support of various sectors of the government and the community in
the bid to silver the overpopulation problem. The project will improve the
government’s efforts in addressing Filipino’s housing needs with the private
sector playing a significant and essential role, and this is precisely exemplified by
the sharing through Public-Private Partnership (PPP).

1.7 Scope and Limitations

1.7.1 The proposed project entitled Agri-Tecture: A Sustainable Low-Cost
Vertical Housing is a Multi-faceted Architectural Design based approach which
aims to deliver technical and physical architectural developments as a rejoinder to

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the different issues on the sector of mass housing and urban agriculture. It shall
determine necessary and essential data for the proposal, which may include local
government ordinances and government agency regulations, efficient and relevant
statistical data, and existing physical development conditions. This study will only
focus on vertical housing, vertical farming facility, public market and other
amenities such as park, court, and community center.
1.7.2 Analyzing urban agriculture leads to several limitations and delimitations in
this project since urban agriculture is still a work in progress and so not all
examples are successful, a lot of the economic information unavailable to the
public. Different models will be researched, but sometimes the information may
be limited due to scale, lack of economic data, and lack of production information.
1.7.3 Furthermore, this architectural study will address environmental factors and
project site character through producing an architectural plan that is clearly defined
and technically necessary which includes architectural drawings, engineering plans
and drawings, design specifications, utility plans and detailed drawings, planning
of the building process and other documentation imperative to building
construction process.
1.7.4 Since the span of time given to conduct the research and study is only limited
for barely a year, factors like socio-economic, market, income generation and
financial studies would be limited to abstract or conceptual presentations.
Moreover, the technical working drawings shall have an output associated with
utility system concepts such as structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary and
plumbing, and security and safety.

1.8 Definition of Terms

The following terms used on this study are defined as follows:
Agri-Tecture
Agri-Tecture is a combination of words agriculture and architecture. Agri-Tecture,
as used in this study, refers to the practice of integrating organic, hydroponic,
aeroponic, or aquaponic farming technologies into vertical housing.

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Economic Housing
Economic housing refers to housing programs and projects covering houses and
lots undertaken by the government or the private sector for the underprivileged and
homeless citizens which shall include complete package based on specifications
with a selling price of not more than P500,000.
Housing
Housing refers to a multi-dimensional concept relating to the process of residing
and the objects of dwelling whose main attributes are location relative to access to
livelihood, tenure arrangements, cost and physical structure as well as their
environment.
Informal Settler Families (ISFs)
Informal Settler Families refer to households living in a lot, whether private or
public, without the consent of the property owner. These also apply to those living
in danger areas such as esteros, railroads tracks, garbage dumps, riverbanks,
shorelines, and waterways.
Local Government Unit
Local Government Units or LGUs are institutional units whose fiscal, legislative
and executive authority extends over the smallest geographical areas distinguished
for administrative and political purposes.
Socialized Housing
Socialized housing refers to housing programs and projects covering houses and
lots undertaken by the government or the private sector for the underprivileged and
homeless citizens which shall include shell house with doors and windows to
enclose the unit with a selling price of P180,000 and below.
Vertical Farming
Vertical Farming is the practice of producing food and medicine in vertically
stacked layers, vertically inclined surfaces, and integrated into other structure.

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CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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2.1 Project Feasibility Rejoinder

2.1.1 Project Description and Justification
The discussion should contain any or all of the following supported by
graphs, figure, and citation from resources:
 Description of the type and quality of product(s) or service(s) to be
marketed;
 outline of the general business model (i.e. how the business will
make money);
 time horizon from the time the project is initiated until it is up and
running at capacity.
2.1.2 Background of Related Industry Involved
 Basic background information on the industry/project.
 Timeliness and involvement of political agenda concerned.
 Economic conditions and viability of the industry/project.
 Socio-cultural response, conflicts and acceptability of the proposed
project.
2.1.3 Market and Beneficiaries of the Project
 Describe the size and scope of the industry, market and/or market
segment(s).
 Estimate the future direction of the industry, market and/or market
segment(s).
 Describe the nature of the industry, market and/or market
segment(s). Is it stable or going through rapid change and
restructuring?
 Identify the life-cycle of the industry, market and/or market
segment(s). Is it emerging, growing, mature, declining? Identify the
demand and usage trends of the market or market segment in which
the product or service will participate.
 Examine the potential for emerging, niche or segmented market
opportunities.
 Assess market usage and your potential share of the market or
market segment.

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2.1.4 Technical Feasibility

 Estimate the size and type of production facilities.
 Investigate the need for related buildings, equipment, etc.
 Availability and suitability of site
 Cite environmental impacts and possible counter measures.
 Identify supporting laws and regulatory requirements.
 Explore economic development incentives.
 Investigate the availability of labor including wage rates, skill level,
etc.
2.1.5 Financial and Economic Feasibility
 Capital requirements, potential and actual sources of equity,
accumulation schedule, investment schedule (plant, equipment,
human resources, etc.)
 Projected revenues, operating costs, and net income

2.2 Review of Related Literature/Project

This section contains the review of related literature from the previous studies that
have preceded and relevant to housing and urban agriculture. It gives a brief description
of related work and its relevance to this thesis.

2.2.1 Humanizing Socialized Resettlement Housing Towards Sustainable

Communities: Towards Sustainable Communities, Marie Stephanie
N. Gilles, 17th IUSAM 2012 Seminar Proceedings, 2012

There is an urgency to address the influx of rural migrants attracted by the

economic opportunities available in metropolitan cities, as in Metro Manila whose
urban poor have increased considerably in the last few decades. In the absence of secure
shelter, a large proportion of these migrants have embanked along the main river which
acted as a magnet due to its assets of livelihood, affordable settlement and transport.
Through case studies from housing community models, an assessment is made on the
quality of life that specific relocation sites provide. Results of studies by urban planning
experts on these re-settlers, at times abruptly extracted from their original habitat, and
integration into their host communities through local government participatory
management are reflected. Interviews and focused group discussions with

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representatives of the informal settler groups were conducted, as well as ocular

inspections, in-depth studies of rural and in-city relocation sites. Further, an analysis is
drawn on the effectiveness of these resettlement programs in the hope of having better
living conditions, identifying the problem areas and bringing out the best practices in
this regard, with focus on sustainability measures and humanizing principles, respecting
the rights of each family as the basic structure of society.
Improving the lives of the informal dwellers is socially and economically
beneficial to society and the nation as a whole, through harmonious urbanization, a
synchronization and integration of all of the Earth’s assets, whether physical, cultural,
historical, environmental, social or human.
Recommendations for smoother resettlement activities in the future:
• Encouraging participation of community leaders is crucial to a successful
resettlement process.
• In-city relocation should be prioritized as it is more effective both in terms of
cost and adjustment process.
• Procedures before and during relocation have to be strictly implemented for
smooth flow of activities.
• Livelihood opportunities and employment as part of the benefits of relocatees
outside of the city should be given closer attention.
• The host local government unit (LGU) can be supported financially and given
more incentives since they bear the burden of accommodating the relocates.
• Proper training/ capacity building should be provided for the residents in
relocation sites so these are equipped to handle the needs and challenges of adjusting
to a new community.

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2.2.2 Adopting Organized Self-Help Housing in Low-Cost Housing in

Davao City, Philippines, Rowena Santos-Delgado, Muhon: A Journal
of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Designed Environment

Self-help housing approach has long been applied by societies in general. At a

time when professional services such as that of architects and engineers were not
available, communities-built houses and buildings based on customs, beliefs and
traditional systems of building. This manual highlights Organized Self-Help (OSH)
housing where a facilitating organization both assists the household that have chosen
self-help housing and that bears a responsibility to authorities and financial agencies.
Despite resistance from target recipients, organized self-help housing has proven to
benefit communities in terms of social, economic, educational and developmental
aspects.
The successful completion of any project is measured by way of determining
resident satisfaction in terms of livability, quality of living and sustainability. This is
assessed through surveys, interviews and actual observations. Success indicators would
include access to education opportunities, good health conditions, stable peace and
order situation, economic opportunities, and participation in social activities. The steps
undertaken throughout the OSH Process is likewise evaluated by way identifying
problems encountered and lessons learned. A comparative analysis between projects
in different communities, particularly in identifying distinct interventions and design
solutions in various housing issues or situations would help in approaching future OSH
projects as shown in Figure 2.1:

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Figure 2.1 Activity Flowchart for Organized Self-Help Housing

Source: Adopting Organized Self-Help Housing in Low-Cost Housing in Davao City, \

Ragupathy Venkatachalam (2005)47 in his article, the objective of the paper was examined
the threat to the substantially of the fisheries in India and in particular in the Gulf of Mannar
region. It is widely quoted that the depletion is due to the introduction of trawler fishing
techniques, which scrape the bottom of the sea and end up catching juvenile fish. In viewing
this problem of overfishing
(by the trawlers) as a negative externality to the traditional fishing community, the
best way to internalize the social cost inflicted by the people who over fish is the
The question that this study attempts to seek the answer for. One of the most
commonly practiced techniques to sustain the fisheries resource is the blanket ban
on fishing during specific months of the year like the one practiced in the coastal
Regions in India. The researcher has attempted to evaluate the critically
Effectiveness of this method of resource conservation. The researcher has also
proposed an alternative model for sustaining the resources, which would be an
effective solution for the problem.

Ragupathy Venkatachalam., Sustainable Fisheries and Community Management Systems,

Paper presented in “Environment and Growth” of the 2nd South Asian Economics Students
Meet 2005 at Lahore, Pakistan, Jan28-30, 2005 being organized by the Lahore University of
Management Sciences (LUMS).

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2
A comparative study on the aquaculture practices adopted by fish farmers in Andhra Pradesh
and West Bengal
Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham, Samir Kumar Sil, P. K. VineethaPublished 2010

Carp culture has proved sustainable over the years in India. Freshwater aquaculture depends
mainly on carp culture that accounts for around 80% of the total inland fish production. The
present study compares the socio-economic profile of the fish farmers and the aquaculture
practices of the two leading fish producing states of India, namely Andhra Pradesh and West
Bengal. Majority of the respondent farmers of Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal practiced
aquaculture in owned (84%) and leased (67%) ponds, respectively. Although the farmers of
both the states cultured carps, differences in farm holdings, size of the pond/farm, species
cultured, stocking and stocking density, fish seed procurement, nursery management, feed
and feeding management, pond fertilization, harvesting frequency, mode of fish marketing,
source of information on aquaculture, fish seeds and disease treatment, perception on
aquaculture were noticed. Majority of the farmers in West Bengal (68%) had undergone short-
term training in aquaculture and few among them (15%) were graduates. Disease is the major
problem of Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal fish farmers. The magnitude of other problems
was, however, found to be different among the farmers of both the states. The survey
revealed that the Government organizations, non-governmental organizations, educational
institutions and other agencies failed to influence the farmers on aquaculture development.

Abraham, T.J., Sil, S.K., & Vineetha, P.K. (2010). A comparative study on the aquaculture
practices adopted by fish farmers in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.

3
The Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors in Adopting Good Aquaculture Practices: Case
of Aquaculture Farmers in Malaysia
Rozana Samah, Roslina KamaruddinPublished 2015
DOI:10.5539/jsd.v8n9p97

This study examined the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on the level of Good
Aquaculture Practices (GAqP) among aquaculture farmer in the Northern part of Peninsular
Malaysia. Primary data was obtained from the survey that was conducted on 121 brackish
water and freshwater pond aquaculture farmer in the states of Kedah and Penang.
Descriptive analysis was applied to identify the socio-demographic characteristics of
aquaculture farmer and their level of GAqP. Multiple Linear Regression model was used to
analyze the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the level of GAqP. The
findings have revealed that the level of GAqP among brackishwater pond farmer is
satisfactory were almost 84 percent of farmer practicing GAqP at the level of 60 percent and
above with the mean value of 71.9 percent while the mean level of GAqP for freshwater pond
farmer was at 50.3 percent with only 18.6 percent of them practicing GAqP at the level of 60
percent and above. Age and having technical knowledge related to aquaculture were the
main factors that significantly influence the level of GAqP among aquaculture farmer.
Therefore measures related to the enhancement of technical knowledge among aquaculture
farmer should be deliberated in the formulation of aquaculture development programs to
ensure the sustainable development of aquaculture in Malaysia.

Samah, R., & Kamaruddin, R. (2015). The Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors in

Adopting Good Aquaculture Practices: Case of Aquaculture Farmers in Malaysia.

LOCAL
1

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Improving Coastal Livelihoods Through Sustainable Aquaculture Practices – The Case

Of Tubigon, Bohol, Philippines, Ronnet Santos, A Report to the Collaborative APEC
Grouper Research and Development Network, 2001

The case study explains that a strategy to improve coastal livelihoods would be likely to deal
with asset building and strengthening policies, institutions and processes is proven correct. All
the components in both areas figured as key elements of a strategy to improve coastal
Livelihoods. Introduction of aquaculture projects to improve coastal livelihoods therefore
should not be done in isolation but should be informed by such a strategy. The role of the
private sector in promoting sustainable aquaculture projects is to assist in marketing its
produce. Aquaculture is not a big industry in the Philippines yet, and therefore it is not yet
attracting a lot of investment. It seems before the private sector can be encouraged to support
sustainable aquaculture initiatives, the fishery-related agencies of the national government
must first demonstrate that it has the political will to craft a sustainable development
framework for fisheries in the country that would provide a good balance between food
production and resource protection and conservation.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a77f/039000ef1203a16c1847751f9fbddd513e18.pdf?_ga=2.
253943115.2111619225.1568794099-496163040.1568794099

2 Aquaculture in the Philippines: Socio-economics, poverty and

gender
First Author: Nagothu Udaya Sekhar (2007)
Aquaculture in Philippines is expanding rapidly and also becoming an important source of
income and employment for the rural poor, women and youth. The study also shows that
Aquaculture has the potential to increase the household income in rural areas where it is
difficult to find other sources of employment and thus support the current consumption and
meet unexpected cash needs. Since Aquaculture requires only modest investments in
physical and human capital and it has greater potential to raise the income of the poor
compared with other agricultural activities. It is essential that the rural poor get support in the
form of training services, access to credit, quality seed material and market access. In line
with the present development strategy of the Philippines Government which focuses on the
country’s rural poor, Aquaculture can become a potential engine for rural economic growth
and poverty reduction provided the strategy is put into practice with the active involvement of
the marginal groups for whom the strategy has been developed.
The study suggests that rather than creating new agencies, it is necessary first to look at the
policies and institutions that already exist in Philippines, and that can facilitate the entry of
poor, women and youth into Aquaculture. What is needed is an integrated institutional
framework where the relevant polices, formal departments (LGUs, BFAR and DENR local
agencies) and informal institutions to be pulled together to manage Aquaculture development
programs in order to vulnerable groups. A number of measures can be initiated at the local
level, for example, improving the cage designs using locally available materials, issuing
licenses only to farmers who operate the farm themselves and prioritizing the poor,
developing local co-operative insurance schemes to include poor, legitimizing community
networks, increasing training programs, improving communication channels, strengthening
fishers organizations etc. Security of tenure is an important issue and farmers are concerned
about the rights to access and use common waters. The contexts of the poor are diverse and
need to be addressed in a holistic and systems approach in future Aquaculture development
programs.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4f87/317a9ff60bc0fb210e27ea447416757d0063.pdf

G Aquaculture for Rural Development: An Asymmetrical Initiative

Evangeline O. KatigbakPublished 2010

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3. B The aquaculture sector in the Philippines has seen tremendous growth over the last
three decades. Its growth is largely supported by both national and various local
government units as aquaculture is seen to support food security programs in the
country’s drive towards economic development. This is in response to food security
challenges at present and in the future, and also because growth in the sector is seen to
increase export gains in the country. This study provides an analysis of how aquaculture
development, which has largely been driven by the international demands for seafood,
has impacted the livelihoods of coastal dwellers in the Philippines. The study captures
local communities’ responses to this initiative, as seen in the experiences of the people
of Infanta, Quezon. It details the assertion of local peoples of their rights over mangrove
areas, which are common property resource, against more economically and politically
powerful fishpond developers who are not from the municipality.

Katigbak, E.O. (2010). Aquaculture for Rural Development: An Asymmetrical

Initiative.

2.3 Theories bearing on the problem

This section enumerates and discusses existing theories and/or design paradigms
that may be relevant to the problem.
2.3.1 Theory 1
Xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx
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and aligned, first line of paragraph is indented (aligned to the first letter of the
heading)]

2.3.2 Theory 2
Xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx [1.5 spacing, Times New Roman, font size 12, Justified
and aligned, first line of paragraph is indented (aligned to the first letter of the
heading)]

2.4 Theoretical Framework

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Figure 1.1 Title/ brief description of the image. (Aligned to the left of the image,
Helvetica, font size 10, Figure no. in bold typeface)
Source: Site source (Aligned to the left of the image, Helvetica, font size 10)

Xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx [1.5 spacing, Times New Roman, font size 12, Justified
and aligned, first line of paragraph is indented (aligned to the first letter of the heading)]

2.5 Conceptual Framework

From the review of related literature and studies, the researcher may formulate a

theoretical scheme for his research problem. This scheme is a tentative explanation or

theoretical explanation of the phenomenon or problem and serves as the basis for the

formulation of research hypotheses. Thus, the conceptual framework consists of the

investigator’s own position on a problem after his exposure to various theories that have

bearing on the problem. It is the researcher’s new model which has its roots on the

previous models which the researcher had studied. (Sanchez, pp. 14-15)

The conceptual framework becomes the central theme, the focus, the main thrust

of the study. It serves as a guide in conducting the investigation. Briefly stated, the

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conceptual framework for the teaching of science can be: The effectiveness of a science

instructional program depends upon the qualifications of the teachers, the effectiveness

of their methods and strategies of teaching, the adequacy of facilities, the adequacy of

supervisory assistance, and the elimination of problems hampering the progress.

Currently, however, most theses do not have a discussion of their conceptual

frameworks. Very few thesis writers endeavor to include an explanation of their

conceptual framework in their theses.

Paradigm. A paradigm is a diagrammatic representation of a conceptual

framework. It depicts in a more vivid way what the conceptual framework wants to

convey. Following are examples of a paradigm for the conceptual framework for the

teaching of science as mentioned above. A paradigm may take different diagrammatic

forms.1.5 spacing, Times New Roman, font size 12, Justified and aligned, first line of

paragraph is indented (aligned to the first letter of the heading)]

2.6 Research Methodology

2.6.1 Primary Data and Source
2.6.2 Secondary Data and Source
2.6.3 Data Gathering Procedure
2.6.4 Research Design/Strategy
2.6.5 Data Analysis Plan

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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA
AND SITE SELECTION

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CHAPTER 4
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT AND
ARCHITECTONICS

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CHAPTER 5
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
TRANSLATION

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6.1 Labeling of Figures and Tables

All tables and figures that are not originally produced by the author shall be attributed
to the proper source. The labeling and citation shall follow the following formats:

6.1.1 Figures

IMAGE

Figure 2.1 Title/ brief description of the image. (Aligned to the left of the image,
Helvetica, font size 10, Figure no. in bold typeface)
Source: Site source (Aligned to the left of the image, Helvetica, font size 10)

6.1.2 Tables
Table 1.0 <Title of table> [Helvetica, font size 10, aligned to the left of the table]

Source/Adapted from: [Helvetica, font size 10, aligned to left of the table]

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx [1.5 spacing, Times New Roman, font size 12, Justified
and aligned, first line of paragraph is indented (aligned to the first letter of the
heading)]

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CHAPTER 7
ASSESSMENT AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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The bibliography includes all the references used in the thesis, whether or not it is
cited. The list and citation will follow the APA style format. The various reference
formats, including electronic sources, are indicated below:
Table 2. APA style citation chart

CATEGORY FORMAT
Books and other published media
Eckbo, G. (1964). Urban Landscape Design. New York:
Single author
McGraw-Hill.
Mallgrave, H. F., & Goodman, D. (2011). An introduction
Two or three
to architectural theory: 1968 to the present. Malde,
authors
MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hartkopf, V., Loftness, V., Drake, P., Dublin, F., Ziga, G.
More than three (1993). Designing the Office of the Future: The
authors Japanese Approach to Tomorrow's Workplace. New
York: Wiley
Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. (2011). National
Corporation /
Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines 2011-2016.
Organization as
Quezon City: Department of Environment and Natural
the author
Resources.
The New Encyclopedia Britannica (15th ed.). (1986).
No listed author
Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica
Altherr, A. (1965). Neue Schweizer architektur. Teufen:
Two or more
A. Niggli
works by the
same author,
Altherr, A. (1968). Three Japanese architects :
written in
Mayekawa, Tange, Sakakura. New York : Architectural
different years
Book Pub.
Two or more
works by the Cruz, P. (1997a).
same author
written in the Cruz, P. (1997b).
same year
Feuerstein, G. (1968). New directions in German
Author with a
architecture. (T. E. Burton, Trans.). New York: G.
translator
Brazilier
Pinpin, F.D. (Ed.). (1977). The national building code of
Editor with no the Philippines: PD 1096 with implementing rules and
author regulations. Mandaluyong, Metro Manila: Cacho
Hermanos
Dines, N. T. & Harris, C.W. (Ed.). (1998). Time saver
Edition other
standards for landscape architecture (2nd ed.). United
than first
States: Mc Graw-Hill
Encyclopedia / Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.).
Dictionary (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.

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CATEGORY FORMAT
Foreword, Ramos, G.C. Editorial in Muhon: Journal of architecture,
introduction, landscape architecture and the designed environment
preface, or (ix-xi). Quezon city: University of the Philippines
afterword College of Architecture
Articles in Periodicals
Galingan, Z. (2008). Green light district: An empowering
Magazine
exhibit of flora and fauna. Bluprint, 6, 54-56.
Alcazaren P. The Parks versus golf equation. (2014,
Newspaper
January 11). The Philippine Star, p. E9.
Araneta, M.A. (2009). The University Experience in an
Urban University: Preserving the Academic
Journal Articles Environment of the University of the Philippines
Diliman. Espasyo: Journal of Philippine Architecture
and Allied Arts (1), 32-41.
Online sources
Entire website http://www.apastyle.org
Brooks, R., (2014). Project Little Dream Funds Inspiring
Bamboo Thom Mun Community Center and School in
Page from Cambodia Retrieved from
website http://inhabitat.com/project-little-dream-funds-
inspiring-bamboo-thom-mun-community-center-and-
school-in-cambodia/
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (n.d.).
Page from
Geohazard mapping and assessment program.
website with
Retrieved from
unknown
http://www.denr.gov.ph/priority-programs/geo-hazard-
author
mapping-and-assessment-program.html
Van Millingen, A., Traquair, R., George, W.S., &
Henderson, A.E., (2009). Byzantine churches in
Constantinople and their history and
Online book architecture.London: MacMillan and Co. Ltd.
Retrieved from
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29077/29077-h/29077-
h.htm

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COMMENT SHEET :
Name of Juror/ Panel Member:
Comment Revision Page Number

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APPENDICES
(Provide a list of Appendices)
Appendix A : Title of Appendix [Times New Roman, font size 12]
Appendix B : Title of Appendix [Times New Roman, font size 12]
Appendix C : Title of Appendix [Times New Roman, font size 12]

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APPENDIX A : [Times New Roman, font size 14, bold typeface]

<Title of Appendix> [Times New Roman, font size 12, bold typeface]

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DEDICATION

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
[Double spaced, centered, Times New Roman, font size 11, no indentation on the first
line of paragraph]

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
[Double spaced, centered, Times New Roman, font size 11, no indentation on the first
line of paragraph]

= A paper entitled “A comparative study of the aquaculture practices adopted by fish farmers
in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal” by T. JAWAHAR ABRAHAM, S. K. SIL AND P.
VINEETHA (Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery
Sciences Chakgaria, Panchasayar P. O., Kolkata - 700 094, West Bengal, India) studies the
socio economic profile of the fish farmers and the aquaculture practices of Andhra Pradesh
and West Bengal, India. The study covered 153 farms culturing Indian major and minor carps.
It presented the comparative analysis of the socio economic variables for the carp farmers in
the two states along with the practices and the role of government policies towards
aquaculture

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