Chapter 1

Introduction
Near Field Communication or NFC is a type of technology that soon will be a must for each gadget
and is an integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology with mobile devices
which allows them to communicate with each other by simply touching or bringing them very close
to each other. RFID is used mainly for applications like indicating or identifying goods or persons
without a line of sight while NFC on the other hand is used for more sophisticated and secure
transactions like contactless access or payment. NFC is the outcome of joint work done by NXP
Semiconductors (formerly Philips Semiconductors) and Sony Corporation. Near field
communication technology has already come in existence in many of the smart phones but still due
to lack of awareness of people it is not in that much use. But with the growing popularity and
demand for android applications, soon NFC will be found in every nook and corner of the world
due to its compatibility with almost every existing technology in one way or the other. In this paper
we will learn about different modes of communication and operation of NFC and discuss its
advantages, limits or challenges posed by already existent technology, applications and future
modifications required by the technology in a detailed way. Public transport plays an important role
in the daily lives of hundreds of millions of people. The limited national and local finances starve
the public transport networks of funding, although greater usage would imply important
environmental and financial benefits. The recent advances in mobile technologies and services
could be harnessed to increase the attractiveness and efficiency of various public transport systems.
Increasingly flexible electronic ticketing, smart cards and real-time information feeds via
smartphones are making transportation networks faster, cheaper and more efficient for both the
passengers and operators. We present our approach in designing and implementing an M-ticketing
system for urban transport based on NFC technology.

1.1 Motivation
There are different kinds of values that an e-ticketing system based on mobile technologies can
create for consumers, transport operators, mobile network operators and public transport authorities.
However, the value created by mobile NFC, in combination with other technologies, could go
beyond localized benefits as traveling can become smarter. These potential benefits spread across
four different categories:
• Time savings-due to the fact that tickets can be bought on the go, without the need to wait at a
queue.
• Information availability-this benefit is relevant for all implied parties, not only for the customers
who are more likely to use public transport when the relevant information is at hand, but also for the
transport and mobile operators, who are in a better position to offer more valuable services for
customers if they can be based on the customers’ habits and journeys.
• Financial savings-this represents an essential aspect for transport operators and could arise for
example from fraud reduction or the cheaper distribution of tickets.
• Financial gains-new and innovative services can create new streams of revenue.

1.2 Problem Statement

Public transport plays an important role in the daily lives of hundreds of millions of people. The
limited national and local finances starve the public transport networks of funding, although greater
usage would imply important environmental and financial benefits. Increasingly flexible electronic
ticketing, smart cards and real-time information feeds via smartphones are making transportation
networks faster, cheaper and more efficient for both the passengers and operators. NFC is one such
technology that can be used to build a system which can be used for M-ticketing.

1.3 Objectives
1) Buying tickets and subscriptions anywhere and anytime, without the need to travel to a dedicated
facility to make the purchase—this objective ensures that the payment industry’s needs will be met
(an alternate method of payment must be used such that the passenger is able to purchase tickets
directly from his/her mobile device-online payment).
2)Reducing susceptibility of losing and damaging the aforementioned paper tickets and
subscriptions—the passengers keep their interest in the system and the risk of prejudice is
minimized, while ensuring ease of usage.
3) Keeping a history of the passenger’s former travels—the public transport operators can
customize and shape their services according to the passengers’ needs and travel, providing an
opportunity of financial gains and profit maximization.
4) Keeping transit services related information at the reach of the passenger whenever he/she needs
it—this objective could help maximize the transport operators’ profits, by offering up-to-date
information about the services they offer, thus increasing the attractiveness and efficiency of the
system.
5) Get people acquainted with Near Field Communication and increase their trust in this
technology—the suppliers get to sell their services, while the public transportation operators
increase their attractiveness towards the clients. The passengers are presented with an intuitive way
of validating tickets by using their smartphones, in an already known manner.

Organization of Report

Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter includes an introduction of what is NFC technology.
Chapter 2: Review of Literature
This chapter includes literature papers of various systems which is related to our project
Chapter 3: Requirement analysis
This chapter includes UML use case diagram regarding the working system. It also includes various
hardware and software requirements related to the working system.
Chapter 4: Design

This chapter includes different UML diagrams regarding the working system.
Chapter 5: Report on the Present Investigation:
This chapter gives detailed information about working system. It includes its detailed internal
architecture various related methodologies, working and specifies the input and output of the
system.
Chapter 2
Review of Literature

NFC Ticketing: a Prototype and Usability test of an NFC-based

Virtual Ticketing application
We will report all hardware and software components of the NFCTicketing application :
• A mobile phone (Nokia 6131 NFC) provided with an NFC chip and a secure element.
• A Smart Poster provided with a passive MIFARE tag operating at 13,56 MHz.
• A midlet application (NFCTicket) designed for the user’s phone, that guides the user to purchase
bus tickets and allows him to check the availability and the validity.
• A cardlet application (TicketingCardlet) loaded into the secure element (SmartMX) of the phone
that keeps the tickets and the relative protected information.
• A midlet application (Validate) designed for an NFC device provided with display, that allows the
user to validate his own tickets
• A midlet application (Verifier) designed for a portable NFC device (i.e. an NFC mobile phone)that
allows a validity check of the tickets.
BUS-TAP: A NFC based Travel Application
In this paper, the source and destination is flexible, that is as per the journey cost, the amount
is deducted from passengers account so it is easy , fast and less cash handling process. The system
main goal is to use Near Field Communication (NFC) for its quick and easy setup
which would help bus passengers to travel without much of a hassle. The system would use an
android application on NFC enabled mobile phones to do the payment. In addition to this
the proposed system would also include features like real time tracking of buses so that the
commuter would know exactly where his/her bus is and how long will it take to reach the bus
stop, along with this location based reminders would also be there in which the user can enter a
reminder about things he needs to buy or a place he needs to be and when he reaches that location
he/she will be reminded of the things he needs to do.

The block diagram of the proposed system-“Bus-Ticketing System” is as shown in Figure. The
mobile phone consists of built in NFC service which will be used to start and end the users travel
and a GPS receiver which receives signal from the GPS tracker in the bus. Using Geo Locationing
based on the GPS reading, the current location of the bus can be received to keep track on its arrival
at a specific stop. Also when the user taps on the NFC reader installed at the bus door, using GPS ,
the current location of the user will be obtained and stored in the database and also while getting out
of the bus the user taps the phone on the NFC reader which will give the destination location of the
user. Based on the source and the destination the total travelling distance will be obtained and
corresponding travel fare will be deducted from the user's account. Also if the user requires to be
reminded of any task or event when they are at a specific location , a reminder can be
set. When the user while travelling arrives at that specific location a reminder will pop-up on their
screen.
 Chapter 5
Report on Present Investigation
5.1 Proposed System
In proposed system conductor/ticket checker should have .apk file in his/her NFC
supported android based device. Conductor/ticket checker can get access to the application
by providing his/her username and password. Conductor can perform task like scan NFC card, book
ticket, view ticket log. Ticket checker can perform task like scan NFC card and view ticket log.
The main steps in using a service with such a pricing policy are: issue, ticket payment and
validation. In the public transportation market, several types of tickets can be identified: single
journey tickets, singleoperator tickets, multi-journey tickets, weekly or monthly passes, group
tickets and special event tickets. Tickets can be delivered as paper tickets or electronically (e-
tickets), but paper-based tickets usually imply relatively high maintenance costs.

Operations Of The Proposed System

As soon as the bus arrives at the bus stop, the passenger would board the bus and show the tag to
the Conductor. Using android based NFC reader conductor will read the NFC tag. NFC card will
have a unique ID number. The card is rechargeable from certain bus depots placed at certain
locations of the city. The reader will accept the card if the card has required credit to travel that
distance. The reader will read the tag and acquire certain information from the passenger. According
to the source & destination the fare would be deducted from the NFC tag. After the whole day, the
individual bus reader will know how much amount has been transferred to the corresponding
account and also the information of passengers can be found in the main database. Thus better
monitoring and transparency can be provided by cross checking of all those information.

A. From The Conductor/Ticket Checker(TC) End:

• Conductor/TC must have downloaded an .apk file and installing that .apk file in his/ her NFC
supported android based device.
• Icon will be created, after clicking on the icon; Bus Ticketing application will be started.
• Conductor/TC can get the access to system by providing his/her username and password, then
conductor can perform tasks like scan NFC card, select source, destination & create ticket log.
Ticket checker scans NFC card and view ticket log. Each NFC card has unique passenger identifier

The main application is divided into two major modules:

1) Administrative Module (Web and Standalone based): This module will be a web and standalone
based system which will be responsible for issuing new bus passes, topups and complaints and
grieviances.
2) Android App Module : This module will have multiple role based login for commuters,
conductors, TC’s and Admin. From this app, commuters can buy ticket online from their wallet
money. The Conductor can tap the NFC card and issue tickets to passengers and check if they have
valid tickets or passes as well. TC can check the validity of passes and tickets.
References:
1) Alejo, E. R., Sevilla, J. M., Apuya, M. J., Villar, D. F., Ferens, K., & Eng, P. Implementation of an NFC-Based
Electronic Pass System.
2) Kayande, D., Saldanha, S., Sunny, S., & Alphonso, B. (2017, September). BUS-TAP: A NFC based travel
application. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering
(ICPCSI) (pp. 2929-2933). IEEE.
3) Dobson, B. (2008, June). NFC in Transport for London. In NFC Forum Spotlight on Transport and City Life.
Available at http://www. nfcforum. org/resources/presentations.