Sludge Treatment and Disposal

Y = decimal fraction of food converted to biomass;

mass
= maximum yield coefficien t,
mass
mg/L biomass produced
=
mg/L food utilized
rg
Y =−
rs
rg'
Y obs = − = observed yield coefficient
rs

Yobs = decimal fraction of food converted to net biomass

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge Treatment and Disposal………
The quantity and nature of sludge depends on the characteristics of the wastewater
and on the nature and efficiencies of the treatment process.
Quantity of primary sludge/solids

Wpst = Q TSSi PTSSR

Wpst = Primary sludge, kg/d

Q = Wastewater flow rate, m3/d
TSSi = Influent total suspended solids, kg/m3
PTSSR = TSS removal efficiency in PST, %

Quantity of secondary sludge/solids

Ws = Yobs (S-Se) Q

Ws = Secondary sludge, kg/d

Q = Wastewater flow rate, m3/d
S-Se = Influent and effluent BOD5, kg/m3

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge Treatment and Disposal………
Weight – Volume relationship of sludge

Sludge containing 2 % solids: By weight 2% dry solids and remaining 98 % water

5,000 mg/L MLSS. convert into % content

5,000 mg/L MLSS = 5 g MLSS in a jar filled up to 1L with water.

Assume specific gravity of water = 1; specific gravity of sludge = slightly more than 1

% solids content = 5 g in 1000 g total mass

= 5 x 100/1000 = 0.5 %
Approximate relationship (approximately valid up to 10 % solids)

V = M / 1000.Ps
V = Volume of sludge, m3
M = Mass of dry solids, kg
Ps = Solids content expressed as a decimal fraction
1000 = Density of water, kg/m

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge Treatment and Disposal………
Weight – Volume relationship of sludge

Ws Wf Wv
= +
Ss w S f w Sv  w

Ws = Weight of solids
S s = Specific gravity of solids
 w = Density of water
f & v represents fixed and volatile solids respectively

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference
substance. Or ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for
the same given volume. Unitless quantity.
Density = Mass / Volume
Specific gravity = density of a substance divided by the density of water.
Since water has a density of 1 gram/cm³ (at sea level, and 4°C)
specific gravity is usually very close to the same value as density (but without any units).

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge Treatment and Disposal………
If one-third of the solid matter in a sludge containing 90 % water is composed of fixed
mineral solids with specific gravity of 2.5 and two-thirds is composed of volatile
solids with specific gravity of 1.0 , determine the specific gravity of all solids and
specific gravity of sludge:

Deter min ation of soecific gravity of all solids 1 0.33 0.67

= +
Ws = 1 Ss 2.5 1
W fs = 0.33 S s = 1.25
Wvs = 0.67
S fs = 2.5
S vs = 1
S s = ??

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge Treatment and Disposal………

Deter min ation of specific gravity of sludge 1 0.1 0.9

= +
Wsl = 1 S sl 1.25 1
Ws = 0.1 S sl = 1.02
Ww = 0.9
S s = 1.25
Sw = 1
S sl = ??

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge Treatment and Disposal………
Weight – Volume relationship of sludge

Ms
Vsl =
 w S sl Ps

M s = Mass of dry solids

S sl = Specific gravity of sludge
 w = Specific weight of water / Density of water ,10 3 kg / m 3
Vsl = Volume of sludge, m 3
Ps = Percent solids exp ressed as a decimal fraction

For approximate calculations

V1 P2
=
V2 P1

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic Process
Anaerobic (Fermentation and oxidation) process are generally used for the treatment
of waste sludge and high-strength organic waste.

These days also be applicable for dilute waste stream.

Less biomass yield and possibility of energy recovery in the form of methane.

Can be operated in mesophilic (30 -350C) or thermophilic (50 - 600C) range.

Thermophilic anaerobic process can produce Class A biosolids. High pathogen kill.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic Digestion

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION - PROCESS MICROBIOLOGY AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Anaerobic Digestion: Three Steps Process

1. Hydrolysis 2. Acidogenesis 3. Methanogenesis

1. Organic acids: acetic,
1. Strict anaerobes
1. Conversion of big molecules propionic, butyric and other
into small molecules: short-chain fatty acids,
2. Form CH4 and CO2
Complex organics to higher alcohols, H2 and CO2.
organic acids.
3. Rate-limiting step
2. Both facultative and obligate
2. Both obligate and
anaerobes.
facultative in nature.
3. Fastest reaction.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic Digestion : Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of Important Organic Compounds

Sl. No. Organic matter Hydrolyzed form References

1 Lipid
2 Polysaccharide
3 Protein
4 Nucleic acid
5 Complex aromatic
compound
6 Starch
7 Cellulose
8 Hemicellulose
long- and short-chain fatty acid
Monosaccharide (simple sugars,
monomeric or dimeric)
Amino acid, small peptides,
ammonia and CO2
Purines and pyrimidine
Simple aromatic compound
Glucose
Glucose
monosaccharides such as glucose,
galactose, xylose, arabinose and
mannose
Metcalf and Eddy (1995); Parawira (2004)
Metcalf and Eddy (1995); Parawira (2004)
Metcalf and Eddy (1995); Parawira (2004)
Metcalf and Eddy (1995)
Metcalf and Eddy (1995)
Parawira (2004)
Parawira (2004)
Elefsiniotis and Oldham (1994)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic Digestion – continued…

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION - PROCESS MICROBIOLOGY AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY…

Organic Waste
(COD 100%)

15 % 65 % butyric and other

short-chain fatty
acids, alcohols,
H2 and CO2
20 %

Propionic Other
acid 15 % intermediates

17 % 35 %
Acetic acid
15 %
72 %
13 %

CH4

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Stoichiometry of Anaerobic Fermentation and Oxidation

A limited number of substrates are used by the methanogenic organism and reactions
defined as CO2 and methyl group type reactions are shown as follows involving the
oxidation of hydrogen, formic acid, carbon monoxide, methanol, methylamine, and
acetate, respectively:

4H2 + CO2 → CH4 +2H2O

4HCOO- + 4H+ → CH4 + 3CO2 + 2H2O

4CO + 2H2O → CH4 + 3CO2

4CH3OH → 3CH4 + CO2 + 2H2O

4(CH3)3N + H2O → 9CH4 + 3CO2 + 6H2O + 4NH3

CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Prediction of Methane Gas Production

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

The COD per mole of methane = 2(32 g O2/mole) = 64 g O2/mole CH4

Volume of methane per mole at standard conditions (00C and 1 atm) = 22.414 L

CH4 equivalent of COD converted under anaerobic conditions = 22.414/64

= 0.35 L CH4/ g COD

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Prediction of Methane Gas Production…

n RT
V =
P
V = Volume occupied by the gas, L
n = moles of gas, mole
R = universal gas law constant, 0.08257 atm.L/mole.K
T = temperature, K (273.15 + 0C)
P = absolute pressure, atm

Volume occupied by one mole of CH4 at 35 0C

(1 mole ) (0.08257 atm.L/mole.K) [(273.15 + 35 0 C)T

V = = 25.29 L
1 atm

Thus Volume of CH4 produced at 35 0C per g COD removed = 25.29 L/64

= 0.40 L/ g COD

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Prediction of Methane Gas Production…
Buswell and Boruff (1932) and Sykes (2000)

CVHWOXNYSZ + (V- W/4 + X/2 + 3Y/4 + Z/2) H2O ——>

(V/2 + W/8 + X/4 + 3Y/8 +Z/4) CH4

+ (V/2 - W/8 + X/4 + 3Y/8 +Z/4) CO2

+ Y NH3 + Z H2S

Thus Volume of CH4 produced at 35 0C per g COD removed = 25.29 L/64

= 0.40 L/ g COD

C10H19O3N + 7.5 H2O ——> 8.5 CH4 + 3.75 CO2 + NH3

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Prediction of Methane Gas Production…

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Prediction of Methane Gas Production…

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge Digestion
Sludge digestion can be done employing anaerobic as well as aerobic process.

Digestion: Conversion of solids to non-cellular end products.

Sludge digestion serves the both: (i) reduction in volume, and (ii) conversion of
solids into relatively inert and pathogen free material.

Type of digester Sludge digestion serves the both: (i) reduction in volume, and (ii)
conversion of solids into relatively inert and pathogen free material.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion
Sludge Digester

Standard Rate Digester

High Rate Digester
Two stage Digester

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion
Sludge Digester

Standard Rate Digester High Rate Digester

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion
Sludge Digester
Two stage Digester

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge thickener

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge thickener

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge thickener

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Sludge thickener

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Anaerobic digestion

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

 Self study

1. Hydraulic Design of Sewer

Self cleansing velocity, Maxm and Minm Velocity generated in sewers,
Solved Example 4.1 to 4.9

2. Septic Tank
With design numerical.
Imhoff tank

3. Introduction to municipal solid waste

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA

Thanks
 NATIONAL RIVER ACTION PLAN

River No. of Towns River No. of Towns

Ganga 74 Brahmini 3
Yamuna 21 Chambal 3
Damodar 12 Gomti 3
Godavari 6 Krishna 2
Cauvery 9 Sabarmati 1
Tungabhadra 4 Khan 1
Satluj 4 Kshipra 1
Subarnrekha 3 Tapi 1
Betwa 3 Narmada 1`
Wainganga 3 Mahanadi 1
Grand Total 156

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NIT PATNA