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4.1 RECTANGULAR BEAMS WITH TENSION AND COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT

― It has been found that the inclusion of

some compression steel will reduce
the long-term deflections of members
― bars will be placed in the
compression zone for minimum
moment loading or as stirrup support
bars continuous throughout the beam
span

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1.4.1 Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress

𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 < 𝝆
― The total resisting moment can be thought of as the sum of two parts.
― M n 1 , is provided by the couple consisting of the force in the compression steel A′s and the force in an equal area of
tension steel
― The second part, Mn2 , is the contribution of the remaining tension steel As - A′s acting with the compression
concrete.

𝑨𝒔 ,

𝑨𝒔

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1.4.1 Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈;

𝑪 = 𝑻, 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 "𝐚"

𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 = (𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔′ )(𝒇𝒚)

(𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔′ )(𝒇𝒚)

𝒂=
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ (𝒃)

𝒂
𝑴𝒏𝟏 = 𝑨𝒔 ′ 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ ) 𝑴𝒏𝟐 = (𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔 ′ )𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − )
𝟐

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4.1 Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress

― For 𝜺𝒕 between 0.005 and 0.004, ϕ must be adjusted

― For 𝜺𝒕 ≥ 0.005, ϕ=0.90 ( Tension Control)
― By setting the tensile steel strain (𝜺𝒕 ) equal to (𝜺𝒚 ) to establish the location of the
neutral axis for the failure condition and the compressive steel to be at the yield stress at
failure)

➢ For balanced reinforcement ratio for a doubly reinforced beam is;

𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆 𝒃 + 𝝆′
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆;
𝝆𝒃 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

➢ The minimum tensile reinforcement ratio is

𝜺𝒕 = 𝜺𝒚 𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒅′ 𝜺𝒖
𝝆𝒄𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝜷𝟏 ( ) + 𝝆′
𝒇𝒚 𝒅 𝜺𝒖 − 𝜺𝒚
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4.1 Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress

Note: 𝜌𝑐𝑦 < 𝜌, then 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦 yielding of the compression steel at failure and

➢ Nominal Moment, Mn is;

𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔 ′ 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − + 𝑨′𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
𝟐

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑪 = 𝑻, 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 "𝐚"
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 = (𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔′ )(𝒇𝒚)
(𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔′ )(𝒇𝒚)
𝒂=
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ (𝒃)

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4.1 Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress

Note: Tension and Compression Bar Yields, when;

𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 > 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒄𝒚 , or

𝝆𝒃 > 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒄𝒚

For the maximum reinforcement ratio,

𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝝆′

For the balance reinforcement ratio,

𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆′

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4.2 COMPRESSION STEEL BELOW YEILD STRESS

Note: 𝜌𝑐𝑦 > 𝜌, then 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓𝑦 , compression area must be increases to provide the needed force.
➢ Nominal Moment, Mn is;

𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′ (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
𝟐

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔′ (
𝒇𝒔′
) ( (𝒇𝒚) 𝒇𝒔 ′
𝒂=
𝒇𝒚
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑪
𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆′
′
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 (𝒃) 𝒇𝒚

𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔 ′ = 𝜺𝒖 𝑬𝒔 ( ) 𝒇𝒔 ′
𝒄 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝝆′
𝒇𝒚

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4.2 COMPRESSION STEEL BELOW YEILD STRESS

Note: Tension and Compression Bar Yields, when;

𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 > 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒄𝒚 ,or

𝝆𝒃𝒂𝒍 > 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒄𝒚

For the maximum reinforcement ratio,

𝒇𝒔 ′
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝝆′
𝒇𝒚

For the balance reinforcement ratio,

𝒇𝒔 ′
𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆′
𝒇𝒚

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4.3 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

1- Calculate the maximum moment that can be resisted by the under-reinforced section with 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
or 𝝆𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 to ensure that ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎. The corresponding tensile steel area is 𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅 , and as usual,

𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 −
𝟐
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
𝒂= , 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑻 = 𝑪
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒃
2- Find the excess moment, if any that must be resisted, and set 𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝒏 as calculated in step I,

𝑴𝒖
𝑴𝟏 = − 𝑴𝟐
∅

Note: 𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒃𝒅 from step I, is defined as 𝑨𝒔𝟐 , that part of the tension steel in the doubly reinforced
beam that works with the compression force in concrete. 𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔 ′ = 𝑨𝒔𝟐

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4.3 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

3- Tentatively, assume that fs= fy, then;

𝑴𝟏
𝑨𝒔 ′ =
𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )

4- Add an additional amount of tensile steel 𝑨𝒔𝟏 = 𝑨𝒔 ′ thus the total tensile steel area 𝑨𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔𝟏 + 𝑨𝒔𝟐 (𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝟐)

5- Analyze the doubly reinforced beam to see if, 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 , that is check the tensile reinforcement 𝝆 against 𝝆𝒄𝒚 .

Note: 𝜌𝑐𝑦 < 𝜌, then 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦 to ensure yielding of the compression steel at failure and

𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔 ′ 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − + 𝑨′𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
𝟐

Note: 𝜌𝑐𝑦 > 𝜌, then 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓𝑦 , compression area must be increases to provide the needed force.

𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′ (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
𝟐

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4.3 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

6- If 𝝆𝒄𝒚 > 𝝆, then 𝒇′𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 , and the compression area must be increases to provide the
needed force. This can be done as follows. The stress block depth is found from the requirement
of horizontal equilibrium
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝒇𝒔′
𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔′ ( ) ( (𝒇𝒚)
𝒇𝒚
𝒂= = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑪
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ (𝒃)

𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔 ′ = 𝜺𝒖 𝑬𝒔 ( )
𝒄
The revised compression steel area, acting at 𝑓𝑠 , , must be provide the same force as trial steel area
that was assumed to act at fy, therefore;

𝒇𝒚
𝑨𝒔 ′ 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝑨𝒔 ′ 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝒇𝒔 ′

Note: The tensile steel area need not be revised, because it acts at fy as assumed.

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