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AL-SAYYED ACADEMY CHOUDHARY COLONY, JHANG

GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
DEVELOPMENT IN CHICK
Junaid ur Rehman
9/11/2019

ABSTRACT:
Embryology is the study of growth and differentiation undergone by an organism in the course of its
development from a single fertilized egg into a complex and independent living being like his parents.
Development is an ordered sequence of irreversible steps that includes gamete formation, fertilization,
cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, and growth. Each step sets up necessary conditions for the next
one to ensure continuity of developmental steps.
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Table of Contents
Title page……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1

1) Introduction....................................................................................................................... 2
Chick egg……………………………………………………………………………………………………2
Stages of development………………………………………………………………………………2
2) Fertilization anincubation……………………………………………………………………….……………………2
3) Cleavage……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
4) Morula…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………...2
5) Blastula…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
6) Gastrulation………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..2,3 1) Fertilization and incubation:
Notochord and mesoderm formation…………………………………………………………..3
After fertilization, necessary coverings are secreted by the
A) Formation of primitive streak………………….3
female reproductive gland. After the egg laid, the development ceases unless the temperature is kept nearly up
B) Formation of notochord…………………………..3
to the body temperature of the mother. The temperature required for incubation is about 36-38°c. This
C) Formation of primitive gut……………………….3 temperature is provided by the mother or artificially by an incubator.
D) Formation of somites and coelom……………3
At this temperature development of chick egg starts and egg hatches at the very 21st day.
7) Nurulation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..3,4
2) CLEAVAGE
After fertilization, the egg undergoes a series of mitotic divisions known as cleavage. In birds, the
All the animals are related to one another through evolutionary history. So, the fundamental process of
cleavage is confined to a small disc of protoplasm laying on the surface of yolk (blastodisc) and is
development is basically related to all vertebrates. We selected chick to understand the basic scheme of
known as discoidal cleavage. There are two cytoplasmic regions in the blastodisc. In the clear one
development because:
cleavage starts. The first two cleavages are vertical and the third is horizontally parallel to the surface.
a) They are easily available. Then, the cleavages are irregular and no. of cells increases.
b) They can be easily handled in the lab.
c) The steps can be observed through a naked eye. 3) MORULA(l. murum, mulberry)
There are various steps in the development of the chick. Following are 6 steps common to all vertebrates: As a result of cleavages, a rounded, closely packed mass of cells is formed known as the morula. Laying close to
1) Fertilization and incubation the yolk, it is two or more cells thick. In the center, cells are smaller and completely defined. At the periphery,
2) Cleavage cells are flattened and larger.
3) Morula
4) BLASTULA(G. Blastos, sprout)
4) Blastula
5) Gastrulation Morula is just a mass of cells. The discoidal cap of the cell above the blastocoels is known as blastoderm. That
6) Neurulation hollow space between blastoderm and the yolk is known as blastocoele. One can identify this stage by
blastocoele.
CHICK EGG:
The marginal cells that are not fully separated from the yolk and are attached to
chick egg is a fertilized ovum. Fertilization of ovum takes place in the oviduct of the hen. Following is the it are known as the zone of the junction.
structure of chick egg:
5) GASTRULATION(G. gastr-, gastḗ, "belly, stomach")
During gastrulation, germ-layers are formed.
Blastoderm split into two layers:
1) Epiblast
The upper layer of cells is called epiblast. Epiblast is presumptive ectoderm and
mesoderm.
2) Hypoblast
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DEVELOPMENT IN CHICK
The lower layer of cells is called hypoblast. Hypoblast is presumptive endoderm
because hypoblast grows outward over the surface of yolk and then downward
around it to form the endodermal lining of the yolk.
At the time of the formation of epiblast and hypoblast, central cells of blastoderm can be separated from the
yolk. A pool of fluid is developed under central cells, raising them off and giving the area a translucent
appearance. This area is known as the area of pellucida (pellūcidus, transparent). While the peripheral part that is
unseparated from the yolk is the white area that transmits the light. This area is known as the area of opaca
(opaca, meaning "opaque", "not shining").
NOTOCHORD AND MESODERM FORMATION:
A) Formation of primitive streak:
Mesodermal cells move medially and caudally from both sides creating
a midline thickening known as a primitive streak. Primitive streak continuously grows lengthwise as
more and more presumptive mesodermal cells continue to migrate in the middle.
At the anterior end, there is an aggregation of cells known as a
primitive node or notochordal cells. Between the epiblast and the hypoblast, cells continue to migrate
and primitive groove is formed along the whole length of the primitive streak. Thickened margins of the
primitive groove are known as primitive ridges.
At the cephalic end of the primitive groove, closely packed cells
form thickened margins[special invagination] known as Henson's node.
B) Formation of notochord:
After the formation of the primitive streak and establishment of endoderm,
mesodermal begin to push in from the region of Henson's node to form the rod-like notochord beneath
the ectoderm. After 18 hours in a chick, embryo notochord is a prominent structure.
C) Formation of the primitive gut:
After the formation of the notochord, the ectoderm becomes organized
into a coherent layer of cells merging its periphery with the yolk. At the marginal area, germ layers
merge with the underlying yolk and are known as germ wall.
The cavity between yolk and endoderm previously known as gastrocoele is now called a primitive gut.
D) Formation of somites and coelom:
From Henson’s node, the dorsal mesoderm is formed and is organized into
somites. Somites can be seen in 25-26 hours embryo.
Lateral mesoderm is seplitted into two layers [somatic (“soma” means
“body”) mesoderm and splanchnic (“saplankhna” means entrails or visceral organs”) mesoderm] with a
cavity between them this cavity is known as a coelom.
6) NEURULTION:
On the dorsal surface of the gastrula, presumptive neural ectoderm
is present over the notochord. With the elongation of gastrula the band thickens to
form a neural plate.
After 18 hours:
The neural plate is a flat, thickened area of ectoderm.
After 21-22 hours:
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DEVELOPMENT IN CHICK

Longitudinal folding has occurred establishing the neural groove in

the mid-dorsal line on either side of the neural groove.
After 24 hours:
Folding of the neural plate is clearly visible. Embryo at this stage is
known as neurula and this process is known as neurulation.

Formation of neurocoel and central nervous system:

The anterior end of the neural groove is widest and will form future
brain while the rest o part will form future spinal cord.
At this time neural plate sinks, as neural groove grows outward fuse at the mid-dorsal
line and neural tube is formed. With the formation of the neural tube, there is
formation of the central nervous system.
At both ends of the tube, there are pores that later on close to form a cavity known
as neurocoele.