Appendix A

The Eighteen Points

Given to Justify
Amin's Coup

General and Administrative Order No. 2 (GAO 2/1971)

Taking-over of the Government by Members of the Uganda Anned

Forces
As everyone in the Uganda Armed Forces knows very well that the Uganda
Armed Forces took over Government from Civil power on the 25th day of
January 1971, it is hereby notified for general information that the text of the
statement made to the Nation by the Uganda Armed Forces on that day
is as follows:

It has been necessary to take action to save a bad situation from getting
worse. We give here below examples of matters that have left the people
angry, worried, and very unhappy.

I. The unwarranted detention without trial and for long periods of a large
number of people, many of whom are totally innocent of any
charges.
2. The continuation of a state of emergency over the whole country for an
indefinite period, which is meaningless to everybody.
3. The lack of freedom in the airing of different views on political and
social matters.
4. The frequent loss of life and property arising from almost daily cases of
robbery with violence and kondoism [robbery with violence] without
strong measures being taken to stop them. The people feel totally
insecure and yet kondoism increases every day.
5. The proposals for National Service which will take every able bodied
person from his home to work in a camp for two years could only lead to
more robbery and general crime when homes are abandoned.
6. Widespread corruption in high places, especially among Ministers and
top civil servants has left the people with very little confidence, if any, in
the Government. Most Ministers own fleets of cars or buses, many big
houses and sometimes even aeroplanes.

182
 Appendix A: Points to Justify Am in's Coup 183

7. The failure by the political authorities to organize any elections for the
last eight years whereby the people's free will could be expressed. It
should be noted that the last elections within the ruling party were
dominated by big fellows with lots of money which they used to bribe
their way into 'winning' the elections. This bribery, together with threats
against the people, entirely falsified the results of the so-called elections.
Proposed new methods of election requiring a candidate to stand in four
constituencies will only favour the rich and well-known.

FOOD
8. Economic policies have left many people unemployed and even more
insecure and lacking in the basic needs of life - like food, clothing,
medicine and shelter.
9. High taxes have left the common man of this country poorer than ever
before. Here are some of the taxes which the common man has to
bear:
Development Tax,
Graduated Tax,
Sales Tax,
Social Security Fund Tax.
The big men can always escape these taxes or pass them on to the
common man.
10. The prices which the common man gets for his crops like cotton and
coffee have not gone up and sometimes they have gone down, whereas
the cost of food, education, etc., have always gone up.
11. Tendency to isolate the country from East African unity, e.g. by sending
away workers from Kenya and Tanzania, by preventing the. use of
Uganda money in Kenya and Tanzania, by discouraging imports from
Kenya and Tanzania, by stopping the use in Uganda of Kenyan or Tan-
zanian money.
12. The creation of a wealthy class of leaders who are always talking of
socialism while they grow richer and the common man poorer.
13. In addition, the Defence Council of which the President is Chairman,
has not met since July, 1969, and this has made administration of the
Armed Forces very difficult. As a result Armed Forces personnel lack
accommodation, vehicles, and equipment. Also general recruitment
submitted to the Chairman of the Defence Council a long time ago has
not been put into effect.
14. The Cabinet Office, by training large numbers of people (largely from
the Akokoro County in Lango District where Obote and Akena Adoko,
the Chief General Service Officer, come from) in armed warfare, has
been turned into a second army. Uganda therefore has had two armies,
one in the Cabinet, the other Regular.
15. The Lango development master plan written in 1967 decided that all key
positions in Uganda's political, commercial, army and industrial life
have to be occupied and controlled by people from Akokoro County,
Lango District. Also the same master plan decided that nothing of
importance must be done for other districts especially Acholi District.
184 Appendix A: Points to Justify Am in's Coup

Emphasis was put on development of Akokoro County in Lango

District at the expense of other areas of Uganda.
16. Obote, on the advice of Akena Adoko, has sought to divide the Uganda
Armed Forces and the rest of Uganda by picking out his own tribesmen
and putting them in key positions in the Army and elsewhere. Examples:
Uganda Meat Packers, the Public Service Commission, Nyanza Textiles
and a Russian textile factory to be situated in Lango.
17. From the time Obote took over power in 1962 his greatest and most loyal
supporter has been the Army. The Army has always tried to be an
example to the whole of Africa by not taking over the Government and
we have always followed that principle. It is therefore now a shock to us
to see that Obote wants to divide and downgrade the Army by turning
the Cabinet Office into another army. In doing this, Obote and Akena
Adoko have bribed and used some senior officers who have turned
against their fellow soldiers.
18. We all want only unit[y] in Uganda and we do not want bloodshed.
Everybody in Uganda knows that. The matters mentioned above appear
to us to lead to bloodshed only.

For the reasons given above we men ofthe Uganda Armed Forces have this
day decided to take over power from Obote and hand it to our fellow soldier,
Major-General Idi Amin Dada, and we hereby entrust him to lead this our
beloved country of Uganda to peace and goodwill among all.
We call upon everybody and all Government departments in Uganda to
continue with their work in the normal way.
We warn foreign governments not to interfere in Uganda's internal affairs.
Any such interference will be crushed with great force, because we are
ready.
We are firm believers in the unity of East Africa and of Africa in general
and we shall cement our friendship with neighbouring and all African countries
and the world at large more than ever before.
For the moment a curfew is necessary and will be observed by everybody
between 7pm and 6.30am from now on and every day until further
notice.
Power is now handed over to our fellow soldier, Major-General Idi Amin
Dada, and you must await his statement which will come in due course.
Appendix B
Uganda, Production of
Major Crops (1970-82) 1
Export crops
Co.ffe; -Robusta -Arabica Cotton Tobacco Tea Sugar
(lint) 2 (raw)
1970 201.5 187.4 14.1 86.4 3.4 18.2 144.0
1971 175.7 159.5 16.2 76.3 4.4 18.0 141.3
1972 183.7 162.7 20.8 76.0 5.0 23.4 121.4
1973 212.6 196.2 16.4 79.4 3.9 22.0 68.6
1974 199.1 182.0 17.1 50.0 3.2 22.0 40.5
1975 199.0 182.0 17.0 31.9 4.0 18.4 23.9
1976 137.1 123.1 14.0 24.7 3.7 15.4 18.2
1977 155.9 151.5 4.3 13.8 2.5 15.2 11.4
1978 121.3 119.0 2.3 20.2 1.4 11.0 7.9
1979 103.0 98.3 4.7 6.0 0.8 1.8 5.3
1980 135.5 130.4 5.1 4.0 0.4 1.5 2.4
1981 97.5 93.0 4.5 4.8 0.1 1.5 3.0
1982 166.6 152.3 14.3 5.1 0.6 2.4 2.5

Food crops
Plantain Cassava Maize Sorghum Beans Ground- Finger Sweet
nuts millet potatoes
1970 7657 2578 388 462 281 244 783 1570
1971 7557 2417 421 348 222 251 650 1425
1972 7634 2650 500 419 237 234 574 1224
1973 8126 2132 419 389 170 212 643 1232
1974 8879 2350 430 345 196 200 591 1786
1975 9106 2992 570 467 325 194 682 1953
1976 8137 2838 674 390 337 177 576 2002
1977 8531 2993 566 344 253 193 578 1658
1978 8844 2028 594 350 291 187 561 1688
1979 6090 2110 353 316 182 80 481 1272
1980 5699 2072 286 299 186 65 458 1200
1981 5900 3000 342 320 480 1300
1982 6600 3300 393 400 528 1600

Source: Uganda Commercial Bank, 1983, taken from 'Background to the

Budget 1982-3'.
The figures for food crops are estimates of total production, while the
figures for export crops are of official purchase only.
2
Figures are for crop year ending in September of the year shown.

185
Appendix C
The Nairobi
Peace Accord (1985)
THE UGANDA PEACE TALKS AGREEMENT FOR THE
RESTORATION OF PEACE TO THE SOVEREIGN STATE OF
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

THIS AGREEMENT IS MADE PURSUANT TO THE PEACE TALKS

HELD IN NAIROBI, KENYA DURING THE PERIOD 26TH AUGUST, 1985
TO 17TH DECEMBER, 1985 UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF HIS
EXCELLENCY DANIEL TOROITICH ARAP MOl, PRESIDENT AND
COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF
KENYA, BETWEEN THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA WHICH
ASSUMED POWER IN UGANDA FOLLOWING THE OUSTER OF THE
FORMER GOVERNMENT OF THAT COUNTRY ON THE 27TH OF JULY 1985
(HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS 'THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT) AND
THE NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT.

WE,

THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND THE NATIONAL RESISTANCE

MOVEMENT, THE PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT

APPRECIATING THE OFFER BY HIS EXCELLENCY PRESIDENT DANIEL

TOROITICH ARAP MOl AND THE BROTHERLY PEOPLE OF THE REPUBLIC
OF KENYA TO CONVENE, HOST AND CHAIR OUR TALKS AND SEARCH
FOR PEACE IN OUR BELOVED UGANDA

RECALLING THE DESIRE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE SOVEREIGN STATE

OF UGANDA AT INDEPENDENCE ON THE 9TH OF OCTOBER 1962 TO
EXERCISE FULLY THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION AS ONE NATION
WITHIN THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION,

MINDFUL OF THE DETERMINATION PROCLAIMED BY THE PEOPLE

OF THE WORLD IN THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS TO

186
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 187

REAFFIRM FAITH IN FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS, IN THE DIGNITY

AND WORTH OF THE HUMAN PERSON, IN THE EQUAL RIGHTS OF ALL
MEN AND WOMEN OF ALL NATIONS, AND TO PROMOTE SOCIAL
PROGRESS AND FREEDOM, WHICH DETERMINATION WAS RESTATED
AND SUBSCRIBED TO BY THE SOVEREIGN STATE OF UGANDA IN
THE CHARTER OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY BUT MORE
PARTICULARLY IN THE BILL OF RIGHTS CONTAINED IN THE INDE-
PENDENCE CONSTITUTION OF UGANDA AND THE SUCCESSIVE CON-
STITUTIONS OF UGANDA,

AWARE OF THE ENDLESS CONFLICTS RESULTING FROM THE DENIAL

OF, OR IMPEDIMENTS IN THE WAY OF, FREEDOM AND PEACE FOR THE
CITIZENS OF AND PEOPLE IN UGANDA BY SUCCESSIVE GOVERNMENTS,
WHICH CONFLICTS HAVE DESTROYED PEACE AND STABILITY, ERODED
NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND
THREATENED THE SOVEREIGNTY AND INTEGRAL STATUS OF OUR
COUNTRY SO DEARLY CHERISHED BY US AND ALL UGANDANS
EVERYWHERE,

CONSCIOUS OF THE NEED FOR THE CREATION OF CONDITIONS OF

STABILITY AND WELL-BEING AND PEACE BASED ON RESPECT OF
INDIVIDUAL PERSONS AND OF THE NEED FOR RESPECT FOR, AND
OBSERVANCE OF, HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
FOR ALL PERSONS IN UGANDA WITHOUT DISTINCTION AS TO RACE,
SEX, PLACE OF ORIGIN, POLITICAL OPINIONS, COLOUR, CREED OR
LANGUAGE,

RECOGNIZING THE PASSIONATE YEARNING FOR PEACE AND

FREEDOM FOR ALL CITIZENS OF UGANDA EVERYWHERE AND OTHER
PEOPLES LMNG IN UGANDA, A YEARNING SHARED BY ALL NATIONS
AND PEOPLES OF GOODWILL TOWARDS UGANDA, AND THE DECISIVE
POSITIVE ROLE THAT SUCH CITIZENS, NATIONS AND PEOPLES CAN
PLAY IN THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF
UGANDA IN TIMES OF PEACE,

CONVINCED THAT ANY CONTINUATION OF ARMED CONFLICT, DIC-

TATORIAL RULE, DENIAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL
FREEDOMS PREVENT DEVELOPMENT IN UGANDA AS WELL AS POSITIVE
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITH FRIENDLY AND BROTHERLY
NATIONS AND OTHER BODIES AND MILITATES AGAINST THE IDEAL
PEACE,
188 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) ·

CONVINCED THAT UGANDA HAS AN INALIENABLE RIGHT TO PEACE

AND COMPLETE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND IN THAT
REGARD MUST EXERCISE THE RIGHT OF SELF-DETERMINATION AS A
SOVEREIGN STATE AND INTEGRAL NATIONAL TERRITORY WHOSE
BOUNDARIES WERE MORE PARTICULARLY DELINEATED AND
DESCRIBED IN SCHEDULE 1 TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC
OF UGANDA OF 1967,

WELCOMING THE COMMITMENT TO AND PARTICIPATION IN THE

SEARCH FOR PEACE IN UGANDA BY OUR BROTHERLY NEIGHBOURS
THE PEOPLES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND THE UNITED REPUBLIC
OF TANZANIA AND RECOGNIZING THAT INSTABILITY IN ANY ONE OF
OUR NATIONS IS A THREAT TO THE PEACE AND STABILITY OF THE
WHOLE EAST AFRICAN REGION,

BELIEVING THAT THE PROCESS OF RESTORATION OF PEACE, STABILITY

AND DEMOCRATIC RULE AND GOVERNMENT IS NOW IRRESISTIBLE
AND IRREVERSIBLE AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE SPIRIT OF MUTUAL
COOPERATION, TRUST AND FRANKNESS BETWEEN THE PARTIES AT THE
PEACE TALKS; AND IN SO BELIEVING DESIRING A FORMULA TO
TERMINATE THE PROBLEMS THAT HAVE FOR SO LONG BEDEVILLED
AND MANACLED UGANDA SUCH AS DICTATORIAL RULE AND ALL
PRACTICES OF DENIAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL
FREEDOMS, DISCRIMINATION AND MASSACRE ASSOCIATED WITH
SUCH RULE,

NOW DO SOLEMNLY PROCLAIM FOR AND IN THE NAME OF

UGANDA THE URGENT NECESSITY-

(1) OF BRINGING TO A MOST SPEEDY END DICTATORSHIP IN ALL

ITS FORMS AND MANIFESTATIONS, ARMED CONFLICT AND
DENIAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS:

(2) OF RESTORING PEACE, SECURITY, LAW AND ORDER THROUGH-

OUT THE COUNTRY THROUGH RECONSTRUCTION OF THE
COUNTRY'S ECONOMY, RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE
ADMINISTRATION BOTH IN CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERN-
MENT, INITIATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MILITARY
REFORMS DESIGNED TO ENSURE BALANCED, DISCIPLINED
AND NATIONAL ARMED FORCES AND SECURITY SERVICES;
AND
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 189

(3) OF LAYING THE GROUNDWORK FOR THE PREPARATION AND

DRAFTING OF A POPULAR CONSTITUTION WHICH WILL BE THE
SUPREME LAW OF UGANDA, WHICH CONSTITUTION SHALL BE
PROMULGATED BY A POPULARLY ELECTED PARLIAMENT/
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN DUE COURSE, AND ENSURING THE
SPEEDY RETURN TO DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT THROUGH
FREE AND FAIR GENERAL ELECTIONS WITHIN THE FRAME-
WORK OF SUCH A CONSTITUTION.

AND TO THIS END

DECLARE AND AGREE THAT:-

CEASEFIRE

ARTICLE 1 - CEASEFIRE TERMS

AFTER THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT THERE SHALL BE A

CEASEFIRE ON THE FOLLOWING TERMS:

(A) WITH EFFECT FROM 0920 HOURS ON THE 17TH DAY OF DECEMBER
1985 THERE WILL BE COMPLETE AND IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF
HOSTILITIES. THE COMMANDERS OF THE VARIOUS COMBATANT
FORCES SHALL ISSUE INSTRUCTIONS TO THE FORCES UNDER
THEIR COMMAND TO ENSURE THAT WITHIN 48 HOURS OF THE
SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT ALL FIGHTING EVERYWHERE IN
UGANDA SHALL CEASE.

(B) THERE SHALL BE IMMEDIATE CESSATION OF RECRUITMENT INTO

OR FORMATION OF ANY COMBATANT FORCE OTHER THAN THE
NATIONAL FORCE AND THE NATIONAL ARMY TO BE FORMED BY
THE MILITARY COUNCIL PURSUANT TO ARTICLES 7 AND 8 OF
THIS AGREEMENT.

(C) ALL ROADS IN THE COUNTRY SHALL BE OPENED AND MADE SAFE
FOR CIVILIAN AND COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC TO OPERATE
NORMALLY.

(D) ALL HOSTILE PROPAGANDA SHALL CEASE IMMEDIATELY.

190 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(E) WITH EFFECT FROM THE DATE OF SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT,

ALL PARTIES SHALL FORTHWITH STOP THE ACQUISITION AND
PROCUREMENT OF ARMS, AMMUNITIONS AND ANY OTHER
MILITARY HARDWARE.

(F) NO SOLDIER OR ANY OTHER PERSONNEL UNDER THE COMMAND

OR CONTROL OF ANY OF THE COMBATANT FORCES SHALL
ENGAGE IN ANY CRIMINAL ACTS OR OTHER ACTS THAT VIOLATE
HUMAN RIGHTS.

(G) ALL MEMBERS OF THE SECURITY FORCES OR ANY OF THE OTHER

COMBATANT FORCES WHO HAVE VIOLATED HUMAN RIGHTS
SINCE THE 27TH JULY, 1985 SHALL BE IMMEDIATELY PUNISHED
AND DISCIPLINING OF MEMBERS OF SUCH FORCES SHALL
BECOME A ROUTINE PRACTICE AND PART OF THE OPERATIONAL
CODE OF CONDUCT. NOTHING IN THIS PARAGRAPH SHALL BE
INTERPRETED TO MEAN THAT ANY PERSON WHO MAY HAVE
COMMITTED SIMILAR ACTS PRIOR TO JULY 27, 1985 IS EXON-
ERATED.

(H) ALL POLITICAL DETAINEES WHO ARE KNOWN TO BE MEMBERS

OF THE NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT SHALL BE IM-
MEDIATELY RELEASED.

(I) ARRANGEMENTS SHALL BE MADE TO PROVIDE NON-MILITARY

SUPPLIES TO THE COMBATANT FORCES BEHIND CEASEFIRE LINES
AND NEUTRAL AGENTS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THIS EXERCISE;
AND WITHOUT PREJU[DI]CE TO THE GENERALITY OF THE FORE-
GOING THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE GENEVA CONVEN-
TION ON THE AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF WOUNDED
AND SICK IN THE ARMED FORCES IN THE FIELD DATED THE 12TH
AUGUST 1949 SET OUT IN ANNEXTURE 'D' TO THIS AGREEMENT
SHALL APPLY.

(J) ALL COMBATANT FORCES SHALL NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTAN-

CES WHATSOEVER MOBILISE OR DEPLOY THEIR TROOPS WITHOUT
FIRST OBTAINING AUTHORITY OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL AND
INFORMING THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE.

(K) THE PARTIES TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL ESTABLISH, ON BEHALF

OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL, A COMMITTEE TO BE KNOWN AS THE
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 191

CEASEFIRE COMMITIEE CONSISTING OF REPRESENTATIVES

OF THE FORCES REPRESENTED ON THE COUNCIL AND THE
MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE FOR THE PURPOSE OF IMPLE-
MENTING THE TERMS OF THE CEASEFIRE.

THE MILITARY COUNCIL

ARTICLE 2 - THE MILITARY COUNCIL

(1) THERE SHALL BE A MILITARY COUNCIL WHICH SHALL BE THE

SUPREME ORGAN OF GOVERNMENT IN UGANDA AND WHICH
SHALL UPON THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT, BE COMPOSED
OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COMBATANT FORCES AND THE
HEAD OF STATE AS FOLLOWS:-

(A) HEAD OF STATE/CHAIRMAN, MILITARY COUNCIL 1

(B) UGANDA NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (UNLA) 7
(C) NATIONAL RESISTANCE ARMY (NRA) 7
(D) UGANDA FREEDOM MOVEMENT (UFM) 1
(E) FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT (FED EMU) 2
(F) FORMER UGANDA NATIONAL ARMY (FUNA) 1
(G) UGANDA NATIONAL RESCUE FRONT (UNRF) 1

TOTAL 20

(2) ALL THE COMBATANT FORCES SHALL NOMINATE THEIR

REPRESENTATIVES TO BE APPOINTED TO THE MILITARY COUNCIL
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AGREED NUMBERS AND THE HEAD
OF STATE AND CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL
SIGN THE INSTRUMENTS OF APPOINTMENT. ALL REPRESEN-
TATIVES OF THE COMBATANT FORCES WHO ARE APPOINTED
TO THE COUNCIL SHALL TAKE THE PRESCRIBED OATH OF
ALLEGIANCE.

(3) THE POLITICAL PARTIES THAT TOOK PART IN THE 1980 GENERAL
ELECTIONS MAY BE REPRESENTED ON THE MILITARY COUNCIL
BUT THE MODE OF THEIR REPRESENTATION SHALL BE DECIDED
UPON BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL AFTER DUE CONSULTATION
WITH THE POLIDCAL PARTIES CONCERNED AND IN ACCORD-
ANCE WITH ARTICLE 5(1) (I).
192 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

ARTICLE 3- CHAIRMAN AND VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY

COUNCIL

(1) THERE SHALL BE A CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL WHO

SHALL ALSO BE THE HEAD OF STATE OF UGANDA

(2) THE CHAIRMAN SHALLPRESIDEAT ALLMEETINGSAND SESSIONS

OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(3) THERE SHALL ALSO BE A VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY

COUNCIL WHO SHALL IN ALL RESPECTS RANK SECOND ONLY TO
THE CHAIRMAN/HEAD OF STATE AND WHO SHALL, SUBJECT TO
PARAGRAPH (6) OF THIS ARTICLE, IN THE ABSENCE OF THE
CHAIRMAN/HEAD OF STATE, EXERCISE THE POWERS AND
PERFORM THE DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CHAIRMAN/
HEAD OF STATE.

(4) THE HEAD OF STATE AT THE DATE OF SIGNING OF THIS AGREE-

MENT SHALL CONTINUE TO BE THE HEAD OF STATE AND
CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(5) THE CHAIRMAN OF THE HIGH COMMAND OF THE NATIONAL

RESISTANCE ARMY AT THE DATE OF SIGNING OF THIS AGREE-
MENT SHALL BE THE VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY
COUNCIL.

(6) IF THE OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN/HEAD OF STATE OR VICE-

CHAIRMAN SHALL BECOME VACANT BY RESIGNATION, DEATH OR
INCAPACITY RESULTING FROM INFIRMITY OF MIND OR BODY,
THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL, BY SECRET BALLOT AND TWO-
THIRDS MAJORITY, ELECT THE CHAIRMAN/HEAD OF STATE
OR VICE-CHAIRMAN, AS THE CASE MAY BE, FROM AMONG THE
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COMBATANT FORCES ON THE
MILITARY COUNCIL.

(7) AT NO TIME DURING THE RULE OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL IN

UGANDA PURSUANT TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL THE CHAIRMAN
AND THE VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL BE
MEMBERS OF THE SAME POLITICAL PARTY OR COMBATANT
FORCE. THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL FORMULATE THE PRO-
CEDURES FOR SECURING THIS AGREED POSITION.
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 193

ARTICLE 4- POWERS OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL

(1) THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL BE THE SUPREME AUTHORITY IN
WHOM THE EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE POWERS SHALL VEST.

(2) ALL POWERS OF THE HEAD OF STATE SHALL BE EXERCISED BY

HIM IN COUNCIL.

(3) NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS OF PARAGRAPH (1) ABOVE

THE HEAD OF STATE MAY EXERCISE THE LEGISLATIVE AND
EXECUTIVE POWERS OF THE COUNCIL IN EXCEPTIONAL CIR-
CUMSTANCES, WHICH EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES WILL BE
DETERMINED BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL BY A TWO-THIRDS
MAJORITY.

(4) AFTER THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT AND THE APPOINT-

MENT OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF COMBATANT FORCES TO THE
MILITARY COUNCIL, THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL REVIEW
DECREES PROMULGATED AND POLITICAL APPOINTMENTS AND
PROMOTIONS MADE BY THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT SINCE JULY
27, 1985.

ARTICLE 5 - PROCEDURES OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL

(1) THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL FORMULATE ITS OWN RULES OF
PROCEDURE. THE NORMAL METHOD OF REACHING DECISIONS
SHALL BE BY CONSENSUS EXCEPT IN REGARD TO THE FOLLOW-
ING MATTERS WHERE A TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY SHALL BE
REQUIRED TO REACH DECISION BY SECRET BALLOT:

(A) MATTERS AFFECTING THE PROVISIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT.

(B) NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY AND BUILDING OF A NEW ARMY

AND OTHER SECURITY SERVICES.

(C) PROGRAMME OF THE INTERIM PERIOD.

(D) POLITICAL APPOINTMENTS, PROMOTIONS, INCLUDING

APPOINTMENTS IN THE SECURITY SERVICES.

(E) REVIEW OF DECREES.

194 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(F) REHABILITATION OF WAR RAVAGED AREAS AND SETTLEMENT

OF DISPLACED PERSONS AND FIGHTERS AND SOLDIERS WHO
WILL NOT BE ABSORBED INTO THE NEW ARMY.

(G) ISSUES OF VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS.

(H) MATTERS CONCERNED WITH THE PROMULGATION OF THE

NEW CONSTITUTION AND THE HOLDING OF ELECTIONS.

(I) ADMISSION AND DISMISSAL OF MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY

COUNCIL.

(2) NOTWITHSTANDING THE PROVISIONS OF THE FOREGOING PARA-

GRAPH THE MILITARY COUNCIL MAY, IN ITS OWN DISCRETION,
AND FROM TIME TO TIME, DETERMINE SUCH OTHER MATTERS OF
NATIONAL IMPORTANCE UPON WHICH DECISIONS SHALL BE
REACHED BY A TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY.

(3) THE TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY REFERRED TO HEREIN SHALL MEAN

THAT DECISIONS BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL REQUIRING A TWO-
THIRDS MAJORITY VOTE SHALL NOT BE REACHED UNLESS AT
LEAST FOURTEEN MEMBERS OF THE TWENTY MEMBERS OF THE
COUNCIL VOTE IN FAVOUR OF THOSE DECISIONS.

CODE OF CONDUCT

ARTICLE 6- NEED FOR AND FORMULATION OF NATIONAL CODE OF

CONDUCT

(1) THERE IS NEED FORACHANGEINTHE POLITICAL DIRECTION OF

UGANDA AND IN THIS REGARD THE NATION SHALL REQUIRE A
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR LEADERS AND PUBLIC OFFICERS.

(2) THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL, AS A MATTER OF URGENCY, SET

UP A COMMITTEE OR COMMISSION TO FORMULATE A NATIONAL
CODE OF CONDUCT WHICH SHALL, AMONG OTHER THINGS, PRE-
SCRIBE THE QUALIFICATIONS FOR MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY
COUNCIL, THE CABINET AND OTHER PUBLIC OFFICERS.

(3) UNTIL SUCH TIME AS THE NATIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT IS

WORKED OUT, SECTIONS 41 AND 42 OF THE 1967 CONSTITUTION
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 195

OF UGANDA WITH THE NECESSARY MODIFICATIONS SHALL

PROVIDE THE MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP OF
THE MILITARY COUNCIL, THE CABINET AND APPOINTMENTS TO
OTHER PUBLIC OFFICES.

THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY AND NATIONAL DEFENCE

POLICY

ARTICLE 7- RECRUITMENT OF A NEW NATIONAL FORCE AND ITS

FUNCTIONS

(1) SOON AFTER THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES UNDER ARTICLE 1

OF THIS AGREEMENT AND SUBJECT TO PARAGRAPH (2} OF THIS
ARTICLE AND THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS SET OUT IN ANNEX-
TURE 'A', THERE SHALL BE ESTABLISHED A NEW NATIONAL
FORCE, COMPOSED OF SOLDIERS FROM ALL THE COMBATANT
FORCES NOMINATED BY THE RESPECTIVE COMBATANT FORCES
IN THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS:

UNLA 3700 SOLDIERS

NRA 3580 SOLDIERS
FED EMU
UFM 1200 SOLDIERS
UNRF
FUNA

TOTAL 8480 SOLDIERS

(2) THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL ESTABLISH A SELECTION

COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF ALL THE
COMBATANT FORCES REPRESENTED ON THE MILITARY COUNCIL
TOGETHER WITH REPRESENTATIVES OF THE MONITORING/
OBSERVER FORCE FOR THE PURPOSES OF SELECTING AND
VETTING THE SOLDIERS NOMINATED BY THE RESPECTIVE
COMBATANT FORCES TO FORM THE NEW FORCE. THE TERMS OF
REFERENCE OF THE SELECTION COMMITTEE AND THE CRITERIA
TO BE APPLIED IN THE SELECTION AND VETTING SHALL BE
DETERMINED BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(3) THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SAID NEW NATIONAL FORCE SHALL

BE:-
196 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(A) TO ENSURE GENERAL SECURITY IN THE COUNTRY.

(B) TO SUPERVISE THE VOLUNTARY LAYING DOWN OF ARMS BY

ALL COMBATANT FORCES IN THE COUNTRY AND TO DISARM
ANY FORCE WHICH DOES NOT DO SO VOLUNTARILY.

(C) UNDER DIRECTION OF THE MILITARY COUNCIL AND IN

CONJUNCTION WITH THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE,
TO COLLECT AND STORE ARMS RECEIVED THROUGHOUT
THE DISARMAMENT EXERCISE UNDER ARTICLE 12.

(D) TO PARTICIPATE IN THE RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF A

NEW NATIONAL ARMY.

(4) DURING THE EXERCISE OF SELECTING THE SAID NEW FORCE THE
MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL:

(A) SUBJECT TO ARTICLE 9(1) (B), MAKE ARRANGEMENTS FOR

THE MAINTENANCE AND UPKEEP OF THOSE SOLDIERS OF
THE COMBATANT FORCES AWAITING SELECTIONS INTO THE
NEW NATIONAL FORCE OR THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY,
AND

(B) ENSURE THE RETRAINING AND RESETTLEMENT OF ALL

MEN AND WOMEN OF THE VARIOUS COMBATANT FORCES
WHO ARE NEITHER ELIGIBLE NOR QUALIFIED OR WHO MAY
NOT WISH TO JOIN THE SAID NEW NATIONAL ARMY AND
FOR THIS PURPOSE THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL WORK
OUT, AS A MATTER OF PRIORITY, A PROGRAMME FOR RE-
SETTLEMENT OF THOSE MEN AND WOMEN BACK INTO
CIVILIAN LIFE.

(5) THE SOLDIERS AND COMBATANTS WHO MAY NOT BE ABSORBED

INTO THE NEW NATIONAL FORCE OR ARMY SHALL BE GIVEN
PRIORITY FOR SERVICE IN THE POLICE, PRISONS AND OTHER
SECURITY SERVICES.

ARTICLE 8 -THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY

(1) THE NEW NATIONAL FORCE ESTABLISHED UNDER ARTICLE 7
SHALL BE THE FIRST BATCH OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY.
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 197

(2) THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY SHALL BE BROAD-BASED AND

REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE AND SHALL BE
RECRUITED IN THE FIRST INSTANCE FROM THE COMBATANT
FORCES EXISTING AT THE DATE OF SIGNING OF THIS AGREE-
MENT AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE NATIONAL DEFENCE
POLICY FORMULATED UNDER ARTICLE 9, PROVIDED THAT THE
SECOND BATCH OF RECRUITMENT SHALL BE COMPOSED IN THE
SAME PROPORTIONS AS THOSE USED FOR THE FIRST BATCH.

ARTICLE 9- THE NEW NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY

(1) AFTER THE SIGNING AND COMING INTO FORCE OF THIS AGREE-
MENT THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL, AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE,
EMBARK UPON THE FORMULATION OF A NATIONAL POLICY TO
DETERMINE:-

(A) THE FUNCTIONS, SIZE, NATURE, NAME AND COMPOSITION

OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY TO ENABLE THE NEW
NATIONAL FORCE ESTABLISHED UNDER ARTICLE 7 AND
THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE TO CARRY OUT
RECRUITMENT OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY AND THE
DEMOBILISATION OF THE COMBATANT FORCES; AND

(B) THE ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND UPKEEP

OF THOSE SOLDIERS OF THE VARIOUS COMBATANT FORCES
AWAITING SELECTION INTO THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY.

(2) IN FORMULATING A NEW NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY, THE

MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE VIEWS OF
THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THIS MATTER.

THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE

ARTICLE 10- THE MONITORING/OBSERVE[R] FORCE

(1) AFTER THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT THE UGANDA

GOVERNMENT SHALL INVITE INTO UGANDA A FORCE FROM
FOUR COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES NAMELY, KENYA, TANZANIA,
GREAT BRITAIN AND CANADA THE FORCE SHALL BE KNOWN AS
THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE AND SHALL CARRY OUT
THE FOLLOWING DUTIES:
 198 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(A) TO OBSERVE AND MONITOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF

THE CEASEFIRE.

(B) TO OBSERVE THE SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS THROUGHOUT

THE WHOLE COUNTRY.

(C) TO ASSIST IN THE DISARMAMENT/SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS

EXERCISE AS MAY BE REQUESTED BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL
WITHIN THEIR TERMS OF REFERENCE.

(D) TO MONITOR THE MOVEMENTS OF TROOPS TO AGREED

ASSEMBLY POINTS.

(E) TO ASSIST IN THE COLLECTION AND SECURING OF ARMS

FROM SOLDIERS WHO HAVE BEEN DEMOBILISED.

(F) TO MONITOR COMPLIANCE WITH AGREED ARRANGEMENTS

AND INVESTIGATION OF ALLEGED BREACHES OF THE
CEASEFIRE.

(G) TO ASSIST IN THE RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF THE

NEW NATIONAL ARMY.

(H) TO CARRY OUT ANY OTHER DUTIES ASSIGNED TO THEM BY

THE MILITARY COUNCIL IN CONSULTATION WITH THEIR
RESPECTIVE GOVERNMENTS.

(2) PRIOR TO THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE MOVING INTO

UGANDA AND AFTER THE CEASEFIRE HAS BEEN EFFECTED
THERE SHALL BE SENT INTO THE COUNTRY A RECONNAISSANCE
TEAM, WHICH MAY BE FROM ONE OR MORE OF THE COUNTRIES
INVITED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE,
TO IDENTIFY THE POSITIONS OF ALL THE COMBATANT FORCES
AND THEREAFTER TO DETERMINE THE SIZE OF THE MONITORING/
OBSERVER FORCE REQUIRED. THE TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE
RECONNAISSANCE TEAM SHALL BE AS SPECIFIED IN ANNEXTURE
'B' AND MANPOWER AND EQUIPMENT IN ANNEXTURE 'C'.

(3) DURING THE PERIOD OF OPERATION OF THE RECONNAISSANCE

TEAM ALL THE COMBATANT FORCES SHALL REMAIN AT THEIR
POSITIONS AS AT THE DATE OF CEASEFIRE.
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 199

(4) THE PROVISIONS OF ANNEXIURES 'NAND 'B' AS THEY APPER-

TAIN TO THE OPERATION, FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF THE
MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE SHALL BE IN ADDITION TO AND
NOT IN SUBSTITUTION OF OR DEROGATION FROM THE PRO-
VISIONS OF THIS ARTICLE.

ARTICLE 11 - RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND

THE TOP RANKS OF THE ARMED FORCES

WHEN REVIEWING THE POLITICAL APPOINTMENTS AND OTHER PRO-

MOTIONS MADE SINCE THE 27TH JULY 1985, THE MILITARY COUNCIL
SHALL ENSURE A BALANCE BETWEEN THE COMBATANT FORCES
REPRESENTED ON THE MILITARY COUNCIL EXISTING IMMEDIATELY
PRIOR TO THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT AND THE NATIONAL
RESISTANCE MOVEMENT IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITIES
IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND IN THE ARMED FORCES.

COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF ARMS

ARTICLE 12- COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF ARMS

(1) UPON THE CEASEFIRE COMING INTO EFFECT ALL ARMS OF THE
COMBATANT FORCES SHALL BE COLLECTED AND STORED BY THE
RESPECTIVE FORCES WITHIN KNOWN ARMOURIES BELONGING
TO THOSE FORCES. THE SAID COLLECTION AND STORAGE SHALL
BE MONITORED BY THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE WHICH
SHALL ENUMERATE AND VERIFY THE SAID ARMS.

(2) NO ARMS SHALL BE DRAWN FROM ANY ARMOURY REFERRED TO

IN PARAGRAPH (1) OF THIS ARTICLE WITHOUT THE EXPRESS
AUTHORITY OF THE LOCAL COMMANDER AND CONCURRENCE
OF A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE
IN THE AREA IT SHALL BE THE DUTY OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF
THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE TO REPORT DRAWING OF
ARMS WITHOUT HIS CONCURRENCE TO THE NEXT HIGHER
COMMAND HEADQUARTERS WHERE ALL THE PARTIES TO THIS
AGREEMENT SHALL BE REPRESENTED.
200 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

DEMILITARISATION OF KAMPALA

ARTICLE 13- DEMILITARISATION OF KAMPALA

(1) THE CITY OF KAMPALA SHALL BE DEMILITARISED AND
NEUTRALISED BY REMOVING OUT OF KAMPALA ALL TROOPS TO
BE DETERMINED BY THE RECONNAISSANCE TEAM. THE SECURITY
OF KAMPALA SHALL BE MAINTAINED BY THE POLICE FORCE
WHICH SHALL HAVE BEEN SCREENED AND WHOSE ARMS SHALL
HAVE BEEN VERIFIED BY THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE.
THE MONITORING/OBSERVER FORCE SHALL BE ADEQUATELY
REPRESENTED TO ENSURE THE NEUTRALITY OF KAMPALA.

(2) THE DEMILITARISATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR KAMPALA SHALL

REMAIN IN FORCE UNTIL THE COMPLETE DEMOBILISATION
OF THE COMBATANT FORCES HAS BEEN ACHIEVED THROUGH
RECRUITMENT IN THE NEW FORCE ESTABLISHED UNDER
ARTICLE 7 OR RESETTLEMENT OF THE MEN AND WOMEN NOT
SO RECRUITED.

PERSONS WHO SERVED IN IDI AMIN'S REGIME

ARTICLE 14- PROVISIONS FOR PERSONS WHO SERVED IN IDI AMIN'S

REGIME

(1) ALL PERSONS WHO SERVED IN RESPONSIBLE POSITION[S] IN IDI

AMIN'S REGIME INCLUDING THOSE WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY,
THE STATE RESEARCH BUREAU OR OTHER SECURITY SERVICES
AND WHO ARE KNOWN TO HAVE COMMITTED ATROCITIES OR
OTHER HEINOUS CRIMES SHALL BE PUNISHED ACCORDING TO
LAW. THE PROSECUTION OF SUCH PERSONS SHALL NOT BE
TIME BARRED.

(2) ALL PERSONS WHO SERVED IN THE NOTORIOUS STATE RESEARCH

BUREAU AND PUBLIC SAFETY UNIT SHALL NOT BE ELIGIBLE TO
JOIN THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY OR ANY OTHER SECURITY
SERVICES.

(3) ALL EX-SOLDIERS WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY IN THE PERIOD

1971-1979 AND WHO ARE NOT COVERED UNDER (1) ABOVE
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 201

SHALL HAVE TO BE CAREFULLY SCREENED AND VETTED TO BE

ELIGIBLETOBEADMITTEDTO THENEWNATIONALARMYOR ANY
OTHER SECURITY SERVICES. IN VETTING SUCH PERSONS THE
COMMITTEE SHALL GIVE PREFERENCE TO THOSE WHO HAVE
SPECIAL SKILLS TO FILL PLACES WHICH CANNOT OTHERWISE BE
FILLED. THE SAID PERSONS MUST HAVE CLEAN RECORDS.

CONVENING OF NATIONAL CONFERENCE AND GENERAL

ELECTIONS

ARTICLE 15 -NATIONAL CONFERENCE

AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE AFTER THE SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT,

THE MILITARY COUNCIL SHALL CONVENE A NATIONAL CONFERENCE
TO DISCUSS KEY NATIONAL ISSUES, TO WIT, TENURE OF THE INTERIM
GOVERNMENT, THE FUTURE NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK,
ELECTIONS, AND THE NATIONAL ARMY. REPRESENTATIVES AT THE
SAID NATIONAL CONFERENCE SHALL BE DRAWN FROM ALL DISTRICTS
AS WELL AS ALL NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL PARTIES,
RELIGIOUS GROUPS AND THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

ARTICLE 16- HOLDING GENERAL ELECTIONS

FREE AND FAIR GENERAL ELECTIONS SHALL BE HELD IN UGANDA AS

SOON AS PRACTICABLE TO RETURN THE COUNTRY TO PARLIAMENTARY
DEMOCRACY.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENT

ARTICLE 17 - IMPLEMENTATION

(1) FOR THE PURPOSES OF ENSURING THE IMPLEMENTATION

OF THIS AGREEMENT THE MILITARY COUNCIL CONSTITUTED
PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 2 OF THIS AGREEMENT SHALL AT ITS
FIRST MEETINGS EXPEDITIOUSLY DISCUSS AND RESOLVE
MATTERS RELATING TO THE FOLLOWING ISSUES:

(A) REVIEW OF ALL THE DECREES PROMULGATED BY THE

MILITARY GOVERNMENT SINCE THE 27TH JULY, 1985;

(B) FORMULATION OF THE BROAD GUIDELINES FOR THE

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME OF ACTION;
202 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985)

(C) ESTABLISHMENT AND FORMULATION OF THE TERMS

OF REFERENCE OF A COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO
THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN UGANDA SINCE
INDEPENDENCE;

(D) FORMULATION OF BROAD GUIDELINES FOR THE RESTRUC-

TURING OF THE NEW NATIONAL ARMY AND THE HAR-
MONISATION OF RANKS WITHIN THE COMBATANT FORCES
AS A BASIS FOR THE FORMATION BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL
OF A NEW NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY UNDER ARTICLE 9
OF THIS AGREEMENT WHICH GUIDELINES SHALL INCLUDE
STRATEGIES FOR THE REHABILITATION AND RESETTLE-
MENTOF SOLDIERS OF THE COMBATANT FORCES WHO WILL
NOT BE RECRUITED INTO THE NATIONAL ARMY;

(E) REVIEW OF CABINET PORTFOLIOS AND OTHER POLITICAL

APPOINTMENTS MADE BY THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
SINCE 27TH WLY, 1985.

(F) SUCH OTHER URGENT MATTERS AS MAY BE DETERMINED

BY THE MILITARY COUNCIL.

(2) THE MILITARY COUNCIL WHEN DECIDING THE ABOVE ISSUES

SHALL NOT BE GOVERNED BY THE TWO THIRDS MAJORITY RULE
SET OUT IN ARTICLE 5 OF THIS AGREEMENT, BUT SHALL REACH
ITS DECISIONS BY CONSENSUS.

ARTICLE 18- PREPARATION FOR THE FIRST MEETING OF THE

MILITARY COUNCIL

UPON SIGNING OF THIS AGREEMENT AN AD HOC COMMITTEE SHALL

BE SET UP FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAKING THE FOLLOWING PRACTICAL
ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE FIRST MEETING OF THE FULLY CON-
STITUTED MILITARY COUNCIL:

(A) PREPARATION OF AGENDA FOR THE MEETING.

(B) DESIGNATION OF DATE AND VENUE FOR THE MEETING.

(C) MAKING NECESSARY SECURITY AND ACCOMMODATION

ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE MEETING.
 Appendix C: The Nairobi Peace Accord (1985) 203

IN WITNESS WHEREOF THE PARTIES HEREUNTO HAVE, THROUGH

THEIR REPRESENTATIVES, SET THEIR HANDS AT NAIROBI THIS 17TH
DAY OF DECEMBER 1985.

GENERAL TITO OKELLO LUTWA )

CHAIRMAN, MILITARY COUNCIL AND ) ..............................................................
HEAD OF STATE OF UGANDA )

YOWERI MUSEVENI )
CHAIRMAN, HIGH COMMAND )
NATIONAL RESISTANCE ARMY AND ) ...............................................................
INTERIM CHAIRMAN NATIONAL )
RESISTANCE MOVEMENT )

IN THE PRESENCE OF AND

WITNESSED BY:

H. E. DANIEL TOROIT[I)CH ARAP MOl )

PRESIDENT AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF )
OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE )
) ...............................................................
REPUBLIC OF KENYA AND
CHAIRMAN OF THE UGANDA PEACE )
TALKS )

[Original bears the signatures of the parties to the agreement, and

continues with Annextures 'A' to 'E', including a list of the
participants in the delegations.]
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Arms Trade Registers: The arms trade with the Third World (Stockholm:
Almqvist Wiksell International).
SLESSOR, SIR JOHN (1962) Foreword, in William Gutteridge,Armed Forces
in New States (London: Oxford University Press).
TERNAN, BRIGADIER-GENERAL TREVOR (1930) Some Experiences of
an Old Bromsgrovian: Soldiering in Afganistan, Egypt and Uganda
(Birmingham, England: Cornish Brothers).
THOMAS, H. B. and SCOTT, R (1935) Uganda (London: Humphrey
Milford and Oxford University Press).
THOMPSON, WILLIAM RANDALL (1972) 'Explanation of the military
coup', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Washington.
THRUSTON, MAJOR A B. (1900)African Incidents, Personal Experiences in
Egypt and Unyoro (London: John Murray).
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Index
Acholi
people 2, 3, 32-3, 80, 81, 91,
104-5, 113, 118, 125-6, 134,
150, 162-3, 164, 170, 171, 178
district 14, 25, 31, 32, 36, 53, 72,
73, 118, 139, 149, 151, 158
see also Northern Region
Adoko, Akena 65
Adrisi, Mustafa 79, 129, 132, 133,
140
Africanisation 28, 43, 47, 48-50,
52-4,56,60, 62,64, 65, 70,
84, 172
aid 49, 65, 67, 122, 161
Air Force 66, 67, 74, 90, 114, 126,
133, 134
Ali, Moses 140
Allegiance, Oath of 52
Allimadi, Otema 58, 160, 163
Alur 2, 36, 79, 80, 134, 135-6, 150
see also West Nile District
America 51, 55, 71, 113, 138, 139
Amin, Idi xvii, xviii, xix, 28, 38,
43, 50, 51, 59, 60, 62, 67, 70,
72, 73, 74, 76, chs 6-11 yassim,
146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153,
154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 165,
170, 171
Anko1e 3, 21-2, 25, 27, 30, 111,
149, 154, 157, 158, 161, 170,
177-8
Anya Nya 52, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, 100, 108,116-17, 131
see also guerrilla war; Sudan
Arab traders 2, 14, 32
see also ivory trade; slave trade
Arabs 52, 54, 89,95-6, 100, 117,
122, 123, 124, 127, 131, 132
see also Middle East
Aringa 134-5
Arua 166
Asians xix, 35, 102, 119-21, 127
assassination
attempt on Obote xviii, 89
attempts on Amin 140
210
authority 8-10,40, 47, 171, 174
see also 'familiarity syndrome'
Baganda 2, 12, 17-18,20,22,26,
32, 35, 49, 50, 53, 68, 76, 80,
83, 101, 135, 142, 148, 150,
177-9
see also Buganda; Central
Region; Kabaka
Baker, Samuel xv, 14
Bakiga 80, 135, 149, 150, 170
see also Western Region
Bantu-speakers 1, 33, 69, 87, 134,
135, 150, 170, 176-9
see also Baganda; Bakiga;
Banyankole; Banyarwanda;
Banyoro; Basoga; Batoro
Banyankole 80, 135, 149, 177-8
see also Western Region
Banyarwanda 80, 135, 177
see also Western Region
Banyoro 2, 17-18,20,69,80,135,
150
see also Bunyoro; Western
Region
Basoga 80, 135, 150
see also Busoga; Eastern Region
Bataringaya, Basil 68, 98
Batoro 80, 135, 150
Binaisa, Godfrey xx, 76, 148,
151-3, 159, 168, 177
Bombo 30, 38, 164
Britain xix, 16, 31, 40, 52,
65-6,67,73,96-7,98-1 00,
101, 109, 113, 119, 121-2, 124,
138, 139, 168
British Colonial Government
xvi, 16, 19-20, 22, 26, 45,
57-8, 69
see also Colonial Office; Foreign
Office; War Office
British Legion (Uganda) 37
British officers 19, 28, 31-2, 34,
42,44,45,47,48,49, 50, 51,
53, 59, 62, 64, 70, 127, 170
 Index
British Protectorate
Administration 12, 18, 20,
21-3,25-7,28-33,35,37,41,
53
British troops 42, 48, 57, 59, 66,
94
Buganda xv, xvi, xvii, 1, 2, 14, 15,
17-18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 42,
44, 53, 68~70, 71, 72, 75, 76,
83, 87, 111, 148, 149, 154, 157,
158, 160, 163, 170-1, 177-8,
179
Bunyoro xv, xvi, xvii, 1-2, 14, 15,
17-20, 21, 25, 27, 30, 32, 69,
71, 111
Busoga xvi, 20-2, 154
Central Region 44, 83, 102, 103,
111, 127, 154, 159, 161
see also Baganda
centralised states 1, 33, 44, 130
see also kingdoms
centre/periphery 69, 83, 86, 154
see also peripheral regions
Christians 88, 123, 136-7, 138,
165
see also Luwum, Janani; Pope
Paul VI; religion
CIA 55, 99, 127
civil liberty, violation of 162
see also human rights
civil-military relations 1, 4-6, 9,
10, 11, 47, 62-3, 65, 160, 162,
172-4, 181
civil service 52, 83, 88, 97, 103,
105, 117, 123, 125, 140, 165
class 7, 126, 174, 180
coalition, UPC-KY xvii, 49, 68, 69
see also KY; UPC
coast, East African 2, 12, 15, 20
coffee see crops
Colonial Office (British) xvi, 19,
30
see also British Colonial
Government
Colvile xv, 17-19
Cornman Man's Charter, The xviii,
88-9, 93, 96, 97, 173
Commonwealth 73, 92, 94, 96, 98,
99, 138, 143
211
Observer Group 155
military training team 167
communist sympathies, suspected
55,68, 72-3
see also socialist; Soviet Union
conditions of service 48, 49, 52,
54, 58, 60, 62, 126
see also mutiny; pay
Congo see Zaire
Conservative Party 153
constabulary see police
Constitution
1962 (Independence) xviii, 49,
53,69, 75, 76,109
1966 (interim) xviii, 76
1967 (Republican) 147
cotton see crops
Council of Ministers 103
coup, military
Amin's xviii, 92-4, 98-9, 100-1,
103, 106, 108, 112, 117, 133,
151, 155, 165, 171, 172, 173
fears of 48, 54, 89, 159, 161-2,
173
Museveni's 175, 176-7, 179
Okello's 11, 164-5, 167, 172
see also military take-over
crisis of 1966 78, 83, 87, 102, 171
crops 16, 35, 118, 121, 127, 146,
180, 185
Dares Salaam 55-6, 152, 153
Daudi Chwa xvi, 20
see also Kabaka; Regents
Defence Council 70, 74, 87
demobi1isation
after the First World War 34
after the Second World War
37, 39, 63
Democratic Party 42, 43, 49-50,
68, 69, 73, 89, 102, 120, 153,
154, 155, 161
deployment, principles of 12, 24,
27, 29, 82, 170, 178
see also geographical origin;
race; religion
East Africa Defence Committee
xvii, 40, 43, 44, 45
212 Index
East Africa High Commission
xvii,40-l
East African Land Forces 40
see also KAR
Eastern Province xvi, 25, 30, 42
Eastern Region 127, 163
see also Basoga; Karamojong;
Teso
'economic war' xix, 120
education 9-11, 37, 42, 43-4, 46,
50, 53, 130, 160, 169, 17Q-l,
174
see also Makerere University;
professionalism; training
effendi 41, 45
Egypt XV, 13, 14-15, 19, 22, 37,
89-90, 95, 113
Egyptian troops 2
elections xx, 42, 43, 49-50, 93, 102,
147, 153-5, 159-60, 162, 165,
166, 175, 176, 180
see also political parties
Emergency, State of xvii, 102
Emin Pasha xv, 12, 14-15
Entebbe 17, 21, 30, 114, 152
Entebbe raid xix, 132, 133
Equatorial Province (of Sudan)
14, 15
Etesot see Teso
ethnic affiliation 2, 46, 53, 64,
70, 78, 79-81,83,86,93,104,
111, 133, 135-6, 144, 146, 158,
160, 161, 168-9, 170, 171,
173-4, 176-80
see also linguistic affiliation;
manipulation, political, of
the military; regional
affiliation; tribalism
ethnic groups 1, 26, 31-3, 57, 69,
79, 80, 81, 101, 104, 136, 138,
148, 149, 150-1, 161, 163, 173,
179
see also Acholi; Alur; Baganda;
Bakiga; Banyankole;
Banyarwanda; Banyoro;
Basoga; Batoro; Kakwa;
Karamojong; Langi; Lugbara;
Madi; Teso
Europeans 128, 139
African attitudes towards 34,
39-40,55,62
attitudes towards Africans 34,
66
execution, public 120, 137
exiles, Ugandan xix, 108, 120, 128,
131, 138, 139, 141-2, 145, 148,
151, 159
expenditure, military 31, 37-8,
40-1,60, 79, 87, 158
'familiarity syndrome' 8-11, 48,
62, 129-30, 171, 172, 174
see also authority; obedience;
respect
FEDEMU 157, 166, 168, 176, 178
First World War see World War I
five Ministers, detention of 74-5,
83, 102
Foreign Office (British) xvi, 30
see also British Colonial
Government
Fort Portal 162
PUNA 157, 166, 168
General China 39
geographical origin 24, 78, 82, 170
see also deployment, principles
of; regional affiliation
Germany, West 33, 34, 36, 95, 113
Ghana 66, 108, 138
Gordon xv, 14-15
GSU 65,67
guerrilla war xx, 18, 20, 131, 157,
158, 160-3, 175-6, 177, 178
see also Anya Nya; NRA
Gulu 31, 81, 89, 128, 163, 164
headquarters of Ugandan military
30, 38, 65, 71, 74, 75, 83
Heath, Edward 94, 96-7,99
hierarchy
military 2, 4, 9, 10, 39, 44, 47,
130, 174
political 1, 4, 8, 171
see also military organisation;
political organisation
 Index
Hoima 21,30
human rights 138, 165, 175-6
see also civil liberty
Huntington, Samuel 5-7
see also modernisation, theory of
Hussein, Suleman xviii, 36, 45,
50,60, 86,89-90,98
IBEA Co. xv, 12, 15-16, 20
ideology, political 4, 68, 70, 139,
146, 148, 161, 166-7, 169, 174
Independence xvii, ll, 28, 42,
43-7,48-51, 54, 62-4,66, 71,
95, ll9, 121, 154, 160, 170,
171, 172, 176
India 23, 40, 66, 119
see also Asians
Indian Army 41
Indian troops xvi, 12, 22-3, 24, 25,
28, 29, 30, 31, 170
Indirect Rule 31, 35, 171
see also British Protectorate
Administration
intra-military relations l, 4, 9-11,
162, 174
see also military, organisation of
invasion of Uganda see exiles,
Ugandan
Islam ll4-15, 122, 123-4, 125, 128,
170
see also Muslims; religion
Israel xix, 66-7, 92, 95-6, 97, 98,
100, 103, 108, 109, ll4-17,
118, 122, 124, 127, 132, 172
see also Entebbe raid; Zionism
Iteso see Teso
ivory trade 14, 15, 16, 32
see also Arab traders
Jinja xv, xvii, 17, 21, 22, 28, 38, 46,
58-9, 65, 71, 75, 106, 163
Johnston, H. H. xvi, 26
Kabaka xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, 17,
27,49-50,69-70, 71, 74, Ill
see also Daudi Chwa; KY;
Mutesa I; Mutesa II;
Mwanga; Regents
213
Kabarega xv, xvi, 1, 12, 17-18, 20,
32,69
Kagera River 141
see also Liberation War
Kakembo 36-7
Kakonge 88, 121
Kakuhikire 60, 75, 90
Kakwa 79, 80, 134-5, 151, 170
Kalimuzo 88, 121
Kambona, Oscar 56, 131
Kampala xv, xix, 15, 21, 30, 58,
65, 71, 72, 73, 94, 98, 100, 108,
137, 143, 148, 151, 153, 158,
163, 164, 165, 175, 178, 180
KAR xvi, 28-33, 40, 43, 57, 172
KAR Ordinance (1902) 28, 41
KAR 4th (Uganda) Battalion
xvii, 28, 33-5, 38-9, 46, 50, 51,
53
KAR 5th (Kenya) Battalion 28
see also Uganda Army
Karamoja 51, 54
Karamojong 3, 80, 135, 150
see also Eastern Region
Karugaba, Augustino 46, 60
Karuma Falls 164
Kaunda 98, 131
Kenya xvi, xvii, 1, 21, 22, 25, 29,
30, 32, 35, 38-9,40,45, 57,94,
98, 127, 130, 132-3, 139, 164,
168, 172, 180
Kenyan Army 35, 47, 57
see also KAR 5th (Kenya)
Battalion; mutiny in Kenya
Kenyatta 57, 172
Khartoum xv, 14, 92, 94
Kigezi 157
Kikuyu 39, 57
Kili, B. 90, 105
kingdoms lll, 179
see also Ankole; Buganda;
Bunyoro; Toro
Kirunda 164
Kiwanuka, Benedicto 43, 102, 120
KY 49, 50,68, 69, 70, 72, 73,89
Lagos Summit 73, 96
214
Langi 2, 3, 32, 80, 104-5, 113, 118
125-6, 134, 138, 150, 163, 170,
171, 178
see also Northern Region
Lango District 20, 31-2, 49, 118,
139, 149, 158, 178
language clusters l, 33, 79, 87,
134-5, 150-l, 173
see also Bantu-speakers;
linguistic affiliation;
Lwo-speakers; Ni1o-Hamitic
speakers; Sudanic-speakers
Legislative Council 42
Lev, Bar 98, 109, 114
see also Israel
Liberation War 145, 152, 158-9
Libya 113-15, 120-2, 124, 132,
140, 141, 161, 176, 180
linguistic affiliation 70, 78, 81, 83,
84,86-7, 104, Ill, 125, 133,
136, 138, 144, 161, 170, 173-4,
176-80
see also ethnic affiliation;
language clusters;
manipulation, political, of the
military; regional affiliation
Lonrho 161, 176, 180
see also multinationals
looting 121, 129, 164, 171
lost couniies, the xvii, 18, 69, 71
Lubiri
barracks 83, 98
palace of Kabaka xviii, 72, 83
Lugbara 79, 80, 134-5, 140, 151,
170
Lugard xv, 12, 13,15-16,24,33-4,
44
Lukakamwa, S. G. 90, 105
Lukiiko 49, 68, 75-6, 83
see also Baganda
Lule, Yusufu xix, xx, 142-3, 146-8,
149, 151, 159, 177
Lumago, Isaac 133, 140
Luo 57, 125
Luwero Triangle 158
Luwum, Janani xix, 136-7, 138-9
Luzira Military Prison 59
Lwo-speakers l, 69, 86, 103-4, 125,
134-6, 137, 138, 149, 150, 158,
Index
159-60, 170, 171, 177
see also Acholi; Alur; Langi
Madi 2, 79, 80, 134-5, 151
Magamaga 163
Mahdist insurrection xv, 14-15
Makerere University xvi, xvii, 43,
46-7, 88, 90, 121, 142
see also education
Malire 81, 98, 104, 140, 151
manipulation, political, of the
military ll, 65, 70, 90, 101,
169, 170, 173, 175
see also ethnic affiliation;
linguistic affiliation;
patronage; tribalism
Marela, Hussein 129
martial law 33
see also military law
martial races concept 32
Maruru 142
Masai 32, 57
Mau Mau xvii, 38-9, 121
Mazrui 4, 108
Mbarara 30, 106
Mbuya 65, 70, 163
medals 18, 37, lll-12, 121
Middle East 37, 40, 67, 131
see also Arabs
Military Commission xx, 142,
146, 147-9, 152-5, 160
Military Council
colonial 41
1964 70
1985 166-8, 175-7
military law 53
see also martial law
military, organisation of l-4, 6, 7,
9, 10, 12, 32-3, 64, 70, 170
see also hierarchy; intra-military
relations
Military Police xviii, 78, 79-81,
90, 106
military service I, 2, 3, 44, 88
military take-over 5, 7, 62, 92
see also coup, military
'mobilisation campaign', Amin's
124-5
 Index
modernisation theory 6-7, 174,
180
Moi 168
Mondo, Emilo 125, 140
Moroto 51, 54, 59, 75, 106
Moshi Conference xix, 142-3,
145, 147
see also National Consultative
Council
MOSSAD 67, 99
Move to the Left, the 78, 93, 97
multinationals 88, 102, 180
see also Lonrho; nationalisation
Musa, Juma xviii, 45, 50, 60, 90,
126
Museveni, Yoweri xx, 142, 147-9,
151, 153, 155, 158, 161, 163,
170, 175-80
see also NRA; NRM; UPM
Muslims 23, 86, 108, 111, 123, 125,
126, 128, 129, 161
see also Islam; religion
Mutesa I, Kabaka xv, 2
Mutesa II, Kabaka xvii, xviii,
xix, 52-3, 69, 74, 75-6, 78, 83,
86, 89, 101, 102, 173
mutiny
in East Africa 48, 50, 64
in Kenya 57-8
Sudanese xvi, 12, 22-4, 63, 171
in Tanganyika 55-6
in Uganda 58-60, 63, 65, 67,
171, 172
see also Zanzibar Revolution
Muwanga, Paulo 142, 147, 149,
153, 160
Mwaka, John 133
Mwanga, Kabaka xvi, 20
Nairobi xx, 35, 97, 168, 175, 179
Nakasero 81
Narwai, Ochero 163-4
NASA 161-2
National Assembly 50, 69, 73, 76,
97
see also Parliament
National Consultative
Council 142, 147-9
215
National Executive Council 142,
147
National Resistance Council
177
see also NRA; NRM
national service see military
service
nationalisation 88, 96, 97, 102, 121
Nekyon, Adoko 72, 73
Nile River xv, 1, 13, 22, 104
Nile Subprovince 25, 30
Nilo-Hamitic speakers 1, 3, 86,
134-5, 150, 177
see also Karamojong; Teso
Nilotic see Lwo-speakers
Nimeiry 94, 116
non-alignment 67, 95, 126-7, 172
non-centralised societies see
segmentary societies
Northern Brigade 35
Northern District 25
Northern Region 81, 86
see also Acholi; Gulu; Langi
NRA XX, 157-8, 161, 166-8, 175,
179
NRM 157, 166-8, 175
see also National Resistance
Council
Nubian 36, 79, 80, 134
Nyerere 56, 98, 99, 131, 141
OAU xix, 56, 76, 95, 108, 116, 118,
131-2
obedience 8, 9, 11, 39, 43, 47-8, 50
see also 'familiarity syndrome'
Obote, Milton xviii, xx, chs 4-7
passim, 102, 104, 105, 108,
110, 117, 120, 130, 139, 142,
143, chs 12-13 passim, 170,
171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 180
see also UPC
Oboth-Ofumbi xix, 137, 138
Ocheng, Daudi 72-4
officers 11, 31, 36, 41, 43, 45-7, 50,
60, 74, 80, 81, 83-5, 91, 121,
123, 125, 130, 133-6, 140, 159,
160, 162, 171, 172
see also British officers
216 Index
Ogwang, David Livingstone 36,
45
Okello, Bajilio Olara xx, 160,
163-6
Okello, John 54
Okello, Tito Lutwa xvi, 36, 45, 50,
141, 142, 145, 148, 149, 153,
160, 161, 163, 166, 168, 176,
178, 180
Okoya, Pierino Yere xviii, 45, 71,
86, 89, 91, 92, 126
Omukama see Kabarega
Onama, Felix 58, 59, 72, 73, 97
Opolot, Shahan Okuni xvii, xviii,
36,43, 50, 59, 60, 62, 70,74-5,
83, 86, 90, 91
Opon Acak, Smith xx, 160-5
Oryema, Erinayo xix, 98, 103, 137,
138
Ottoman Empire 13-14
Oyite Ojok, David xx, 75, 89-90,
98, 105, 141, 142, 145, 148,
149, 151, 152-3, 160-2
pacification 12
see also British Protectorate
Administration; punitive
expeditions; treaties with
local leaders
Pakistan 66, 119, 124
Palestine 95
Palestinians 132, 134
Palestine Liberation Organisation
131, 132
Pan-Africanism 49, 51, 54, 95
Parliament 43, 52, 53, 58, 60, 62,
69, 72, 73-4, 97, 153
see also National Assembly
Patiko 14
patronage 70, 78, 153, 177
see also manipulation, political,
of the military
patron-client relationship 2, 122
pay 23, 37, 48, 56, 58, 59-61, 78,
133, 171, 172
see also conditions of service;
mutiny
Peace Accord xx, 168, 169, 175,
179, 186
peace talks xx, 166, 168
see also Military Council; NRM
peripheral regions 68, 103, 105,
154, 159, 164, 171, 178
see also centre/periphery
police 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 42, 61,
114, 128, 157, 178
special police force 110
Political and Diplomatic
Commission 142
'political decay' 6-7
see also modernisation theory
political organisation 3, 18, 32-3,
42
see also centralised states;
hierarchy; segmentary
societies
political parties see Conservative
Party; DP; elections; KY;
UPC; UPM
Pope Paul VI xvii, 88, 110
population xvii, 1, 79, 82, 154
Port Alice see Entebbe
porters 29
post-military regimes 11, 173
see also Binaisa, Godfrey; Lule,
Yusufu; Obote, Milton
press, international 55, 94, 99,
109, 168, 176, 180
see also Radio Uganda
prisons 60, 61, 106, 140
professionalism 10-11, 169, 174
see also education; training
promotion 43, 45-6, 49, 50, 55,
60, 70, 78, 85, 105, 129, 132,
133, 136, 140, 171, 173
see also officers; seniority
Protectorate, British, of Uganda
xv, xvi, 12, 19
see also British Protectorate
Administration
Public Safety Unit 110, 125
punitive expeditions 17
see also British Protectorate
Administration; pacification;
treaties with local leaders
Qadhafi 113-15, 122, 132, 161
see also Libya
 Index
Queen's Commissions see
promotion
quota system of recruitment
147-8, 168-9
see also recruitment
race 8, 9, 24, 43, 47, 52, 82, 100,
119, 170
see also deployment, principles
of
Radio Uganda 59, 100, 104, 140, 164
see also press, international
recruitment 2, 10, 28, 29, 31-3,
54, 106-7, 108, 128, 134-6,
147-8, 149, 150-1, 157, 159,
168-9, 170-1, 173-4
Regents of Buganda xvi, 20, 26-7
regional affiliation 70, 79-83, 85,
86-7, Ill
see also ethnic affiliation;
geographical origin;
linguistic affiliation
religion 15, 23-4, 46, 82, 86, 88,
110-ll, 115, 122, 123, 136-7,
144, 170
see also Christians; deployment,
principles of; Islam; Muslims
reserve force 29, 31, 33
respect 8-10
see also 'familiarity syndrome'
Rwakasisi 161, 164
Rwanda I, 136, 137
Sandhurst 46
see also training
Saudi Arabia 116, 122, 124
Second World War see World
War II
segmentary societies 1, 2-4, 44,
171, 174
see also Lwo-speakers; Nilo-
Hamitic speakers; Sudanic-
speakers
self-government 43, 45, 120
seniority 9, 46, 171
see also promotion
slave trade 14, 32, 100
see also Arab traders
217
social structure 7
see also centralised states;
hierarchy; military
organisation; political
organisation; segmentary
societies
socialist 99, 100-1
see also communist sympathies,
suspected
Somalia 22, 28, 38, 108
Somali 57
South Mrica 94, 95, 96, 98, 99,
100, 116
Soviet Union 67, 124
see also communist sympathies,
suspected
Ssemogerere, Paul 153, 154
see also Democratic Party
Stanley xv, 15
State Research Bureau 110, 125
Steiner, Rudolf 95
Sudan xvi, 1, 14, 17, 22, 51, 52,
66, 92, 94-5, 97, 100, 104, 108,
116-17, 118, 126, 130, 131,
151, 157, 159
Sudanese Mutiny see mutiny,
Sudanese
Sudanese troops 12, 14, 15, 17, 18,
19, 21, 22-4, 30, 41, 131, 170
Sudanic-speakers 1, 79, 86, 96,
123, 125, 128, 134-6, 151, 159,
170, 171, 177
see also Kakwa; Lugbara; Madi;
West Nile District
sugar see crops
Swahili troops 12, 22, 24, 25, 30
Tanganyika 40, 54, 55, 58, 59
see also mutiny in Tanganyika
Tanzania xix, I, 54, 56, 79, 99,
108, 117, 118, 128, 130, 141,
142, 145, 151, 168, 172, 173
see also Zanzibar
Tanzania Defence Force xix, 138,
141, 145, 159, 173
tax 34, 37, 42
tea see crops
Ternan 19-20, 25
218 Index
Teso 3, 36, 80, 135, 150
see also Eastern Region
Toko, Gad Wilson 126
Toro 21, 27, 111
trade routes 15-16, 20
see also Arab traders; ivory
trade; slave trade
training 9-11,44, 46, 54, 64, 66,
67, 169, 174
see also education;
professionalism
treaties with local leaders 18-19
see also British Protectorate
Administration; pacification;
punitive expeditions
tribalism 6, 88, 90, 176
see also ethnic affiliation;
manipulation, political, of
the military
UFM 157, 161, 166, 168, 176
Uganda Agreement xvi, 26-8
Uganda Armed Forces Act (1964)
63
Uganda Army
1st Battalion 54, 59, 60, 75
2nd Battalion xvii, 54, 59, 60
3rd Battalion xviii, 71, 75
4th Battalion xviii, 71, 75
see also headquarters of
Ugandan military; KAR 4th
Battalion; military,
organisation of; mutiny in
Uganda; Uganda Regiment;
Uganda Rifles; UNLA
Uganda Military Force Ordinance
(1898) 25
Uganda Military Forces Ordinance
(1958) 63
Uganda National Congress see
UPC
Uganda National Movement 139
Uganda Railway 29
Uganda Regiment 33-4, 38
see also Uganda Army
Uganda Rifles xv, xvi, xvii, 15, 19,
20, 22, 28, 29, 42, 50, 51, 52,
58
Uganda Rifles Ordinance (1895)
19, 25
see also Uganda Army
Uganda Volunteer Reserve see
reserve force
Unilateral Declaration of
Independence (in Rhodesia)
73,96
United Nations 76, 96, 133, 138
UNLA xx, 142, 145, 150-1, 158,
166, 168, 176, 178
see also Uganda Army
UNLF xix, xx, 142, 145, 146-8,
149. 153
UNRF 157, 166, 168
UPC xx, 42, 49, 50, 64, 68, 69, 74,
77, 88, 89, 97, 142, 153-5, 157,
160, 167
UPDM 179
UPM 153-5
War Office (British) xvii, 19, 25,
28, 37, 40, 42
see also British Colonial
Government
'warrior tradition' 4
West Nile District xvi, 3, 14, 51,
53, 71, 79, 81, 86, 108, 129,
134-6, 157, 158, 166
see also Alur; Sudanic-speakers
Western Region 149
see also Bakiga; Banyankole;
Banyarwanda
World War I xvi, 28, 31, 33-4, 42
see also demobilisation
World War II xvii, 28, 36-7, 39
see also demobilisation
Zaire xviii, 1, 17, 51, 71, 73, 108,
116, 130, 136, 137, 141, 159
Zambia 108, 138, 139
Zanzibar 40, 54
Zanzibar Revolution 54-5, 58
see also mutiny
Zionism 114, 122, 124, 128
see also Israel