Chapter 1: The Cell

Lesson 1: The Cell: Endomembrane

System, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts,
Cytoskeleton and Extracellular
Components

Florence Roy P. Salvaña, M.Sc.

Department of Biological Sciences
College of Arts and Sciences
University of Southern Mindanao
Kabacan 9407, Cotabato
+639097384405/ rdsalvana@usm.edu.ph
What is a Cell?
The Cell Theory
 All organisms are composed
of cells
• German botanist Matthias
Schleiden in 1838
• German zoologist Theodore
Schwann in 1839
 All cells come only from
preexisting cells
• German physician Rudolph
Virchow in 1850’s
 Smallest unit of life
 Cell Size
Most much smaller than one millimeter (mm)
Some as small as one micrometer (mm)
Size restricted by Surface/Volume (S/V) ratio
• Surface is membrane, across which cell acquires
nutrients and expels wastes
• Volume is living cytoplasm, which demands nutrients
and produces wastes
• As cell grows, volume increases faster than surface
• Cells specialized in absorption modified to greatly
increase surface area per unit volume
 Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
• Lacks membrane-bounded • Cells contains:
nucleus (Nucleiod Region)
 membrane-bound
• Structurally Simple nucleus (true nucleus)
• Two Domains  Specialized organelles
• Bacteria
 Plasma membrane
• Archea
 Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic organisms
• Plants
• Animals
• Protistans
• Fungi
 Animal Cell Features
• Plasma membrane
• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Golgi body
• Vesicles
(Lysosomes)
• Mitochondria
• Cytoskeleton
 Plant Cell Features
• Plasma membrane • Cell wall
• Nucleus • Central vacuole
• Ribosomes • Chloroplast
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Golgi body
• Vesicles
(Microbodies
• Mitochondria
• Cytoskeleton
 Nucleus
• Keeps the DNA
molecules of eukaryotic
cells separated from
metabolic machinery of
cytoplasm

• Makes it easier to
organize DNA and to
copy it before parent
cells divide into
daughter cells
 Ribosomes
Serve in protein synthesis
Composed of rRNA
 Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit
 Subunits made in nucleolus
May be located:
 On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it
“rough”), or
 Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups called
polyribosomes
 Endomembrane System
• Group of related organelles in which lipids are
assembled and new polypeptide chains are
modified
• Products are sorted and shipped to various
destinations
• Components:
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
• Vesicles
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• In animal cells,
continuous with
nuclear membrane
• Extends throughout
cytoplasm
• Two regions - rough
and smooth
 Golgi Body (Dictyosomes)

• Puts finishing touches

on proteins and lipids
that arrive from ER
• Packages finished
material for shipment to
final destinations
• Material arrives and
leaves in vesicles
 Vesicles
• Membranous sacs that move
through cytoplasm

• Lysosomes (animal cell)

• Peroxisomes (plant cell)

Endomembrane
System
 Cytoskeleton
• Present in all eukaryotic cells

• Basis for cell shape and internal organization

• Allows organelle movement within cells and, in

some cases, cell motility
 Cytoskeletal Elements

intermediate
filament
microtubule

microfilament
 Cytoskeleton

Actin Filaments Microtubules Intermediate Filaments

 tubulin
subunit
Microtubules

• Largest elements
• Composed of tubulin
• Arise from microtubule
organizing centers (MTOCs)
• Involved in shape, motility, cell
division
Microfilaments

• Thinnest elements

• Composed of actin

• Take part in movement,

formation, and
actin
maintenance of cell shape subunit
 Intermediate Filaments

• Only in animal cells of

certain tissues
• Most stable
cytoskeletal elements
• Six known groups one
polypeptide
chain
 Motor Proteins
• Kinesins and dyneins move along microtubules

• Myosins move along microfilaments

kinesin

microtubule
Flagella and Cilia
microtubule

• Structures for cell

motility
• 9 + 2 internal
structure

dynein
 Plasma Membrane
Components:
• Phospholipid Bilayer
• Transmembrane
Proteins
 Cell Wall
• A cellular structure found outside the cell membrane
consists of cellulose embedded in a matrix of
hemicellulose and pectin
• Found in plant cell
 Plant Cell Walls
Secondary cell wall
(3 layers)

Primary cell wall

 Cell-to-Cell Junctions

• Plants
plasmodesmata
• Plasmodesmata
• Animals
• Tight junctions
• Adhering junctions
• Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata

• Connections between
walls of plant cells
Cell Surfaces in Animals
• Junctions Between Cells
• Adhesion Junctions
tight
• Intercellular filaments junctions
between cells
• Tight Junctions gap
• Form impermeable barriers adhering junction
junction
• Gap Junctions
• Plasma membrane channels
are joined (allows
communication)
 CHLOROPLAST & MITOCHONDRIA
• Energy-related organelles of the cell:
• Chloroplast
• Mitochondria
 Plastids
• Plastids are round oval bodies that contain pigments
and are absent in animal cells
• Chromoplast
• Choloroplasts contain green pigments (cholorophyll) which
trap light for photosynthesis
• Leucoplasts contain pigments for colorless appearance as in
starch grains in rice, potatoes, and radishes
Plastids
• Chromoplasts contain yellow, orange, red to purple pigments
characteristic of carrots, flowers, tomatoes, autumn leaves,
and others
• Red-orange-carotenoids; yellow-xanthophyll; purple- anthocyanin
Plastids
• Leucoplasts contain pigments for colorless
appearance as in starch grains in rice, potatoes, and
radishes
 Plastids
• Chloroplasts contain
green pigments
(chlorophyll) which
trap light for
photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Vacuole Pigments
• Contains soluble pigments (red and blue pigments
in flowers

Allium Epidermal Cell Tradescantia Epidermal Cell

Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are small cylindrical organelles
where the oxidation and phosphorylation of basic
nutrients take place to produce energy-rich
phosphate bonds.
• Outermembrane
• Inner membrane
• Cristae
• Matrix
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
 ARCHAEBACTERIA
Extreme halophiles
Methanogens
Extreme thermophiles

ORIGINS OF ANIMALS EUKARYOTES

ORIGINS OF EUKARYOTES
Animals
Heterotrophic protistans
ORIGINS OF FUNGI
Fungi
Photosynthetic protistans
ORIGINS OF Plants
MITOCHONDRIA ORIGINS OF PLANTS

ORIGINS OF
CHLOROPLASTS EUBACTERIA
Photosynthetic oxygen producers
Other photosynthetic bacteria

Chemotrophs, heterotrophs
1.2 bya 900 mya 435 mya present
 Review
• Cell Theory
• Cell Size
• Prokayotic VS Eukaryotic Cell
• Animal and Plant Cell
• Nucleus
• Endomembrane System
• Cytoskeleton
• Plasma Membrane
• Cell-to-Cell Junctions
• Energy Related Organelles