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OFTW#2 | Emerging Technologies

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

According to wikipedia.org

In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence
demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Colloquially, the
term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive"
functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving"

According to searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially
computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using
the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-
correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision.

AI can be categorized as either weak or strong. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is
designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of
weak AI. Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human
cognitive abilities. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find a solution
without human intervention.

Because hardware, software and staffing costs for AI can be expensive, many vendors are including AI
components in their standard offerings, as well as access to Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS)
platforms. AI as a Service allows individuals and companies to experiment with AI for various business
purposes and sample multiple platforms before making a commitment. Popular AI cloud offerings
include Amazon AI services, IBM Watson Assistant, Microsoft Cognitive Services and Google AI services.

While AI tools present a range of new functionality for businesses, the use of artificial intelligence raises
ethical questions. This is because deep learning algorithms, which underpin many of the most advanced
AI tools, are only as smart as the data they are given in training. Because a human selects what data
should be used for training an AI program, the potential for human bias is inherent and must be
monitored closely.

Some industry experts believe that the term artificial intelligence is too closely linked to popular culture,
causing the general public to have unrealistic fears about artificial intelligence and improbable
expectations about how it will change the workplace and life in general. Researchers and marketers
hope the label augmented intelligence, which has a more neutral connotation, will help people
understand that AI will simply improve products and services, not replace the humans that use them.

Types of artificial intelligence

Type 1: Reactive machines. An example is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov
in the 1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces on the chess board and make predictions, but it has no
memory and cannot use past experiences to inform future ones. It analyzes possible moves -- its own

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
and its opponent -- and chooses the most strategic move. Deep Blue and Google's AlphaGO were
designed for narrow purposes and cannot easily be applied to another situation.

Type 2: Limited memory. These AI systems can use past experiences to inform future decisions. Some of
the decision-making functions in self-driving cars are designed this way. Observations inform actions
happening in the not-so-distant future, such as a car changing lanes. These observations are not stored
permanently.

Type 3: Theory of mind. This psychology term refers to the understanding that others have their own
beliefs, desires and intentions that impact the decisions they make. This kind of AI does not yet exist.

Type 4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems have a sense of self, have consciousness. Machines
with self-awareness understand their current state and can use the information to infer what others are
feeling. This type of AI does not yet exist.

Examples of AI technology

AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of technology. Here are seven examples.

Automation: What makes a system or process function automatically. For example, robotic process
automation (RPA) can be programmed to perform high-volume, repeatable tasks that humans normally
performed. RPA is different from IT automation in that it can adapt to changing circumstances.

Machine learning: The science of getting a computer to act without programming. Deep learning is a
subset of machine learning that, in very simple terms, can be thought of as the automation of predictive
analytics. There are three types of machine learning algorithms:

Supervised learning: Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be detected and used to label new data
sets

Unsupervised learning: Data sets aren't labeled and are sorted according to similarities or differences

Reinforcement learning: Data sets aren't labeled but, after performing an action or several actions, the
AI system is given feedback

Machine vision: The science of allowing computers to see. This technology captures and analyzes visual
information using a camera, analog-to-digital conversion and digital signal processing. It is often
compared to human eyesight, but machine vision isn't bound by biology and can be programmed to see
through walls, for example. It is used in a range of applications from signature identification to medical
image analysis. Computer vision, which is focused on machine-based image processing, is often
conflated with machine vision.

Natural language processing (NLP): The processing of human -- and not computer -- language by a
computer program. One of the older and best known examples of NLP is spam detection, which looks at
the subject line and the text of an email and decides if it's junk. Current approaches to NLP are based on
machine learning. NLP tasks include text translation, sentiment analysis and speech recognition.

Robotics: A field of engineering focused on the design and manufacturing of robots. Robots are often
used to perform tasks that are difficult for humans to perform or perform consistently. They are used in
assembly lines for car production or by NASA to move large objects in space. Researchers are also using
machine learning to build robots that can interact in social settings.

Self-driving cars: These use a combination of computer vision, image recognition and deep learning to
build automated skill at piloting a vehicle while staying in a given lane and avoiding unexpected
obstructions, such as pedestrians.

AI applications

Artificial intelligence has made its way into a number of areas. Here are six examples.

AI in healthcare. The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and reducing costs. Companies are
applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the best known
healthcare technologies is IBM Watson. It understands natural language and is capable of responding to
questions asked of it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources to form a
hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema. Other AI applications include
chatbots, a computer program used online to answer questions and assist customers, to help schedule
follow-up appointments or aid patients through the billing process, and virtual health assistants that
provide basic medical feedback.

AI in business. Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally
performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM
platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have been incorporated
into websites to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become
a talking point among academics and IT analysts.

AI in education. AI can automate grading, giving educators more time. AI can assess students and adapt
to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can provide additional support to
students, ensuring they stay on track. AI could change where and how students learn, perhaps even
replacing some teachers.

AI in finance. AI in personal finance applications, such as Mint or Turbo Tax, is disrupting financial
institutions. Applications such as these collect personal data and provide financial advice. Other
programs, such as IBM Watson, have been applied to the process of buying a home. Today, software
performs much of the trading on Wall Street.

AI in law. The discovery process, sifting through of documents, in law is often overwhelming for humans.
Automating this process is a more efficient use of time. Startups are also building question-and-answer
computer assistants that can sift programmed-to-answer questions by examining the taxonomy and
ontology associated with a database.

AI in manufacturing. This is an area that has been at the forefront of incorporating robots into the
workflow. Industrial robots used to perform single tasks and were separated from human workers, but
as the technology advanced that changed.2

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https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence
According to wikipedia.org

An intelligent virtual assistant (IVA) or intelligent personal assistant (IPA) is a software agent that can
perform tasks or services for an individual based on commands or questions. Sometimes the term
"chatbot" is used to refer to virtual assistants generally or specifically accessed by online chat. In some
cases, online chat programs are exclusively for entertainment purposes. Some virtual assistants are able
to interpret human speech and respond via synthesized voices. Users can ask their assistants questions,
control home automation devices and media playback via voice, and manage other basic tasks such as
email, to-do lists, and calendars with verbal commands.

As of 2017, the capabilities and usage of virtual assistants are expanding rapidly, with new products
entering the market and a strong emphasis on voice user interfaces. Apple and Google have large
installed bases of users on smartphones. Microsoft has a large installed base of Windows-based
personal computers, smartphones and smart speakers. Amazon has a large install base for smart
speakers. 3

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant
https://www.businessinsider.com/siri-vs-google-assistant-cortana-alexa-2016-11
 Artificial intelligence in healthcare

According to wikipedia.org

Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is the use of

complex algorithms and software to estimate
human cognition in the analysis of complicated
medical data. Specifically, AI is the ability for
computer algorithms to approximate conclusions
without direct human input.

What distinguishes AI technology from traditional

technologies in health care is the ability to gain
information, process it and give a well-defined
output to the end-user. AI does this through
machine learning algorithms. These algorithms can
recognize patterns in behavior and create its own
logic. In order to reduce the margin of error, AI
algorithms need to be tested repeatedly. AI
algorithms behave differently from humans in two
ways: algorithms are literal: if you set a goal, the
algorithm can't adjust itself and only understand
what it has been told explicitly, and algorithms are
black boxes; algorithms can predict extremely precise, but not the cause or the why.

The primary aim of health-related AI applications is to analyze relationships between prevention or

treatment techniques and patient outcomes. AI programs have been developed and applied to practices
such as diagnosis processes, treatment protocol development, drug development, personalized
medicine, and patient monitoring and care. Medical institutions such as The Mayo Clinic, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and National Health Service, have
developed AI algorithms for their departments. Large technology companies such as IBM and Google,
and startups such as Welltok and Ayasdi, have also developed AI algorithms for healthcare. Additionally,
hospitals are looking to AI solutions to support operational initiatives that increase cost saving, improve
patient satisfaction, and satisfy their staffing and workforce needs. Companies like Hospital IQ are
developing predictive analytics solutions that help healthcare managers improve business operations
through increasing utilization, decreasing patient boarding, reducing length of stay and optimizing
staffing levels.4

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare
According to wikipedia.org

Artificial intelligence for video surveillance utilizes computer software programs that analyze the audio
and images from video surveillance cameras in order to recognize humans, vehicles, objects and events.
Security contractors program is the software to define restricted areas within the camera's view (such as
a fenced off area, a parking lot but not the sidewalk or public street outside the lot) and program for
times of day (such as after the close of business) for the property being protected by the camera
surveillance. The artificial intelligence ("A.I.") sends an alert if it detects a trespasser breaking the "rule"
set that no person is allowed in that area during that time of day.

The A.I. program functions by using machine vision. Machine vision is a series of algorithms, or
mathematical procedures, which work like a flow-chart or series of questions to compare the object
seen with hundreds of thousands of stored reference images of humans in different postures, angles,
positions and movements. The A.I. asks itself if the observed object moves like the reference images,
whether it is approximately the same size height relative to width, if it has the characteristic two arms
and two legs, if it moves with similar speed, and if it is vertical instead of horizontal. Many other
questions are possible, such as the degree to which the object is reflective, the degree to which it is
steady or vibrating, and the smoothness with which it moves. Combining all of the values from the
various questions, an overall ranking is derived which gives the A.I. the probability that the object is or is
not a human. If the value exceeds a limit that is set, then the alert is sent. It is characteristic of such
programs that they are self-learning to a degree, learning, for example that humans or vehicles appear
bigger in certain portions of the monitored image – those areas near the camera – than in other
portions, those being the areas farthest from the camera.

In addition to the simple rule restricting humans or vehicles from certain areas at certain times of day,
more complex rules can be set. The user of the system may wish to know if vehicles drive in one
direction but not the other. Users may wish to know that there are more than a certain preset number
of people within a particular area. The A.I. is capable of maintaining surveillance of hundreds of cameras
simultaneously. Its ability to spot a trespasser in the distance or in rain or glare is superior to humans'
ability to do so.

This type of A.I. for security is known as "rule-based" because a human programmer must set rules for
all of the things for which the user wishes to be alerted. This is the most prevalent form of A.I. for
security. Many video surveillance camera systems today include this type of A.I. capability. The hard-
drive that houses the program can either be located in the cameras themselves or can be in a separate
device that receives the input from the cameras.

A newer, non-rule based form of A.I. for security called "behavioral analytics" has been developed. This
software is fully self-learning with no initial programming input by the user or security contractor. In this
type of analytics, the A.I. learns what is normal behavior for people, vehicles, machines, and the
environment based on its own observation of patterns of various characteristics such as size, speed,
reflectivity, color, grouping, vertical or horizontal orientation and so forth. The A.I. normalizes the visual
data, meaning that it classifies and tags the objects and patterns it observes, building up continuously
refined definitions of what is normal or average behavior for the various observed objects. After several
weeks of learning in this fashion it can recognize when things break the pattern. When it observes such
anomalies it sends an alert. For example, it is normal for cars to drive in the street. A car seen driving up
onto a sidewalk would be an anomaly. If a fenced yard is normally empty at night, then a person
entering that area would be an anomaly.5

I chose AI or Artificial Intelligence because what I have seen in movies, documentary and my research AI
about self-driving cars, smart personal assistants is got my interest; especially when see video about
robot that powered by an Artificial Intelligence from the inventor said it learn just by having a
conversation with it.

The effect of AI or Artificial Intelligence in the nearest

future based of what I have search so far it will come a time there will self-driving cars, robots powered
by AI. I seen news about South Korean company SAMSUNG they build their prototype the Samsung SGR-
A1 military robot powered by an Artificial Intelligence they said that it will assist South Korean troops in

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_for_video_surveillance
https://www.ifsecglobal.com/video-surveillance/calipsa-launches-ai-powered-video-monitoring-ifsec/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGR-A1
the Korean Demilitarized Zone. I think that in the future the military robot powered by an Artificial
Intelligence will handled all hazardous jobs like fighting wars and terrorist. In business and other thing AI
can be very useful because a machine powered by AI can work 24/7, it can handle and concrete
information, it can also solve problem faster than human can. I also seen in news saying the Amazon
fired their employees and replace by an AI powered machine, because of that many people lost their
job. That’s why many people are afraid or don’t like Artificial Intelligence because they don’t like being
unemployed because of it. Many people also said that AI or machine become really self-aware that it
will turn against us in the future.